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Reading the Writing of the Wall: the Israeli Security Fence/Palestinian

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Reading the Writing of the Wall: the Israeli Security Fence/Palestinian Reading the Writing of the Wall: The Israeli Security Fence/Palestinian Apartheid Wall as Semiotic Text by R. Chad Holt Donna Kain, Ph.D., Director Department of English Abstract Using theoretical perspectives drawn from critical discourse analysis (CDA) and visual rhetoric, this study examines how the symbolic meaning of two structures, Bethlehem Checkpoint 300 and the Israeli Anti-Terrorism Fence/Palestinian Apartheid wall, are constructed in discourse. Many of the visual rhetorics associated with the structures, including graffiti on the fence/wall and the visual layout of the checkpoint, construct Palestinian and Israeli identity in specific ways. An analysis of interview, textual, and visual data reveals particular rhetorics and discourses operationalizing around the structures including the rhetorics of security, land grab, restrictions on Palestinian freedom of movement, and the discourse of Promised Land. I conclude that the symbolic meaning of the structures and rhetoric of the ―war against terrorism‖ align perfectly with Israel‘s symbols and rhetoric of sovereign power. The myths created by these symbols are clear: (1) the State of Israel is sovereign; (2) Palestinians in general pose a threat to that sovereignty; and (3) the protracted conflict between Israelis and Palestinians has no end because Palestinians continue to resist the colonization of historic Palestine. Reading the Writing of the Wall: The Israeli Security Fence/Palestinian Apartheid Wall as Semiotic Text A Dissertation Presented To The Faculty of the Department of English East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Rhetoric, Writing, and Professional Communication by R. Chad Holt March, 2017 ©Copyright 2017 R. Chad Holt Reading the Writing of the Wall: The Israeli Security Fence/Palestinian Apartheid Wall as Semiotic Text by R. Chad Holt APPROVED BY: DIRECTOR OF DISSERTATION:___________________________________________ Donna Kain, Ph.D. COMMITTEE MEMBER:__________________________________________________ Brent Henze, Ph.D. COMMITTEE MEMBER:__________________________________________________ Richard Taylor, Ph.D. COMMITTEE MEMBER:__________________________________________________ Mona Russell, Ph.D. CHAIR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH: ________________________________________________ Marianne Montgomery, Ph.D. DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL: ________________________________________________ Paul J. Gemperline, Ph.D TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................. .. viii CHAPTER 1: THE ISRAELI/PALESTINIAN CONFLICT AND THE WALL ..... 1 Research Question and Why This Research Is Important ....................... 1 Symbols of the Israeli/Palestinian Conflict.............................................. 9 Israeli and Palestinian Conflict: Discourses and Rhetorics ..................... 15 Defining Discourse, Rhetoric, and Identity ............................................. 21 Defining Palestine, Israel, West Bank, Judea and Samaria, Occupied Territories ..................................................................................... 23 Overview .................................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER 2: LOOKING AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF IDENTITY .............. 28 Theoretical Perspectives from Critical Discourse Analysis ..................... 28 Identity ..................................................................................................... 30 Ideology ........................................................................................... 33 Looking, Othering, Binaries, and Imperialism ........................................ 35 The Power of Naming and Defining ........................................................ 42 Theoretical Perspectives from Visual Rhetoric ....................................... 44 Heteroglossia............................................................................................ 45 CHAPTER 3: SITUATING BETHLEHEM CHECKPOINT 300 & THE WALL ... 47 Research Setting....................................................................................... 47 Context of Data Collection ...................................................................... 47 Situating Bethlehem Checkpoint 300 and the Wall ................................. 50 Data and Data Collection Methods .......................................................... 54 Data from Interviews ............................................................................... 54 Data from the Wall................................................................................... 56 Data from Textual Artifacts ..................................................................... 57 Methods for Organizing and Analyzing the Data .................................... 58 CHAPTER 4: RHETORICS CREATED, IDENTITIES CONSTRUCTED ............. 62 Visual Rhetoric ........................................................................................ 63 Visual Rhetoric of Bethlehem Checkpoint 300 and the Wall .................. 64 Looking and the Construction of the Other ............................................. 83 The Rhetorics of Land and Land Grab .................................................... 88 The Green Line ........................................................................................ 93 Palestinians as a Nationless Other ........................................................... 97 The Rhetoric of Security .......................................................................... 101 Promise Land Discourse and Construction of the Other ......................... 108 Graffiti and Challenging the Promised Land Discourse .......................... 109 The Rhetoric of Security and Discourse of Promised Land Evident in Official Israeli Discourse........................................................................... 120 Hegemonic Discourse and Ideology ........................................................ 121 Challenges to the Rhetoric of Security and Discourse of Promised Land .................................................................................................................. 126 The Wall as Myth and Visual Rhetoric .................................................... 142 Mythological Meaning of Religious Structures and Places ..................... 144 CHAPTER 5: MYTHS, NAMING, AND LESSONS LEARNED ........................... 147 Visual Discourse and the Construction of Symbolic Myths .................... 148 Naming and Ethnic Cleansing ................................................................. 155 The Terrified Terrorists: Identity and Perspective ................................... 163 The Israeli/Palestinian Conflict: Lessons Learned .................................. 166 Where Do We Go From Here? ................................................................ 171 What Can We Learn? ............................................................................... 173 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 176 APPENDIX A: UMCIRB APROVAL LETTER ...................................................... 187 APPENDIX B: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS............................................................. 188 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Israeli Anti-Terrorism Fence ...................................................................... 11 Figure 2. The ―Israeli Anti-Terrorism Fence‖ at Bethlehem Checkpoint 300 ........... 11 Figure 3. Map of the area surrounding Bethlehem Checkpoint 300 .......................... 52 Figure 4. Diagram of Bethlehem Checkpoint 300 ..................................................... 65 Figure 5. The initial queuing line at Bethlehem Checkpoint 300 .............................. 76 Figure 6. Initial queuing lanes at Bethlehem Checkpoint 300 ................................... 76 Figure 7. Palestinian West Bankers on Fridays of Ramadan ..................................... 78 Figure 8. The wall approaching Bethlehem Checkpoint 300 on Highway 60 ........... 91 Figure 9. The ―Security Fence‖ ................................................................................. 103 Figure 10. The ―Anti-Terrorism Fence‖ .................................................................... 104 Figure 11. Image of Palestinian children ................................................................... 105 Figure 12. Graffiti of a young Yasser Arafat ............................................................. 112 Figure 13. Graffiti of Leila Khaled on the Bethlehem side of the wall ..................... 113 Figure 14. Graffiti symbolizing the Dome of the Rock ............................................. 116 Figure 15. Banksy‘s living room scene on the wall ................................................... 126 Figure 16. Banksy‘s beach scene on the wall ............................................................ 127 Figure 17. The wall, Jerusalem side, located at Bethlehem Checkpoint 30 .............. 131 Figure 18. Graffiti on the wall located near Bethlehem Checkpoint 300 .................. 132 Figure 19. Graffiti on the wall with the names of Palestinian villages ...................... 133 Figure 20. Letter from a Palestinian Refugee located on the wall ............................. 134 Figure 21. Graffiti of Handala located on the wall .................................................... 136 Figure 22. The Handala.............................................................................................
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