COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020

Background paper 2a The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response May 2021 COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 2 of 48

Glossary and abbreviations

AFCOR—Africa Task Force for Novel Coronavirus GOARN—WHO Global Outbreak Alert and Response Rt and Re—R at time t, effective reproduction number, Network estimates how many other cases one infected individual AFR—WHO African Region is likely to cause at a specific time, considering immunity HCWs—health care workers AMR—WHO Region of the Americas and public health measures h-to-h—human-to-human AP—Associated Press RaTG13—a type of bat coronavirus HQ—headquarters Article 6—International Health Regulations section RCCE—Risk Communication and Community regarding Member State notifications to the World IASC—Inter-agency Standing Committee Engagement Health Organization about a potential international SARS—severe acute respiratory syndrome health threat IDVI—Infectious Disease Vulnerability Index IFRC—International Federation of Red Cross SARS-CoV-2—severe acute respiratory syndrome- Article 10—International Health Regulations section coronavirus-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 disease regarding Member State verification of emerging and Red Crescent Societies disease threat information IHR—International Health Regulations SCMP—South China Morning Post AU—African Union ILO—International Labour Organization SEAR—WHO South-East Asian Region CCDC—Chinese Center for Disease Control Mean serial interval—indicates the length of time STAG-IH—WHO Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Infectious Hazards COVID-19—the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 between symptom onset of an initial case and any subsequent cases UN—United Nations DG—WHO Director-General nCoV—novel coronavirus UNHCR—UN High Commissioner for Refugees Dispersion factor k—describes how a disease clusters PCR—polymerase chain reaction UK—United Kingdom EB—WHO Executive Board R&D—research and development US—United States ECDC—European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control PHEIC—Public Health Emergency of International US CDC—United States Centers for Disease Control Concern and Prevention ED—Executive Director PPE—personal protective equipment WASH—Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene EEA—European Economic Area ProMED—Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases WHO—World Health Organization EMR— WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region PUO—pneumonia of unknown origin WPRO—WHO Western Pacific Regional Office EU—European Union R0—R naught, basic reproduction number, estimates 2019-nCoV—novel coronavirus 2019 EUR—WHO European Region how many other cases one infected individual is likely to cause prior to institution of public health measures or G7—Group of Seven development of immunity G20—Group of Twenty COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 3 of 48

CHRONOLOGY LEGEND

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1 - low quality pre-print

2 - medium peer reviewed

3 - high quality top tier journal RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Origins of SARS-CoV-2 the of Study Global WHO-convened Infection, Genetics and Evolution host. a human to over spilled SARS-CoV-2 when period the as the end of 2019, suggesting this share a common ancestor towards time found that all sequences Analysis of genomic diversity over Published: 5 May 2020 al. et M, Acman L, Dorp van to humans spilloverAssumed from animals pre-Dec 2019pre-Dec SCIENCE COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 4 of 48 4of —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19:

, Nature , Study of the Origins of SARS-CoV-2 of Origins the of Study The Lancet The December. in later infected was he suggests COVID-19. Subsequent evidence eventual laboratory confirmed with patient first the as by some identified was He date. this on illness arespiratory of symptoms 62-year-old man developed 2020 Jan 24 Published: Y, Wang al. et C, Huang symptoms identified Patient with COVID-like 01 Dec 2019 , , WHO CASES WHO-convened Global Origins of SARS CoV-2 SARS of Origins the of Study Global WHO-convened 8”. December on ill became System Reporting National NotifiableDisease Chinese the to reported date onset earliest the with case “The 2021 Mar 30 Published: Joint mission WHO-China becomes ill First identified COVID-19 patient 08 Dec 2019 CASES Journal of Medical Virology 4days. around of time doubling amean with 2019, Dec. during 2.4 to 0.8 from increased R0 that determined from different countries genomes 52 of viral analysis The Published: 25 Feb 2020 al. et A, Bergna A, Lai 2019 Dec. during increased R0 15 Dec 2019 SCIENCE Journal Clinical Infectious Diseases 2019. Dec. as early as there people infected have could virus the that CoV-2, suggesting SARS- to antibodies reactive cross- have to found were (US) States United the in samples Blood Published: 30 Nov 2020 al. et M, Patton S, Basavaraju mid-Dec in US the in people infected have could SARS-CoV-2 mid-Dec 2019 SCIENCE

, Wall Street RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL The Lancet The 2020. Jan. in SARS-CoV-2 as between 16 Dec.-2 Jan. Confirmed hospital aWuhan to admitted (PUO) were origin unknown of pneumonia with 41 patients 2020 Jan 24 Published: Y, Wang al. et C, Huang SARS-CoV-2) as Wuhan hospital (later confirmed to admitted PUO with Patients 16 Dec 2019 16 Dec 2019–02 Jan 2020 Jan 2019–02 Dec 16 CASES COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 5 of 48 5of —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: Science of the Total Environment the of Science positives. false be may but SARS-CoV-2, for positive be to Turin found and were Milan in Dec. 18 from samples Sewage Published: 15 Aug 2020 P, al. et Mancini G, Rosa La positive for SARS-CoV-2 Sewage samples in Italy possibly 18 Dec 2019 SCIENCE New England Journal of Medicine discharged. were others the 2020, 9Jan. died One visitor. market afrequent another Market, Seafood Huanan the at aretailer was patient One SARS-CoV-2. confirmed later admission hospital during Dec. 30 collected samples fluid Lung onwards. Dec. 21 from in Wuhan identified were PUO with patients Three 2020 Jan 24 Published: al. et D, Zhang N, Zhu confirmedas SARS-CoV-2) (later in Wuhan identified PUO with patients Three 21 Dec 2019 21 Dec–30 Dec 2019 Dec Dec–30 21 CASES Caixin Chinese Medical Journal generation sequencing/testing. lab) (commercial next for Medicals Vision to sample atest sent and responding to usual treatments not were patients pneumonia noticed doctors Wuhan Published: 05 May 2020 testing sample to commercial lab for Wuhan sent doctors lung fluid 24 Dec 2019 NEWS REPORT NEWS , PBS Frontline , RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL China Youth Daily (HCWs). workers care health among viral was pneumonia spreading unexplained heard she Dec. 25 on that Youth China Daily told 5, No. gastroenterology at Hospital City of head Dr. Xiaohong, Lu 2020 Jan 28 Published: heard of possible spread hospital Wuhan at director Senior 25 Dec 2019 NEWS REPORT NEWS , NY Times COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 6 of 48 6of —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: Washington Post (SARS). Syndrome Respiratory Acute Severe to similarity 87% with coronavirus anew contained they Dec. 26 on determined and Wuhan from company had received samples anonymous lab technician, said his by an sites news Chinese accountAn in published multiple Published: 01 Feb 2020 samples in virus Chinese lab identified SARS-like contact with the market. the with contact no reports husband her while Market, Seafood Huanan the with The female close reports contact cases. pneumonia than normal diagnostic work-ups are different the of results day. The same the on hospital the of department adifferent to admitted is husband and Western Medicine. Her Hospital of Integrated Chinese Hubei in by Dr. Jixian Zhang cough symptoms is identified dry and fever with female One Jixian Dr. Zhang Wuhan hospital Suspicious cases admitted to Study of the Origins of SARS-CoV of Origins the of Study Medicine Journal of Nuclear Jixian, Dr. Zhang with correspondence and Interview 26 Dec 2019 , WHO-convened Global NEWS REPORT NEWS ACTION , Caixin First reported suspected cluster International SARS-CoV-2. for positive be to found was Dec. 27 on admitted apatient from sample The 2019. intensive care unit with influenza-like inDec. illness the to admitted patients from samples respiratory tested retrospectively Paris of north the in A hospital Published: 03 May 2020 V, al. et Berti A, Deslandes France positive for SARS-CoV-2 from sample hospitalised patientRespiratory in Medicine Journal of Nuclear Jixian, Dr. Zhang with correspondence and Interview (CDC). Prevention and Control Disease for Center District Jianghan the to cases three the reports Dr. Jixian Zhang parents. as his similar lung abnormalities has he that reveals which scanned, CT also is asymptomatic, is who son, Their wife. his as department same the to husband the transfer and acouple, are cases two the that realize Medicine Western and Chinese Integrated of Hospital Hubei at Staff Jixian Dr. Zhang cluster reported identified at Wuhan hospital, cases suspicious Additional 27 Dec 2019 27 Dec , IHR Review Committee Report

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Antimicrobial SCIENCE

Agents , Reuters Medicine Journal of Nuclear Jixian, Dr. Zhang with correspondence and Interview through lab investigations.” confirm to needed they said but them, confirm they did nor my thoughts dismiss didn’t CDC “Wuhan notes Dr. Jixian Zhang to-human (h-to-h) transmission.” human- about “concerned is she that CDC Wuhan to reports Jixian more investigation. Dr. Zhang son) wife, for (husband, patients blood samples from three PUO and fluid lung collect to Medicine Western and Chinese Integrated of Hospital Hubei visits CDC Wuhan Wuhan CDC from PUOpatients samples collects CDC Wuhan , IHR Review Committee Report ACTION Caixin (AP). Press Associated by the Caixin; independently confirmed by Chinese financepublication Medical Sciences. First reported of Academy Chinese the and with Wuhancoronavirus officials SARS-like to homology with virus new potential of data sequence generation next shared lab Private Published: 26 Feb 2020 of genome most pieced China in lab Private , Associated Press NEWS REPORT NEWS RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL documents, archived document, WHO internal Wuhan Municipal Health Commission Li. including by ophthalmologist Dr. inshared online chat groups, is notice The Market. Seafood Huanan the to linked PUO of cases about institutions health to notice” Commission issues an “urgent The Wuhan Municipal Health Wuhan Municipal Health Commission notice” institutions to health Wuhan issues a first “urgent Pre-print the samples. sent that hospital the with shared “highly of suspicious SARS”. This is genome sequencing results as report lab private at Scientists Vision Medicals genome of novel coronavirus sequences laboratory Private – 15:10 CST/08:10 CET CST/08:10 –15:10 2019 Dec 30 30 Dec 2019 Associated Press SCIENCE ALERT COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 7 of 48 7of —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: , PBS Frontline Press documents, archived document, WHO internal Wuhan Municipal Health Commission System. Information Reporting Strict Regularizing Medical Care, and and Guidance, Responsibility three headings: Strengthening notice” includes the following authorisation. The “urgent information to the public without with instructions not to disclose institutions, health to notice Commission issues a second The Wuhan Municipal Health Wuhan Municipal Health Commission notice” institutions to health Wuhan issues a second “urgent 18:50 CST/11:50 CET CST/11:50 18:50 The Guardian ALERT , Associated Dr. Zhengli Shi ,Nature Shi Dr. Zhengli with correspondence and Interview Jinyintan Hospital. at Wuhan by staff sent are samples PUO. The with patients receives samples from seven Virology of Institute Wuhan Wuhan Institute of Virology receives PUO samples Wuhan Institute of Virology ACTION

NY Times closed. was market the before samples took and Market Seafood China CDC Huanan visited Published: 2 Nov 2020 Market Seafood Huanan visited CDC China Finance Sina Morning Post (SCMP). China Taiwan South Agency, and News Central News, Beijing in articles are published after shortly media Other Wuhan. in PUO of cases on media Chinese in report first the publishes Sina Finance Published: 31 Dec 2019 media Chinese in cases of report First 31 Dec 2019 – 10:16 CST/03:16 CET CST/03:16 –10:16 2019 Dec 31 NEWS REPORT NEWS NEWS REPORT NEWS , WHO internal documents New England Journal of Medicine 1 Jan. cases with onset of disease before %of 55 in market Seafood Huanan the to alink found COVID-19 with in Wuhan patients confirmed laboratory first the of A study 2020 Jan 29 Published: al. et X, Q, Guan Li Market Seafood Huanan to linked cases of 55% for Disease Control WHO internal documents, Taiwan Centers acknowledges the request. WHO (HQ) Headquarters reports. news recent to referring cases, information about and requests RegulationsHealth (IHR) system International the via WHO emails Contact of Point Taipei IHR CDC Contact of Point IHR CDC Taipei IHR via WHO emails Contact of Point IHR Taipei CDC 12:16 CST/05:16 CET CST/05:16 12:16 REQUEST CASES RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL WHO internal documents regarding cases in Wuhan. York New of Times bureau Beijing the from aquery receives Office Country China WHO WHO China Country Office York New of Times bureau receives from query Beijing Office Country China WHO 31 Dec 2019, cont. 2019, Dec 31 12:17 CST/05:17 CET CST/05:17 12:17 REQUEST COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 8 of 48 8of —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: Report internal documents, IHR Review Committee (ProMED). for Monitoring Emerging Diseases ofsignals outbreak on Program detects Sources Open from WHO HQ Epidemic Intelligence ProMED Wuhan in cases reports ProMED Pro MED , WHO 12:59 CST/05:59 CET staff interview, WHO WHO interview, staff ALERT People’s Republic of China the of Office Information Council State in public bulletin. Commission by Wuhan Municipal Health confirmed are PUO of cases 27 Wuhan Municipal Health Commission cases PUO about Wuhan releases public bulletin 13:38 CST/06:38 CET CST/06:38 13:38 CASES has been issued. notification IHR no specifies and by email, Point Focal IHR WPRO WHO the notifies immediately and Municipal Commission Health online public bulletin from Wuhan sees Office Country China WHO WHO China Country Office bulletin and notifies WPRO public of note takes China WHO Taiwan Today fever. for Wuhan from passengers airline Taiwan (China) screening starts Taiwan (China) airline passengers Taiwan (China) screening starts documents WHO staff interview, WHO internal BORDER MEASURES 13:55 CST/06:55 CET CST/06:55 13:55 , ACTION JAMA Administrative Region Administrative Special Kong Hong the of Government cases. borders to screen for possible at place in are systems imaging Wuhan, and underscores thermal in cases PUO of cluster to related public health announcement (China) SAR Kong makes Hong Hong Kong SAR (China) public health announcement Hong Kong SAR (China) makes WHO internal documents (ECDC). Control Disease for Centre European the and (UK) Kingdom United the from information WHO receives requests for more day, same the On bulletin. public Municipal Commission Health translation of the Wuhan amachine provides who Point, Focal IHR WPRO WHO the from requests more information WHO team HQ surveillance ProMED detected signal, Having WHO HQ Point Focal IHR WPRO WHO from information requests HQ WHO BORDER MEASURES 16:57 CST/09:57 CET CST/09:57 16:57 REQUEST RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Washington Post believe rumors.” or spread not rumors, fabricate not to netizens all on “call and Agency News Xinhua the in awarning with Lianbo”, watched by The police millions. followed up “Xinwen newscast Chinese the on reported were incidents The virus. SARS-like anew about colleagues to message chat aprivate sent had who Wenliang, The questioned doctors include ophthalmologist Li Published: 01 Feb 2020 police by Wuhan questioned doctors Eight IHR Review Committee Report WHO Timeline afterward. information shortly sends a more detailed request for Point Focal IHR later. WPRO WHO acknowledges request one hour Chinese National Focal Point, who the from cases of cluster the information about requests Point Focal IHR WPRO WHO WHO WPRO requests information Point Focal IHR WPRO WHO South China Morning Post Morning China South animals.” from transmitted been have may it concern amid Wuhan, of city viral in pneumonia the central of outbreak unidentified an over China in authorities with contact Organisation said it is in ongoing that Worldreports “The Health China PostSouth Morning 2020 Jan 01 Published: authorities with Chinese contact in is WHO reports Media 01 Jan 2020 Jan 01 – 10:35 CST/03:35 CET CST/03:35 –10:35 2020 Jan 01 NEWS REPORT NEWS REQUEST , WHO internal documents, , The Lancet The COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 9 of 48 9of —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: NEWS REPORT NEWS WHO internal documents replies four hours later. WPRO Wuhan. in WHO cases the information about requesting WPRO, WHO contacts Point National FocalThe Singapore Singapore National Focal Point WPRO WHO contacts Singapore National Focal Point 13:05 CST/06:05 CET CST/06:05 13:05 REQUEST

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WHO internal documents, WHO Timeline call. the join not does CDC China outbreak. the about (GOARN) hold a teleconference and ResponseAlert Network Outbreak Global WHO and WHO GOARN and WHO WHO and GOARN teleconference South China Morning Post Morning China South quarantine. in patients place to authorities allowing the diseases, infectious notifiable of alist to pneumonia” Wuhan “mystery add will they that (China) SAR Kong announces Hong Hong Kong SAR (China) notifiable infectious diseases list “mystery Wuhan pneumonia” to Hong Kong SAR (China) to add BORDER MEASURES 21:00 CST/13:00 CET CST/13:00 21:00 MEETING information. for requests to urgently respond IHR National Focal Point to and the China Commission and urging the support Health Commission, offering National the to aletter writes China to Representative WHO WHO Representative to China to China letter formal writes WHO Representative to China WHO internal documents, WHO Timeline REQUEST Commission. byissued Wuhan Municipal Health later and confirms information hours five replies Point Focal The IHR. of 10 Article under Point from the Chinese National Focal information requests WPRO WHO WHO WPRO triggering 10 of Article IHR WHO WPRO contacts China, Committee Interim Progress Report WHO internal Review documents, IHR Euro Surveillance hospitals. private and public at surveillance up steps and airports, four at Wuhan from for screening patients travelling Thailand implements measures Government of Thailand Wuhan from travelling of patients Thailand implements screening – 11:15 CST/04:15 CET CST/04:15 –11:15 Jan 03 03 Jan 03 BORDER MEASURES REQUEST , WHO WHO internal documents, WHO Timeline following the meeting. teleconference is held immediately later. three-level hour AWHO the public bulletin, one issued WHO information matching Health Commission. China gives andOffice the National Chinese Country China WHO between briefings technical three of First WHO Country Office China and WHO between briefing technical First 16:00 CST/09:00 CET CST/09:00 16:00 MEETING RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL WHO are in stable condition. 33 and ill severely are 11 which of bulletin, confirming44 PUO cases, Commission issues second public Wuhan Municipal Health Wuhan Municipal Health Commission cases PUO 44 confirming bulletin Wuhan issues second public 03 Jan, cont. Jan, 03 17:00 CST/10:00 CET CST/10:00 17:00 CASES COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 11 of 48 of 11 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: WHO internal documents later. hour one replies Point Focal The notified. be will parties state IHR that advises WPRO WHO Point. from the Chinese National Focal and requests more information IHR of 10 Article under received acknowledges the information Point Focal IHR WPRO WHO WHO WPRO notified be will parties information; advises IHR state more WPRO requests WHO 04 Jan 04 – 11:22 CST/04:22 CET CST/04:22 –11:22 Jan 04 REQUEST the cause are ongoing.” are cause the instituted and investigations into been have incident the control to actions Govt situation. the on WHO @ updated and office, country our with met also has Govt The Province. Hubei Wuhan, in cases pneumonia of acluster regarding WHO to reported “#China has WHO WPRO cases PUO of acluster reported has China tweets WPRO WHO WHO WPRO Twitter WPRO WHO ANNOUNCEMENT 13:27 CST/06:2713:27 CET this illness.” of cause the identify to underway are Province. Investigations Hubei Wuhan, in deaths— no —with a cluster of #pneumonia cases WHO to reported “#China has WHO HQ cases areported cluster of pneumonia has China tweets HQ WHO WHO Twitter ANNOUNCEMENT – 02:13 CST –02:13 Jan 05 – 19:13 CET –19:13 Jan 04 Nature suggesting rapid spread. Jan., 1Jan.-9 period the for China in (3.4-3.67) 3.54 at Re estimated 2020 Jul 16 Published: al. et S, Chen X, Hao China in 3.54 at Re estimated Policy Center for Infectious Disease Research and Wuhan Municipal Health Commission infected. been have workers care health no that and transmission, h-to-h of any sign shown not have studies that preliminary bulletin reports serious condition, no deaths. The in seven cases, 59 reporting Commission issues a third bulletin, Wuhan Municipal Health Published: 5 Jan 2020 Wuhan Municipal Health Commission cases PUO 59 confirming bulletin Wuhan issues third public WHO Disease Outbreak News human transmission”. evidence of significant human-to- “no is there that states and News, Outbreak Disease in by 3Jan. identified cases 44 the reports WHO data, Chinese on Based WHO News Outbreak Disease in cases 44 reports WHO 05 Jan 05 ANNOUNCEMENT PUBLICATION 01 Jan-09 Jan 2020 Jan Jan-09 01 SCIENCE , RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Report WHO Timeline infections. of respiratory acute risk the reduce to precautions take to countries advises and States accessible to all WHO Members System Event Information IHR the cluster of cases through the WHO shares information about WHO IHR via States Member alerts WHO Zhengli Shi, Wuhan Institute of Virology with Dr. correspondence and Interview assays. PCR quantitative immunofluroscence and with coronavirus novel the confirmed the isolation of Virology of Institute Wuhan The 2020 Jan 29 Published: Virology of Institute Wuhan virus isolates Virology of Institute Wuhan 05 Jan, cont. Jan, 05 SCIENCE , IHR Review Committee ALERT COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 12 of 48 of 12 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: GenBank submission 17 Jan. and Jan. 14 on updated and Jan. 11 on published sequence was subsequently submitted The 5Jan. on GenBank and uploaded the sequence to sequenced the novel coronavirus Center Health Public Shanghai the A consortium of researchers from 2020 Jan 11 Published: al. Wu Fet YZ, Zhang to GenBank Shanghai group submit genome SCIENCE , Nature Associated Press public warnings. issue to authority no has agency The test and kits. designed guidelines, lab testing drafted the virus, to second highest. Staff isolated China CDC raised emergency level 2020 Jun 02 Published: level China CDC raised emergency 06 Jan 06 NEWS REPORT NEWS Associated Press China. to Representative WHO said Television),” (China Central CCTV on appears it before minutes 15 us to it giving they’re where stage the at “We’re currently 2020 Jun 02 Published: enough data was shared not that concerned was WHO NEWS REPORT NEWS BBC Standing Committee. Politburo the of ameeting at President, discussed the outbreak Chinese top including leaders, the 2020 Jun 09 Published: the outbreak Chinese top leaders discussed Republic of China People’s the of Office Information Council State Nov. 20, 25 Gao Dr. George Interview: strain. isolating the first novel coronavirus in succeeds CDC China the of Prevention and Control Disease Viral for Institute National The China CDC virus the isolates CDC China WHO internal documents cases. of cluster the on update an give to briefing press Geneva UN aregular in participates WHO WHO WHO briefs UN journalists 07 Jan 07 NEWS BRIEFING NEWS REPORT NEWS SCIENCE RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL NY Times outbreak. didn’tinfrastructure, mention the new on focused Wuhan of Mayor the Wuhan, of Congress People’s the to address his In 2020 7Feb updated 2020, Feb 01 Published: People’s Congress of Wuhan the to reported Wuhan of Mayor 07 Jan, cont. Jan, 07 NEWS REPORT NEWS COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 13 of 48 of 13 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: WHO internal documents place. in put measures containment including sequencing, and the additional laboratory findings, etiology, clinical presentation, and detailed information on its discovery of the novel coronavirus, the of confirmation urgent National Focal Point and requests IHR China the to writes WHO WHO from China information WHO requests detailed case new strain of coronavirus. coronavirus. of strain new a discovered have China central in dozens sickened has that illness scientists investigating a mystery thatJournal Chinese reports Wall Street the anyone, of Ahead 2020 Jan 08 Published: coronavirus Chinese scientists identify new Wall Street Journal 08 Jan 08 NEWS REPORT NEWS REQUEST International Journal of Infectious Disease 2.37. to estimated R0 2020. 9Jan. to 2019 8Dec. from 52,381 be to estimated to-human transmission were casesUnobserved due to human- 2020 2Jun Published: G. Chowell and K, Kagaya K, Mizumoto 52,381 be to in estimated China transmission h-to-h to due cases Unobserved Jan.). Jan.). Jan.), and clinical (12 management surveillance case definitions (11 community engagement (10 Jan.), and communication Jan.), risk (10 testing Jan.), laboratory (10 control Jan.), prevention infection and (9 Jan.), disease commodities (9 tools related to national capacities WHO issues a series of guidance Published: 9 Jan 2020 WHO HQ tools guidance of aseries issues WHO WHO guidance 09 Jan 09 INTERIM GUIDANCE 09–12 Jan 2020 Jan 09–12 CASES Bloomberg Wuhan Municipal Health Commission 9 Jan. on occurred The firstpandemic-related death 2020 Jan 11 Published: Wuhan Municipal Health Commission First death occurs circulatory failure. failure. circulatory and respiratory was death of cause immediate The Market. Seafood Huanan the frequented who disease liver with male old with pneumonia inwith pneumonia Wuhan.” person hospitalized in a identified (ora novel new) coronavirus, determination of a preliminary ”Chinese authorities have made WHO China identified new coronavirus WHO announces China has Report Statement WHO ANNOUNCEMENT CASES , IHR Review Committee — a 61-year- , ECDC excluded. can’t low, it be be to (EU) but Union European the to introduction of (ECDC) the considers likelihood Control and Prevention Disease for Centre European the Wuhan, outside detected cases no and indication of h-to-h transmission no is there As to Wuhan. flights direct have EU airports Three Published: 9 Jan 2020 ECDC considered low EU the to introduction for Risk PUBLICATION RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL WHO internal documents, WHO Timeline laboratory guidance. and diagnostics on experts including clinicianspanels and expert convening begins WHO WHO WHO convenes global experts 09 Jan, cont. Jan, 09 MEETING COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 14 of 48 of 14 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: IHR Review Committee Report genome sequence. the and PCR diagnostic full primer Focal Point China share requesting writes to China’s National IHR Health Emergencies Programme WHO the of Director Executive The genome sequence and primer PCR requests WHO REQUEST New England Journal of Medicine 7.4 of time days. adoubling and (1.4-3.9) 2.2 be to R0 indicated Wuhan in dynamics Initial of estimates transmission 2020 Jan 29 Published: al. et X, Q, Guan Li China in 2.2 at estimated initially R0 experts as well. as experts R&D convenes WHO analysis. risk a provides and Wuhan in situation the discusses (STAG-IH) Hazards Group for Infectious Advisory Technical and Strategic WHO STAG-IH WHO STAG-IH the of meeting First Philippines Data in World Our border measures. Philippines all some implement andViet the Malaysia, Nam, (China), Singapore, Turkmenistan, MacaoJapan, SAR (China), Taiwan (China), SAR Kong Hong Jan., 10 By Various countries screening and/or controls travel international impose Areas STAG-IH WHO 10 Jan 10 BORDER MEASURES MEETING SCIENCE , Viet Nam Viet , Malaysia , Republic of China People’s the of Office Information Council New England Journal of Medicine day. next the Wuhan to distributed was Reagent infection. and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 allowing for accurate identification China, in tested and developed was reagent diagnostic PCR 2020 Jan 29 Published: China CDC developed and tested PCR diagnostic reagent currently available information. restrictions on China based on Advises against travel or trade Wuhan. from or in traveling recommends caution while trade, and travel international WHO publishes advice for Published: 10 Jan 2020 WHO HQ health measures for travellers WHO recommends no specific WHO HQ SCIENCE ADVICE , State State WHO timeline GCM teleconference meeting minutes coronavirus. teleconferences on the novel first their hold Blueprint R&D the of Group and the ScientificAdvisory forR&D Preparedness Mechanism The Global Coordination WHO teleconference of the R&D Blueprint hold first Groupand ScientificAdvisory GCM for R&D Preparedness MEETING , RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL WHO internal documents Wuhan Municipal Health Commission found. human transmission” has been human-to- of evidence “no clear and 3Jan., since reported been have cases new no that states also death is The reported. bulletin first The definition. case anew on based 41, to down revised is cases of number total WHO.The and China technicalbetween briefing bulletin coinciding with the second its publishes fourth Commission The Wuhan Municipal Health Wuhan Municipal Health Commission death first the and definition case updated Wuhan 41 reports cases using WHO internal documents Seafood Market. Huanan the to linked not cases are there confirm shared cases Health Commission. The list of andOffice the National Chinese Country China WHO between briefings technical three of Second WHO WHO and China between Second technical briefing Washington Post China. kept travelling within and beyond government warnings, people clear Without continued. events fairs and shopping Holiday other Published: 01 Feb 2020 events Wuhan at gather Crowds 11 Jan 11 NEWS REPORT NEWS MEETING CASES COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 15 of 48 of 15 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: , retrospective entry on 5Jan.). on entry retrospective (see 5Jan. on GenBank to The genome was submitted the outbreak on GenBank. coronavirus suspected of causing discovered newly the of genome Clinical Center a draft publishes from the Shanghai Public Health Yong-Zhenby Professor Zhang A consortium of researchers led Chinese researchers draft genome Research publishes consortium Holmes Science Magazine , Caixin SCIENCE , Twitter , Post by Edward by Edward Post Report Euro Surveillance Wuhan. in strains Dec. 30 to identical genetically was Virus in hospitaldiagnosed on 12 Jan. and was thermosurveillance identified through airport was 8Jan. on Wuhan from arrived who traveler Air Published: 27 Feb 2020 al. et R, P, Buathong Okada in Thailand First case outside China detected in Wuhan..” response measures implemented investigationsongoing and the the of quality the of reassured is Health Commission. It reads “WHO information from China’s National on based update, News WHO issues a Disease Outbreak Published: 12 Jan 2020 WHO death one and 41 cases reports WHO WHO Disease Outbreak News 12 Jan PUBLICATION CASES , IHR Review Committee Imperial College of exportation. probability at looking data on based 1,723 were COVID-19 of cases Estimated cases estimated 1,723 China: CASES WHO Dashboard and Situation Reports Jan.). 12 on entry retrospective fromimported Wuhan (see Thailand, in case reported First Thailand: case First reported Charité Virology laboratories. partner novel coronavirus, developed by the of detection for assay PCR) polymerase chain reaction (RT- for a reverse transcription protocol first the publishes WHO Published: 13 Jan 2020 WHO test RT-PCR for Scientists publish firstprotocol 13 Jan 13 ACTION CASES RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL WHO internal documents Threat Pathogens. Alliance for of the Diagnosis High Laboratories from WHO Global teleconference includes members a diagnostics strategy. The discuss to network expert global andthe laboratories diagnostics WHO holds a teleconference with WHO diagnostics strategy WHO teleconference on 13 Jan, cont. Jan, 13 MEETING COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 16 of 48 of 16 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: Associated Press h-to-h transmission was low. Chinese officialsstill said that the chance sustained of emergency. one level declared internally CDC China pandemic. for a prepare to country the ordered official In a confidential teleconference, China’s top health 2020 Jun 02 Published: China CDC prepare for a pandemic to country the ordered official health top China’s destination. destination. each for calculated are scores Vulnerability IndexDisease (IDVI) Infectious being in Asia. majority the with Wuhan, from cities list of top 20 passenger destination a produce to Travel used is data Published: 14 Jan 2020 al. et A, Watts II, Bogoch connected to Wuhan most cities predict Travel data Committee Report WHO Twitter China”. in Wuhan, identified nCoV) of the novel coronavirus (2019- of transmission human-to-human evidence clear no have authorities Chinese by the conducted investigations “Preliminary transmission”. WHO tweet: is limited human-to-human there that possible is it have we that information the “From briefing: press in scientist WHO WHO HQ transmission information on h-to-h WHO gives seemingly conflicting Journal of Travel Medicine 14 Jan 14 ANNOUNCEMENT , Reuters SCIENCE , PBS Frontline , IHR Review Review IHR NEWS REPORT NEWS from 20-21 Jan. 20-21 from visit Wuhan. The visit takes place to China with agreement reaches Office Country China WHO WHO Wuhan visit to China WHO reaches agreement with WHO Dashboard and Situation Reports fromimported Wuhan. First reported case in Japan, Japan: case First reported WHO internal documents 15 Jan 15 ACTION CASES NY Times China.” withwhile lung in inflammation patient unknown an with contact close had patient the that possible is “It China. in market seafood any visited not had patient Japan’s says Ministry Health 2020 Jan 21 updated 2020, Jan 15 Published: coronavirus cases Japan and Thailand report NEWS REPORT NEWS RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Prevention and Control Disease for Centers US case. US COVID-19 first the as Jan. 21 on confirmed later is illness for care seeking Seattle from A man Published: 21 Jan 2020 CDC US care seeks patient COVID-19 US First 15 Jan, cont. Jan, 15 CASES COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 17 of 48 of 17 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: Nature mid-January. as early as case, confirmed first to circulating prior in the community suggests the virus was already Analysis of early Italy cases Published: 19 Jan 2021 V, al. et Cento C, Alteri Italy in circulated potentially Virus mid Jan CASES The Lancet Infectious Diseases Infectious Lancet The later. week one 1.05 to fell It Jan. 23 on place in put were restrictions travel before week one China in 2.35 at estimated Rt 2020 Mar 11 Published: al. et TW, Russel AJ, Kucharski China in 2.35 at estimated Rt trade are not recommended. and travel on restrictions and points entry at Screening history. travel patient about ask to trained and and procedures, principles areinformation, familiar with to access have workers Member States ensure health novel coronavirus recommending about the Epidemiological Alert Organization (PAHO) issues an Health American Pan The PAHO Alert PAHO issues Epidemiological PAHO 16 Jan 16 SCIENCE ALERT Nature Jan. Jan.-22 10 period the for China in (3.19-3.44) 3.32 at Re estimated 2020 Jul 16 Published: al. et S, Chen X, Hao China in 3.32 at Re estimated first “line list” of cases. list” “line first Health Commission provides the China occurs. authorities National health Chinese and Office Country China WHO between briefing technicalThe third in-person WHO WHO and China between briefing technical Third WHO internal documents 10 Jan–22 Jan 2020 Jan Jan–22 10 MEETING SCIENCE WHO WPRO Twitter WPRO WHO care workers.” health among reported infections no are there and transmission of human-to-human sustained evidence clear no is there have, we info latest the to “According that tweets WPRO WHO Published: 16 Jan 2020 WHO WPRO h-to-h transmission of evidence clear no WPRO: WHO ANNOUNCEMENT RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL WHO internal documents, WHO timeline coronavirus. novel the for group working andanalysis modelling the of meeting first the holds WHO WHO group modelling First meeting of analysis and Reuters come. to days the in suit follow Many virus. countries respiratory anew of symptoms have might who Wuhan from travelers detect to airports US three at efforts The US will screening begin on Wuhanpassengers flights screen will it reports US 17 Jan 17 NEWS REPORT NEWS MEETING COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 18 of 48 of 18 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: National Health Commission Zhong. by Prof. Nanshan led Wuhan, Commission sends a mission to The Chinese National Health mission to Wuhan Prof. Nanshan Zhong leads 18 Jan 18 Jan–19 Jan 2020 Jan Jan–19 18 ACTION transmission.” human-to-human of extent full the evaluate to evidence enough have not we do transmission, of human-to-human sustained evidence clear no currently is Whilehuman there transmission... human-to- limited of evidence is there analysis, WHO and received info latest the to “According Published: 19 Jan 2020 WHO WPRO limited h-to-h transmission of Evidence tweets: WPRO WHO Report: Prof. Nanshan Zhong 10 Nov 2020 Nov 10 Zhong Prof. Nanshan Report: Wuhan Municipal Health Commission definition. case aclinical on based cases Hospital, 150 a doctor reports Jinyintan Wuhan In Jan. 19 of as deaths, four nCoV-2019of and Commission announces 198 cases Wuhan Municipal Health China reaches 198 cases reported Reuters and reduce public gatherings. events big of oversight strengthen will he says mayor Wuhan’s deputy measures. control and prevention Commission says it will step up Year, China’s National Health New Lunar the of Ahead outbreak to contain efforts up step to China announces intention Twitter WPRO WHO 19 Jan ANNOUNCEMENT NEWS REPORT CASES , Committee Report of Education Ministry Chinese Mechanisms also meet that day. that meet also Mechanisms Group and Coordination Global Advisory Scientific Blueprint R&D vaccines, and therapeutics). The landscape (diagnostics, analyses development (R&D) Blueprint guidance), and research (interim package a technical of development the features, clinical situation, epidemiological the discuss experts STAG-IH STAG-IH WHO STAG-IH the of meeting Second National Health Commission Wuhan. of out and in travel don’t people Province. The delegation suggests Guangdong in cases two are there that and infected, been have thattransmission, medical staff casesTV involving h-to-h state on announces Zhong delegation led by Prof. Nanshan National Health Commission Prof. Nanshan Zhong h-to-h transmission confirms expert medical China STAG-IH WHO 20 Jan 20 NEWS BRIEFING MEETING , Reuters , IHR Review Review IHR , Reuters Jinping. Xi President quote resolutely curbed,” state media be should outbreak the of spread the and priority top given be should health and lives “People’s will curb outbreak President Xi Jinping says China WHO Dashboard and Situation Reports Wuhan. from imported Korea, of Republic the in cases reported First cases reported First Korea: of Republic Review Committee Report WHO Timeline interview, staff WHO specimens. handling coronavirus 3 laboratory Level including the Biosafety CDC, hospital and the Hubei provincial ZhongnanWuhan Airport, Tianhe the visits team The outbreak. the since to Wuhan mission first its has Office Country China WHO WHO China Country Office Wuhan visits Office Country China WHO NEWS REPORT 20 Jan–21 Jan 2020 Jan Jan–21 20 ACTION CASES , IHR IHR RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Reuters review.” the situation under constant keeping are... “We (NIS). Service Infection National the of director low,” deputy Dr. Phin, says Nick very is UK the to risk current the on“Based the available evidence, low very UK to Risk Our World in Data in World Our comprehensive contact tracing. implement to (WPR) Region Pacific Western the in China than other country first the is Singapore Government of Singapore comprehensive contact tracing Singapore implements 20 Jan, cont. Jan, 20 CONTACT TRACING CONTACT NEWS REPORT NEWS COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 19 of 48 of 19 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: EdSurge closures. school begins China ofMinistry Education China closes schools SCHOOL CLOSURES Reuters Jasarevic. days,” says WHO spokesman Tarik coming the in countries other possibly and China of parts other in expected be should cases “More spread further expects WHO for this.” workers strengthen the evidence health among careInfections transmission of #nCoV2019. at least some human-to-human is there that information latest the from clear very now is “It Published: 21 Jan 2020 WHO WPRO tweet WPRO transmission according to WHO h-to-h of evidence Clear WHO WPRO Tweet WPRO WHO 21 Jan 21 ANNOUNCEMENT NEWS REPORT NEWS WHO Situation Report municipalities. spread across 14 provinces/ China, in reported are cases 309 provinces 14 to spread Cases China: CASES China Daily in Wuhan. infection coronavirus by new caused pneumonia staff confirmed as cases of 15Commission medical reports Wuhan Municipal Health Wuhan Municipal Health Commission infected Multiple medical staff in Wuhan CASES RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL China CDC origins. virus’ the to clues no provides samples, but the information genetic sequence from some Chinese scientists publish the animals. or by humans shed is virus the whether unclear is It 2020 Jan 22 Published: virus Huanan Seafood Market contain China 15 reports samples from Our World in Data in World Our tracing. implement comprehensive contact (EUR) to Region European WHO the in country first the is Germany Government of Germany comprehensive contact tracing Germany implements 22 Jan CONTACT TRACING CONTACT NEWS REPORT NEWS , NY Times COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 20 of 48 of 20 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: Our World in Data in World Our do so. to (AMR) Americas the of Region WHO the in country first the Rica, Costa in introduced is cases COVID-19 all for tracing Contact Rica Costa of Government comprehensive contact tracing Costa Rica introduces CONTACT TRACING CONTACT Our World in Data in World Our so. do to in EUR country first the wearing, France recommends mask Government of France wearing France recommends mask MASK USAGE to Wuhan. Wuhan. to China, connections all with direct cases in three countries outside within China, and four confirmed in 14 provinces and municipalities cases 310 with cases, 314 reports day, WHO this On meeting. COVID-19-related first its starts WHO’s IHR Emergency Committee WHO firstmeeting starts Committee WHO’s IHR Emergency Report Statement Committe IHR 22 Jan–23 Jan 2020 Jan Jan–23 22 MEETING , WHO Situation WHO Situation Report Statement Committe IHR Wuhan. to connected four countries China, all outside within China, and 10 cases in 24 provinces and municipalities in cases 571 with 581, to increased days. By this day, cases have 10 within again meet to agrees additional spread. The Committee for prepared be to countries urges but (PHEIC), Concern International of Emergency Health a Public outbreak the recommend not does The IHR Emergency Committee WHO No PHEIC declared Committee ends meeting. WHO’s IHR Emergency Emerging Infectious Diseases days. 2.3-3.3 of time 5.7, R0 adoubling as with high Wuhan spread were possibly as Transmission dynamics of early 18,700 estimated cases in China. Published: July 2020 Y, al. Lin et S, Sanche 5.7 at R0 cases, estimated 18,700 China: WHO Statement WHO First reported case in Singapore. Singapore: First case reported China: 0.45 Cases per million China CDC Lockdown initiated in Wuhan. Prevention and Control Disease for Centre Chinese First lockdown in Wuhan 23 Jan STAY-AT-HOME MEASURES 22 Jan–23 Jan 2020 Jan Jan–23 22 LOCKDOWN/ MEETING CASES CASES , WHO Situation WHO Situation

RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Published: 16 Mar 2020 Mar 16 Published: al. et S, Pei R, Li in undetected China Vast majority of early infections Science spread. rapid to leading Jan., 23 on Wuhan of lockdown the to prior undetected were infections all of Researchers estimate that 86% Our World in Data in World Our containment measures. begin America South to Africa Officials across the globe from National governments international screening in place have countries/areas 21 23 Jan, cont. Jan, 23 BORDER MEASURES CASES COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 21 of 48 of 21 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: PNAS by 81.3%. exportations case of rate 23 Jan. reduced the average daily in China after enacted restrictions Researchers estimate that travel 2020 Mar 13 Published: P, Sah al. et CR, Wells significantly reducedspread Travel in China restrictions CASES assay assessment work. in its for participation Diagnostics Foundation for Innovative New to applied have that assays of WHO publishes an overview Published: 24 Jan 2020 WHO HQ COVID-19 Molecular assays to diagnose Our World in Data in World Our so. do to SEAR in country first the Nepal, in introduced COVID-19 of cases all for tracing Contact Government of Nepal contact tracing Nepal introduces comprehensive WHO HQ 24 Jan 24 CONTACT TRACING CONTACT PUBLICATION The Lancet The Market.Huanan Seafood to exposed be to found were confirmed patients27/41(66%) laboratory- 41 first the Of died. 11-15% and units, care intensive to admitted 23-32% syndrome, distress respiratory acute Approximately 17-42% developed myalgias. and breath, fever, short Common symptoms: cough, Y, Wang al. et C, Huang published and mortality Clinical severity, characteristics, possible screening. entry exit screening and suggesting airport but supporting restrictions, recommending against traffic, international for WHO updates advice Published: 24 Jan 2020 WHO on international traffic WHO recommends no restrictions WHO transmissibility, and pathogenicity.” infectivity, evolution, viral adaption, host future its monitor to essential is of 2019-nCoV, careful surveillance potential pandemic the of “Because SCIENCE ADVICE Key 24: scientific published in articles Jan the Lancet The Lancet The documented. and asymptomatic infection is where h-to-h transmission Study describes a family cluster al. et JF-W, S, Yuan Chan infection transmission and asymptomatic Family cluster suggests h-to-h WHO HQ coronavirus 2019 infection. novel in use for agents therapeutic prioritization of candidate an informal consultation on initiates Blueprint R&D WHO Published: 24 Jan 2020 WHO HQ therapeutics Informal consultation on MEETING SCIENCE RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Reuters tweet. a in Trump writes Xi!” President thank to Iwant People, American the of behalf on particular, In well. transparency. It will all work out and appreciates their efforts greatly States United The Coronavirus. the contain to hard very working been has “China China’s and transparency efforts Trump: The US appreciates 24 Jan, cont. Jan, 24 NEWS REPORT NEWS COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 22 of 48 of 22 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: in Viet Nam. son his met who China, to travelled who afather involve cases Vietnamese two France. The and Nam Viet in cases reported First Nam Viet and France casesreported France and Viet Nam: First NEJM WHO Dashboard and Situation Reports , franceinfo CASES , regional office. regional emergency management from the emergency. WHO HQ takes over of level highest the to elevated The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is three emergency level as outbreak grades WHO WHO Dashboard and Situation Reports in Australia. casesFirst reported cases Australia: First reported WHO internal documents Australian Department of Health 25 Jan 25 ACTION CASES , Travel Medicine Kong Hong of Government COVID-19. for positive tests 1Feb. he On acough. with Kong Hong in Princess Diamond the disembarks man old year 80 An Published: 01 Feb 2020 Government of Hong Kong Princess in Hong Kong Index case disembarks Diamond CASES , Journal of WHO Situation Report countries. other 10 in cases 29 are There China. from are 1,985 which of globally, cases 2,014 countries 10 to China cases, nears 2,000 spread China: 1.44 Cases per million Xinhuanet province. made in mandatory Guangdong Mask wearing in public places Coronavirus Novel the by Infected Pneumonia of Control and Prevention the for Office The Guangdong Provincial Headquarters ChinaGuangdong, in mandates mask First 26 Jan 26 MASK USAGE CASES RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Science surveillance. community active to prior Jan., late as early as state Washington in community SARS-CoV-2 were circulating in Phylogenetic analysis suggests Published: 10 Sep 2020 al. et A, T, Greninger Bedford SARS-CoV-2 in Washington state circulationPossible community of late Jan CASES COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 23 of 48 of 23 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: WHO STAG-IH WHO vaccines and therapeutics. possible designs for experimental identify to SARS nCoVof with Evaluating cross-reactivity WHO HQ researchers to call Open Blueprint: R&D 27 Jan ACTION WHO therapeutics. fortrial designs experimental WHO outline publishes of WHO experimental therapeutics Publication of trial designs for PUBLICATION Nature Feb. Jan.-1 23 period the for China in (1.11-1.25) 1.18 at Re estimated 2020 Jul 16 Published: al. et S, Chen X, Hao China in 1.18 to Re reduction Dramatic virus.” the of sequence genetic and data demonstrated, including sharing have they transparency the and commitment from top leadership, the especially this outbreak, with which China is taking seriousness the appreciate “We (DG): Director-General WHO DG WHO Xi President meets DG WHO Singapore: 1.20 Singapore: Cases per million Straits Times include China. implemented, later expanded to Hubei Travel from ban Health Ministry controls Singapore expands border Release News WHO BORDER CONTROL MEASURES 28 Jan 28 27 Jan–28 Jan 2020 Jan Jan–28 27 23 Jan-01 Feb 2020 Feb Jan-01 23 MEETING SCIENCE Viet Nam: 0.02 Nam: Viet Cases per million Health Government News Report China. from travel ban Government announces plans to Prime Minister controls Viet Nam implements border BORDER CONTROL MEASURES , Think Global RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Georgia: 0.251 Cases per million Data in World Our so. do to EUR from high-risk regions, the first in Georgia implements travel ban Government of Georgia controls Georgia implements border BORDER CONTROL MEASURES 28 Jan, cont. Jan, 28 COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 24 of 48 of 24 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: New England Journal of Medicine available in all China’s provinces. Diagnostic tests made widely 2020 Mar 26 Published: Chinese CDC across China Diagnostic reagent provided countries. 15 in China, outside reported cases 68 China. from are 5,997 which of globally, cases 6,065 countries 15 to spread cases, 6,000 reaches China WHO Situation Report WHO Innovation meeting. and Research Update-Global R&D and Plan, Response Strategic STAG-IH discusses briefings on STAG-IH WHO STAG-IH the of meeting Third 29 Jan MEETING SCIENCE CASES further spread of the virus.” the of spread further the preventing for essential been have epicentre the at outbreak the to contain efforts “China’s DG WHO China to visit his on updates DG WHO WHO Situation Report from Wuhan.arriving travelers air in Emirates Arab United the in reported cases Four Published: 29 Jan 2020 WHO casesreported United Arab Emirates: First Briefing Press DG NEWS BRIEFING CASES care settings. health in and care home during diseases, including 2019-nCoV, respiratory of certain spread limit to measures prevention the of one is mask amedical Wearing Published: 29 Jan 2020 WHO HQ masks of use the on guidance Interim Infection, Genetics and Evolution CoV-2. SARS- with genome its of 96.3% share to found is coronavirus A bat Published: 29 Jan 2020 al. et EG, D,Kostaki Paraskevis SARS-CoV-2 of ancestor likely coronavirus Bat WHO HQ INTERIM GUIDANCE SCIENCE

, Nature New England Journal of Medicine for those exposed. period quarantine day 14 Supports since mid-Dec. transmission of the disease. Confirmsh-to-h characteristics epidemiological cases in Wuhan demonstrates Study of first 425 lab-confirmed Published: 29 Jan 2020 al. et X, Q, Guan Li published in NEJM cases 425 Wuhan first of Study WHO Situation Report (PPE). equipment protective personal capacity and risk assessment for amarket develop to meeting Economic Forum, holds its first World the with collaboration in by WHO created (PSCN), Network The Pandemic Supply Chain Pandemic Supply Chain Network PSCN of meeting First MEETING CASES RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL The Lancet The transmission. lowered rapidly measures containment suggesting Jan., 30 provinces outside Hubei after (<1) 30 in threshold epidemic the below be to estimated Rt 2020 Apr 02 Published: al. et M, Litvinova J, Zhang Hubei outside provinces 30 in <1 Rt DG DG countries China. outside 18 in 98 7,736 and with China in 7,834, to increased have cases International Concern. By this day, of Emergency Health a Public declares DG WHO the Committee, Emergency IHR the of meeting second the of advice the On PHEIC declares DG WHO Nature Nov. 2019. source likely; virus likely emerged bat SARS; as deadly as not 1.4-2.5; asymptomatic transmission; R0 of possible Documents time: the at summarisesArticle key knowledge 2020 Jan 30 Published: science on epidemic Nature news latest summarises 30 Jan 30 S tatement NEWS REPORT NEWS SCIENCE ALERT COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 25 of 48 of 25 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: WHO Situation Report India. in reported case First India: case First reported CASES The Lancet The humans. to new is virus the to be almost (99.98%), suggesting found are COVID-19 with patients Genomic sequences of Published: 30 Jan 2020 al. et X, Zhao R, Lu to humans SARS-CoV-2 established as new SCIENCE early New England Journal of Medicine incubation period. indicating during transmission symptoms and tests positive, visitor eventually develops cases in Germany. The Chinese COVID-19 of acluster for case index the as identified is symptoms Traveller without China from Published: 30 Jan 2020 al. et M, Schunk C, Rothe transmission published in NEJM of pre-symptomatic study Case SCIENCE WHO Dashboard and Situation Reports Wuhan. to history travel with both Italy, in reported cases two First cases reported First Italy: Our World in Data in World Our do so. to (EMR) Region Mediterranean Eastern the in first the regions, ban on travel from high-risk Pakistan introduces temporary Government of Pakistan controls Pakistan implements border BORDER CONTROL MEASURES 31 Jan 31 CASES RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL The Lancet The plans. preparedness callingand spread, global for ingrowth major Chinese cities exponential forecast Wuhan, in Researchers estimate 75,815 cases Published: 31 Jan 2020 G Leung K, Wu JT, Leung pandemic Scientists forecast global Jamaica so. do to AMR in country first the countries, for high-risk restrictions El Salvador implements travel China. from travel bans Jamaica Jamaica and Salvador El of Governments controls Two countries implement border Globe and Mail with the WHO recommendations…” line of out step to not countries other on calling further, “praised the Chinese...response. Then he went a step China to WHO’s representative briefing, video the On 20 Apr 02 Published: with diplomats WHO Representative to China holds video briefing BORDER CONTROL MEASURES 31 Jan, cont. Jan, 31 , El Salvador El SCIENCE COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 26 of 48 of 26 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: NEWS REPORT NEWS Our World in Data in World Our Year holiday. New Lunar after closed remain mandates that all schools should Nam Viet of Government Nam Viet of Government Viet Nam closes schools SCHOOL CLOSURES WHO Situation Report countries. 23 in China, outside 132 cases China, in cases 11,821 countries 23 to spread cases, 10,000 China surpasses 0.06 Nam: Viet Cases per million Hanoi Times epidemic. Viet Nam a declares national Prime Minister epidemic Viet Nam declares national DECLARATION OF EMERGENCY 01 Feb CASES NY Times transparency. more see to liked have would and outbreak, the of severity authorities underplayed the Wuhan felt people which in ways outlines also article The of h-to-h transmission. possibility includes early suspicions of the This Wuhan. in lockdown the to up leading events of account The NY Times publishes an Published: 01 Feb 2020 events before Wuhan lockdown of account publishes Times NY Data in World Our so. do to EMR in first the Arabia, Saudi in introduced COVID-19 of cases all for tracing Contact Government of Saudi Arabia comprehensive contact tracing Saudi Arabia implements CONTACT TRACING CONTACT NEWS REPORT Fiji: 0.00 Cases per million Fiji Sun foreigners. all for banned Travel China from Government of Fiji Fiji implements border controls WHO internal documents Offices. Regional WHO and countries to Germany from by WHO shipped PCR-based diagnostic tests is of validated consignment first The WHO diagnostic tests WHO ships firstPCR-based WHO Situation Report in the Philippines. reported is China outside death first The Published: 02 Feb 2020 China First death reported outside BORDER CONTROL MEASURES 02 Feb 02 ACTION CASES RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL United States: 0.03 United Cases per million Presidential Proclamation days. 14 preceding the “aliens” in who had been China in of US the into entry suspending Presidential proclamation issued US President controls The US implements border BORDER CONTROL MEASURES 02 Feb, cont. Feb, 02 COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 27 of 48 of 27 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: The Guardian Zealand.” New entering from China or transiting through mainland preventing from nationals “foreign place in put Restrictions Government of New Zealand screening travellers and boosts border Chinese bans Zealand New BORDER CONTROL MEASURES countries.” other to virus the of spread the prevent to also and people, our protect to order in source, the at serious measures at the epicentre, take will “We said: Beijing to visit DG’s the during who Jinping, Xi President quotes also DG The paragraph of 53 his remarks. from PHEIC COVID-19 the on reporting begins DG WHO DG WHO meeting EB WHO DG gives speech at WHO WHO 03 Feb 03 MEETING confirmed in Africa. Africa. in confirmed cases (AFCOR); yet no of as Task Force for Novel Coronavirus Africa inagurates CDC Africa Published: 05 Feb 2020 Africa CDC continent-wide task force Africa CDC establishes Preparedness Disaster Medicine and Public Health and Taiwan. Nam, Viet Kong, Hong to journey day a14 after Yokohama port off quarantines members, crew 1,045 and passengers 2,666 with ship, Princess cruise The Diamond Diamond Princess Yokohama Diamond Princess anchors at Africa CDC ACTION ACTION Nature genome. concordant with the SARS-CoV-2 96% is Yunnan province from RaTG13the coronavirus bat At the whole genome level, Published: 03 Feb 2020 al. et P,Zhou Yang X-L, progenitor early possible is coronavirus Bat SCIENCE RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Reuters Chinese counterparts. with work to experts international of ateam send will he says coronavirus immediately and on sharing data improve to ministers health all urges DG WHO Published: 04 Feb 2020 sharing data improved for calls WHO WHO so. done have already countries Regulations,” noting that 22 Health International the with restrictions that are “inconsistent impose to not countries asks He from high-income countries. cases China, including outside 176 of 38% only for forms report case complete received has WHO saying data, share to countries urges also He countries. 24 to has begun distributing supplies WHO that notes and themselves” preparing be to countries all for moment the is “Now says, he Hubei Province.” Nonetheless, in are deaths the of 97% and China in are cases the of “99% The WHO DG underlines that DG WHO meeting EB WHO at COVID-19 WHO holds technical briefing on 04 Feb 04 NEWS REPORT NEWS MEETING COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 28 of 48 of 28 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: Republic of Korea: 0.31 Korea: of Republic Cases per million Release News Health of Ministry China. from travelers all for procedures applied entry Special Welfare and Health of Ministry border measures The Republic of Korea issues WHO HQ available online. preparedness is efforts alsomade Exercise to enhance national The 2019_nCoV Simulation community. international the for outlining public health measures preparedness and response plan strategic COVID-19 publishes WHO Published: 04 Feb 2020 WHO HQ response plan Strategic preparedness and BORDER CONTROL MEASURES PUBLICATION WHO STAG-IH WHO switch.’‘strategy response strategy and discuss WHO review experts STAG-IH STAG-IH WHO STAG-IH the of meeting Fourth 05 Feb 05 MEETING encourage action. public and health measures, clarify pandemic, COVID-19 the briefings to provide updates on media daily begins DG WHO Published: 05 Feb 2020 WHO briefings media daily begins DG WHO WHO ACTION Sri Lanka: 0.05 Lanka: Sri Cases per million Data in World Our comprehensive contact tracing. Sri Lanka implements Government of Sri Lanka comprehensive contact tracing Sri Lanka implements Reuters overreact.” a reasonable response. Do not make to WHO the of advice the take to them asked “We says. Chinese ambassador to London the overreaction, an was Hubei in outbreak of because China leave to nationals its to advice Britain’s Published: 06 Feb 2020 overreacted to coronavirus Chinese ambassador: UK 06 Feb 06 CONTACT TRACING CONTACT NEWS REPORT NEWS RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL BBC measures. control border (AFR) implement to Region African the in country first the China, from travellers of entry suspends Gabon Government of Gabon controls Gabon implements border ECDC (2019-nCoV). or confirmed novel coronavirus suspected with patients of care the for settings care health in needs equipment protective personal on ECDC publishes technical report Published: 07 Feb 2020 ECDC needs in healthcare settings Personal protective equipment BORDER CONTROL MEASURES 07 Feb 07 07 Feb 07 PUBLICATION COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 29 of 48 of 29 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: WHO STAG-IH WHO work. modelling dive deep and epidemiology nCoV discuss experts STAG-IH STAG-IH WHO STAG-IH the of meeting Fifth MEETING

WHO internal documents held. WorkingEpidemiology is Group WHO the of meeting first The WHO Epidemiology Working Group WHO the of meeting First WHO Situation Report countries. 24 in China, outside cases34,598 in China, 288 cases countries 24 to spread China reaches 35,000 cases, 08 Feb 08 MEETING CASES Nature lockdown. Jan. 23 and interventions in public health China after 0.51 to Re reduced Estimated 2020 Jul 16 Published: al. et S, Chen X, Hao China in 0.51 to Re reduced Estimated English, French,English, and Arabic. in workers health and public general for COVID-19 on sheets Africa CDC/AU publishes fact Africa CDC/African Union fact sheets Africa CDC/AU publishes two Africa CDC 09 Feb 09 PUBLICATION , Africa CDC SCIENCE CNN suspected). clinically 1,796 diagnosed, 1,772 positive cases confirmed, (2,345 5,918 were there Hubei in that note report aleaked but cases, nationwide new 2,478 reported Chinese authorities publicly 2020 Dec 01 Published: cases were reported 2/3 only stated report A leaked 10 Feb 10 NEWS REPORT NEWS RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL WHO STAG-IH WHO clinical aspects discusses meeting expert STAG-IH STAG-IH WHO STAG-IH the of meeting Sixth 11 Feb 11 MEETING of nCoV. COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 30 of 48 of 30 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: DG Statement DG outbreak. collectively to the 2019-nCoV respond to efforts UN coordinate to Program, Emergencies Health (ED) WHO the of Director Executive by the Team, chaired Nation (UN) Crisis Management United the activates WHO UN Crisis Management Team Management Team Crisis UN the of meeting First MEETING an individual, or group of people. of group or individual, an geographical location, an animal, a to refer not does therefore and to avoid inaccuracy and stigma Coronavirus Disease, was chosen for short disease, the of name The WHO WHO names disease as COVID-19 DG Statement DG ANNOUNCEMENT and funding. discuss online, to prioritise research needs joining 150 afurther with Geneva, in person in meet experts 300 WHO and innovation forum research global convenes WHO WHO 11 Feb–12 Feb 2020 Feb Feb–12 11 MEETING The Lancet The February. of end the until continue should and crucial is elimination for containment of strategy shows review A STAG-IH STAG-IH WHO health? public for next is What COVID-19: 12 Feb PUBLICATION RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL WHO Dashboard and Situation Reports Region. in the Eastern Mediterranean case reported second continent, African the on reported case First Africa in case First Egypt: ECDC low. currently as population UK EU/EEA and the for CoV-2 infection SARS- with associated risk the assesses Control and Prevention The European Centre for Disease Published: 14 Feb 2020 ECDC China Increased transmission beyond Egypt: 0.01 Egypt: Cases per million Data in World Our contact tracing. Egypt implements comprehensive Egypt of Government comprehensive contact tracing Egypt implements 14 Feb 14 CONTACT TRACING CONTACT RISK ASSESSMENT CASES COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 31 of 48 of 31 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: WHO quoted. are people of number the to limits specific and post-event phases. No operational, throughout planning, assessments to be conducted to organizers, encouraging risk WHO provides general guidance Published: 14 Feb 2020 WHO on mass gatherings WHO provides general guidance ACTION systems.” countries with weaker health in wreak could virus this havoc potential the about concerned transmission,” but says “we’re seen widespread community yet not we have China, outside that “we’renotes encouraged DG WHO the speech, his In Published: 15 Feb 2020 WHO ConferenceSecurity Munich at speaks DG WHO WHO Situation Report countries. 25 in China, outside cases 526 China, in cases 50,054 countries 25 to spread cases, 50,000 reaches China WHO 15 Feb 15 SPEECH CASES geographic areas not yet affected. yet affected. not areas geographic and improve in preparedness steps in China and internationally, rapidly inform and planning next to is mission the of goal The Published: 28 Feb 2020 WHO starts mission Second WHO-China WHO 16 Feb 16 ACTION CNN publicly only 93 reported. but Hubei, in recorded deaths 196 2020 Dec 01 Published: reported China in deaths new of half Fewer than report: Leaked 17 Feb 17 NEWS REPORT NEWS RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Science (day 50). Feb. by 19 cases of thousands of shows likely of aversion hundreds China in days 50 first the during measures control of Analysis 2020 Mar 31 Published: Y, al. Liu et H, Tian hundreds of of thousands cases China: Control measures avert 19 Feb 19 CASES COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 32 of 48 of 32 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: Lancet Public Health case definition hadbeen used. narrow less Feb. by if 20 China in confirmed) (vs. 55,508 cases Researchers estimate 232,000 prevalence likely underestimated Early case definitions in China are at highest risk of spread. of risk highest at are Africa South and Algeria, Egypt, predicts COVID-19; to country African of each preparedness and evaluatesModelling vulnerability Published: 20 Feb 2020 al. et G, Pullano M, Gilbert African countries at-risk predicts Modelling 2.03 Korea: of Republic Cases per million entered an emergency phase.” Minister announces “we have emergency in Daegu, the Prime ahealth declaring After Prime Minister emergency declared Health Korea: of Republic The The Lancet The WHO STAG-IH WHO survivors. possible relapse in COVID-19 and situation epidemiological discuss experts STAG-IH STAG-IH WHO STAG-IH the of meeting Seventh DECLARATION OF EMERGENCY 20 Feb 20 RISK ASSESSMENT MEETING CASES Nature Lombardy. in Italy in transmission emerged SARS-CoV-2 evident of case First Published: 19 Jan 2021 V, al. et Cento C, Alteri Italy in First case of local transmission CASES PLOS ONE PLOS state. the in case confirmed first the before weeks Feb., 21 on handle door sample from Florida university in detected was SARS-CoV-2 2021 Jan 13 Published: al. et M, Salemi J, Lednicky university doorhandle on detected SARS-CoV-2 Reuters and Lebanon. Iran in reported are cases after coronavirus disease is closing, new the of spread international wider contain to opportunity of window the that warns WHO to contain coronavirus fast act must world The DG: WHO 21 Feb 21 NEWS REPORT NEWS SCIENCE JAMA asymptomatic transmission. travel. First report of suspected Wuhan recent with member family an asymptomatic from transmitted apparently cases, five of cluster a familial report Researchers Published: 21 Feb 2020 Y, al. et Bal Yao L, reported transmission asymptomatic First suspected case of CASES RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL WHO Situation Report 28 countries. in China, outside cases 1,402 China, in cases 76,392 countries 28 to spread cases, 76,000 reaches China Africa CDC outbreak. COVID-19 the on Health of Ministers African of meeting emergency an is there continent, the on case one just With Africa CDC/African Union meeting African Ministers of Health 22 Feb 22 REPORT CASES COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 33 of 48 of 33 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: question. in all are COVID-19 of nature and the timing of inspections, control,infection justification for of validity and effectiveness The Feb. 10 cases 10 to compared board on confirmed cases 691 Published: 24 Mar 2020 A Akabayashi H, Ino E, Nakazawa cases 691 reaches Japan: Diamond Princess Italy: 2.564 Cases per million The Guardian so. do to EUR WHO in first the lockdown, orders Italy Several municipalities in northern Government of Italy measures lockdown/stay-at-home introduce Italy of Areas Preparedness Disaster Medicine and Public Health 23 Feb 23 STAY-AT-HOME MEASURES LOCKDOWN/ CASES

24 hours. 24 hours. last the in cases new 48 including has reported 148 confirmed cases, Italy stage, Italy. this At in arrives mission ECDC and WHO joint The WHO, ECDC Italy begins to mission ECDC and WHO Joint Oman: 0.392 Oman: Cases per million Data in World Our so. do to EMR in first the wearing, Oman recommends mask Oman of Government wearing Oman recommends mask Europe WHO 24 Feb 24 MASK USAGE , WHO ACTION Science Magazine home. arrived have they after discovered among passengers infections counting not Princess, Diamond the to linked cases COVID-19 confirmed 700 now are There infection. of chains new to lead may crisis the of handling Japan’s that fears are There Published: 25 Feb 2020 “fiasco” ship cruise after Coronavirus infections mount WHO STAG-IH WHO Epidemics. WHO Information Network for the of introduction the and issues spot hot discuss experts STAG-IH STAG-IH WHO STAG-IH the of meeting Eighth 25 Feb 25 NEWS REPORT NEWS MEETING WHO Situation Report America, in Brazil. Latin in reported case First America Latin in case First Brazil: CASES RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Straits Times expanded. later closures border with Feb., 26 Daegu and Cheongdo effective from travel bars Singapore Government of Singapore control Singapore implements border UNHCR preparedness and response plans. persons of concern within national other and refugees for activities implementing preparedness UNHCR recommends UNHCR UNHCR operations for COVID-19 on note Guidance BORDER CONTROL MEASURES 26 Feb 26 GUIDANCE COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 34 of 48 of 34 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: WHO individuals. or PPE advised for asymptomatic masks No chain. supply PPE the PPE,minimising and coordinating using PPE appropriately, recommends WHO continues.” PPE widespread, inappropriate use of if especially and the respirators.. for medical masks particularly insufficient, is PPE of stockpile global current “the notes WHO Published: 27 Feb 2020 WHO PPE of usage rational on countries WHO provides guidance to 27 Feb GUIDANCE The Lancet The plan. preparedness continent-wide aunified, for call and Africa in SARS-CoV-2 of threat” “looming the on publish CDC Africa of Members Published: 27 Feb 2020 Nkengasong JN, Mankoula W act collectively to continent for calls CDC Africa ADVICE WHO Dashboard and Situation Reports Africa,Saharan in Nigeria. sub- in reported case First Saharan Africa Nigeria: First case in sub- CASES WHO HQ /WPRO HQ WHO COVID-19. scale community transmission of guidance in anticipation of large- regional publishes WPRO WHO WPRO COVID-19 transmissioncommunity of Preparing for large-scale Financial Times says. he time,” of period adefined within virus the to exposed be will planet the on citizens all that we believe which in situation aunique is pandemic “A level. maximum the at is impact and spread of risk the though even apandemic, not is COVID-19 why explains Program, Emergency WHO’s of director executive The spreading to highest assessment of COVID-19 risk of level raises WHO 28 Feb 28 NEWS REPORT NEWS GUIDANCE RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL WHO be effective. to proving measures control the transmission dynamics, as well as outlines disease severity and by China, co-written mission, Feb. 16-24 the form report The Published: 28 Feb 2020 W, al. et Liang B, Aylward China mission released Report from the second WHO- Reuters acceptance. and understanding population and achieve a high of degree contacts, quarantine and track diagnosis, immediate isolation, rapid surveillance, as proactive saysReport to take measures such China as measures same take to ready not is world The WHO: 28 Feb, cont. Feb, 28 NEWS REPORT NEWS reduced transmission. measures that successfully the and definition, case of Highlights the importance PUBLICATION COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 35 of 48 of 35 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: The Lancet Infectious Diseases Infectious Lancet The infection. SARS-CoV-2 of sources potential asymptomatic people can be patients provides evidence that of cluster afamily of Analysis Published: 28 Feb 2020 al. et J, Xia R, Huang potential sources be can people Asymptomatic Data in World Our contact tracing. AFR to implement comprehensive the in country first the is Nigeria Government of Nigeria comprehensive contact tracing Nigeria implements CONTACT TRACING CONTACT SCIENCE quarantined for 14 days. 14 for quarantined recommends that such persons be WHO contacts, home.” For such at or facility amedical either in their isolation and management laboratory-confirmed cases, and the rapid identification of containment strategy includes WHO recommends “the global Published: 29 Feb 2020 WHO guidance WHO publishes quarantine WHO 29 Feb 29 GUIDANCE WHO Situation Report China. outside countries 58 in 7,169 China, in cases cases 79,968 global surge begins down, slows China in Spread Japan: 2.05 Cases per million Data in World Our the government. Face coverings recommended by Government of Japan wearing Japan recommends mask 01 Mar MASK USAGE CASES Japan: 2.20 Cases per million Prime Minister’s Statement education.” needs special for “schools as well high, and high senior as schools Closure of elementary, junior Prime Minister Japan closes schools 02 Mar 02 SCHOOL CLOSURES RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Brazil: 0.009 Brazil: Cases per million Data in World Our so. do to Americas the in first the wearing, Brazil recommends mask- Brazil of Government wearing Brazil recommends mask- 02 Mar,02 cont. MASK USAGE COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 36 of 48 of 36 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: Argentina: 0.02 Argentina: Cases per million Data in World Our contact tracing. toAMR implement comprehensive in country first the is Argentina Government of Argentina comprehensive contact tracing Argentina implements 04 Mar 04 CONTACT TRACING CONTACT at Risk for COVID-19 in Africa. Africa. in COVID-19 for Risk at Movement Restrictions of People for Assessment, Monitoring and publishes CDC/AfricanAfrica Union Africa CDC/African Union in Africarestrictions monitoring and movement Guidance for assessment, WHO Situation Report Africa. South in reported case First case reported First Africa: South Africa CDC 05 Mar 05 Africa CDC Guidance GUIDANCE CASES approach. anrequiring all-of-government COVID-19, from harm minimizing and on limiting transmission Outbreak COVID-19 for Strategy Continental Joint Africa present Union CDC/African Africa Africa CDC/African Union for COVID-19 Outbreak Strategy Africa Joint Continental Africa CDC PUBLICATION , focusing Singapore: 23.59 Cases per million Ministry of Health News Highlight attractions. essential venues, services, and of schools, workplaces, non- closures with introduced lockdown “Circuit-breaker” partial- Health of Ministry measures applied Singapore: First social distancing WHO HQ R&D. and systems, laboratory surveillance, infection prevention, control, measures, case management, communication,risk public health including: National coordination, Guidance issued in ten areas, WHO HQ spread of COVID-19 Responding to community 07 Mar 07 STAY-AT-HOME MEASURES INTERIM GUIDANCE LOCKDOWN/

RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Nature by 8 March. infections estimated that there were 258,728 Wuhan in COVID-19 of dynamics Reconstruction of transmission 2020 Jul 16 Published: al. et S, Chen X, Hao China in infections estimated 258,728 WHO Situation Report countries. 101 in China, outside cases 24,727 China, in cases 80,859 outside China approach 25,000 cases countries, 101 to Spread 08 Mar 08 CASES CASES COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 37 of 48 of 37 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: JAMA rate reproduction the dropping in effective were that public health measures and age with increased severity that showed 2020 8March and 2019 Dec. 8 between identified cases Wuhan 32,583 from Data 2020 Apr 10 Published: al. et L, Liu A, Pan Severity increases with age SCIENCE meet. meet. to G20 leaders G7 and for and billion for the COVID-19 response, ofan 8 immediate USD injection (GPMB) Board Monitoring calls for and Preparedness Global The Published: 09 Mar 2020 GPMB G7 and G20 leadership for and billion $8 for calls GPMB India: 0.03 Cases per million Government Guidelines where masks should be worn. guidanceIndia outlining issues Welfare Family and Health of Ministry India issues mask guidance GPMB 09 Mar 09 ANNOUNCEMENT MASK USAGE in schools in schools. control and prevention COVID-19 key messages and actions for on paper joint publish (IFRC) Societies Crescent Red and Cross Red of Federation International UNICEF, WHO, and the UNICEF, WHO, IFRC WHO Situation Report expanding exponentially. cases (the China), outside highest 9,172 reaches it as nationwide Italy’s lockdown is extended (9,172) China outside Italy: Highest case number Washington Post COVID-19. of spread contain to effort an in lockdown nationwide Italy announcesrestrictions, first on previous local Expanding Published: 10 Mar 2020 Italy lockdown Italy imposes firstnational UNICEF COVID 10 Mar 10 STAY-AT-HOME MEASURES , , WHO -19 prevention and control LOCKDOWN/ GUIDANCE IFRC CASES

Lancet Infectious Diseases mathematical modelling study. a COVID-19: of control and Early dynamics of transmission 2020 Mar 30 Published al. et L.C, Okell R, Verity COVID-19 of severity of Estimates NY Times acacophony.” than a choir less are voices their pandemic, the of gravity the about out speaking world“While leaders are at last Leadership Void” a in Virus the to Response NY Times: “A Fumbled Global Pakistan week. this closures school of types and levels various implement US the and Lanka, Sri Peru, Pakistan, Various countries closures Four countries implement school Speech DG WHO apandemic”. as characterized be can COVID-19 that assessment the made We therefore have the levels alarming of inaction. by and severity, and spread of levels alarming by the both concerned deeply we are and clock the around outbreak has“WHO been assessing this WHO DG announces pandemic: DG WHO WHO DG announces pandemic United States: 4.79 United 0.28 Lanka: Sri 0.33 Peru: Pakistan: 0.14 Cases per million 11 Mar 11 ANNOUNCEMENT SCHOOL CLOSURES , Peru NEWS REPORT NEWS SCIENCE , Sri Lanka Sri , United States United RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Bhutan: 1.296 Cases per million Data in World Our so. do to SEAR in country first the wearing, Bhutan recommends mask- Bhutan of Government wearing Bhutan recommends mask UNICEF services availability and access WASH on epidemic COVID-19 the of impacts secondary the mitigating and Monitoring UNICEF presents briefing on UNICEF COVID-19 of impacts secondary Monitoring and mitigating the Financial Times treatments. potential identify, and trial, make available to effort aco-ordinated for funds for need -urgent again” never be must response “COVID-19 funds Urgent need for health security 11 Mar, cont. 11 NEWS REPORT NEWS PUBLICATION MASK USAGE COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 38 of 48 of 38 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: . of Korea. thewith Republic 8,041, surpassing China outside cases of number highest second the has Iran cases) outside China (8,042 highest Second Iran: WHO Situation Report CASES PNAS March. by 12 US the in infections 108,689 likely testing; of lack to due detected were cases of 10% than fewer that finds study Modelling 2020 Aug 21 Published: al. et SM, Cavany TA, Perkins US infections estimated 108,689 update, and solidarity trial. update, and solidarity meeting global Blueprint R&D laboratory diagnosis updates, announcement, and epidemiology discuss pandemic Experts STAG-IH WHO STAG-IH the of meeting Ninth Argentina: 0.42 Cases per million La Nacion and China. Japan, Korea, of Republic the US, the Iran, Europe, of all including flightsfrom countries, high-risk There suspension is of a 30-day President high-risk areas Argentina suspends flights from STAG-IH WHO BORDER CONTROL MEASURES 12 Mar MEETING CASES Argentina: 0.42 Cases per million Government announcement emergency measures. health new of adoption allows which Urgency, and Necessity of Decree the passes Argentina Health of Ministry measures Argentina expands emergency DECLARATION OF EMERGENCY Uruguay: 1.15 States: 6.70 United India: 0.06 Cases per million India emergency legislation. emergency or implement of states declare Uruguay and States, United the India, Various countries emergency of states declare countries Three OHCHR response. the in rights human guidance on the importance of High Commissoner publishes the of Office Rights Human UN OHCHR response COVID-19 the in rights Human Nature News Explainer containment still possible. COVID-19 say experts WHO and Trust, CDC, Wellcome US containment still possible experts: interviews Nature DECLARATION OF EMERGENCY 13 Mar 13 , United States United NEWS REPORT NEWS GUIDANCE , Uruguay RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Uruguay: 1.15 Cases per million BMJ population. the protect to homes their in President asks people to stay President home at Uruguay requests people to stay WHO and corporations. individuals, funding base, including private a broader from receive resources to WHO for mechanism a new The Response Solidarity Fund is Published: 13 Mar 2020 WHO ResponseSolidarity Fund launch COVID-19partners and Foundation, UN WHO, 13 Mar,13 cont. STAY-AT-HOME MEASURES ANNOUNCEMENT LOCKDOWN/ COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 39 of 48 of 39 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19:

Iraq: 2.511 Iraq: Cases per million AgencyAnadolu to impose movement restrictions. EMR in area first the curfew, under placed Iraq of region Kurdish Iraq Kurdish Regional Government measures lockdown/stay-at-home Iraqi region introduces STAY-AT-HOME MEASURES LOCKDOWN/

Jamaica: 2.702 Cases per million Jamaica so. do to AMR in countries for essential reasons, the first stay-at-home measures except Venezuela introduces mandatory communities. quarantine in select 2week introduces Jamaica Governments of Jamaica and Venezuela measures lockdown/stay at home introduce Two countries STAY-AT-HOME MEASURES , Venezuela LOCKDOWN/

Spain: 136.69 Cases per million Government announcement days. 15 for declared alarm of State ofMinistry the Presidency declared alarm of State Spain: DECLARATION OF EMERGENCY 14 Mar 14 Spain: 136.69 Cases per million The Guardian services. with some exceptions for essential ordering people to stay at home Two-week lockdown announced Prime Minister Spain begins lockdown STAY-AT-HOME MEASURES LOCKDOWN/

RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL WHO Situation Report countries. 143 in China, outside cases 72,469 China, in cases 81,048 cases 72,000 over countries, 143 15 Mar 15 CASES COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 40 of 48 of 40 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: Spain: 212.64 Peru: 2.61 Liberia: 0.20 Argentina: 1.24 Cases per million mitigation vs. suppression model Imperial College publishes Argentina restrictions. of border closures and travel levels various implement Spain Argentina, Liberia, Peru, and Various countries restrictions Four countries implement border WHO HQ partners. and communities engaging and communicating with the public for plan action an monitor and implement develop, to others, andnational health authorities with working responders and staff Community Engagement (RCCE) Tool for Risk Communication and EngagementCommunity Plan Risk Communication and Imperial College published. is interventions pharmaceutical non- different of impact the of Influentialmodel epidemiological al. D,et Laydon N, Ferguson BORDER CONTROL MEASURES 16 Mar 16 , Liberia ACTION PLAN SCIENCE , Peru , Spain addressed. be to need that gaps research control activities and emphasizes STAG-IH of outlines understanding Lancet, the to acomment In STAG-IH WHO a pandemic of Towards controlling COVID-19: Spain: 212.64 India: 0.09 Germany: 86.80 Argentina: 1.24 Cases per million Argentina closures. school of types and levels various implement Spain Argentina, Germany, India, and Various countries closures Four countries implement school Lancet SCHOOL CLOSURES , Germany COMMENT , India , Spain growth and prosperity.” and growth strong, sustainable economic of recovery astrong for stage the set and pandemic COVID-19 by the caused risks economic and health the resolve to work we will together, acting “By Published: 16 Mar 2020 G7 statement G7 leaders meet and issue Indian Ministry of Home Affairs take these measures. to SEAR in country First closed. closed. Land border with Pakistan Bangladesh Bhutan, Nepal, withLand Myanmar, borders Government of India India implements border controls G7 BORDER CONTROL MEASURES MEETING IASC outbreak. COVID-19 the of aspects mental health and psychosocial addressing note briefing interim an publishes system, UN the of humanitarian coordination forum Committee, the highest level Standing Inter-Agency The IASC Mental health briefing note 17 Mar 17 PUBLICATION RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL IASC camp-like settings. situations, including camps and inoperations humanitarian in readiness and response outbreak COVID-19 scaling-up on Group interim publishes guidance WHO UNHCR, IOM, IFRC, operations in refugee camps Readiness and response 17 Mar,17 cont. PUBLICATION COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 41 of 48 of 41 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: care. standard beyond treatment this with observed benefit no shows COVID-19 severe with hospitalized Lopinavir-Ritonavir in adults of trial control A randomized Published: 07 May 2020 al. Yet Wang B, Cao help severe COVID-19 Lopinavir-Ritonavir does not India during this week. restrictions travel and closures implement various levels of border India, Singapore, and Lanka Sri Various countries border restrictions Three countries implement WHO HQ different target groups. and psychosocial well-being in communications to mental support in used be to messages of WHO publishes a series WHO HQ Mental health considerations New England Journal of Medicine Sri Lanka: 2.38 Lanka: Sri Singapore: 38.63 India: 0.08 Cases per million version published 7May. published version final March, 18 published Pre-print BORDER CONTROL MEASURES 18 Mar 18 , Singapore INTERIM GUIDANCE SCIENCE , Sri Lanka Sri Russia: 1.36 Russia: 1.30 Peru: Liberia: 0.59 1.36 Brazil: Cases per million sites in over 30 countries. 30 over in sites hospital 500 in patients 12,000 treatments enrolling starts, almost COVID-19 for trials randomized international largest the of One Published: 18 Mar 2020 WHO of COVID-19treatments for trial SOLIDARITY of Launch Brazil during this week. implement emergency legislation declare states of emergency or Brazil, Peru, and Russia Liberia, Various countries emergency Four countries declare states of WHO Health Policy Watch Policy Health 200,000. surpass infections as – even test agents plagues health systems Worldwide of shortage test agents Worldwide of shortage COVID-19 DECLARATION OF EMERGENCY , Liberia NEWS REPORT NEWS , ACTION Peru , Russia COVID -19 -19 Nature Medicine (Letter) rate 1.4%. fatality case symptomatic –with 2020 Feb end to Wuhan in dynamics COVID-19 from transmission clinicalEstimating of severity Published: 19 Mar 2020 al. Ket Leung Wu J, COVID-19 of severity the clinical Wuhan: Estimating Liberia week. at-home during measures this stay- or lockdown of levels various impose US the and Korea, of Liberia, Niger, Peru, the Republic Various countries measures lockdown/stay-at home Five countries introduce United States: 9.70 United 171.62 Korea: of Republic Peru: 2.61 Liberia: 0.59 Cases per million States United STAY-AT-HOME MEASURES , Niger LOCKDOWN/ , SCIENCE Peru , Republic of Korea

, Viet Nam: 0.63 Nam: Viet China: 56.32 1.00 Argentina: Cases per million Argentina week. this orders around mask usage during introduce recommendations or China, andArgentina, Viet Nam Various countries usage recommendations/orders mask introduce countries Three , China MASK USAGE , Viet Nam Viet RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Uruguay: 2.30 Thailand: 3.04 125.26 Sweden: 0.04 Nigeria: Liberia: 0.59 1.08 Egypt: Cases per million Uruguay Egypt closures during during this week. school of types and levels various Thailand, and Uruguay implement Egypt, Liberia, Nigeria, Sweden, Various countries closures school implement countries Six 18 Mar, cont. 18 , Liberia SCHOOL CLOSURES , Nigeria COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 42 of 48 of 42 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: , Sweden , Thailand , Our World in Data in World Our do so. AFRto in first the circumstances,” home except for “extreme at stay to people mandating Lesotho introduces measures Government of Lesotho stay-at home measures Lesotho introduces lockdown/ STAY-AT-HOME MEASURES LOCKDOWN/

COVID-19. of impacts socio-economic the to documentsolidarity on responding aglobal publishes UN The UN COVID-19 of impacts economic Responding to the socio- Sweden: 153.77 167.06 Korea: of Republic 5.81 Zealand: New Germany: 182.85 2.30 Egypt: Cases per million Republic of Korea Egypt restrictions. of border closures and travel Sweden implement various levels and Korea, of Republic Niger, the Zealand, New Germany, Egypt, Various countries restrictions Six countries implement border UN BORDER CONTROL MEASURES 19 Mar 19 , Germany REPORT , New Zealand , Sweden , Niger , Fiji: 1.12 Argentina: 2.15 Cases per million Argentina at-home measures. stay- or lockdown of levels various introduce Fiji and Argentina Various countries measures lockdown/stay-at home introduce Two countries STAY-AT-HOME MEASURES , Fiji LOCKDOWN/

Sri Lanka: 2.8 Lanka: Sri Cases per million Economy Next so. do to region the in country First homes. their in stay recommendations that people with country, whole for imposed curfew Lockdown-style Government of Sri Lanka stay-at-home measures lockdown/ introduces Lanka Sri STAY-AT-HOME MEASURES LOCKDOWN/

RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL System Dynamics Review date. by this reported were cases 19,644 March. by 20 Iran in cases cumulative 916,000 estimates modelling Simulation 2020 Jul 06 Published: N, RhamandadGhaffarzadegan H estimated Iran: cumulative 916,000 cases UNFPA A gender lens on COVID-19 WHO Situation Report epicenter. Western Pacific cases)(93,349 as Europe cases) (104,591 surpasses Europe becomes epicenter United Kingdom: 114.77 Niger: 0.04 Fiji: 1.12 Cases per million Fiji closures. school of types and levels various implement UK the and Niger, Uganda, Fiji, Various countries closures Four countries implement school UNFPA equality. gender promoting and rights, and health reproductive and sexual protecting on brief (UNFPA) technical publishes United Nations Population Fund 20 Mar 20 , Niger SCHOOL CLOSURES , Uganda PUBLICATION CASES CASES , United Kingdom COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 43 of 48 of 43 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: WHO Situation Report Italy. caseshighest China, after outside the with country the second become to Iran surpasses Spain China (19,980 cases) Spain: Second highest outside WHO Facebook. Portuguese with and WhatsApp and Hindi, Italian, Spanish, French, English, in Arabic, services messaging health public COVID-19 WHO launches dedicated Published: 20 Mar 2020 WHO messaging service companies launch Health Alert WHO and social media ACTION CASES capacity/reagents are lacking. capacity/reagents are lacking. rationalize testing testing when scenarios and includes how to different in tests diagnostic of use strategic the describes It strategy. testing laboratory for WHO publishes recommendations WHO HQ recommendations strategy testing Laboratory Uganda: 0.02 Pakistan: 3.51 Mexico: 1.95 Cases per million Mexico closures and travel restrictions. implement various levels of border Mexico, and Pakistan, Uganda Various countries border restrictions Three countries implement WHO HQ BORDER CONTROL MEASURES 21 Mar 21 , INTERIM GUIDANCE Pakistan , Uganda outside theoutside facility. and within spread prevent to facilities care long-term in control and prevention infection on interimWHO publishes guidance WHO HQ care Infection prevention in long-term WHO HQ INTERIM GUIDANCE WHO Situation Report Western Pacific (94,787 cases). cases) and (151,293 by Europe 292,142 cases globally, driven cases globally 300,000 1.16 Nam: Viet Uruguay: 45.48 Spain: 615.30 India: 0.29 Cases per million India restrictions. of border closures and travel Nam implement various levels Viet and Uruguay, Spain, India, Various countries restrictions Four countries implement border BORDER CONTROL MEASURES 22 Mar 22 , Spain , Uruguay CASES , Viet Nam Viet RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Mexico closures. school of types and levels various implement Korea of andZealand, the Russia, Republic New Mozambique, Mexico, Various countries closures Five countries implement school ECDC COVID-19. to distancing measures in response considerations relating to social on report atechnical publishes Control and Prevention Disease for Center European The ECDC Guidance on social distancing Republic of Korea: 174.78 Korea: of Republic 3.00 Russia: 21.15 Zealand: New Mozambique: 0.03 2.85 Mexico: Cases per million Russia 23 Mar 23 , , SCHOOL CLOSURES Republic of Korea Mozambique PUBLICATION COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 44 of 48 of 44 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: , New Zealand , United Kingom: 187.73 Pakistan: 4.40 Cases per million Pakistan at-home measures. stay- or lockdown of levels various introduce UK the and Pakistan Various countries measures lockdown/stay-at home introduce Two countries STAY-AT-HOME MEASURES , United Kingom LOCKDOWN/

Nature Medicine outside Wuhan but within Hubei. cities two in 3.6% and 1.3% from anywhere and April, March-10 9 during 3.8% and 3.2% from Seroprevalence in Wuhan ranged 2020 Jun 05 Published: al. et J, Sun X, Xu 3% approximately outside Seroprevalence in Wuhan and until “no later than summer 2021”. summer than “no later until to postpone the Summer Olympics decide they where call conference a hold Japan of Minister Prime Olympic Committee and the International the of President The International Olympic Committee Olympics Japan postpones Summer Namibia: 2.755 Cases per million Data in World Our so. do AFRto in first the wearing, Namibia recommends mask Government of Namibia wearing Namibia recommends mask International Olympic Committee 24 Mar 24 ANNOUNCEMENT MASK USAGE SCIENCE relation to COVID-19. COVID-19. to relation in health migrant and refugee for (EURO) interim publishes guidance Europe for Office Regional WHO EURO migrant health Guidance for refugee and The Lancet Public Health towill lead an second peak. earlier butpandemic, premature lifting the halt to found are measures control Wuhan, in spread of Using computational models Published: 25 Mar 2020 al. Yet Liu K, Prem control spread of COVID-19 can measures shows Modelling 268.53 Sweden: 42.51 Zealand: New India: 0.48 4.46 Egypt: Cases per million Egypt measures. of lockdown or stay-at-home levels various introduce Sweden and Zealand, New India, Egypt, Various countries measures lockdown/stay-at-home Four countries introduce EURO 25 Mar 25 STAY-AT-HOME MEASURES , India INTERIM GUIDANCE LOCKDOWN/ , New Zealand SCIENCE ,

Sweden Russia: 7.10 Russia: Nigeria: 0.19 China: 56.97 16.08 Brazil: Cases per million Brazil during this week. restrictions travel and closures implement various levels of border Brazil, and China, Russia Nigeria, Various countries restrictions Four countries implement border UN OCHA countries. vulnerable in COVID-19 fight to plan response coordinated humanitarian global 2billion aUSD launches UN UN UN begins fundraising drive BORDER CONTROL MEASURES , China , Nigeria ACTION , Russia RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL New Zealand week. emergency legislation during this states of emergency, or implement Thailand, and the UK declare New Zealand, Niger, Pakistan, Various countries emergency of states declare countries Five United Kingdom: 262.84 Thailand: 14.97 Pakistan: 8.49 3.73 Niger: 106.59 Zealand: New Cases per million United Kingdom DECLARATION OF EMERGENCY 25 Mar, cont. 25 , Niger , COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 45 of 48 of 45 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: Pakistan , Thailand, Uganda: 0.20 Thailand: 14.97 8.66 Russia: 0.41 Niger: Germany: 296.87 10.57 Brazil: Cases per million Uganda Brazil week. at-home during measures this stay- or lockdown of levels various andThailand, Uganda introduce Brazil, Germany, Niger, Russia, Various countries measures lockdown/stay-at home introduce countries Six STAY-AT-HOME MEASURES , Germany LOCKDOWN/ , Niger , Russia

, Thailand, United States: 207.97United Cases per million Week Education date. by this closed are US publicAll school buildings in the States United the in actors Subnational US close all public schools SCHOOL CLOSURES Uruguay: 68.51 Thailand: 14.97 Fiji: 5.58 Cases per million bats. is reservoir ecological constructed Most virus. probable or amanipulated not is and origin SARS-CoV-2 has a natural animal All available evidence suggests WHO HQ ofOrigins SARS-CoV-2 Fiji closures and travel restrictions. implement various levels of border andFiji, Thailand, Uruguay Various countries border restrictions Three countries implement WHO HQ BORDER CONTROL MEASURES 26 Mar 26 , Thailand PUBLICATION , Uruguay WHO HQ testing. COVID-19 Response System to incorporate Influenza and Surveillance Global the as such systems leveraging influenza surveillance on operational considerations for interimWHO publishes guidance WHO HQ GISRS guidanceSurveillance using INTERIM GUIDANCE RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL WHO HQ pandemic. COVID-19 the for immunization during activities guidingWHO principles publishes WHO HQ activities immunization principles for Guiding 26 Mar,26 cont. INTERIM GUIDANCE COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 46 of 48 of 46 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: Government of the UK preparedness and response.” a initiative global on pandemic establish to aview with months, in the Ministers comingHealth joint meeting of Finance and a to report and preparedness pandemic in gaps assess to with relevant organizations, cooperation in WHO, the ask “We Published: 26 Mar 2020 G20 statement G20 leaders meet and issue MEETING

the context of COVID-19. COVID-19. of context the in practices workplace good other for family-friendly policies and Women publish recommendations (ILO), UN and Organization UNICEF, the International Labour UNICEF, ILO, UN Women guidance Joint family-friendly workplace UNICEF, ILO, UN Women 27 Mar INTERIM GUIDANCE WHO Situation Report time. first the cases) for (82,213 China reaches 85,228 cases, surpassing US and cases, 86,498 reaches Italy China cases, surpassing of number Highest US: Italy, 28 Mar 28 CASES Clinical Infectious Diseases blown clinical disease. and may precede the onset of full- frequent fairly is taste and smell of loss that finds SARS-CoV-2, (OTDs) with patients in disorders taste and olfactory reported A cross-sectional study of self- Published: 26 Mar 2020 al. et L, Pezatti A, Giacomelli COVID-19 with common taste and smell of Loss SCIENCE

RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL WHO Situation Report cases.103,321 epicenter, surpassing Italy, with world’s the becomes US The cases of US has world’s highest number 29 Mar 29 CASES COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 47 of 48 47of —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: Pacific. Americas surpasses Western of Americas (120,792 cases). The Region cases) and (361,031 Europe by driven globally cases 634,813 epicenter, cases globally 635,000 two number become Americas WHO Situation Report CASES Annals of Epidemiology 2,139,300. be to estimated experienced adults were infection- of number The State. York New in cases of detection suggesting an 11-fold under- were 8.9%, seroprevalence to compared cases Detected 2020 Jun 17 Published: al. et JM, Tesoriero ES, Rosenberg York State New in under-detection 11-fold Washington Post pandemic.” coronavirus novel the of because - whose schools have closed population student Earth’s of 87% “now billion children - 1.5 or nearly that warns UN the COVID-19, of about the socio-economic impact announcements several of one As students on impact of warns UN 30 Mar 30 NEWS REPORT NEWS CASES The Lancet Infectious Diseases Infectious Lancet The age. with profile increasing an with 0.66%, is China for ratio overallEstimated fatality infection Published: 30 Mar 2020 al. et L, Okell R, Verity ratio published Estimates of COVID-19 fatality SCIENCE

Imperial College weeks to demonstrate impact. three to two take but transmission, reduce to effective be to found are Non-pharmaceutical interventions Published: 30 Mar 2020 al. et S, Mishra S, Flaxman health interventions European analysis of public SCIENCE RETROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE REAL-TIME EVIDENCE COUNTRY INTERNATIONAL Nature Communications 0.2. 7 to from Re decreased Zealand. New in lockdown of week one within ofrapid transmission reduction reveals epidemiology Genomic 2020 Dec 11 Published: al. et X, Ren JL, Geoghegan Zealand New in transmission of reduction rapid to led Lockdown WHO Situation Report 11,591. with deaths of number highest the reports Italy 140,640. with cases of number highest the reports US The deaths. 36,405 with along hours, 24 previous the cases globally, including 57,610 in COVID-19 750,890 reports WHO WHO globe the sweeps COVID-19 STAG-IH WHO strategies. exit and areas, research situations, country discuss to continue experts STAG-IH March, 27 and Following meetings on 19, 24, STAG-IH WHO STAG-IH the of meeting 13th 31 Mar 31 31 Mar 31 MEETING CASES CASES COVID-19: The Authoritative Chronology, December 2019–March 2020, Background paper 2a, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, May 2021 — Page 48 of 48 of 48 —Page 2021 May Response, and Preparedness Pandemic for Panel Independent The 2a, paper Background 2020, 2019–March December Chronology, Authoritative The COVID-19: