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Ethnicity, Ethnic Crisis and National Security in Nigeria Implications and Management Strategies Summary

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Ethnicity, Ethnic Crisis and National Security in Nigeria Implications and Management Strategies Summary ETHNICITY, ETHNIC CRISIS AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN NIGERIA IMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES SUMMARY According to the 2020 Fragile States Index, governance; campaigns for self-determination Nigeria is the 14th most fragile state out of by ethnic groups; political favouritism & bias for 178 countries featured in the ranking. This particular ethnic groups and seclusion of others. ranking placed Nigeria above countries such Others are, political injustice & marginalization; as Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, DR Congo, identity politics; poor leadership & weak state Sudan, Afghanistan, and below those, and institutions; poor judicial system which has below those such as Iraq, Libya, etc. Several triggered reprisals & grievances; poverty & factors are used to ascertain the status of a inequality; and governance failure amongst country in this ranking under the categories of others. social, economic, and political. Unpacking the factors further, under the social category are The implications and consequences of this insecurity, political instability, and conflicts. downcast phenomenon include state failure & collapse - following the Fragile States Index To have Nigeria shoulder to shoulder with the analysis - Getting to Somalia; gross human aforementioned countries, countries that have rights abuses; and economic crisis because been in perpetual conflicts for years, suggest of the worsening political instability, which will how cataclysmic ‘Nigeria’s security situation precipitate more instability. Considering the has become recent. And while there are several latter, Nigeria is living on the edge of macro- contributors to Nigeria’s national security crisis, economically instability, following decades ethnicity, and its crisis has become of the most of commodity dependence. The country has dominant and triggers of political instability recently had two (2) economic recessions in the country. For instance, the Biafran within 5 years, while poverty, unemployment agitation has been reignited through the and inequality are metastasizing. As such, Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) campaign the implosion of the country or sustenance under its leader Nnamdi Kanu in the South- of the worsening insecurity dynamics would Eastern part of the country. The Niger Delta occasion another recession and possibly a agitation and militancy are still much alive, full-blown economic depression. with pockets of violence in the South-South region of Nigeria. Most recently, following the A comprehensive, coherent and multi- wave of worsening insecurity in the country, dimensional strategy to address Nigeria’s the Oduduwa Republic promoted through a ethnic crisis according to experts encompass secessionist agitation was flagged off in the Promoting Political Inclusion; Macro-Economic Southwestern part of the country by Sunday Overhaul for Economic Restructuring, Poverty Igboho. Also, the herder-farmer conflict has Redressal and Job Creation; Expunging Federal worsened over the years in the North Central Character and State/Local Government of part of the country, amongst other pockets of Origin from the Constitution; Strengthening ethnic violence in the country. Weak Institutions; Political and Economic Restructuring; State Policing; National A causal analysis of the factors responsible Dialogue on Managing Diversity; Leverage for ‘Nigeria’s ethnic crisis, as well as the Non-Kinetic Approaches of Securitization; recent ethnic-oriented threats, outbursts, Leverage Education System, Entertainment and violence, showcases a range of issues, Industry and National Orientation Agency according to experts. They are colonial (NOA) to Promote Tolerance; Early Warnings distortion; economic factors; the quest for Adherence; and Developing a National power; lack of government presence in Strategy on Co-existence. several areas & communities; centralization of 02 ETHNICITY, ETHNIC CRISIS AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN NIGERIA INTRODUCTION Like in many developing countries that are a federal system in a bid to promote diversity highly fractionalized, ethnic crisis ranks and nation-building in the country. The country amongst many security challenges bedevilling was subdivided into three (and later) four Nigeria, making Nigeria loosely a country at regions, then further into states, whose number war with itself. This situation magnifies Nigeria’s has kept expanding until the states got to 36. political instability and the efforts of security In addition, series of policies have been made agencies to address the range of insecurity to promote national integration and discourage issues which beyond fractionalization crisis ethnic fractionalization. These include the encircle terrorism, banditry, ritual killings, Federal Character Principles, the National armed robbery and kidnapping. Currently, the Youth Service Scheme (NYSC), etc. They were Nigerian military is deployed in 34 out of the formed to promote national unity; for instance, 36 states plus the Federal Capital Territory political parties are not to be formed based in the country for one to understand the on ethnicity, religion or geography. There is bandwidth of the national security challenges. an insistence (backed by law) that parties Furthermore, at present, there are three (3) themselves must reflect federal character. different self-determination movements in the However, the latter has not prevented citizens southern part of the country: The Indigenous from voting most times through ethnic lenses. People of Biafra (IPOB)i , which has a vigilante The country has had post-election ethnic security arm named, Eastern Security Network clashes - which have all further worsened the (ESN); Oduduwa Republic separatist agitationii; ethnic crises & conflicts. Moving on, following and most recently, the Biafran Customary several ethnic crisis and agitations that have Government (BCG)iii. While this is the case, the ensued since independence and the actuality herder-farmer conflict has continued to worsen that these national integration measures have over time and has expanded beyond the North not effectively promoted state and nation- Central part of the country into all regions in the building, there has been an increased demand country. The conflict has manifested through for “true federalism” which in itself has different attacks and counter-attacks between herders meanings.iv mainly from Fulani ethnic group and farmers from different ethnic groups (rural farming In recent times, in a way to address these communities). These clashes have ultimately emerging separatist agitations, the Nigerian resulted in hundreds of deaths. government has used more of a kinetic approach which has resulted in several clashes Since independence in 1960, Nigeria opted for between the military and the members of ETHNICITY, ETHNIC CRISIS AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN NIGERIA 03 the separatist groups.v vi vii Dozens have died Multi-Stakeholder Consultative Forum on in these clashes. Experts allude that such a Peace and Security. The forum consisted of kinetic approach to addressing the range of a multi-sectoral team of 50 peace & security agitations and self-determination quests has experts, academics, policymakers, security instead continued to exacerbate the situation personnel, civil society and non-governmental suggesting that non-kinetic mechanisms consultants. The experts were tasked with such as dialogues and negotiations should be anatomizing the ethnic crisis in the country, brought on board. its current trends, interrogating its causal elements and their implications on national Against this background, on 31 March security in a bid to develop actionable and 2021, in Abuja, Nigeria, the Friedrich Ebert holistic policy recommendations to address Stiftung (FES) and the Civil Society Advocacy this disheartening ethnic trend. This policy Legislative Advocacy Centre (CISLAC), with brief is an outcome of this multi-stakeholder support from the European Union convened brainstorming, expert presentations, panel a forum to examine the topic, Ethnicity, Ethnic discussions, cross-pollination of ideas and Crisis and National Security: Implications and various debates. Management Strategies, under the banner, 04 ETHNICITY, ETHNIC CRISIS AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN NIGERIA ETHNICITY, ETHNIC CRISIS AND NATIONAL SECURITY History of Ethnic Crises in Nigeria and Emergence diversity are enormous. On the other side of of Ethnic Strongholds/Frontiers of Violence the coin, the mismanagement of these are high bandwidth ethnic crises and conflicts - which is presently the case - with bloodshed, With over 400 ethnic and linguistic groups, murders, destruction of property and the Nigeria is arguably one of the world’s most dislocation of social activities with heavy toll ethnically fractionalized countries in the world, on the political stability and development of with the most dominant ethnic groups being the country. The flip has culminated into the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. As such, Nigeria Nigerian civil war of 1967 - 1970 which was a is a collection of many ethnic nations in one. war between the government of Nigeria and Added to this is the diversity of religion as the secessionist state of Biafra -an aspiration there are three major religions in the country: to have an independent country by the former Christianity, Islam and Traditional. These Eastern region consisting of today’s Southeast religions have millions of adherents across and South-South geo-political zone (except the country. To compound this further, these Edo state). Beyond this have been
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