Taking Stock: Data and Evidence on Gender Equality in Digital Access, Skills and Leadership

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Taking Stock: Data and Evidence on Gender Equality in Digital Access, Skills and Leadership An EQUALS product coordinated by: 2018 Taking stock: Data and evidence on gender equality in digital access, skills and leadership Preliminary fi ndings of a review by the EQUALS Research Group Research Access Skills Leadership http://www.equals.org ISBN: 978-92-61-27861-8 (paper version) 978-92-61-27871-7 (electronic version) 978-92-61-27881-6 (eBook version) 978-92-61-27891-5 (mobile version) ii Preliminary findings of a review by the EQUALS Research Group CONTENTS FOREWORD����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������v Introduction ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������v Key Findings ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������v PART 1�������.......����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 1. Gender Equality in ICT Access ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 2. Gender Equality in ICT Skills ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 3. Gender Equality in ICT Leadership ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������13 4. The Dark Side �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 5. Barriers and Recommendations for Gender Equality in ICT Access, Skills and Leadership ������20 6. The State of Sex-Disaggregated Data on ICT Access, Skills and Leadership ������������������������������25 PART 2����.......�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������36 People ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37 Digital Skills �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������45 Pathways �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������50 References ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������55 Preliminary findings of a review by the EQUALS Research Group iii CONTENTS Tables Table 1. Difference in computer use ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 5 Table 2. Proportion of women in the telecommunication industry���������������������������������������������������� 13 Table 3. Proportion of women heads of policymaking agencies �������������������������������������������������������� 17 Table 4. Barriers to gender digital equality ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 Table 5. Recommendations for addressing barriers to gender equality in ICT access, skills and leadership �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 23 Table 6. State of data and knowledge on gender digital inequality ���������������������������������������������������� 25 Table 7. Status of conceptualisation and collection of sex-disaggregated data on ICT access ���������� 27 Table 8. Status of conceptualisation and collection of sex-disaggregated data on ICT skills ������������� 28 Table 9. Status of conceptualisation and collection of sex-disaggregated data on ICT leadership ���� 29 Figures Figure 1. Mobile phone use ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5 Figure 2. Difference in internet use (top 10 and bottom 10 countries) ����������������������������������������������� 5 Figure 3. Made or received digital payments in the past year, by region ��������������������������������������������� 7 Figure 4. Difference in making or receiving digital payments in the past year (top 10 and bottom 10 countries) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 8 Figure 5. Difference in computer programming skills ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 Figure 6. Gender difference in low, basic and above-basic digital skills ����������������������������������������������� 9 Figure 7. Gender differences in Science and Math Scores (2015) ��������������������������������������������������� 10 Figure 8. Gender difference in Grade 4 Math scores (2015) �������������������������������������������������������������� 11 Figure 9. Proportion of female enrolments by field of study, global �������������������������������������������������� 12 Figure 10. Percentage of female students in ICT majors, 2016 (top 20 and bottom 20 countries) ��� 12 Figure 11. Proportion of women employed in ICT-related occupations, 2016 ���������������������������������� 14 Figure 12. UN Minimum Set of Gender Indicators tier definitions ����������������������������������������������������� 25 Figure 13: The internet gender gap index (proportion of the female population with internet access divided by male population with internet access)������������������������������������������������������������������� 32 Boxes Case Study 1. GSMA Connected Women Initiative: Bridging the mobile gender gap�������������������������� 3 Case Study 2. SheTrades – Empowering Women Entrepreneurs with Digital Skills ���������������������������� 6 Box 1. ITU Digital Skills Indicators, 2017 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 7 Case Study 3. Women in online software developer communities ���������������������������������������������������� 15 Case Study 4. Where are the Women? Gender disparities in AI research and development ���������� 16 Case Study 5. Ok Google: Is AI gendered? ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 22 Case Study 6. Gender Digital Inequality from the Life Course Perspective ���������������������������������������� 24 Case Study 7. ICT, Gender and Data in Africa ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 30 Case Study 8. Measuring Gender Digital Inequality with Web Data��������������������������������������������������� 31 Case Study 9. Gender in the Global Research Landscape Gender Disambiguation Methodology ��� 33 Case Study 10. Tracking data on female programmers in Argentina ������������������������������������������������� 34 iv Preliminary findings of a review by the EQUALS Research Group FOREWORD Introduction issues of access, skills and leadership, although they may manifest in slightly The inaugural report of the EQUALS different ways. While research has Research Group lays the foundation for the documented these barriers, the evidence EQUALS Partnership agenda by surveying from different sources is sometimes the landscape of knowledge on gender contradictory, even within the same equality as it relates to the three EQUALS country contexts. action areas – Access, Skills and Leadership. It should serve as a planning resource to • There is no one conclusive strategy for inform future activities of EQUALS partners eliminating gender digital inequalities� and the broader community of policymakers, Recommendations generally call either practitioners and researchers interested for targeting specific symptoms of gender in solving gender inequality challenges in digital inequality (such as affordability access to information and communication or recruiting practices), or for reshaping technologies (ICTs), development of basic deeply ingrained social norms and and advanced ICT skills and participation in practices (such as gender stereotypes) that the ICT industry. This high-level summary are at the root of gender inequalities. As shares preliminary findings. The final report with the evidence on barriers, research will be available in 2019, with detailed results are sometimes contradictory or versions of all chapters and case studies. nuanced. • The dominant approaches to gender equality in ICT access, skills and Key Findings leadership mostly frame issues in binary (male/female) terms, thereby masking the relevance of other The state of gender pertinent identities. Insufficient research digital equality has been done on the implications of ICTs for intersectional identities. Data • While gender gaps are observable in collection should move from binary sex- most aspects of ICT access, skills and disaggregation towards finer degrees leadership, the picture is complex. of gender disaggregation in order to There are large regional variations; some recognise multiple and interacting countries are close to parity or have identities (such as sexuality, poverty, class, even reversed the gender gap on some education, age, disability and occupation). indicators, while others still have persistent gaps. Individual countries can have both • To ensure privacy and safety as well as large and small gaps depending on the full participation in the digital economy, indicator being measured. Interpreting the
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