O Judaísmo Em Philip Roth: Um Conceito Às Avessas

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O Judaísmo Em Philip Roth: Um Conceito Às Avessas Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas Departamento de Letras Orientais Programa de PósPós----GraduaçãoGraduação em Língua Hebraica, Literatura e Cultura Judaicas O Judaísmo em Philip Roth: um conceito às avessas Dora Landa São Paulo 2010 Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas Departamento de Letras Orientais Programas de PósPós----GraduaçãoGraduação em língua Hebraica, Literatura e Cultura Judaicas O Judaísmo em Philip Roth: um conceito às avessas Dora Landa Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Língua Hebraica, Literatura e Cultura Judaicas do Departamento de Letras Orientais da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção de Título de Doutor em Letras. Orientadora: Prof. Dra. Berta Waldman São Paulo 2010 ii Aos meus pais. À memória de meu pai. iii Agradecimentos Agradeço à Profa. Dra. Berta Waldman por me acompanhar em mais uma complexa jornada pelo judaísmo e pela literatura. Seu rigor e uma profunda compreensão dos conflitos humanos ficarão presentes em minha memória. aos Professores Doutores Daisy Wajnberg e Luis S. Krausz pela leitura atenta dos textos que apresentei em minha qualificação de doutorado. Suas observações foram importantes para o melhor balizamento de minha hipótese de trabalho. ao Dr. Mayer Snitcovsky, psicanalista e professor de Medicina, pelo diálogo permanente que me estimula e abre novas perspectivas. ao meu irmão, Fabio Landa, psicanalista e estudioso do judaísmo, pela interlocução e pelas importantes indicações bibliográficas. à Capes/DS (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Programa de Demanda Social) pela bolsa de estudos a mim concedida, permitindo uma dedicação mais intensa à minha pesquisa. iv RESUMO O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar algumas das obras de Philip Roth em que a temática judaica é o eixo principal. Meu interesse reside especialmente nos romances em que o Holocausto Judeu na Segunda Grande Guerra e o Estado de Israel com sua complexa situação no Oriente Médio são abordados. Baseei minha análise dessas obras na seguinte hipótese: para se aproximar de recentes situações traumáticas da história judaica, Philip Roth precisou adotar recursos narrativos que lhe permitissem ampliar seu raio de visão, evitando estereótipos e generalizações infrutíferas. Assim, o estilo rothiano carregado de ironia e humor foi alterado. Em O Avesso da Vida parte-se de uma situação absurda: um personagem judeu morto nos Estados Unidos ressurge vivo num assentamento judaico na Cisjordânia e lutando pelo “Grande Israel”. Esse recurso possibilitou uma abordagem inusitada da tensa relação árabe-israelense. Em Operação Shylock encontramos um duplo impertinente e exasperante, proclamando uma absurda solução para o conflito no Oriente Médio. Finalmente em Complô contra a América o autor adota o recurso da distopia com os Estados Unidos elegendo um presidente nazista, em 1940, com todas as funestas consequências para a comunidade judaica. Entrevistas do autor assim como livros em que analisa extensamente sua própria produção literária e a de outros autores, especialmente Primo Levi e Aharon Appelfeld, também mostraram-se fontes valiosas para a análise do sempre polêmico posicionamento do autor diante de sua condição judaica. Palavras-chave (5): Temática judaica, Holocausto Judeu, Estado de Israel, situações traumáticas, recursos narrativos. v ABSTRACT This paper aims to analyse some of Philip Roth’s work, in which the Jewish subject is the main axis. My greater interest lies basically upon the romances in which the Jewish Holocaust, during the Second World War and the State of Israel with its complex situation in Middle East are aproached. I have based my analysis of his works on the following hipothesis: in order to get closer to recent traumatic situations of the Jewish history, Philip Roth had to use narrative resources that allow him to enlarge his point of view, avoiding stereotypes and fruitless generalizations. Therefore, the Rothian style, highly ironic and humorous, has been altered. In The Counterlife the point of departure is an absurd situation: an American Jewish dead character resurges alive at a Jewish settlement on Cisjordanie, and fighting for the “Great Israel”. Such resourse enabled a unusual aproach of the tense Arab-Israeli relationship. In Operation Shylock we find an impertinent and exasperating double, that heralds an absurd solution for the Middle East conflict. Eventually, in The Plot Against America, the author adopts distopy as a resource, having the U.S. elect a Nazi president, in 1940, with all the appaling consequences for the Jewish community. Interviews with the author, as well as books in which he extensively analyses his own and other authors literary production, specially Primo Levi and Aharon Appelfeld, also acted as valuable sources for the analysis of the ever polemic positioning of the author towards his Jewish condition. Key words (5): Jewish subject, Jewish Holocaust, State of Israel, traumatic situations, narrative resourses. vi SUMÁRIO RESUMO .....................................................................................................................v ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................vi I. INTRODUÇÃO* ...................................................................................................... 1 II. FORTUNA CRÍTICA ............................................................................................. 11 III. PHILIP ROTH E O JUDAISMO ............................................................................ 36 III.1 - A polêmica sobre Adeus, Columbus e O Complexo de Portnoy ...................... 36 III.2 - Conversa com Primo Levi ................................................................................ 55 III.3 - Conversa com Aharon Appelfeld ...................................................................... 60 III.4- The Facts : Uma Autobiografia Ficcionalizada de Philip Roth ........................... 67 A- As Origens Judaicas ............................................................................................. 67 B- Tudo em Família ................................................................................................... 77 C- Agora talvez possamos começar .......................................................................... 83 IV. O AVESSO DA VIDA E A RELAÇÃO COM ISRAEL ..................................... 86 V. OPERAÇÃO SHYLOCK E A RELAÇÃO COM O DUPLO ................................. 119 1. Contexto Histórico ......................................................................................... 120 2. O Surgimento do Duplo ................................................................................. 126 3. Incontrolabilidade das Coisas Reais .............................................................. 133 4. Conclusões .................................................................................................... 157 VI. COMPLÔ CONTRA A AMÉRICA , UMA DISTOPIA NECESSÁRIA ............. 160 1. Contexto Histórico ......................................................................................... 161 2. Personagens históricos ficcionalizados ......................................................... 167 3. Seguidores de Cristãos ................................................................................. 171 4. Tributo ao Pai ................................................................................................ 176 5. Conclusões .................................................................................................... 178 VII. CONCLUSÕES FINAIS ................................................................................ 186 VIII. APÊNDICE .................................................................................................... 196 VIII.1- A Psicanálise e o Processo Civilizatório ...................................................... 196 VIII.2- Autores em busca da Civilização .................................................................. 204 IX- REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ................................................................. 211 1 I. INTRODUÇÃO* Alguns críticos (também) dizem que meu trabalho fornece “combustível” para o antissemitismo. Estou certo de que essas acusações serão feitas novamente - embora o fato é que (e eu penso que há até uma pista para isso em minha ficção tenho me sentido mais satisfeito com minha boa sorte de ser judeu (...) do que meus críticos possam imaginar. É uma demanda moral complicada, interessante e uma experiência muito singular; e eu gosto disso. Situo-me na condição histórica de ser judeu, com todas as suas implicações1. Philip Roth A declaração de Philip Roth com a qual inicio este capítulo foi feita em 1969, ano do lançamento de seu polêmico livro O Complexo de Portnoy 2 e no auge das acusações de antissemitismo e auto-ódio feitas ao autor. Quarenta anos já se passaram desde então e acredito que a declaração continue válida. Isso porque Philip Roth continuou escrevendo sobre judeus inseridos na sociedade americana, confrontando-se com os dilemas daquele país, relacionando-se com a memória do Holocausto e com a criação do Estado de Israel. Desde os lamentos de Alexander Portnoy (afinal o título em inglês de seu famoso romance é Portnoy’s Complaint) até Complô contra a América 3 lançado em 2004, Philip Roth não deixou de abordar os fantasmas que assombram
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