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Brazil-NATO: New Global Security Partners? José Francisco Pavia P.253 Enduring NATO, Rising Brazil Managing International Security in a Recalibrating Global Order Foreword by Stephen R. Covington Strategic and International Affairs Advisor to NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) Edited by Brooke A. Smith-Windsor NATO DEFENSE COLLEGE NATO Defense College Cataloguing in Publication-Data: “Enduring NATO, Rising Brazil Managing International Security in a Recalibrating Global Order” (NATO Defense College “NDC Forum Papers Series”) Forum Paper edited by Dr. Brooke Smith-Windsor Copy-editing: Mary Di Martino ISBN: 978-88-96898-10-9 The views expressed in this NDC Forum Paper are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the NATO Defense College, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, the Getulio Vargas Foundation, or any of the institutions represented by the contributors. The Research Division (RD) of the NATO Defense College provides NATO’s senior leaders with sound and timely analyses and recommendations on current issues of particular concern for the Alliance. Papers produced by the Research Division convey NATO’s positions to the wider audience of the international strategic community and contribute to strengthening the Transatlantic Link. The RD’s civil and military researchers come from a variety of disciplines and interests covering a broad spectrum of security-related issues. They conduct research on topics which are of interest to the political and military decision-making bodies of the Alliance and its member states. Portions of this NDC Forum Paper may be quoted or reprinted without special permission for academic purposes, provided that a standard source credit line is included. © NDC 2015 all rights reserved Limited copies of this NDC Forum Paper are available and may be obtained directly from NATO Defense College, Research Division Via Giorgio Pelosi, 1 - 00143 Rome, Italy Fax +39-06-50 52 57 97 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.ndc.nato.int Follow us on twitter: https://twitter.com/NDC_Research Printed and bound by DEd’A srl Viale Scalo S. Lorenzo 55, 00185, Rome, Italy www.dedaedizioni.it Enduring NATO, Rising Brazil Managing International Security in a Recalibrating Global Order Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables p. 6 Contributors p. 7 List of Acronyms p. 13 Foreword p. 17 Acknowledgements p. 21 Introduction Brooke A. Smith-Windsor p. 23 PART 1: Understanding NATO and Brazil NATO, Democratic Peace and Partnership with Brazil Rob de Wijk p. 29 Promoting International Peace and Security through NATO’s Partnerships: Identifying Cooperation Opportunities beyond Existing Frameworks Carlos Branco p. 39 The Silent Function of the Alliance: NATO’s Role as a Multilateral Repository of Military Expertise Alexander Mattelaer p. 53 4 Brazil in the Global Security Order: Principled Action and Immediate Responses to Long-term Challenges Antonio Jorge Ramalho p. 71 Interests, Identity and Brazilian Peacekeeping Policy Kai Michael Kenkel p. 83 PART 2: Perspectives on Intervention Brazil as a Norm Entrepreneur: “Responsibility while Protecting” Oliver Stuenkel p.119 The Role of NATO and Brazil in the Search for an R2P/RwP Regime Alexander Moens and Jimmy Petersen p.141 PART 3: Viewpoints on Nuclear and WMD Proliferation Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Western Alliance Joachim Krause p.169 Brazilian Perspectives on Weapons of Mass Destruction Carlo Patti p.185 5 PART 4: Securing the South Atlantic Securing the South Atlantic: In Favour of a Revised Brazilian Maritime Strategy Érico Duarte p.211 Brazil versus NATO? A Long-term View of Maritime Security in the Atlantic Bruno C. Reis p.227 PART 5: The Way Ahead Brazil-NATO: New Global Security Partners? José Francisco Pavia p.253 A Country of the Future and an Alliance that will Remain: An Interest-Driven Strategy for Brazil-NATO Relations Robert Helbig p.269 Index p.283 6 List of Figures and Tables Figures and Tables Figure 1: Spectrum of Interaction p. 25 Figure 2: NATO Allied Command Operations p. 60 Figure 3: International Shipping Density p.259 Figure 4: Blue Amazon p.260 Figure 5: Global Cocaine Flows p.261 Table 1: Brazilian Interests in Participating in Peacekeeping Operations p.111 7 Contributors Carlos Branco is a Major General in the Portuguese Armed Forces and currently serves as Deputy Director of the War College, Lisbon. From 2010 to 2013, he was Director of the Regional Cooperation and Security Division at NATO Headquarters. His previous appointments include: Deputy Director of the National Defence Institute (IDN) in Lisbon; spokesperson for NATO forces in Afghanistan; and Peacekeeping Affairs Officer in the Department of Peacekeeping Operations of the United Nations. He has published widely with extensive academic experience in the fields of technical-military cooperation as well as crisis and conflict management. Steven R. Covington serves as International Affairs Advisor to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), Deputy Supreme Allied Commander, and Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE). As SACEUR’s International Affairs Advisor, he is responsible for assessments on strategic and international affairs, and develops political-military recommendations for SACEUR, the SHAPE Command Group, and Allied Command Operations. He directs a multi-national office composed of senior NATO civilian and military Special Advisors. Felix Dane holds a Master of Science in European Studies from the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and a Bachelor in International Relations from Keele University, UK. From 2004 to 2009 he worked as parliamentary assistant to Jürgen Schröder, Member of the European Parliament. In 2009 he joined the Konrad Adenauer Foundation (KAS) as its Representative to the Palestinian Territories. Since 2012, he has served as the KAS Representative to Brazil. Rob de Wijk is the founder and non-executive Director of The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies (HCSS), General Director of The Hague Security Delta (HSD), Professor of International Relations at Leiden 8 University, Chairman of the National Security Think Tank (Denktank Nationale Veiligheid) and columnist for the national daily Trouw. He is a member of the Strategic Advisors Group of the Atlantic Council in Washington DC and of the Senior Steering Group of the NATO Special Forces Headquarters in Mons. He studied Contemporary History and International Relations in Groningen, and wrote his PhD dissertation on NATO’s “Flexibility in Response” strategy at the Political Science Department of Leiden University. Érico Duarte is Assistant Professor of Strategic and International Studies at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. He holds a DSc and an MSc in Strategic Studies, and a BA in International Relations. He is a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) London. He was the Rui Barbosa Chair at Leiden University in 2013 and was awarded the Best Thesis Prize by the Brazilian Ministry of Defence in 2010. He has worked with the Brazilian Army Command and Staff College, the Navy War College, the Air Force University and the Ministry of Defence. Robert Helbig is a Carlo Schmid Fellow at the NATO Headquarters Emerging Security Challenges Division and a graduate student at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. He has previously published on NATO-India relations and is currently working on the future of relations between NATO and Mongolia. His experience with Brazil includes studies at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, service at the German Consulate General in Rio de Janeiro, as well as field research conducted in Brasilia and São Paulo. Kai Michael Kenkel is a tenured Assistant Professor in the Institute of International Relations at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro where he is Director of Graduate Studies. His principal areas of expertise are United Nations peace operations, intervention and the Responsibility to Protect. He has published and advised extensively on these topics and is the editor of three books. In addition, he has served as 9 editor of Contexto Internacional, one of the leading Brazilian international relations journals. Elena Lazarou is Assistant Professor and Head of the Center for International Relations at Getulio Vargas Foundation School of Social Sciences (FGV CPDOC). She received a PhD in International Relations from the University of Cambridge in 2008. Her interests include European Studies, Foreign Policy Analysis and Regional Integration. She is also affiliated with the Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP). She has previously held research posts at the University of Cambridge, the London School of Economics (LSE) and the University of Sheffield. She has published several articles, edited volumes and book chapters in English and Portuguese and is a regular contributor to the Brazilian press. Alexander Mattelaer is Assistant Director of the Institute for European Studies in Brussels. He obtained his PhD in Political Science from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Master degrees from the University of Bath and the University of Leuven. In addition, he is a graduate of the Belgian Advanced Staff College (123rd Div) as a civilian joint planner. Currently, he is also a member of the scientific committee of the Royal High Institute for Defence and a senior editor of European Geostrategy, an online magazine analysing strategic affairs from a European perspective.
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