Global Investigative Journalism: Strategies for Support
A Report to the Center for International Media Assistance
2nd Edition
By David E. Kaplan
January 14, 2013 The Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA), at the National Endowment for Democracy, works to strengthen the support, raise the visibility, and improve the effectiveness of independent media development throughout the world. The Center provides information, builds networks, conducts research, and highlights the indispensable role independent media play in the creation and development of sustainable democracies. An important aspect of CIMA’s work is to research ways to attract additional U.S. private sector interest in and support for international media development. The Center was one of the of the main nongovernmental organizers of World Press Freedom Day 2011 in Washington, DC.
CIMA convenes working groups, discussions, and panels on a variety of topics in the field of media development and assistance. The center also issues reports and recommendations based on working group discussions and other investigations. These reports aim to provide policymakers, as well as donors and practitioners, with ideas for bolstering the effectiveness of media assistance.
Marguerite H. Sullivan Senior Director
Center for International Media Assistance National Endowment for Democracy 1025 F Street, N.W., 8th Floor Washington, DC 20004
Phone: (202) 378-9700 Fax: (202) 378-9407 Email: [email protected] URL: http://cima.ned.org
Design and Layout by Valerie Popper CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 3 . , an association Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
, published in 12 languages and widely considered considered languages and widely in 12 , published Empowering Independent Media Independent Empowering , then a 2 million circulation newsweekly. His newsweekly. , then circulation a 2 million YAKUZA Global Investigative Journalism Investigative Global Network U.S. News & World Report U.S. News & World
them are not pure centers of investigative journalism and are outside the paper’s scope. scope. the paper’s journalism and are outside investigative purethem centers are of not society groups and non-governmental organizations around the world that sometimes engage in that engage sometimes organizations around the world groups and non-governmental society in this groups are those included report, of most of journalism. but Some supportor investigative Project and on the advisory board of the Forum for African Investigative Reporters. African the advisory the Forum and on for Investigative board of Project organization, parent supports civil many CIMA’s Democracy, for Endowment The National and seminars for many of the groups noted in the groups noted thisand seminars report, of many Arab including for Reporters for Reporters Journalism, and Journalists, the International Investigative for Center Investigative Editors, the and Organized IREX. serves the board of on Crime He and Corruption Reporting The author has worked in international media development for 25 years and has led workshops workshops and years has led 25 for in international development media has worked The author Disclosures Disclosures the standard reference on the Japanese mafia. the Japanese As on a consultant tothe CIMA, standard served reference he as and editor of editions writer and the 2012 2008 of chief three medals, IRE’s highest honor. His work has also been honored four times the Overseas four by been has honored also His work honor. highest three medals, IRE’s books include Kaplan’s Press Club. Kaplan has reported from two dozen countries and his stories have won or shared more than shared more or has 20 reportedKaplan won countries from dozen two and his have stories including Reporters and Editors Award, winner the Investigative of a four-time is He awards. correspondent at at correspondent therestories attracted North racketeering by Korean of international exposés attention, including funding Saudi terrorist Russia. of diplomats, of organizations, and the looting reporting countries. with in members During 50 network acclaimed this time managed widely he fishing, asbestos, into and the energy tobacco, industries, with the working investigations investigative Prior to served that, Kaplan as chief leading and other worldwide. media BBC 2007 he became editorial director of the Washington, DC-based Center for Public Integrity, Integrity, Public for DC-based Center became the Washington, editorial director he 2007 of Journalists, a award-winning its International Consortium Investigative oversaw he of where During the 1980s and early ‘90s, at the original Center for Investigative Reporting in San Investigative the original at for ‘90s, Center and early During the 1980s In organization. news investigative a nonprofit of the model develop helped Kaplan Francisco, of more than 70 organizations in 35 countries dedicated to the expansion and support of and support countries of to the expansion dedicated organizations in than 35 more 70 of teams, nonprofit has than managed investigative he years more 30 reporting. For investigative projects. and cross-border newsrooms, David E. Kaplan is director of the director is E. Kaplan of David David E. Kaplan E. David About the Author About CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 4 Center for International Assistance Media Endnotes Appendix FindingsRecommendationsand MonitoringEvaluationand StandardsQuality and TheSchools Journalism of Role Models Sustainable TheNonprofit Model Fieldthe Mapping InvestigativeOverview: Global JournalismGoes Methodology and Scope Executive Summary Preface 5 About theAuthor 3 Table ofContents 56 50 44 37 25 20 6 46 8 47 42 9 CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 5 . Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
Global Investigative Journalism: Strategies Support for Journalism: Investigative Global
Senior Director Assistance Center for International Media Marguerite H. Sullivan Marguerite specialist, for his research and insights on this topic. We hope that this hope report will an become We this on his and insights research topic. for specialist, international assistance efforts. media important for reference important role investigative reporting plays in holding governments accountable. accountable. governments in reporting holding plays important investigative role journalist development and media CIMA grateful is investigative a veteran Kaplan, to David Democracy commissioned this survey of investigative journalism centers around the world as a journalism centers around the world this investigative Democracy survey commissioned of CIMA a 2007 report, of edition second countries the and on journalism centers in supporting developing on focuses investigative It The Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) at the National Endowment for for Endowment the National at International (CIMA) Assistance The Media for Center Preface CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 6 Center for International Assistance Media developing Among findings: the countries. transitioning and at suggests keyand actors ways and professionalize and drivers best support to in practice the scope of investigative afacet as of journalism media development. before, As looks report this and nature expanded the and updated its research commissioned and understand to anew survey published was originally 2007. report in This Given field’s the 2012 in rapid growth, CIMA publicfostering building aprofessional in and accountability news media. produce can impressive standards high to resultsboth in adherence and groups, journalism of support nonprofit programs, implementersand investigative sustained that broadly agree makes up of but asmallfraction spent that on overall media development. Veteran trainers is that largely media assistance, marked by international episodic funding gap in that and for Support democratization. investigative however, journalism, amajor as identified been has force donors, of promoting who international in rule lawfrom important see it an and as of millions have impact media dollarsdevelopment demonstrated in and attracted funding 1989.in field’s The emphasis on public accountability, corruption, and of targeting crime ofpractice since fall investigative the of began dramatically grown has communism reporting Fueled by globalization, of worldwide aid,efforts the the groups, and international journalism Executive Summary ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● associations, grant-making groups, and online networks. networks. online and groups, grant-making associations, professional institutes, training centers, include These journalism. reporting pivotal been countries–have of drivers global the of spread investigative Nonprofit 106 investigative numbering organizations–now 47 in reporting about 2percent of global media development by major funding donors. investigative receivesraising media standards, relatively reporting little support– Despite role its frontline and accountability, fostering in corruption, battling broaderinto initiatives include that legal reform of freedom and information. bemost will effectiveMiddle Such East. funding it if integrated and is long term positive Asia, the and awide range in of including impact Africa, those countries, in Strategic investments investigative into have can programs significant journalism issues. hard-to-report safety health and problems, degradation, businesses, environmental other and never before collaborate to on stories involving unaccountable crime, international up as increasingly effective growing are linking are sophisticated. and Journalists fueled by globalization explosion an and communications technology, and data in Global regional and networks of investigative backed journalists, by donors and otherand obstacles, found has practice the afooting even repressive in countries. laws, legal physical and alack owners, trainers, of unsupportive qualified attacks, expose systematic developing abuses in Despite countries. onerous transitioning and helping accountable, hold leaders to violations, rights document human corrupt and Investigative rapidly spread has world the around journalism past decade, the in CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 7 Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
funded programs and the investigative journalism community. NGOs would would NGOs journalismfunded community. programs and the investigative from the ranks professionals. drawing possible by of benefit expertise whenever Because of its emphasis on longer-term, high-impact journalism, investigative journalism, high-impact investigative longer-term, on emphasis its of Because reporting and reporting Training can aimed be difficult projects to projects evaluate. their based on be evaluated journalism should creatingat a culture investigative of trained people and produced. stories quality numbers broad of and impact, not Better are in and communication between needed those coordination government- Few nonprofit investigativeFew journalism organizations, particularly reporting and survive in a competitive adequate sustainability To centers, plans. have funded poorly environment, more will many and become to need diversify entrepreneurial, from various sources and activities. drawing revenue These nonprofit groups have proved to be viable organizations that can provide organizations that can provide to be viable proved groups have These nonprofit to that help unique training excellence and reporting, of serve as models with stories social and journalism produce the local community, professionalize regions different programsimpact. Different will for appropriate be and political and markets. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 8 Center for International Assistance Media draws in particular on several key particular sources: in draws it developing in help to strategies sustain and research The support countries. transitioning and worldwide the examines report This expansion of investigative afocus with on journalism, Scope andMethodology ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Discussions at investigative interviews and media and conferences in journalism which in organizations, worldwide groups responded adetailed to questionnaire. 2007 2012 and in bySurveys CIMA of nonprofit investigative journalism journalism worldwide. journalism on guidebooks investigative and books,articles, and websites, curricula, academic media development materials, A broad search of training literature, program funding. and centers, media development, investigativein training, and teaching journalism reporting involved managers and reporters, funders, 50 more with trainers, than Interviews Unitedthe States. 2011-12 and Germany, Brazil, in Jordan,Ukraine, Netherlands, the South Africa, CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 9 4
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crusadingstandard a tough, set in-depth journalists for helped reporting interest, in the public taking corrupt on organized crime, politicians, consumer fraud, and corporate abuse. tradition, to a craft that dates back to the nation’s proud muckrakers, such as Ida Tarbell and her and her as Tarbell muckrakers, Ida such proud tradition, to a craft that to dates the nation’s back These the Cities. of and his Shame Steffens theHistory Standard and Lincoln Oil Company of In the United States, investigative journalism is best known for helping topple a president a president topple journalism helping known best is for investigative In States, the United Watergate to emulate in hoping American those But journalism schools, power. of abuse for to a century-old Bernstein and Carl taught belong that they arereporters quickly Woodward Bob reporters are, in a sense, the “special forces” of journalism. They to tend be better of reporters trained, forces” after are, in the go “special a sense, greater impact reporters. targets,tougher than and have and daily news beat countries where the practice is well established. It is risky, expensive, and often controversial. and often controversial. expensive, risky, is It established. countries the well practice is where Investigative reporting has in earned the profession. place investigative But a unique and honored What these cases have in common is that they were the result of determined, of the result in were that they is common in-depthWhat these cases have investigations and democratizing countries. journalists Supportingby teams dedicated in and developing been a struggle, inindividual reporters Western even has always in-depth to do investigations media into action, helped form key charges in an impeachment trial, and led to Estrada’s in an charges impeachment trial, form key to Estrada’s and led into helped media action, downfall months later. In 2000, the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism ran an eight-month investigation into investigation Journalism ran aneight-month Investigative for Center In the 2000, Philippine Estrada, Joseph Estrada detailing President how Philippine had amassed assetsthe hidden of The the Philippine series secret stakesluxury goaded companies. in a dozen and held homes credibility through investigative reporting corruptioncredibility government through on and organized crime. investigative In 2003, the Georgian TV channel Rustavi-2 was heralded as the voice of that nation’s peaceful that nation’s of as the voice heralded was the Georgian TV Rustavi-2 channel In 2003, President of the resignation overturn and force helping election a rigged Revolution,” “Rose its staff, of journalists, trained much Western had built by Eduard Rustavi-2’s Shevardnadze. a nearly free apartment through a dubious government privatization deal. The investigation led to led free The investigation deal. a nearly apartment privatization government through a dubious his resignation. and ultimately Brankovic, an protests, indictment of public In 2007, the Bosnian Center for Investigative Reporting used public records to expose how how to records expose Reporting used public Investigative the Bosnian for Center In 2007, Srpska, Republika received primeNedzad minister and Herzegovina’s Brankovic, the Bosnia of RPC TV spent two years building a database to reveal how the legislative assembly systematically systematically assembly the legislative RPC how TVa database building years two to spent reveal to the streets people series drew 30,000 funds. as $400 in as million The much 2010 public pilfered in anti-corruption than and in resulted protests criminal more 20 investigations. Knight Fellowship at Stanford University. Stanford at Knight Fellowship and newspaper the Gazeta Povo do people, million In the Brazilianto Parana, 10 state home of international attention. The magazine, known for digging into hidden stories, was founded by by international The founded was attention. digging magazine, stories, into hidden known for journalism in China a 1998 after investigative completing pioneered who journalist Shuli, Hu In 2011, the Chinese magazine Caixin revealed that local officials in the Chinese a southern officials magazine county that local Caixin were revealed In 2011, and investigation an official prompting market, the black them on and selling kidnappingbabies Goes Global Overview: Investigative Journalism Journalism Overview: Investigative CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 10 Center for International Assistance Media journalistiek 3. Vereniging van Onderzoeksjournalisten (VVOJ), Associates, Inquiry 2. Story-Based 2005,12-25. Vereniging van Onderzoeksjournalisten,(VVOJ), 1. For alengthy discussionofinvestigative definitions, see reporting Endnotes blend down into you’re everyday reporting. So raising thebarfor theentire profession.” for yearsserved asexecutive director ofInvestigative andEditors. Reporters techniques “Those things,” Brant at Houston,Chair ofJournalism theUniversity ofIllinois, who observed theKnight becauseitteaches newtechniques,“Investigative isimportant newways reporting ofdoing new techniques, asinitsembrace ofcomputers inthe1990sfor data analysis andvisualization. requiresin aday ortwo; athoroughpoint to time. inquiry thefield’s Others key role inpioneering definitionofThe dictionary “investigation” is “systematic inquiry,”typically cannotbedone which sources, relianceheavy forming onprimary andtesting ahypothesis, andrigorous fact-checking. Veteran trainers note that thebestinvestigative employs journalism acareful methodology, with outright opinionpieces may bemislabeledasinvestigative similarly reporting. are orinvolve critical leakedrecords. Stories that focus orcorruption, analysis, oncrime oreven definition canbe rather vague, andstories are labeledinvestigative often simplyifthey reporting of documents ortips, by thoseinpoliticalpower. typically Indeed,inemerging democracies, the be confused withwhat hasbeendubbed journalism”–quick-hit“leak scoops gainedby theleaking reporting, investigative orproject calledenterprise,Sometimes in-depth, shouldnot journalism funds, abuseofpower, environmental degradation, healthscandals, andmore. that theprofession track lootedreporting public that inquiries painstakingly aspires to: in-depth that wintop awards for investigative attests journalism to thehighstandards ofresearch and this–it isasetofmethodologies that are anditcantakeyears acraft, to master. Alookat stories “I-team” memberswithweeks to work onastory. Butinvestigative isbroader journalism than this—investigative techniques are usedwidelyby beatondeadlineaswell journalists asby isinvestigative claimthat journalists, allreporting Some infact, reporting. There issometruthto simplyas reporting “critical andthorough journalism.” and documents.” and circumstances that obscure requires understanding. It usingbothsecret andopensources deliberately by someoneinapositionofpower, oraccidentally, behindachaoticmassoffacts “Investigative involves journalism exposing to thepublicmatters that are concealed–either Inquiry Story-Based and accountability. useofpublicrecordsheavy andcomputer-assisted reporting, andafocus onsocialjustice ofsecrets. involving notereporting, often involves that often itspractice Others theunearthing is broad agreement ofitsmajorcomponents: systematic, andoriginal research in-depth, and While definitionsofinvestigative vary, amongprofessionalreporting journalism groups there Craft Defining the . 2 The Dutch investigative group reporters definesinvestigativeVVOJ , aninvestigative handbookpublishedby journalism UNESCO, definesitthus: 1 http://www.storybasedinquiry.com/ http://www.vvoj.nl/cms/vereniging/profiel/onderzoeks 3
Investigative inEurope Journalism .
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6 government, and civil society; due diligence by business partners, business by diligence due and banks; governments society; and civil government, the 30 of in 21 Consistently, models. corruption valuation of risks in investors’ and inclusion choice of six approaches: international conventions on bribery on international and corruption; anti- conventions national approaches: six of choice business, involving initiatives journalism; multi-stake-holder investigative bribery laws; Kaufman’s conclusions are supported by a 2012 survey by Transparency International. TI survey Transparency by are supported a 2012 by conclusions Kaufman’s corruption, to combat best countries and in investigative 30 how people business 3,000 asked a given were Respondents technique. effective journalism most identified was as the single failed in their accountability duties, investigative journalism helps fill such a void. And where they And where fill journalism a void. helps such in theirfailed investigative accountability duties, fighting a crucial corruption.” for pillar strengthen them. It’s helps it function so, weakly but level,” observed economist Daniel Kaufmann, who has studied how media development and Kaufmann, Daniel economist observed development media hasstudied who how level,” essentially transparency and judiciary have corruption. can combat “In countries the executive where programs for independent media, anti-corruption work, and democracy and good government. media, independent anti-corruptionprograms government. and democracy for and good work, the national at a significant governance journalism impact improving on can have “Investigative The contribution of investigative journalism to accountability, development, and democracy is development, journalism to accountability, investigative of The contribution journalism can strengthen that adding found investigative recognized. have Donors widely now computing power–allowing journalists to network, collaborate, and report as never before. and report before. journalists as power–allowing never collaborate, to network, computing Assistance International for Case The been impressive. Aiding in the field’s rapid growth have been the forces of globalization–rapidly globalization–rapidly of been the forces growth have rapid Aiding in the field’s been impressive. data and of use and Internet phone and access, an open borders, explosion expanding mobile (led by the Open Society Foundations), as well as to the efforts of professional journalism professional as to the efforts of as well the Open Foundations), by Society (led run that and have NGOs trainingsassociations The sums and spread expertise around the world. the impact has but development, media areas to other compared been of modest have invested This global expansion owes much to millions of dollars from international aid agencies from dollars international agencies to millions aid of much owes expansion This global (particularly and a handful foundations and States from Northern private the United of Europe) role models and mentors, establishing investigative traditions in newsrooms and helping set the set traditions and helping in newsrooms investigative establishing and mentors, models role reporting in their societies. standard professional for the developing and democratizing world, the contributions of investigative journalists include journalists include investigative of the contributions and democratizing world, the developing battlingfostering accountability corruption, and transparency, organized crime, exposing Equally important, justice. and fueling act calling as they for reform, strengthening society, civil With a tradition of focusing on accountability and social justice, investigative reporting has investigative justice, accountability on and social focusing a tradition of With of In much and implementers. donors development media for tool tobe an obvious proven countries, and training introducing data scale journalism a global hundreds on reporters of from countries in state-of-the-art methodologies. developing jumped from only three in the late 1980s to more than 100 today, with vibrant centers in such today, than to more 100 jumped from three only in 1980s the late conferences Africa. global and South Jordan, as Romania, the Philippines, Seven places diverse journalists from 3,500 100 some together brought journalism 2000 since have investigative on investigative elements, but since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the practice of investigative investigative the practice of in1989, the Berlin Wall of the fall since but elements, investigative journalism Enterprising in has media grown Brazil, dramatically news China, overseas. and reporting groups has investigative nonprofit teams. The of number investigative field India now This vital tradition has now spread worldwide. Great reporting used everywhereThis has always vital spread worldwide. tradition has now CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 12 Center for International Assistance Media resources to find and expose and what hidden.” is purposely find to resources correlations and events. between linkages the You who you find that, can need reporters need the somebody develop to needs content,” and of amounts reporting enormous original she said. “For world, the around she and is convinced such that work essential. “We’re remains forgetting that Jankovic’s investigative launching in initiatives journalism instrumental been has program missing.” is picture of of issues. the context and depth full the The understanding missing, are understanding the Society Foundation’s London office. “But it is not best the tool necessarily encourage to better opinions grievances,” and Jankovic, Gordana of at argued Open the director Media the Program “Technology extremely is tool an attractive for people become to engaged, express to their revealed by media. al-Jazeera other and “mainstream” Spring,for Arab the example, more first rootsmedia during in substantive their had reports investigatorsthat media NGOs the and do. need to from Many of on items the circulated social abuses, rights injustice, human documentation lack and of of corruption, accountability–work YouTube and change tweets more takes than videos, they say; essential is systematic the step an advocates ofexists, warn investigative Building movements journalism. for reform social and attention digital tools to growing The by donors, moreover, what funding diminish to threatens development few field the in believe funding; changed. has that Development (DFID) investigative identified one as of journalism seven key media gaps in assistance annually. about 2percent of media is spent nearly the on international estimated $500 has million CIMA spent on overall media development. believed Investigative are programs account for to reporting Despite for such investigative endorsements, funding of but to amounts afraction that journalism Development inMedia A Gap institutions.” EU the and on different levels uncovering and misspending corruption, scales and EU the member states in and fraud irregularities, issue, on this tracking transparency greater contribution “to concluded 300-page study The fraud. investigative that important make an can reporting commission to a2012 department affairs on field’s the report potential role combating in contributionThe of investigative prompted Parliament journalism aEuropean budgetary accountability. fostering and corruption fighting in reporting Rwanda, Uganda, and among need the for others–haveidentified repeatedly more investigative journalism. governments have engaged self-criticism, in note also has taken of key the role of investigative Peer Review African The Mechanism, adonor-backed which in program 31 African laws.” national in anti-bribery than more surveyed, people most “In countries believed reported. TI effectiveness the in of journalists investigative that businessthe people play can role,” think surveyed journalism areally important of aplurality countries, respondents picked investigative “From journalism. Poland Pakistan, to 9 Since 2005, the APRM’s reports–on Benin, Ghana, Kenya, Since Ghana, 2005, Mozambique, Benin, APRM’s the Nigeria, reports–on 15 12 In 2007, In by United the Kingdom’s a report for International Department 11 8
14 10 13
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Criminal Prosecution ganizations in 2012 Physical Assaults Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
Harassment, threats, or intimidation by government officials Harassment, threats, or intimidation by private individuals Legal challenges, such as libel and defamation lawsuits Threats Faced by Investigative Journalism Nonprofits Faced by Investigative Journalism Threats 0 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 of Based on responses by 24 non-U.S. investigative journalism nonprofit or Based on responses by 24 non-U.S. Citing Groups Threats Percent Others criminal face regularly and intimidation spying, from cases, government both libel journalists–access granted taken Western for by interests. and Conditions powerful local officials corporate records, and prosecutors–are reports, police nonexistent almost to public and honest from the Committee that as journalists many to Protect Journalists are show killed covering reporters–ascrime and corruption–a investigative are wars. killed for covering focus common Reporters at Georgia’s Rustavi-2 were harassed, murdered. were and ultimately beaten, jailed, Rustavi-2 Reporters Georgia’s at been repeatedly watched threatened,Journalists have center have and they with the Philippine data of years Twenty with are impunity. slain in as cities theirwith smaller dismay colleagues A host of challenges have so far limited the success of developing investigative reporting. In investigative developing far so limited of the success have challenges of A host in any journalism. of reporters obstacles the toughest among face countries,many investigative reporting. Skill levels in even relatively modernized is countries what still far to tend fall short relatively of in even reporting. Skill levels with technology. particularly that changing rapidly in is a field possible, Investigative journalism as practiced by major media in the West is still largely unknown still is largely in in media the West journalism major as practiced by Investigative kinds basic of the most only have world in the developing regions Vast the world. of much A Host of Challenges A Host CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 14 Center for International Assistance Media spending on investigativespending for journalism media development at roughly $12 million annually. $8 the to that added million budget for estimated nonprofit the would groups,this put combined world. one If allowed, generously, and ANIC, the like programs additional million an from $4 the around activity systematic investigative criminal and hidden assets track can that journalism media to development, helpful governmentopen initiatives–all important and but of not kind the and largely circumvention and journalism, citizen USAID directed are atmeasures, security most investigations. and Similarly, by State the Department funded digital media programs management which software, of little contribute kind the to detective work undergirds still that much of ANIC’s the goes projects to such funding new as digital delivery workflow systems and on analysis government open tools becritical data can and that for investigative But journalists. of foundations,included Omidyar and has for ANIC the initiatives support Knight, ahandful Challenge. With $1 million pledged by ahalf-dozen backers, including Google Gates, the and News contributions, Innovation such African initiatives the as Other also make important NGO initiatives European of scale. are America. similar FellowsInternational working on investigative Latin and projects Middle the Africa, in East, Republic the in of at Georgia, acost of $200,000 2011. in ICFJ several Knight supported has not of for millions dollars. example, IREX, of aseries ran investigative initiatives journalism of thousands, hundreds the in of bemeasured suggests those can that amounts programs these nongovernmental (NGOs), organizations universities, fellowship and asearch programs–but Clearly, goes investigative to additionalprojects funding other outside reporting centers–to the about $1 amount gives of million. That estimated atotal some $8 million annually. were since identified CIMA’scountries survey, combined their and at budgets also estimated are combined budgets at about $1 nonprofits developing nine million. Another in or transitioning their estimates declinedgroups provide to CIMA size staff, basedon and budget their figures; combined Their budgets Balkans. the and forSouth 2011: Africa, amodest $6 million. Nine field’s Philippines, the Jordan, those Brazil, regions–in most in centers prominent successful and CIMA’s 32 questionnaire, were developing basedin includes This the countries. or transitioning investigative nonprofits Of 50 journalism by surveyed to responding organizations CIMA. but estimate, to consider is difficult budget the size Aprecise of figure journalism. nonprofit Comparatively of smallamounts media development have gone investigative funding support to A SmallSlice ofthePie not will government accept funding. (IRE) Editors and Reporters fees agovernment from precluded entity. taking nonprofits from Leading such Investigative as ofgenerally being sponsored wary by government-funded many they cases are in and groups, itself. investigative of over American Concerned interest, are potential journalists conflicts by profession the limited Adding problem the to pool isthe that is further of potential trainers money, of how dirty understanding foreign track to or assets, complex supply corporate chains. investigative an in or participated project.media run backgrounds–have Fewer possess the still roles investigative spreading in few techniques, of those workingfield–even with the in editors. and Although media development trainers of qualified play NGOs can important some other Still problems in countries. include costs, compromised high alack and owners,
CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 15 18 19 Other Media Development Funding 98%
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Investigative Journalism Funding 2% That’s 2.46 percent of the pie. the pie. of percent 2.46 That’s 17 International Media Development Funding for Investigative Journalism Journalism Investigative Funding for Development Media International Estimated amounts are $12 million for investigative journalism (2011) and $487 million for total international media assistance (2010). and $487 million for total international journalism (2011) Estimated amounts are $12 million for investigative by 2007 the one-two punch of a stubborn, deep-seated recession combined with the advent of the of with a stubborn, the advent combined of deep-seated punch the one-two 2007 recession by sharp plummeting, prompting in investigative cutbacks and ad revenue audiences Internet sent Age U.S. newspapers large and small routinely engaged in investigations, TV network newsmagazines TV network in investigations, engaged and small routinely large newspapers U.S. featuring hard-hitting reporting. reports, But TV consumer fielding stations and local and watchdog Although the robust U.S. tradition dates back to the muckrakers of the Progressive Era a century tradition the Progressive to dates the muckrakers back of U.S. the robust Although journalism interest has and economic risen with social and fallen investigative the practice of ago, with a renaissance, enjoyed the field scandal in 1970s, the early the Watergate times. Following Bergman, who teaches at the University of California at Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. of Graduate School California Berkeley at of the University Bergman, at teaches who power.” unaccountable centers of the status the established quo, challenges “It a struggle in-depth support issues. in to media get for commercial reporting controversial on Pulitzer observed Prize winning in reporting danger,” always is journalist Lowell “Investigative The lack of support manifest is in of The training both lack and reporting. can attest Journalists in the West always was it and expanding budgets, substantial ad revenue of days” in “the old that even good episodic, and seldom seen as an integral aspect of media development. As media development As development media seen as an development. integral media aspect and seldom of episodic, funding, in report DFID her in gaps development media on consultant Mary concluded Myers journalism, particularly in-country by to support more do investigative could “Donors journalists.” The sparse funding is keenly felt in the field. Trainers and program coordinators interviewed Trainers inThe for sparse the field. funding felt keenly is hasthis been limited, report unanimous work were in that funding their view investigative for donors on international mediaassistance. Compare that $12 million to the estimated $487 million CIMA found was spent in 2010 by by to in million CIMA the million estimated spent was 2010 $487 found that $12 Compare CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 16 Center for International Assistance Media in 2012in Ford the Foundation broke by new ailing the giving ground news mediaadequatelyrecognition wasto failing American the that cover issues the of day, the foundations, family and national and foundationsmedia public and in interest with policy. In newsrooms local level, at state cityand the from community philanthropists, funding with of given and once national limited ahandful nonprofits, to now has new to spread nonprofit independent, watchdog on issues of social reporting public and policyBut support, that importance. for Investigative 1969, in Journalism of U.S. ahandful support need the to donors recognized of U.S. Fund gap. the help to original centers the with nonprofit For fill reporting years, starting cutshollowed and heavystaff The out newsroom budgets have prompted formation the of dozens categories. investigative some 2003between 2009, and while 40percent more in applications than dropped for Prizes Pulitzer work. Membership U.S.-based in Investigative fell Editors and by Reporters 30 more percent than government. “A lotofthem really believe inwhat we’re andthe most inthemilitary doing–even sources are, what methodsyou use.” meetings were ofthemostimportant withthosein Some she spoketo 300priests. “It’s for peopleto understandwhy important you’re doingthis, whoyour it’s Clubs, parishes, universities, Rotary important–to civicgroups.” At onepoint, Coronel noted, Coronel, gettingthreats, whenwe“but started we went aboutourwork andwhy around talking was buildingapublic Key toconstituency. itsefforts “We didn’t realize thisinthebeginning,” said to generatereporting eitherreform orsomeaction.” people were fired for what we wrote. There were enoughchecksandbalances for investigative was publicsupport. “People paidattention,” stressed Coronel. were congressional“There hearings; competitive press––with adiversity ofowners–which gave for thePCIJamarket itsstories. Third Marcos regime was in1986.AnotherthePhilippines’ factor longtradition ofalively and center’s success. First, shesaid, there was areformed legalenvironment following theendof PCIJ’s co-founder andlongtimeexecutive director, SheilaCoronel, offered several reasons for the online sites, anduniversities. across Asia. The center’s alumni,moreover, are now ensconced at major stations, newspapers, TV educated ageneration ofinvestigative inthePhilippines journalists andspread theirknow-how documenting official and corruption corporate Its abuse. trainers have almostsingle-handedly online; produced eight documentaries;andwritten two dozen books, meticulously goes farbeyondhave reporters that scandal. broken Its hundreds ofstories inprint, radio, TV, and hidden wealth ofPresident JosephEstrada, whichforced hisresignation, but thePCIJ’s impact gold standard for investigative inAsia. reporting The center for onthe isbestknown itsseries Founded in1989withafew hundred dollarsandasingletypewriter, thePCIJhasgrown into the always were innovative doingvery work.” the Ford Foundation the officeManiladuring late in 1990s. they “They always kepttheir integrity; doing justincredibly courageous andunderthreat work, at times,” addedSuzanneSiskel, whoran Macdonell, whoran the World Bank’s investigative program reporting for five years. Investigative Journalism. peoplewhoimpressed methemostwere thePCIJ,”“The saidRoderick Few nonprofitkind ofaccolades groups showered winthe onthe Philippine Center for A Modelfor Muckracking: The PhilippineCenter for Investigative Journalism 20 2 3 Los Angeles Times Angeles Los 1
“They were “They $1 million million $1
CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 17 -
. The foundation 21 to support journalists Similarly, in the UK, Similarly, 22 Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
23
Washington Post Washington http://www.crji.org/news.php?id=128&l=2
’s website on global development. global on website ’s
4 Guardian Lewis, The Growing Importance of Nonprofit Journalism, The Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics Press, on the Center The Joan Shorenstein Importance Growing Journalism, The of Nonprofit Lewis, 2007, Harvard University, Policy, and Public dation, Octoberdation, 17, 2007. October 1, 2007. Sheila Coronel, 3. Interview with the author, also see: Charles Journalism, see http://www.pcij.org; Investigative for Center on the Philippine more 4. For 1. Interview with the author, Roderick Macdonell, former Director, Investigative Journalism Program, World World Journalism Program, Investigative Director, former Roderick Macdonell, 1. Interview with the author, OctoberBank Institute, 22, 2007. Foun Ford Development, and Resource of Community Director Suzanne Siskel, 2. Interview with the author, Endnotes and they stuck to their principles. The kind of courage they had is something you can’t really really can’t kind had is something you they The of courage their principles. and they stuck to anybody.” teach The Ford Foundation’s Siskel added a final reason for the PCIJ’s success: leadership. Coronel, Coronel, leadership. success: for the PCIJ’s reason Siskel added a final Foundation’s Ford The deserves University, Columbia Journalism at Investigative for Center of the Stabile director now very bold and very were They brave, just one person. wasn’t “it but Siskel said, credit, great she said. “An endowment gives you the flexibility so you don’t have to constantly think of your think of constantly to have you don’t the flexibility so you gives endowment “An she said. rent.” next month’s as much as 30 percent of the PCIJ’s annual budget of about $500,000. Despite its success and high its success annual budget of about $500,000. Despite of the PCIJ’s as much as 30 percent for training fees from of its income only about 20 percent the PCIJ typically generates profile, or salary,” much overhead for pay don’t “Grants media outlets. journalists to and selling their stories other side of the story–including Estrada.” which has provided Foundation, the Ford from an endowment is she added, major factor, Another Coronel also credited the center’s methodical, painstaking approach to reporting. “If do this you painstaking reporting. to methodical, approach the center’s also credited Coronel we for what set high standards “We explained. she major mistakes,” kind cannot afford you of work get the just to months waited We’ve of editing. levels multiple put through were Stories published. corrupt agencies. If you’re in a new democracy, where the rules are all new, it’s all still being figured all still being figured it’s all new, the rules are where in a new democracy, If you’re agencies. corrupt people.” to that position and explain stake out your be able to need to You out. career and advanced training is provided by nonprofit professional associations and centers– associations professional career training and nonprofit advanced by provided is skills needed for investigative work. Even in North America and Western Europe, with developed in with North developed Europe, America and Western Even work. investigative skills for needed the mid- media,advertising muckraking, independent and of strong traditions markets, of much It is not only reporting that needs help, but training, too. News organizations training, in countries many reporting but only News not is too. that needsIt help, the often complex in little training–a investing for developing are notorious for critical factor working on special projects related to money, politics, and government. politics, to money, related projects special on working and launch the 2010 for million than more $2.5 provided Gates Foundation and Melinda the Bill Thesupport of and Brazil. “We and many other funders other and many to arepreserve and experimentingand Brazil. “We approaches with new explained. spokesman Foundation high-qualityadvance a Ford journalism,” to the $500,000 grant with thatup a second of followed to bolster reportingtobolster immigrant on communities, the California region, prisonthe system, border CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 18 Center for International Assistance Media essential. “You establish need to coaching, ongoing mentoring, not just for training, reporters is and now is along-term programs that UNESCO, with strategy stressed building up training development its and donors. George who community Papagiannis, spent yearsat Internews approach by sustained and media the integrated is an some experts, argue is needed, What being on payroll the of or politicians.” families spot,” atough in us explained Coronel. “They’re business, to we’d and connected for beattacked overseas subsidize to its work. we “If got alot of money local from foundations, it would have put Despite Philippine the center’s profile high success, and it relied has heavily from on grants government. blacklisted by U.S. the figure money the mafia anotorious came from Balkan learning after effort fundraising online some an from 300 euros sponsors investigative returned reporting watchdog Montenegrin One which group work large their donations. through or tarnish seek sway to will they interests fear powerful because micro-financing money through online Serbia, of among other places, raising wary are controversy.with and South Groups in Africa local national and level, but is fraught area the developed at the befurther can journalism ofPhilanthropic support investigative stories on local abuseshitting of power. hard- or allow run editors to corruption, their workshops on how investigate to and crime there. Center Bosnian forthe local Investigative in media have pattern Reporting asimilar documented investigationBucharest under been had for or money racketeering laundering. for Investigative for Journalism, example, found of half many as as that media in all owners Research forces, politicians,crime. by Center Romanian the organized and security corrupt as of problem, the represents part corrosive same many the tied with owners to power structure A major obstacle, investigative note, islocal that media ownership reporters itself often publicthe interest.” Investigative at Columbia Journalism University. few which very for are institutions stand “There Philippine Center for Investigative now and of (PCIJ) director Stabile the Journalism Center for advantage of commercial explained opportunities,” taking Sheila Coronel, of former director the elites holding disenfranchised onto media–from the powerin newly to elites just enfranchised investigative to according new there. “In democracies, you reporters have strongly vested interests developing and democratizing especially in precarious countries, corruption–is and crime as Relying solely on market-support investigative on to such core topics journalism–particularly play often donors, individual and Europe, government in and akey funds role. University heavily London. United the supported by in are States,efforts foundations these In such Investigative as for Centre the and Editors and Investigative Reporters at City Journalism 27 Such sponsor to unlikely are owners 28 25 forces, organized and crime. as corrupt politicians, security corrosivesame power structure with many owners to tied the oftheproblem, represents part ownershipmedia itselfoften note, isthatlocalreporters Amajorobstacle, investigative 26 24 Journalists with with Journalists CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 19 Mark Whitehouse, 29 Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
30 31 Investigative Journalism].” incentives, reliable information streams (e.g. Internet access), institutional support to the better- Internet access), information streams (e.g. reliable incentives, for backup and support [Center as to centres legal the Philippines such quality outlets, media journalists and the need for protection in cases where reporting in cases where journalists protection attract may and the for need direct threats to the “This in report DFID. her wrote Myers for journalists freedom or of addressing,” need lives individual journalists, of training, protection of of only but not ‘package’ a holistic involves All agreed needs that to support be integrated to program into individual projects a broader to among skills in houses, deficits media deficits media. “Resource news an investigative develop targeted funding. For less developed countries, long-term projects with staff the ground on countries, projects will long-term developed less targeted funding. For effective. be more likely Some veteran trainers make a distinction depending on a country’s level of economic economic of trainers veteran level Some a distinction make depending a country’s on such press, and a vibrant and sophisticated with a growing economy a nation To development. and consulting, be short-term may workshops, aid outside of as Brazil, the combination best and long term to really get change,” he said. “In some respects it makes sense to have fewer fewer sense makes to respects have “In it some said. he term change,” get and long to really time.” period of a longer participants over is a long-term investment. If you want to create a true want If you reporters cadre investment. can of this do a long-term is kind who years.” but weeks not journalism, takes a sustained it of over investment be comprehensive agreed. should “Training development, media for president vice IREX’s but for editors,” he said. “You need an need reporting understanding across the board–investigative “You said. he editors,” for but CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 20 Center for International Assistance Media fraud, crooked sports games, and environmental degradation. environmental games,and crooked sports fraud, work by news the developing media in countries. of by, growth conferences the The paralleled, enhanced has investigative been and in increase an Karachi: basedin journalist prominent Pakistani people Consider institutions. and global the impact a the Latif, conference on Aamir had they face investigate as can journalists powerful pressure and given demand high in threats the conferences the offeralike. moral important, emotional and which Equally often support, are of invaluable experience and are contacts, sharing skills, The young to experienced reporters and examples setting and ofjournalism world-class reporting. ofhalf students.) them Awards given typically are out at events, these honoring best the quality Association state, of Brazilian every people from 800 Investigative drawn attracts Journalism, Brazilian large the national conferences also of congress held. are ABRAJI, annual (The existed beforegatherings 2005. Colombia, and Europe, Brazil, United the States, In Northern of Program South Journalism Africa’s the and Reporters Wits University. None of these Investigative by co-sponsored for Forum the African Africa, Conference sub-Saharan from each year, America Latin across doesPower the as from of journalists hundreds Reporting sponsored by Peru’s of Society), and Press ySociedad (Institute Prensa Instituto similarly attracts Morocco Conferencia de The Periodismo Iraq. to Latinoamericana de Investigacion (COLPIN), for conference Investigative of Reporters annual The Arab from hosts 300 journalists Journalism how follow money, to dirty more. and undercover techniques, explaining work, interview analysis, data top reporters panels featuring workshops with networks, oriented, conferences. and conferences heavily The and are training 100 they and have countries, sparked formation the of numerous regional national and groups, Global Investigative Conferences have Journalism brought together some 3,500 from journalists noteworthy. conferences particularly been has of growth largeThe training Since 2001, seven impressive level worldwide. of among interest and journalists activity CIMA’sinterviews, of survey investigative areview and centers, of recent initiatives reveal an ofA detailed census investigative worldwide journalism is beyond but scope the of report, this theFieldMapping facts and figures, proper quotes, selection and figures, and offacts appropriate analysts. investigative spiced story–not upexaggeration with by but sinews the supported of investigativean especially reporter, how convert to asimple idea agood into unforgettable.and experience really The helped reshaping in my as career veteran investigative from was wonderful Meeting learning and reporters how officials–and save to ourselves security and LINES. crossing RED from the onand sidelines, the how told uncooperative tackle to government junior reporters nothing. means Seniorinformation investigative at official sessions journalists, how work where to right to the save and Pakistan, like yourself acountry in at Global the Ilearned best thing InvestigativeThe Conference was Journalism 33 Journalists in China have China exposed in financial Journalists 34 Indian reporters have revealed reporters Indian 32 CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 21 38 41 Sunday
39 Investigative , for uncovering uncovering , for , who produced an exposé an exposé produced , who Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
Zambezi Daily News Folha de Sao de Paulo Folha 40 The winner of the Latin America investigative journalism The winner the Latin Americaof investigative 36 , is a 355-page study 200 interviews on based with journalists in a 355-page , is In Slovenia, a pair of journalists used that nation’s freedom of information act freedom of journalists a pair of used that nation’s In Slovenia, 35 In the 2012 African Investigative Journalism Awards, top honors went to a went honors top Journalism Awards, African Investigative In the2012 37 and grants to cutting-edge initiatives to dozens of investigative journalism groups investigative and grants of to to dozens cutting-edge initiatives Program and Through Media and various regional London-based its worldwide. program funds, has supported reporting OSF national as the Baltic centers such The Open Society Foundations (OSF) has played the largest and most critical role critical role and most the largest has played (OSF) The Open Foundations Society program support, in supporting donors seed money, among providing the field, exposé of a South African death squad; a South the police of exposé ● ● journalism. Among the more notable programs: notable journalism. the more Among Donors and Development in investigative donors a handful this interest by major report for of the field shows of A review those interviewed: good management, creative newsrooms, and an to accept risk. ability newsrooms, creative management, interviewed: good those “Both within“Both countries and in between cross-country relations comparisons there are obvious no are media small and poor very the study “Some noted. journalism,” and investigative budgets according to work, investigative ingredients The for key are media and rich not.” big some active; Most striking, perhaps, is the study’s finding of no clear relationship between a media outlet’s outlet’s between a media relationship finding clear no striking,Most of the study’s is perhaps, often newspapers, tradition. Danish and Swedish Mid-size financial and an investigative health papers not. did reporting,French large while investigative strong resources,strapped hosted for countries, which typically earncountries, which rankings top corruption, freedom of press and all lack are for home to investigative reporting associations. noted, unsurprisingly,noted, that countries with freedom–and greater press degrees of degrees lesser Nordic the four example, reporting. For investigative to host corruption–were likely of more 20 countries, including Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. vibrant The examples study found Turkey, countries, Russia, 20 including reporting every country in nearly disparities investigative wide in surveyed, of despite training, and access to information. The report freedom, laws, press libel also professional VVOJ, the Dutch-Flemish association of investigative journalists. The survey, journalists. The survey, investigative of association the Dutch-Flemish VVOJ, Journalism in Europe by digging into less controversial issues as food safety, child care, and public health. and public care, child safety, as issues food controversial digging into less by in by journalism 2005 done was investigative the spread at of looks thorough the more One of techniques; digital communications, ranging from mobile phones to social media; and access media; to social phones ranging communications, digital techniques; from mobile countries sources, and data. where colleagues, In repressive of networks and global to regional reporting powerful on interests begun can investigations be too journalists dangerous, doing have violent gangs in Kenya and horrific Congo. in gangs of Kenya mining in Republic theviolent Democratic conditions are these reporters aiding forces better the front lines: on A number of training and investigative Times of investigations and undercover corruption in Mozambique; government logging in illegal of award in 2012 was a Brazilian a was team from the daily in 2012 award from profiting personally his staff for of chief the president’s the indictment of that prompted position. Muslim riots. markets, wars, black army local fed arms of from billion the defunct Yugoslav $1 how to reveal and corruption in the Balkans. political corruption, deadly worksites, and how Hindu nationalist officials secretly abetted secretly anti- officials Hindu nationalist and how corruption, worksites, deadly political CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 22 Center for International Assistance Media Macdonell, “and that othersshouldpickitup.” a feeling that the World Bankshouldn’t bedoingthat muchmediatraining,” remembered theprogram,leadership killed leaving even itstrainers asto inthedark thereason why. was “There comingjournalists outofthetrainings, according to bankofficials. Finally, in2004,thebank ofitsown success.victim Complaints piledupfrom hostcountries aboutoverly aggressive Despite scores beinghighlyregarded ofhard-hitting andsparking stories, theprogram was a sourcing, useofpublic records, resources. andInternet and Latin America. The classesconsisted weekly of10sessionspercourse, stressing multiple insome35countries,journalists mostlyinFrench- Africa, butalsoinAsia andEnglish-speaking program took off. rate hasgonefrom to levels,” ofproduction industrial acottage“It industry hewrote asthe workshops each year–butthrough withvideoconferencing, face-to-face thenumbersquadrupled. popular andtheprogram boomed. Macdonellandcolleagues could reach some150journalists byOverseen Canadian investigative Macdonell, Roderick thefree journalist courses proved out ofits Washington, DC,headquarters. toturned distance learning, settingupaninnovative ofvideoconferencing series programs based backed workshops across thedeveloping world, costs beganto mount. To economize, thebank ofanindependent, investigativeimportance press seemed obvious to itsstaff. Butastheinstitute investigative inthemid-1990s. journalism As battling thebankprioritized corruption, the at the Development experts World BankInstitute, thebank’s training beganto arm, focus on The World Bank:BackintheGame ● ● ● ● investigative initiatives countries. and various centers in journalism visits, fellowships. and addition, U.S. In embassies have provided to grants small investigative United the to newsroom States each year for journalists seminars, foreign-visitor State Department countries. several also bring dozen programs Azerbaijan, workshops and El in Salvador, Indonesia, Nepal, and among other long-term and projects Balkans funded the has in State Department The elsewhere. and Middle Ukraine, Georgia, East, Union. recent investigative USAID the funded also has in programs journalism newsrooms former and Soviet the Europe and centers 14 in Eastern in countries OCCRP’s capacity-building and editorial work investigative with reporting Center for (ICFJ), International the and Journalists OCCRP the to support to investigative Its major journalism. recent initiative is athree-year, $3 million grant media development donor, over numerous grants made bolster years to the has U.S.The Agency for Development International (USAID), world’s the largest initiatives; global and regional and conferences. vehiclesfunding Fund such for European the as Investigative training Journalism; Project (OCCRP); Reporting Corruption and Crime Organized the and (ICIJ) of Investigative Consortium networks such International the as Journalists Center for Investigative Brazil’s and Journalism Publica;reporting international 1 From 2000to 2004,theinstitute’s program trained more than1,500 3
2
CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 23 - - -
5 ; World ; World http://ln
. Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/content/wbis-
. And in Zambia, the bank’s Governance Group sponsored a successful a successful sponsored Group Governance the bank’s in Zambia, And 4
http://caj.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/mediamag/spring2001/cover2.html investigative projects. The Gates Foundation also provides backing for the Knight backing for provides also The Gates Foundation projects. investigative reporting in health to do sub-Saharan work Africa,fellows times at and these also projects one-shot sponsored have Other donors projects. investigative involve teaching investigative reporting. The UN Development Programme reporting. funding is The UNteaching a Development investigative guide to corruption reporting. made important Since have contributions. OSF besides Private foundations has supported L. Knight the and Knight James S. Foundation the John 1994, on these focus of and some administered ICFJ, by International Fellowships, (the Centro de Investigación e Información Periodística, or CIPER), Peru (IDL- CIPER), or e Información Periodística, Centro Investigación de (the Journalism, CINS). or Investigative for Center Serbian (the and Serbia Reporteros), in five available UNESCO journalism has now funded a guide to investigative curricula as model Chinese, as for well and Russian, Arabic, languages, including Reporters for Investigative Journalism. The Danish Foreign Ministry Journalism. The Danish Foreign has also Reporters Investigative for in turn which small grants gives tojournalists funding multiyear to SCOOP, given in Eastern and Europe the Caucasus. Democracy has contributed to a number of for Endowment The National reporting The journalism includes list centers in initiatives. Chile investigative Scandinavian governments have funded programs. a variety have TheScandinavian Danish governments and of substantial grants provided to the Amman-based have governments Arab Swedish http://blogs.worldbank.org/publicsphere/node/6069 ● ● ● ● Roderick Macdonell, “The World Bank and Investigative Journalism,” Media, Canadian Association of Jour Association Media, Canadian Journalism,” Investigative Bank and World “The Roderick Macdonell, ● ● ● ●
2012, 4. “Image: WBI’s Media Training Program,” World Bank Institute, Bank Institute, World Program,” Training Media WBI’s “Image: 4. media-program-image Bank, 14, August World The in Zambia,” Journalism Program Investigative An Matters: Day Training “Why 5. Bank, “Investigative Journalism Course Strengthens the Media in Latin America,” August 15, 2001, August the Media America,” in Latin Strengthens Journalism Course “Investigative Bank, web18.worldbank.org/External/lac/lac.nsf/adc3b69a06f3d131852569be003ad137/912cd5fa7bb03c4885256 aa300757211?OpenDocument Programs, “Topic: Information, Governance and the Media, The World Bank,” the World Bank Institute; The The Bank Institute; World the Bank,” World The and the Media, Governance Information, “Topic: Programs, September 26, 2001, Themes, WBI Journalism,” Bank and Investigative World “The Bank Institute, World http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PSGLP/Resources/461605-1102093132725/today_journalism.pdf 1. Spring 2001, nalists, October Roderick Macdonell, 22, 2007. 2. Interview with the author, Bank Institute Learning World see reporting, investigative into past foray Bank’s World on the more 3. For “ Endnotes Will the World Bank’s renewed interest continue? As bank offices get more aggressive in pushing aggressive get more bank offices As continue? interest renewed Bank’s World the Will “We’re push back again. likely to are host countries corruption, transparency and combating for insider. said one of the history,” aware ment finance, and more. finance, ment local media. journalism by investigative boosted that and a competition series of workshops Today, the bank is back in media training. The World Bank Institute has run trainings in Africa on in Africa Institute Bank trainings has run World The training. bank is back in media the Today, bank the that of data Armed with gigabytes budgets and procurement. government cover to how govern education, in health, key trends follow to journalists training staff are institute collects, CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 24 Center for International Assistance Media mismanagement, and misspending and has been the focus of reporting by focus the been journalists. of has and mismanagement, misspending and reporting worldwide, controversy years past over in attracted has allegations contract of sex trafficking, Timor-Lestein 2012? in investigative an program run to reporting subsidiary explain how aDyncorp USAID funded know even little and about less journalism, about investigative How journalism. else one can often staff program assistance results. International produce can some surprising community lackThe of media the contactdevelopment between professional the and community journalism journalism. including techniques, data tips and latest the in sharing editors panelsand ahundred of conference more to them –exposing than reporters IRE investigative now its annual times visitors’Department journalism coincide to program the with State The America. overseas, Asia, East Europe,from Latin and from including top journalists were oncejournalists, largely domestic they affairs; now about draw 10 percent of attendees their consulting. and resources IRE’sonline conferences, athousand which annual regularly attract conferences scores and of workshops, its reached and abroad of through thousands journalists investigative or inspire global co-sponsored ahalf-dozen in centers countries, start journalism played role investigative international helped organizationhas in important The an reporting. has fees, volunteer and foundation by IRE grants, Supported membership staff, training and organization. the several U.S. media development little or about nothing knew officials for interviewed report this result: The despite any accept to federal funding. refuses IRE’sIRE role central field, the in likely world’sof the IRE, of largest investigative trainer independent-minded The journalists. awaysteered government-backed participation in from Most programs. notable is absence the on and other, the professional the fund, investigative community, journalist which largely has active investigative in media development– on one side, U.S. officials NGOs the and they among implementers is blamed. often Complicating among is abifurcation those matters media development generally, alack of communication among donors competition and investigative largely appear without and strategy. acentral uncoordinated reporting in As of spread the support to efforts Although range the of international is broad, activity Investigative Implementers ● ● the backers:the Google, Foundation, Knight the Network. Omidyar the and analysis data and tools. measures, Among mappingmanagers, security software, such projectsEurope, United the and fund States to document data and as Millions ofjournalism. dollars have competitions spent Africa, been on grant in contributions news and foster to applications data open help can that investigative important Donors come that out making are of technology the industry practices. corrupt and environment, or investigations the such trainings topics into as trafficking, such human as 42 Dyncorp, aPentagon hot in spots Dyncorp, provides that contractor security
43
CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 25 2011 Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
2002 (non-U.S.), 1989-2011 1990 Note: Number of nonprofits is cumulative. of nonprofits Note: Number Increase in Number of Investigative Journalism Nonprofits Nonprofits Journalism Investigative of in Number Increase 0 10 30 20 40 50
The nonprofits are not appropriate everywhere, and not every model will work in a given in a given will work every model everywhere, and appropriate not are not The nonprofits In reasons. developing several for model to be a viable proved have they environment. But The various groups range widely in from staff in one-person operations the and budget, The widely various groups range Street. Wall York’s New with offices on to ProPublica the multimillion-dollar world developing time, similar groups were formed in Brazil, the Netherlands, and South Africa.time, in similar formed and South Brazil, groups were International the Netherlands, worldwide. spread the model helped and online have media workshops, conferences, Philippines, the model caught on after the collapse of Communism in of after Eastern on caught the collapse New Europe. the model Philippines, centers in Armenia, reporters for in 2000s, began Romania, and Bosnia the a home early offering the same carry. At to write not in media countries hard-hitting those would that stories major and abroad. The trend began in the 1970s and ’80s, with a handful of U.S.-based nonprofits nonprofits with a handful U.S.-based and ’80s, of Theand trend abroad. in began the 1970s organizations in by Scandinavia and the journalism. Joined investigative to advancing devoted online. Some organizations combine several of these roles. of several organizations combine online. Some started which in both the U.S. has in States, model, spread rapidly the United The nonprofit nonprofit organizations, according to trainers veteran nonprofit and journalists The in the field. active reporting array actorsgroups are that includes a diverse organizations, of training institutes, that link networks small grant-making and journalists global andregional bodies, in person and The development of investigative journalism overseas owes much to the growing network of of to the growing network much owes journalism overseas investigative of Thedevelopment The Nonprofit Model Nonprofit The CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 26 Center for International Assistance Media to publicbroadcasting. and information projects. These figures donotincludethe considerable fundingdonated annually group identified 279 foundations that since 2005have spent more than$247millionon U.S. news An ongoing tallyby University’s American J-Labhasfound impressive similarly numbers. The magazine ($9.3million),andProPublica ($10million). groups: the of $43millionandroughly 600full-timeemployees. $30millionmore Nearly belonged to three ofthebudget, camefrom justonepublisher,one-third operating budget of$135millionand1,300full-timestaff. halfofthose employees, Nearly and its latestIn study, estimated released thegroups in2012,theIRW hadacumulative annual the “new ecosystem,” journalism identifying 75nonprofit news organizations intheUnited States. The Investigative Reporting Workshop ofwhat atitcalls University American hasdonetwo surveys than investigative journalism. websites onjuvenile justice, news education, sites focused andcity often more towards localnews nonprofit newsrooms.By 2012,INNhadmore than70memberorganizations, ranging from NPR to 2009theInvestigativeIn asahubandresource News was Network establishedto serve for U.S. couple theinvestigative of $10millionannuallyto found andsupport nonprofit ProPublica. nonprofit newsrooms.Most notable, perhaps, was the2007 commitment by a wealthy California leaving thefield. investigative teams disbanded, timeto devote andveteran to shortened, projects investigators era,deadlines intheInternet investigative American hastakenaconsiderable hit, reporting with the United States. Buffeted by thelossofad revenue, staff, cutbackson reporting andshorter The irony ofinvestigative journalism’s expansion overseas isthat itisundersiegeinitsbirthplace, remaining mediagaps.” concluded that nonprofit will,“the sector inmany cases, need to play a greater role infilling citizens tweeting news from thescene ofadisaster andpublicbroadcasting.” The report nonprofit settings, publicaccess channels, newspapers run by foundations, religious broadcasters, to a C-SPANs, page,Wikipedia state-based developers software who write opensource code in anonprofit citizenswebsite, whostart community Low Power FM stations, anyone contributing ties A 2011studyby theU.S. Federal Communications Commission, Times, NationalGeographic, listeners.nonprofitweekly mediaincludethe Other is anonprofit cooperative. Similarly, National Radio now boasts34bureausPublic with26million thought. The Associated Press, 3,700staffmembersin300locations forworldwide– example–with public interest. highlighting theneedfor more anexpanding nonprofit inthe that directly willact mediasector of Government, Lewis argued that growing pressures market onthetraditional news mediaare influential 2007paper for theJoanShorenstein Center University’s at Harvard School Kennedy nonprofit according journalism, to Charles Lewis, founder ofthe Center for Integrity.Public In an The growth larger ofinvestigative trend ofanimportant, toward centers reporting ispart Nonprofit Journalism:AGlobalModel? , noted that nonprofit news mediainclude schoolsthat “journalism field concerned reporters, Christian Science MonitorChristian Science 1 Lewis pointed outthat nonprofit mediaare already more prevalent thanwidely 4 The hollowing news theformation outofserious mediahassparked ofdozens of 6 3 and 5
Consumer Reports newspaper, now entirely online($10 million), , to nameafew. Christian Science Monitor,Christian Science theSt.Petersburg Consumer Reports The InformationNeedsofCommuni 2 , withanannualbudget Mother Jones
- CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 27 - - - - -
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http://www.fcc.gov/info-needs-communities Guardian http://www.investigativenewsnetwork.org/members http://www.freepress.net/sites/default/files/stn-legacy/ , is owned by the Scott Trust, formed in 1936 “to safeguard safeguard “to in 1936 formed Trust, the Scott by , is owned , 61. http://www.gmgplc.co.uk/the-scott-trust
8 The Guardian The http://www.kcnn.org/toolkit/funding_database http://www.azcentral.com/specials/special01/0528bolles-stateofreporting.html
. Public Media and Political Independence: Lessons for the Future of Journalism from Around the World Future of Journalism from Around the for the Lessons Independence: Public Media and Political 8. 2011, Press, Free ney Benson and Matthew Powers, public-media-and-political-independence.pdf see “Visionaries sustain journalistic values with trusts,” Investigative Reporting Workshop, October 1, 2010, Workshop, Reporting Investigative “Visionaries journalistic with trusts,” sustain values see http://investigativereportingworkshop.org/blogs/shop-notes/posts/2010/oct/01/charitable-and-trust-owner ship-news depth journalism. See Investigative News Network, News depth journalism. See Investigative J-Lab, “New Media Makers,” 6. Media Group, Guardian Trust,” “The Scott 7. man, Federal Communications Commission, July 2011, Commission, Communications man, Federal Repub Arizona The Reporters Lack Resources,” Investigative “Today’s Vashisht, 4. Chelsea Ide and Kanupriya 28, 2006, May lic, projects or in- on investigative nearly do not appear focused half of its members name, INN’s 5. Despite lumbia Journalism Review, Sept-Oct, 2007. lumbia Journalism Review, Importance Growing Journalism, 6. The of Nonprofit 2. Lewis, Wald Steven age, in a broadband media landscape changing The of Communities: Needs Information The 3. 1. Charles Lewis, The Growing Importance of Nonprofit Journalism, The Joan Shorenstein Center on the Center The Joan Shorenstein Importance Growing Journalism, The of Nonprofit 1. Charles Lewis, Co “The Road,” Nonprofit 2007; See also Charles Lewis, Harvard University, Policy, and Public Politics Press, Endnotes spending on public broadcasting is less than $4, compared to $30 in Canada, $91 in the United $91 in the United $30 in Canada, to is less than $4, compared spending on public broadcasting Kingdom, in Germany. and $131 taxpayers provide considerable support parliamentary considerable media through the news or to allocations provide taxpayers U.S. media stand in sharp to figures donated large The public broadcasting. to given fees license annual per capita U.S. support low public broadcasting. Americans give the comparatively to relief Besides the nonprofit model, other forms support of public subsidies world. other the model, media around Besides the nonprofit government- licenses, broadcast media, discounted print for postal rates them: discounted Among Europe, Western particularly countries, In in and direct advertising, many subsidies. sponsored prominent daily newspapers, newspapers, daily prominent of the values and liberal the journalistic freedom salaries are taxed). Such potent economic incentives do not exist in most countries. The growing U.S. U.S. growing The in most countries. not exist do incentives economic potent Such taxed). salaries are domestic marketand a large tradition of philanthropy from a strong sector also benefits nonprofit most One of the UK’s States. solicit support. United the which to to from is not isolated But the model How applicable is the U.S. nonprofit model in other countries? Under U.S. law, nonprofit nonprofit U.S. law, Under countries? model in other nonprofit is the U.S. applicable How take a donors can on which contributions including advantages, several receive corporations employee (although the organization by full tax deduction, received income on taxation and no CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 28 Center for International Assistance Media which include membership professional and organizations organizations, networks; funding and centers, beat to stories; associations documentaries from training and productseditorial ranging investigative which centers, These produce reporting nonprofits types: fall generally three under U.S. their like counterparts. CIPER and Chile,Brazil have in successfully developed local much of sources private funding, in such ABRAJI as America, Latin Groups in among most the supporters. significant Affairs Society Foundations,assistance, Open the with USAID, of Denmark’s and Foreign Ministry Most outside organizations Western and America Europe have North received international 106 with continued, rapid has this that growth nonprofits 47 in countries. since of half 2000. more with Afollow-up than thosecountries, appearing 2012 shows survey nonprofit surveyed CIMA investigativeWhen 2007, in centers journalism it found 39 26 in many dailies. fills that fare reported opinionated, the thinly from pieces apart stand that in-depth stories–well-documented, Sarajevo, they want CIN-type he noted,reporters began telling their callsby local it the into its “leveraging media.” local CIN) acronym standards Newspapers in newspapers. Sullivan, Drew founder of Center Bosnian for the Investigative (known Reporting creationwork the of inspired indeed has investigative at Filipino teams news TV stations and doencourage to it,” others said Sheila Coronel, co-founder of Philippine the center. PCIJ’s The role“The of is possible Centeracatalyst–to the is of show as kind reporting this to and that accountability. and bedone corruption, can on crime, reporting proof top-flight that firsthand they quite serve, often literally, countries, democratizing and of centers as excellence, offering (Datadrawnfrom106groupsworldwide. Total ishigherbecausesomegroupsplaymultipleroles) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 Types ofInvestigativeJournalismNonprofits, 2012 Organizations Reporting Training Institutes Associations and Professional Vehicles Funding
44 CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 29
The group also 46 Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
45 its more than 70 nonprofit members in the United States and Canada help on on and in States Canada members the United help nonprofit than more 70 its office and back syndication, collaboration, technology, sustainability models, American and regional centers the local of many includes support. membership Its in formed years. recent and online publishers International Center for Journalists, OCCRP’s 14 member centers and news centers and news member 14 Journalists,International OCCRP’s for Center gutsy on crime on stories organizations collaborate and corruption access and get to insurance, media in capacity-building. databases, and help and offers in 2010 founded was Network News Investigative The U.S.-based annual hundreds journalists has exposed conference of East from and the Middle reporting.North Africa to investigative Organized CrimeThe Sarajevo-based and Corruption Reporting formed Project, centers in Eastern in group of an is 2006, umbrella and Soviet Europe former grant USAID million in $3 partnership a three-year, by with the states. Backed members across sub-Saharanmembers Africa. In to running addition investigations, own its grants out and awards. and gives conferences holds FAIR conducts similarly Journalism, in formed 2005, Arab Reporters Investigative for journalists Its acting for in while as the region. an association projects own its The Forum for African Investigative Reporters began in 2003 and includes Reporters and includes in African began 2003 The Forum for Investigative ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● international projects, as do university-based investigative journalism programs American at investigative as university-based do international projects, Journalism), Institute Investigative for (Schuster Brandeis Reporting Workshop), (Investigative presents the Daniel Pearl Award for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting. Outstanding The for International Investigative Award Pearl the Daniel presents do CIR, also and DC-based 100Reporters Berkeley-based ProPublica, York-based New Formed in 1997 by the Washington, DC-based Center for Public Integrity, ICIJ’s cross-border cross-border ICIJ’s Integrity, Public for DC-based Center the Washington, by in 1997 Formed award-winning in produced reports markets fish, the black tobacco, have on investigations human tissue military and asbestos, and human aid rights, and more. Some U.S.-based nonprofits also work internationally. The International Consortium internationally. of work also nonprofits U.S.-based Some journalists Journalists than in more a reporting countries. is 60 with 160 network Investigative South Africa. formed: also have networks regional Several Bosnian Center for Investigative Reporting. The Open Society Foundations, both through both Reporting. The its Open Foundations, Society Investigative for Bosnian Center program media and through offices,London-based has been instrumental national in providing startups these groups, including Macedonia, and seed of grants many Hungary, in for the Baltics, in-depth reporting the pioneering flourished Among decade. the past groups have over Journalism and the Investigative for Center the Philippine were the U.S. organizations outside Reporting Organizations nonprofit Reporting in 1977, Investigative for Center CA-based Starting with the Berkeley, dollars, to journalists for investigative stories. to journalists investigative dollars, for an overview: Here’s all three characteristics of combine models. Some which typically give out relatively small grants, small ranging thousand hundred from to a few a few relatively out typically give which CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 30 Center for International Assistance Media unprecedented team investigation team unprecedented completed that Bolles’ public and work crime on organized of well is particularly for bombing car the to responding known acts, one murder and IRE of its first development the its workgovernment within beless to funding, tends known community. is one overseas,and of IRE world’s the of Because it journalists. does largestnot trainers accept world. the around from thousand journalists With 4,200 members, workshops and U.S. the across gives journalism, out coveteddata awards, holds and up conferencesa to draw that annual Fromjournalists. its base at University the School, pioneered has of Journalism Missouri IRE world’s the IRE, its members. was born Thus largest oldest and association of investigative a professional association help and provide would that protect craft, the training, support wake the ofIn Watergate the investigative American scandal, felt journalists need the for most prominent amongcountries, US-based the them Investigative Editors. and Reporters below).Organizations, At national the level, well, as professional are there associations 18 in investigative one to another, journalists does SCOOP as (discussed Grant-Making under above networks described reporting also roles play international connecting The in important at University the Journalism ofEnterprise Illinois. observed Brant Houston, aco-founder of of Chair network the Investigative Knight the and and of impact and credibility the investigativemethodologies insure can that stories,” standards and only of spread the investigative world, the around but reporting it established and alsoshared has Global“The Investigative Network Journalism numberone the been catalyst has for not fostering provides on investigative expertise methodology, nonprofit and sources, project and management. 100 aglobal and countries, network of volunteers, reaches and of thousands GIJN journalists the director.]secretariat’s first conferences workshops, and Through social extend media that into together world’s the tying investigative GIJN the [Note: as journalists. author The is serving 2012, loose the In build to networks capacity strengthen and asecretariat created GIJN the sparked and groups, collaborations worldwide. among journalists investigativeand worldwide, reporting led founding the to of numerous investigative reporting worldwide.journalism have gatherings The played journalism role data acentral spreading in feel workinggospel the spread passionate to with overtime them, to of reporters investigative analysis, data latest the and techniques, tech tools. conferences The have amissionary at times ofa total some 100 more 3,500 from panels with than on investigative countries, journalists conferences since 2001–in Toronto cities from ranging Kiev–have to Copenhagen to hosted biennial Global Conference on Investigative Seven networking and Journalism. of training these Founded 2003, out grew in departments. of academic and centers, GIJN the the training including nonprofitjournalism, newsrooms, professional associations, publishers, online fororganization 70 more 35 investigative than member in organizations support that countries hubcritical for world’s the umbrella investigative an as serves community. GIJN The reporting level,At international the Global the Investigative Network Journalism emerged has a as Professional Associations andNetworks Program).Reporting Columbia (Stabile Center for Investigative Journalism), UC and Berkeley (Investigative Arizona Republic Arizona reporter Don Bolles. reporter organization pulled The together an coordinated and 48
47
49
CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 31 $900,000 $886,000 $590,000 $535,000 $586,000 $468,000 $454,000 $360,000 $325,000 $300,000 $5,404,000 $10,100,000 $5,200,000 $5,100,000 $1,700,000 $1,200,000 $1,000,000 $800,000 $600,000 $500,000 $400,000 $26,600,000 Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
50 Largest Investigative Journalism Nonprofits (U.S.), 2011 Annual Budgets (U.S.), 2011 Nonprofits Largest Investigative Journalism Largest Investigative Journalism Nonprofits (non-U.S.), 2011 Annual Budgets Annual 2011 (non-U.S.), Nonprofits Investigative Journalism Largest Nation Institute Investigative Fund Nation Institute Investigative Fund Columbia University Stabile Center, Investigative News Network Total Center for Public Integrity American University Workshop, Investigative Reporting Investigative Reporters and Editors UC Berkeley Investigative Reporting Program, Schuster Institute, Brandeis University ProPublica Center for Investigative Reporting Regional Press Development Institute (Ukraine) Regional Press Development Journalism (UK) Centre for Investigative Africa) Investigative Reporters (South African Forum for Total Pascal Decroos Fund (Belgium) Pascal Decroos Fund (Bosnia) OCCRP Journalism (Bosnia) Center for Investigative (Denmark) SCOOP The Bureau of Investigative Journalism (UK) of Investigative The Bureau (Jordan) Journalism for Investigative Arab Reporters Africa) Investigative Journalism (South M&G Centre for Source: Investigative Reporting Workshop and Center for International Media Assistance and Center for International Media Workshop Source: Investigative Reporting Source: Center for International Media Assistance survey, 2012 Assistance survey, Media Source: Center for International Journalister (Sweden), Netzwerk Recherche (Germany), SKUP (Norway), and VVOJ (Netherlands). (Netherlands). and VVOJ (Norway), SKUP (Germany), Recherche Netzwerk Journalister (Sweden), overseas. workshops theirIn to conduct training members addition a number of home, at investigative journalists. in 2002, ABRAJI Formed and than has members boasts more 3,000 investigative now groups throughtrained courses, Professional its people seminars, than more 5,000 and workshops. in various northernare active also Gravande European countries, (Denmark), them FUJ among the United States would come at a high price. at come would States the United of association the IRE on groups building successfully ABRAJI, those is Among model Brazil’s stations, shined a spotlight on local officials and the Mafia for months, helped push forward forward push helped months, and the Mafia officials for local on shinedstations, a spotlight organized crime that killing notice on reporters indictments U.S. in and put the case, inmultiple corruption journalists and broadcast newspapers from 38 in 28 by Arizona. joined The project, CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 32 Center for International Assistance Media United States. That resulted in a total ofUnited atotal States.resulted in That 106 nonprofits 47 in countries. Additional another 16 identified since survey the research by CIMA outside all organizations, the Workshop. Unitedthe States, compiled by Investigative the News Network Investigative the and Reporting 37 existed onin 37 Recentalready countries. data of those which organizations, were basedin sites, 2012 conference The donor and proceedings, reports. 90nonprofits research identified on field the acomprehensive and experts with including interviews searchonline of literature, 26 To countries. anew round of its research update findings, was conducted early in 2012, 2007,In 39 to sent questionnaires nonprofit CIMA investigative in organizations journalism The CIMA Survey model: Among using groups the this craft. invaluablethe practice them and learn to time developing in long particularly stories, giving free enough break do to to in-depth countries, money Relatively and enoughthem time do to reporting. allow can journalists, smallgrants effectivean way overcome to major hurdle facing first investigative the giving journalists: investigative projects. donors, it from approach backing who won This has find important several to from hundred thousand dollars do ranging to for amounts journalists nonprofitA third model employs which of in NGOs akind dispense small-scale making, grant Grant-Making Organizations d’Investigation Nigeria’s and (AMJI) Wole for Centre Investigative Soyinka (WSCIJ). Journalism developingGroups in include countries Morocco’s L’Association le pour Journalisme Marocaine ● ● ● ● ● ● Decroos Fund, which makes similar grants to journalists in Flanders. in journalists to which Fund, grants Decroos makessimilar Fund its and European sister the to projects. of Fund is The aprogram Pascal the investigative projects Europe. late 2011, in In OSF gave atwo-year €324,000 grant Fund for European The Investigative founded 2008, to gives in Journalism, grants Investigativefor (PAIR). African Reporting project asimilar West in is also Programme the IMS supporting Affairs. Africa, of Foreignof Much Ministry Danish comes grants. the from of its funding NGO. aDanish Support, Media cooperation International with in Investigative run and (FUJ) Journalism Europe. organization is managed by The Association Danish the Eastern and of SCOOP investigative to makessmallgrants projects Balkans the 12 in in countries publications, helping enable some 700 50 stories and books. $1.5 more dispensed than has FIJ authors small and reporters, freelance million to of course the (and US history won Prize). Hersh aPulitzer story, the Lai. of Asecond grant $2,000 which helped finish helped him change investigate to grants–$250 alleged an at aVietnamese massacre village My named Hersh Seymour young named received journalist freelance one of FIJ’s earliest founded 1969,Journalism, in pioneered has model. small-grant-making the A investigative first The nonprofit, Washington, the DC-basedFund for Investigative 56 Questionnaires were sent thus 53 to Questionnaires were that located outside United the States. 53 Since its 2003, founding in SCOOP hundreds made has 54 51 Over three decades decades Over three 52 55
CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 33
Center for International Media Assistance International for Center Drawn from data on 106 whose nonprofit organizations primary mission included support or production of investigative journalism.
W. Europe W. MENA 2% MENA
North America North Latin Asia Pacific 5% Investigative Journalism Nonprofits Worldwide, 2012 2012 Worldwide, Nonprofits Journalism Investigative Africa 6% whether throughwhether reporting, training, grant-making, as or a conferences, association.professional reporting commitment to organizations,For there a substantial, on-going is reportingin-depth project data or journalism. It is a nonprofit or non-governmental organization operating in the public interest. organization operating in the non-governmental public or a nonprofit is It corporation. as a nonprofit law be recognized under organizations U.S. would Such journalism, primary its Among investigative the support is of missions
3. 1. 2. organizations, 25 that are professional associations and networks, and 12 that are funding and 12 and networks, associations that areorganizations, professional 25 thesefunctions, of several the groups combine of five cross-over: Thereorganizations. some is Of the non-U.S. groups surveyed, the list includes 41 that are primarily reporting 41 groups surveyed, includes thelist the non-U.S. Of States. Response to that survey was substantial. Of the 53 nonprofits that received that received nonprofits to that survey the Response 53 Of substantial. States. was to all all groups responded Not rate. response percent a 94 responded, questionnaires, 50 questions, however. East/North Africa–has 13. the United groups outside on exclusively focused earlier, as noted CIMA survey, The 2012 are in North America, with 37 of 39 groups based in the United States. Eastern groups based in States. the United are and Europe 39 in North of America, with 37 Latin groups; a quarter; to nearly has Europe 18 are home Western states, with 25, Soviet former Asia/Pacific, the world–Africa, the Middle and of the rest America 11; and the Caribbean have By combining data on all 106 groups from the various surveys can draw and research, one data a combining By all 106 on percent) third one (37 over dispersed. Well the organizations are widely picture that shows global
CIMA used the following criteria to include groups criteriain tally: its CIMA to include used the following CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 34 Center for International Assistance Media in size from $2.3 size from 2010in million in $10.5 to 2012. million in by and a local with merging nonprofit, its budget grants increased Bay through Citizen, jumping of itsa third staff. newspaper; when plan the failed, CPI’s budget 42 plummeted more percent it and than eliminated business daily planof on by become and online its to ashaky reserves an spending new grants for example, its 2010 increased budget infusion by $8.8 to an half more than through million, of millions the in swings dollars.had Washington, The DC-basedCenter for Public Integrity, Society Foundations Open the two-year from U.S.-based The Media grant Program. have groups relatedand saw its programs budget double 2012, in $106,000 from $217,000, to a to thanks Fundamong for Europe, European Brussels-based groups. the the In Investigative Journalism considerably, budgetsThese fluctuate can management and due vagariesof the to fundraising FundDecroos at $535,000. Project at Reporting $586,000; Corruption and Crime Pascal Brussels-based the Organized and Johannesburg-based M&G for Centre Investigative at $590,000; Journalism Sarajevo-based the for Investigative Reporters Arab at $900,000; at $886,000; Journalism Amman-based the the account for largest: total. the The half London-based the of Bureau Investigative Journalism averageThe budget annual for non-U.S. all is groups about $162,000, although just seven groups size.nearly doubling $6amore representing million, financial than in based or focused on developing acombined 2011 reported countries transitioning and budget of Philippines. the and CIMA’s Brazil, In Balkans, the nonprofits–in survey, current 29 groups of2006 just $2.6 included million. Thosedata budgets for sector’s the largest most and successful developing forin provided aggregate countries figure an with budget or democratizing data, media the development from backing to large measure community. 2007 the survey, In 16 groups Nonetheless, non-U.S. the nonprofits have markedly since grown CIMA’s 2007 survey, due in population, astrong and philanthropic tradition. nonprofits a100 and deduction percent for tax contributions by donors), nation’s the wealth and U.S. due largefavorable to nonprofits measure in have law flourished (a tax exemption tax for of total the nonprofits–nearly non-U.S. $27 all times journalism three million–was groups. The ProPublica New in York. combined the Indeed, budget of just top the 10 U.S.-based investigative budgetscombined totaled amodest annual $8.6 budget year annual that the of less million, than Of 50 survey, the respondents CIMA the to 42 provided for budget 2011. figures Their network . avirtual as functioned backed by ahigh-tech entrepreneur. Nearly 17 percent did not have aphysical officeand Project, which recipients are Global the and of aid large grants, Australia, international Mail in Reporting Investigative Corruption and Balkan Crime Network Reporting Organized and people; have half more than or fewer. five staff 20 more employees: had than three Only the Most of non-U.S. the have of staffs smalloperations. only are groups One-fifth one two to Project. Reporting Corruption and Investigative Crime Organized the and African Reporters, for regional Investigative Reporters such groups Arab as important for Forum the Journalism, professional as acting vehicles, agencies. associations, funding include reporting and These 57 At rival the Berkeley-based time, same the Center for Investigative Reporting CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism
35
Terrorism Military Affairs Military
Politics National Security National Health
Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
White Collar Crime Collar White
Environment
Business
Organized Crime Organized
Social Issues Social Corruption 5 0 30 25 20 15 10 Reporting Priorities for Investigative Journalism Centers Investigative for Reporting Priorities Based on a 2012 survey of 50 investigative journalism nonprofits outside the United States Based on a 2012 survey of 50 investigative Percent of responding groups citing each priority more than in and a quartermore half TV are engaged than production 30 More in radio production. reports. and books research to rank produce percent Asked report, the kinds they stories of Those nonprofits engaged in reporting engaged Those nonprofits to tended function as multimedia, multiplatform the groups, but the Print survey of found. most newsrooms, and online by are stories produced journalism training, security technology, and, lastly, physical protection. protection. physical journalism training, and, lastly, security technology, top general support funding followed by project-specific funding. in Other project-specific were, priorities by support general top funding followed importance, and as of cameras libel order such access to and databases, computers, equipment and multimedia training. support, office Lesser on priority put and Web was protection, legal operations, with budgets of $5,000 or less. less. or $5,000 of with budgets operations, to rankAsked important their most needs, the responding groups unsurprisingly the at put annual budgets of more than $100,000. Particularly in developing and transitioning countries, Particularly in developing thanmore $100,000. annual of budgets far to support can go independent budgets such thanthe West, salaries arewhere typically lower one-person or volunteer essentially – were percent 20 the groups nearly – of journalism. Eight More than half of the groups reporting budget figures in CIMA’s survey–22 nonprofits–had survey–22 the groups reporting than figures half of More budget in CIMA’s CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 36 Center for International Assistance Media served as presidents as served or executive of 38 directors percent of groups. the nonprofits. Despite investigative journalism’s reputation asomewhat as “macho” field, women Finally, found women survey the that playing are leadership role asignificant various the in derived survey: the facts from Other government officials. prosecution Seventeen amajor as percent cited concern. criminal by privateintimidation individuals. Nearly (46 half percent) by also cited threats and harassment of (71 groups responding two-thirds percent) legal each ranked challenges and harassment and emerged biggest biggest the their two as areas Asked threats, rank to concerns: more than production. story their into databases produce or scraping integrate More techniques. athird data and than managers database use by used about are software of half visualization about and surveyed, groups the aquarter Spreadsheets have data centers and Many journalism. of data embraced reporting the affairs. environmental and crime, business, organized and minorities, survey. topics 2011: in top five The reporting social issues and such poverty corruption, as priorities largely editorial reported groups responding the consistent 2007 the those with from ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● believe it is important. Social media was widely although embraced, seven (14 groups percent) did not More (55 half than percent) published one more or language. broadcasted in than (21More one fifth than percent) policy. lacked standards ethics and an (21 afifth more than percent) did not. Most they that publicly of reported groups the although disclosed funders, their 58
CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 37 Similar programsand come 59 Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
standards. It is not enough to simply dole out grants to promising projects and reporters, grants out projects to promising say dole to simply enough standards. not is It with editor that a professional so be allocated journalists. Funding should investigative veteran reporters to do investigative projects. This and be expanded, non-partisan could such projects. NGOs reporters investigative to do ensuring is The be used challenge as high editorial a base. groups could as open government model. This requires less overhead than a fully staffed reporting center, and it can leverage than This a fully requires can staffed overhead reporting leverage model. and it less center, grants providing matching fundsresources or media by local editors and reporters to let develop CIMA the centers surveyed by grants make of to Eighteen outside stories. project-length leadership, and a small but critical endowment. (See A Model for Muckraking, page 16.) Muckraking, 16.) page for A Model (See critical endowment. and a small but leadership, journalism fund the investigative consider journalists and local should donors As an alternative, many to be a model, has lasted nearly a quarter has lasted nearly to be a model, many century a to various including factors, due support, high standards, public press, strong and competitive environment,lively a legal reformed criminal statutes libel the books.” on by considered A reporting center, The Philippine in be practical will center places. many not lacking and the legal environment is onerous. Orme calls for more support to investigative support Orme more to investigative environment onerous. is for calls lacking and the legal dynamic” different a totally in parts “There’s be right. must the conditions reporting, says but reporting in a country investigative do that has enforced can’t Africa, “You of cautioned. he William Orme of the United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Report Human Development Programme’s Development Nations OrmeWilliam the United of journalism skills particularly basic are where models, Office warns likewise inapplicable of mentorship program. “In some places it would not work,” Coronel added, “but it might as a unit might added, it “but Coronel work,” not would it program. places “Inmentorship some interested.” who’s publisher an or enlightened editor have you where within a newspaper, published or that you’ll steer clear of the law. It requires genuine commitment–and you can’t requires commitment–and can’t genuine It you the law. of steer clear that you’ll or published strategy countries, in as Pakistan some such effective A more program that from Washington.” through targeted outlets grants news a directly or with receptive be to work may Bangladesh, or Columbia University’s Sheila Coronel is wary is programs that are of top-down Coronel attempts to instill Sheila University’s Columbia willing be media. “Local journalists to news should culture into a nation’s an investigative assurance no will stories be your There’s buy-in. local need “You said. she thismake happen,” animation,” according to program former McPhillips. directoranimation,” Jody funding when abandoned runsgo, out. Department and the British government’s Global Conflict Prevention Pool, as well as from ICFJ’s as from ICFJ’s as well Conflict Pool, Global Prevention Department government’s and the British support “in the Center left suspended of a lack success, Knight the program’s program. Despite editorial standards. program and the Eurasia in Georgia, An run Tbilisi, innovative ICFJ by Reporting and trained Center than created more Investigative the Caucasus 20 Foundation, techniques duringreporters 2005-06. Initial in funding investigative from came the State including centers in Bulgaria, Mexico, and Timor. The reasons for their failure are varied–lack The reasons for and Timor. centers inincluding Bulgaria, Mexico, poor markets, fundraising, funding, small and uncompetitive of of lack managerial problems, reporting India, in the funds Belgium, centers or considered are seriously planned or being are though, the nonprofits their growing popularity, Despite and Zambia. Norway, Netherlands, in operation, organizations are dormant longer no Several or an model. appropriate always not The trend to create investigative journalism nonprofits does not appear to be abating. New New appear to abating. be not does journalism nonprofits Thetrend to create investigative Sustainable ModelsSustainable CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 38 Center for International Assistance Media training and teaching. For enterprising managers, there is a full menu of teaching. is and For afull there choose methods to managers, from: enterprising training events vending,university database affiliations, benefits, and newsletter subscriptions, and revenue: donors, individual commercial media fees, membership “crowd-funding,” dues, online overseas. of Among means the positive lessons are there for counterparts their results–and Tribune, Voice the and of Diego, San revenue scrambling diversify to their are with streams, rapidly media as in interest it. they gained as Anumberof Texas the such groups, MinnPost, as approachSuch is fast-catching entrepreneurial on at an U.S. nonprofits, who see donors losing budget commercial fees. through charged for newspaper stories. By magazine and 1989, produced CIR 40percent of a$1.5 million Publicthe Broadcasting System’s Frontline did day-rate series, work for foreign news and media, FranciscoSan News built NBC with aproduction affiliate, co-produce documentaries to studio CBS’s with contracts late the Investigative 1980s during had Reporting modelThe is not new. Center for original The diversifyto revenue expand and pool the of donors. answer,The say nonprofit is management experts, private giving.in yields on foundation investment portfolios reign can assistance, forinternational example, while poor Western governments budgets pare to may affect forced on cut to back Pressure on grant-making. lose will or interest be not sustainable –funders large the that numberof nonprofit fact is groups in plan place. in sustainability Some believe observers (53 groups responding percent) having a reported Foundations. CIMA’s In survey, just over of half the overlymany appear aid agencies international Society from dependentOpen the and on grants numbers. At numberof the substantial time, same the in isappeared groups growing, and availablesustainable they amount are. of The funding is not large, new and donors have not Given rapid of the donors growth centers, these have obvious the raised question of how legalpriorities as physical and equipment. and protection, training, at top the of of well list, centerthe various respondents funding two kinds listed of ahead such center’sthat the them, budget. ofto what kind is assistance most annual Asked important rank to Philippines center received aFord Foundation endowment provides that much as 30 as percent of early success, for example, was athree-year, $1.8 USAID 2004. The from in million grant for of half more budget, than their fundraise much other like NGOs. Key Center’s Bosnian the to at 9percent. have centers Even most to entrepreneurial training and best-run, the teaching and of income, followed fees by membership and conference and story fees at 11 percent each, heavilyare donations and major percent dependent their cited as on donors–84 grants source Regardless nonprofits’ the to critical of remains model, the success. funding agroup, As they publication to inception or broadcast. is workingglobal acoach as mentor, and standards follow can and story from reporter the 60 Minutes 60 program and the the and program 60
international agencies aid ongrantsdependent from overlymany appear groups isgrowing, and time, thenumber of numbers. At thesame insubstantial appeared newdonorshaveand not available isnotlarge, offunding The amount CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 39 Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
Offering memberships for a reasonable fee could bring could in fee a reasonable Offering for memberships Many of the nonprofits give away their to a response the stories, away give the nonprofits of Many Training journalists and students in investigative techniques can journalists be Training and students in investigative Some nonprofits hold regular events, such as public forums and lectures as public such by regular events, hold nonprofits Some Few groups can afford the kind of development professionals who work work who professionals development the kind groups can of afford Few Sites like Kickstarter and Indiegogo allow enterprising like Kickstarter allow groups to fundraise Sites and Indiegogo clever pitches, and offering important, attractive projects, media professionals have raised tens of raised tens of have important, and offering professionals media pitches, attractive projects, clever through dollars these thousands sites. of Crowd-funding: media,online, crafting and there are that social using the practice signs will increase. By only Events and benefits: Events the organization. speakers,famous as benefits for needed income. Members could receive a regular newsletter, briefings staff by and members, a regular newsletter, receive could Members income. needed at offered “insider” newsletter, a subscription-only Writing stories. major announcementsearly of funds. raise needed also could a premium to interested clients, percent of the groups were affiliated with a university. affiliated the groups were with a university. of percent newsletters. and dues Membership engaged in training.engaged through Affiliation subsidized teaching fees, with help, can a university also The that and survey 27 institutional protection. found free or student labor, cheap space, office Training and teaching. teaching. and Training reported In 84 percent the CIMAan are that they important already survey, revenue. source of Television news programs tend to pay particularly well and are widely watched. Doing contract Doing watched. and are widely programs particularly tend to well news pay Television groups are setting considering andsome a unit up to be lucrative, can media also foreign for work documents, research, and on reporting. reporters, visiting for helping work day-rate do controversial nature their reporting of controversial and pressure to maximize from donors impact. But budget. to a nonprofit’s can media a substantial make contribution from news fees commercial suggesting that this is a potential area of growth. thatsuggesting this area a potential of is fees. media Commercial support. In the CIMA survey, the major sources of funding responding groups by sources of most support. cited In themajor the CIMA survey, government, the U.S. governments, member and its the EU foundations, private in order, were, as a significant individual source, donors cited percent Only 26 individuals. and private contributions. In Latin America several nonprofits have been successful in finding In have Latincontributions. nonprofits America independent, several groups in while Eastern tapped backers, into expatriate communitieslocal have Europe for relatively unsophisticated in fundraising and could do much to improve and diversify their donor their and diversify donor in unsophisticated to fundraising improve much do and could relatively One importantbase. measure and better private. is donors–both potential government on research mailing or lists to for appeal their on button websites a “DONATE” even groups lack Many in the big U.S. nonprofits. Those developing local funding sources, moreover, can face major can major face funding local sources, moreover, Those developing nonprofits. U.S. in the big and attempts to donate, traditions incentives philanthropic and economic of a lack obstacles: groups appear many interests toBut influence and economic powerful political by coverage. Better fundraising. Better CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 40 Center for International Assistance Media poor neighborhoods. in withscaredpolice narcotics interviews victims squad, by doingface-to-face reported 70 companies through shellcorporations; anda insurers in thestate,that ofproperty exposed theweakness tracing theownership ofmore than spied onmore than250mosques;ayear-long investigation by theSarasota, FL,a Associated digging Press10-part series into theNew York Police Department’s secret program that Consider thestories that have won Pulitzer Prizes ininvestigative from journalism 2010-12: an mental institutionandrevealed outrageous conditions. repeated in2009by Anas Aremeyaw Ghanaianjournalist Anas, who went undercover inanAccra undercover investigation would notbedifferent today.Indeed, her exposé was essentially mental asylumin1887,would have beenhelpedby digital tools, butthefundamentals ofher Nellie Bly, whoseclassic haveThose changed since skills notmarkedly thedays ofthegreat over ago. muckrakers acentury first-hand witnesses,interviewing and following trails–trails ofpeople, documents, andmoney. anthropologists andprivate investigators: sources, themarshaling ofevidence, the useofprimary of investigative prosecutors are reporters similarto andpolice thoseofskilled detectives, offield ofdetective work investigative that quality cannot dothekind requires. journalism The core skills for investigative reporters, andtechniques suchascrowd-sourcing canbeuseful. Butthey alone atwriting theexpense ofreporting. The explosion indata around theworld isindeedawindfall But Houston andothersare uneasyover programs that focus solelyonspreadsheets andcode techniques canbeusedmosteffectively.” open government movement, andtheyare whodemonstrate thereporters how thesenew journalists. Houston, whose astheresearch oftheprofession,” serves journalism anddevelopment department noted Brant As agroup, investigative are reporters hardly abunchoftechnophobes. “Investigative first to embrace digital tools and computer analysis, believe that couldn’t from thetruth. befurther accountability onthecorrupt andpowerful. Veteran investigative reporters, whowere amongthe the beliefgoes, opendata, citizen andcrowd-sourcing journalism, willenforce ofhigh-tech akind Winer. “Now we from canheardirectly thesources andbuildourown news networks.” “Journalism itself isbecoming obsolete,” wrote prominent developer software andbloggerDave and consume research information are that nolongernecessary. in-depth andreporting information andcommunication revolutions have sofundamentally altered how peoplegather There isafeeling afoot amongsomeenthusiasts that digital technology candoitall, that the nonprofit newsroom executive,“We nolongerfund content.” focused almostexclusively ontech fixes to what ailsthemedia. As oneprominent donor told a data mining, andsocialmedia.” storytelling andOmidyar foundations liketheKnight Donors are FellowshipsInternational Journalism into technology grants that emphasize “mobile services, hackfestsis sponsoring whiletheInternationalCenter for itsKnight hasturned Journalists The mediadevelopment world hasdiscovered bigdata, anditisembracing itbigtime. Internews Hacks andhackersmeetups. Opengovernment initiatives. anddatafests. Hackathons Why Data Isn’t Open Enough 2 brought data analysis andvisualization into“They longbefore journalism therecent Computer-Assisted Reporting 5
Ten inaMadhouse Days 3 bookhashelpedtrain two generations of exposed medieval conditions inaNew York Philadelphia Daily News Philadelphia Daily 4
exposé ofarogue Herald-Tribune 1
Somehow,
CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 41
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7 , Brant Houston, Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003. Martin’s, Bedford/St. Houston, , Brant
. 6 Computer-Assisted Reporting: A Practical Guide A Practical Reporting: Computer-Assisted 5. “The Pulitzer Prizes: Past winners & finalists by category,” by category,” winners & finalists Past “The Prizes: Pulitzer 5. see Dashboard, Investigative Radu, 9, 2012. For December with Paul 6. Email communication investigativedashboard.org 10, 2012. Giannina Segnini, December from 7. Email communication 3. Email communication with Brant Houston, December 5, 2012. December Houston, with Brant 3. Email communication 2010, November Atlantic, The Spy,” Writer, Forger, “Smuggler, see 4. On Anas, magazine/archive/2010/11/smuggler-forger-writer-spy/308267/# 1. “Arrington is the future of what we used to call journalism,” Scripting News, Dave Winer, Winer, Dave Scripting News, call journalism,” used to we of what is the future “Arrington 1. com/stories/2011/09/02/mikeArringtonIsTheFutureOf.html 2. Endnotes those essential steps from investigative journalism.” investigative from steps those essential reporting,” she cautioned. “Collecting data without conducting deep and rigorous analysis or the without conducting analysis data deep and rigorous “Collecting she cautioned. reporting,” replace technical skills Tools or could never is not journalism. of everyrecord verification single for her team’s work on data-fueled stories on political corruption, and she has helped introduce its she has helped introduce and on political corruption, stories on data-fueled work her team’s for better tell to tools reporters with more journalism“Data empowers America. Latin practice across with on-the-street best practices; neither does it do away journalism’s replace but it doesn’t stories, reporting and leaps across borders through databases, that will make the difference on the will make the difference that databases, through reporting borders and leaps across long run.” pioneering journalist data at The Giannina Segnini agrees. for his Investigative Dashboard, a digital directory and portal to the world’s business registration business registration directory a digital and portal Dashboard, the world’s to his Investigative for with street-level technology bullet is combining the magic that But he stresses databases. of local shoe-leather“It the combination information, is the mix of local and global investigation. information,” noted Paul Radu, the executive director of the Sarajevo-based Organized Crime and of the Sarajevo-based Organized director Radu,executive the Paul noted information,” and backing colleagues Google Reporting from from Corruption Radu accolades won has Project. substitute for the kind of street-level digging, personal interviews, and detective work these work and detective interviews, personal digging, the kind for of street-level substitute projects entailed. of pieces sense of disparate make a need to ever, than more “The creates, data to access increasing Open data and smartOpen data is no there but can certainly apps tech kinds help these of investigations, CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 42 Center for International Assistance Media Journalism, and then reissued then and it aglobalJournalism, as edition accompanied by abook of case studies. investigativean for collaboration issued in Investigative manual, Reporters journalism Arab with Arabic, Farsi, Chinese, followed Russian. and UNESCO 2009with up in Center for Investigative published including been has languages, guide The nine Journalism. in by University the of Philippines’ the of Yvonne director Philippine the former training Chua, investigative and on in-depth includes and techniques, plan adetailed course on subject the developing democracies. emerging and countries for JournalismCurricula Education 2007 with in contributions well, field, the to as starting important made has UNESCO University.Boston Network Mavrovo, in Macedonia; New the and England Center for Investigative at Reporting of Investigative Economics forBalkan the Riga Centre Latvia; Riga, Media in Studies Reporting London; Columbia University’s School New of in York Journalism City; Stockholm the School Unitedthe Europe: States and for at Centre the Investigative at City Journalism University in 2012range ofIn students. international five sessions on investigative were journalism held in a wide schoolsUniversities summer also attract that sponsoring are other and institutions Nieman and programs. Knight the from soughtand aglobal create it to abase alumni the as used network reporters, of top-flight of Investigative Consortium International the contribution. 1997 was formed in When Journalists at Stanford,Fulbright various and awards,Knights among others—have also asubstantial made Madrid. master’s on investigative program degree at University journalism, Rey data and Carlos Juan of for her to native example, co-found Spain to country’s Cabra returned that Mar first-ever 2010 in graduating After taught. Columbia from University’s School Graduate of Journalism, schools. home Some challenge to have change and returned how investigative is reporting forceAnother for change is large the numberof foreign U.S. at leading students journalism includes that investigative curriculum journalism elements.a modern also worked has IREX universities with Middle the reporting. across on East developingin-depth China’s prestigious Tsinghua University on aglobal includes that program business journalism at Caucasus the Schoolreporting Tbilisi, ofICFJ’s and Georgia, in Journalism works staff with Center for set up aU.S.-style International Journalists The investigative features that program schools curricula. their overseas modernize to Still, some universities nonprofit and media have groups progress working made individual with or by practiced professionals departments journalism field. the what modern to in in is taught some little resemblance bear investigative and theory overseas in courses steeped are journalism how many includeis unknown coursework on investigative reporting. global of education census someworldwide, identified journalism has 2,300programs but it presence the Gauging of education at investigative best. A journalism is difficult in reporting The RoleofJournalismSchools 62 The various fellowship various The at U.S. programs the Niemans universities—the at Harvard, , a150-page in faculty at journalism targeted guide 63 The guide stresses the importance of classes importance the stresses guide The 61 Complicating matters, matters, Complicating Story-based Inquiry Story-based Model 64
, CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 43
67 Digging Deeper: Deeper: Digging has been widely used has been widely 65 Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
, published by the Konrad Adenauer theKonrad by Adenauer , published has been translated into multiple has been translated into multiple , published by the Balkan Investigative the Balkan by Investigative , published Investigative Reporter’s Handbook Reporter’s Investigative Investigative Journalism Manual Journalism Investigative 10 Steps to Investigative Reporting Steps Investigative to 10 There are impressive regional guidebooks, as well, including including guidebooks, as well, regional There are impressive 66 A Guide for Investigative Journalists in the Balkans the in Journalists Investigative A Guide for andReporting Network; Reporters University. African and Wits with the Forum for Investigative Foundation universities. IRE’s authoritative authoritative IRE’s universities. and ICFJ’s overseas, languages. Other guides have been published around the world and training used at around institutes the world been and published Other guides have CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 44 Center for International Assistance Media awards are being offered by NGOs in Indonesia, South Africa, and Ukraine, among others. awards being offered are Ukraine, and by Indonesia, NGOs in South Africa, responsible work while of helping popularity investigative and build to status the Such reporting. most rewards best, and the awards competition. acash prize–highlights awards–with Offering investigative could programs help, well. as tool Another good to used effect an is sponsoring at aprofessional operating are programs into reporting that level. ethics training Integrating preferably done by experienced investigative one tool could that editors–are help ensure which restestablish the against of abenchmark measure to news the media.Outside audits– presenceThe of investigative help can nonprofit and programs standards high with centers education. only investigative but of all of news the reporting basic mediabepart need and to journalism Suchbe dealt say ethicalprofessional with, and veterantrainers. affect not shortcomings misrepresentation, payment and of money for nettlesome are all information issues must that Ethical issues also pose amajor problem. overuse abuse and The of undercover cameras, enough.” often standards those minimum meeting ofdoing world the courageous work,part investigative this but in unfortunately is not reporting Sullivan ofargued Sarajevo-based the OCCRP. “There’s are reporters and good reporting have clarity, effect–on an on accuracy, on reader-friendliness, on fairness, newsworthiness,” positive on public. the impact you’re “Unless you standards, meet some minimum not going to is not critical only professionalizing to Establishing standards high media the but having to a of form edited some official files,” he told veteran investigative Charles Lewis. journalist were for used commissioned blackmailing,racketeering, advertisement or articles, were just an problems country.similar his of “Most in state the with of journalism investigative the articles why he founded others and Center Romanian for the Investigative Paul noted Radu Journalism, of denunciation–and Such crime. abusesorganized have led terms the to investigative use Others for skills political hit jobs, of service working the political in bosses or media,” country’s the complained Delhi. press the in to minister information “Paid news or plugs firm. the into for replaced cash has newsgathering serious Indian the in of millions extort asteel dollars from company exchange boss in forinvestigation their not airing 2012 media came in Indian the forto of indictment the with allegedly journalists two TV trying about paid unless off. them write to Awake-upcompanies call for or threaten individuals and on whoWorse, dig up dirt appropriated been by posing reporters, has as extortionists term the unproven with up single-sourcedstories filled scandal allegations. by cachet the refer of themselves to attracted term, the investigative as while serving journalists “investigative is widely term the some beat In reporters, countries, from. journalist” misused; fewwith littleexplain and to viewers sources and attempt readers to where is coming information investigative developing in produced often stories are countries, reporters democratizing and never has quality greater. and been Even standards emphasizing among some well-regarded With rapid the expansion of investigative of internationally, reporting importance the Standards andQuality 70 kompromat , or comprising propaganda, in the former Soviet the , or comprising in propaganda, Union. Asked denuncismo denuncismo in Latin America–the journalism journalism America–the Latin in 68 69 CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 45 - -
; also see ABRAJI’s Web site, site, Web ; also see ABRAJI’s . “We could talk to each talk to could “We . Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
Folha de S. Paulo Folha 2
(in Portuguese). 1 http://knightcenter.utexas.edu/knightcenternews_article.php?page=160 For more on ABRAJI, see Marcelo Soares, “Tim Lopes’s Murder Sows a Seed,” Global Journalist, 3rd Quar Global Journalist, 3rd a Seed,” Sows Murder “Tim Lopes’s on ABRAJI, more Soares, see Marcelo For Interview with the author, Fernando Rodrigues, Executive Director, Associação Brasileira de Jornalismo Inves Brasileira Associação Director, Executive Rodrigues, Fernando with the author, Interview http://www.abraji.org.br 2. 18, December New Organization,” Create “Brazilians Journalism in the Americas, for 2003; Knight Center ter, 2002, 1. (ABRAJI), 17, 2007. October tigativo Endnotes Rodrigues said. “It attracted people from all parts of Brazil and all parts of journalism—radio, TV, TV, “It all parts people from attracted and all parts of Brazil of journalism—radio, Rodrigues said. the idea.” legitimize helped a lot to That newspapers. passionate and sustained volunteer efforts. Second, Brazil has a large and sophisticated media and sophisticated has a large Brazil efforts. Second, and sustained volunteer passionate ABRAJI welcomed training, professional the need for recognizing managers, and its news sector, media,” of news wide range a but from “It fringe a movement came not from the start.from freedom of information act. of information freedom often has been fueled by the group First, factors. several to success Rodrigues ABRAJI’s attributes many as 800 attend the group’s annual conference–half of them students. And the listserv And of them students. conference–half is still annual the group’s as 800 attend many of 18 a coalition ABRAJI also coordinated with some 2,000 people registered. buzzing, a national pushed for successfully that groups, and judges’ lawyers’ including organizations, largest, most active associations of investigative journalists, with more than 3000 members. than 3000 members. with more journalists, of investigative active most associations largest, of than 5,000 journalists in coverage more trained have ABRAJI and conferences workshops As more. and reporting, computer-assisted crime personal security, and corruption, organized With help from the Knight Center and the U.S.-based Investigative Reporters ABRAJI and Editors, Investigative and the U.S.-based Knight the Center help from With of the world’s one and quickly into and planning meetings, grew held a series of conferences size of Brazil, the Internet played a key role in the start-up,” recalls founding member Fernando member Fernando founding recalls in the start-up,” role a key the Internet played of Brazil, size journalist with the daily an award-winning Rodrigues, other every day.” Jornalismo Investigativo (ABRAJI)–the Brazilian Association of Investigative Journalism. Backed by Journalism. Backed by of Investigative (ABRAJI)–the Association Brazilian Jornalismo Investigativo ABRAJI Austin, at began Texas of Journalism the University in the Americas at for the Knight Center with the big “Especially ideas. exchange to Brazil reporters allowing across with a simple listserv, was a spark. That came with the brutal 2002 murder of Tim Lopes, a fearless TV Globo reporter who a fearless Lopes, Tim of 2002 murder came with the brutal That spark. a was gangs and child drug document to (slums) favelas notorious Rio into de Janeiro’s undercover went de Brasileira the Associação forming killing reportersBrazilian into galvanized Lopes’ prostitution. ABRAJI:Success A Story needed they All right. the time was reporters, investigative sophisticated increasingly Brazil’s For CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 46 Center for International Assistance Media reporter all you all want,”reporter he said, “but editor the if isn’t good on board, luck.” program’s on other editorsand impact news is key, managers Houston. agreed “You a train can Center for “Areat International the Journalists. supportive?” managers media and owners improved. a market “Is there for your work?” asked Patrick Butler, vice president for programs method gauge to Another isattempt to whether for environment the investigative has reporting accountable? Have they generated public attention or honored been awards? with a project’s change? stories resulted in Have policies reformed, or been or practices officials held per-story basis, shown case of the most in PCIJ’s the dramatically investigation Have of Estrada. wayOne evaluate to investigative on a impact say the veteraneditors,isexamine programs, to spawn.” can techniques of sorts other all good stories that are investigativedemographics, crime–there environment, the not investigatory, journalism,” former Executive explained IRE Brant Houston. Director “On have wide application newsroom. the in “Sometimes you explanatory, as those use techniques whole. Use investigative of in used other and public techniques journalism, records,training data of is impact gaugingthe investigative on difficulty anewsAnother a as organization reporting society.” on had Roderick Macdonelltrainer “It’s wrote, school much ajournalism asking like what it impact has Howgrant. does one produce aWoodward Bernstein?former and World As Institute Bank role models, of centers and excellence–and can’t these well bemeasured over of period the a challengeThe isdonors that newsroom changing investingby are in building mentors, culture orof press freedom. corruption helps check. keep in leaders Many of achievements these do not show taken measurements up in who want avoid to scrutiny. Even questions checking persistence asking records and in their workthe agencies, of official providing anti-corruption cover them enemies powerful against jobs closer better, moving countries their consolidated to democracies. also They have promoted have corruption into prompted their digging police, perform to Reporters prosecutors, courts and stories. Yet was profound, impact their both on government the on and media. the broughtthat took for eight down President corruption months consisted Estrada and of only three not investigative for in-depth stories. Philippine The Center for Investigative Journalism’s series Content analysis for might beuseful coverage of but topics or specific crime, such corruption as schoolsstories produced. Journalism boast of can how work many of major in alumni their media. of count numberof the can enrolled quantity the and programs participants training journalism of impact the investigativeMeasuring problems. poses unique programs journalism Broader Monitoring andEvaluation 71 72 A CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 47 Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
Integrate investigative journalism reform. into media broader Integrate investigative Provide greater support of investigative journalism programs. greater investigative supportProvide of
● ● ● ●
countries include investigative journalism components and integrate them into broader initiatives. and integrate journalism them into initiatives. components broader investigative countries include part a comprehensive reporting when success a greater of of chance programs have Investigative information, freedom and data reform, of journalism. legal that includes approach Donors and implementers should ensure that major media development programs in appropriate development media ensure that major should and implementers Donors initiatives whenever appropriate. Even modest increases modest in a funding this Even have vital area of appropriate. could whenever initiatives and transitioning countries. impact in developing major and raising standards in the news media, investigative reporting as as little 2 percent standardsand raising receives media, in investigative the news journalism ramp investigative support up funding. of should Donors development media of Despite its frontline role in fostering public accountability, battling crime and corruption, accountability, in fostering public frontline its role Despite To build on the substantial already progress on this made, build report makes the following To recommendations: smart investments in a handful of key areas, donors can expect the methodology of muckraking of andsmart in can the areas, methodology expect a handful investments donors key of journalism further to spread even the coming decade. watchdog over exist in places scarcely imaginable just 10 years ago, and they are having major impact issues on are and they major having ago, years 10 just imaginable scarcely inexist places like-minded investigative of networks and democratization. Global corruption,of accountability, reporters With ways. are sharing and far-reaching tips and techniques in sophisticated increasingly long investigations, and take on powerful and unaccountable forces continues to grow. Indeed, to grow. continues and take powerful on forces and unaccountable investigations, long journalism story a success is that development the media investigative spread of the global teams and enterprising journalism Investigative now of. community embrace and be proud should generally wary of development NGOs and governmental donors. donors. and governmental NGOs wary development generally of all this, the ranksDespite journalists courageous into weeks- to learn of eager skills, new plunge between professional investigative journalists and the development world. Ways should be found to be found should Ways world. journalists and the development investigative between professional are media, who in editors the Western investigative proven of tap the expertise thesmall supply of need to be explored to sustain the expansion of investigative nonprofits. More practical, story-based practical, More nonprofits. investigative toof sustain the expansion toneed be explored investigative and mentoring local training needs and capacity, needed, to is a country’s tailored community the needs gap also to bridge The development media be a priority. editors should its potential for far-reaching change, investigative journalism receives but a small fraction of overall overall a small fractionbut of journalism receives investigative change, far-reaching for potential its funding sources funding. models of and larger and new to need be found, New development media resources, and access to information. Despite reporting in is funding short supply. investigative for development, media of As with much expensive, and controversial. Expanding its practice to developing and democratizing countries practice to Expanding developing its and controversial. expensive, regimes and criminalrepressive libel challenges: formidable more with tobrings face even face it standards, corruptedlaws, financial owners, striking and media a sometimes professional of lack Even in the best of times and the freest of societies, investigative journalism can be risky, journalism can be risky, investigative timesin societies, and the freest of the best of Even Findings and Recommendations and Findings CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 48 Center for International Assistance Media editors could help ensure that the high standards are adhered to. Donors adhered are implementers and editors could can helpstandards high the that ensure ethical and conduct. editing, Outside reporting, audits by veteran investigativestandards–in visibility, high and because of influence represent need to their highest the professional Media professionals implementers and should investigative that recognize programs, journalism not impact, and of broad numbers quality stories and produced. people trained ofprojects investigative aculture at creating aimed should journalism beevaluated basedon their Donors should evaluation in be flexible of investigative projects. Training reporting reporting and grants. other and Donors should fellowshipsreporting. conferences consider skills-based these through to support developing from particularly helping countries, cost-effectively to broaden scope the of their Investigative conferences play reporting networking and journalists, a key role training in cross-border collaboration; markedly and made expandfurther progress the already other and resources; materials, training databases, reporting, to access their substantially increase hubsand world. the around networking among world’s Better the investigative can journalists of investigative by collaborative investing journalism in “infrastructure” networks, platforms, Donors, implementers, professional nonprofits and groups, should global the work strengthen to regions in whereparticularly nonprofit these may groups not besustainable. Media development motivated with should groups established and also local partner media, implementersand should different that models different beappropriateplaces. in recognize will professional institutes, vehicles. associations,training networks, funding and online Donors centers, Investigative include and size function, and reporting in nonprofits journalism vary initiatives. these nonprofits undertake to eventsand production. Donors should building capacity investing the of in prioritize the improved commercial media fees, membership development, fundraising, teaching, and training approach build and diversifiedentrepreneurial capacityrevenue resultsin that such as streams, nonprofitTo growth, and investigative survival their should groups ensure journalism adopt an world in link increasinglyjournalism. vital an haveorganizations pivotal been of drivers global the of spread investigative form and journalism should world’s the to besupport nonprofit investigative in specializing groups These journalism. government open public and at strengthening aimed accountability any to strategy Central ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Invest nonprofit in capacity building revenue and diversification. nonprofits. journalism investigative Support Promote high standards. high Promote Evaluate basedon quality. conferences. investigativeSupport training journalism Invest aglobal in networking infrastructure. Consider different models for different countries. CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 49 Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
Coordinate with investigative journalism groups. Coordinatewith investigative Support regional reportingSupport regional funds. ● ● ● ● Investigative Journalism Network’s secretariat organizations. and member Journalism Network’s Investigative Managers and implementers of international assistance programs on investigative reporting international assistance programs of investigative on Managers and implementers groups from the ranks professional possible of draw expertiseshould whenever and advice and the Global Network, News Reporters and Editors, the Investigative as Investigative such and the Danish-backed SCOOP program should be strongly considered by donors. By offering offering By donors. by considered be strongly program should SCOOP and the Danish-backed small small grants a relatively journalists, to impact independent for the funds a major can have into the process. high standards be built but investment, should The creation of regional funds like the Washington DC-based Fund for Investigative Journalism Investigative funds for DC-based Fund regional like the Washington of The creation Sponsoring or subsidizing awards competitions can also draw can also to top- attention and encourage competitions awards subsidizing Sponsoring or region. in a given work flight investigative help by ensuring by help that partnering organizations are trulyjournalism. committed to investigative CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 50 Center for International Assistance Media NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS APPENDIX: INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM Journalism Investigative for Centre Journalism Investigative Philippine Center for Spend India Mail Global Pakistan in Reporting Investigative for Center Asia/Pacific Journalism Investigative Wole for Centre Soyinka Journalism Investigative M&G for Centre Univ. Wits Workshop, Journalism Investigative Reporters Investigative forForum African Ghana Reporting Investigative for Center Service InvestigativeAfrica News Africa journalism. or data reporting project ison-going asubstantial, there organizations, for in-depth to commitment reporting mission publicthe includes of support itsinvestigative interest; primary and, journalism; following is group the anonprofit criteria: or non-governmental in organizationoperating 47 its in centers selection, academic and In applied countries. institutes, CIMA the training list includesThis nonprofit newsrooms, publishers, online professional associations, NGOs, Organization Organization Organization Nepal Philippines India Australia Pakistan Nigeria Africa South Africa South Africa South Ghana Kenya Country Country http://www.cijnepal.org/ http://pcij.org http://www.indiaspend.com http://www.theglobalmail.org http://www.cirp.pk http://www.wscij.org http://www.amabhungane.co.za investigative-journalism.html http://www.journalism.co.za/index.php/about- http://fairreporters.net Website Website CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 51 Website Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
http://www.4vlada.com https://www.crji.org http://investigator.org.ua http://www.gsoma.hu http://hetq.am/eng http://www.investigatii.md/eng www.svidomo.org http://preportr.com http://www.reportingproject.net www.irrp.org.ua http://www.riseproject.ro www.ajur.info http://atlatszo.hu http://birn.eu.com http://www.rebaltica.lv/en http://www.cin.ba http://www.bijc.eu/en Country Ukraine Romania Ukraine Romania Armenia Moldova Ukraine Kosovo Bosnia Bosnia Bulgaria Ukraine Russia Hungary Russia Azerbaijan Hungary Bosnia Latvia Belarus Organization Investigative Reporting Investigative Romanian for Center Investigative Journalism RISE Project for Rivne Agency Project Press Development Regional Institute Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Kosovo Center for for Center Kosovo Investigative Journalism (KCIJ) Investigative Reporting Reporting Investigative (Kiev) Bureau “Svidomo” HETQ Investigative Journalism Center of Moldova Gobolyos Jozsef “Soma” “Soma” Jozsef Gobolyos Foundation Investigative Reporting Reporting Investigative Foundation Investigative for Journalism Journalism Center Journalism Crimean for Center Bosnian Center for Bosnian for Center Reporting Investigative Investigative Bulgarian Belarus Agency for for Belarus Agency Reporting Investigative Reporting Network (BIRN) for Center Baltic Investigative Journalism atlatszo.hu Balkan Investigative Association Investigative of Azerbaijan Journalists of Agency for Journalistic for Agency Investigation Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union Soviet Former and Europe Eastern CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 52 Center for International Assistance Media d’investigation (AMJI) d’investigation (AMJI) lepour journalisme L’Association marocaine Journalism Investigative for Reporters Arab Africa East/North Middle Publica Plaza Publica Journalism Investigative for Foundation Mexican Society for and Press Institute IDL-Reporteros Journalism Haiti Fund for Investigative El Faro Redaccion de Consejo Connectas (CIPER)Journalism Investigative for Center Journalism of Investigative Association Abraji –Brazilian AmericanandLatin Carribean Monitor Studio Investigative Reporting Serbian Center for Journalism Investigative Sebastopol Center for SCOOP Macedonia SCOOP Organization Organization Organization Organization Organization Eastern Eastern Morocco Jordan Brazil Guatemala Mexico Peru Peru Haiti Salvador El Colombia Colombia Chile Brazil Georgia Serbia Ukraine Macedonia Europe/FSU Country Country Country http://ciperchile.cl http://www.abraji.org.br www.monitori.ge http://www.cins.org.rs http://911sevastopol.org www.scoop.mk www.i-scoop.org http://amji.e-monsite.com http://arij.net/en http://apublica.org http://www.plazapublica.com.gt http://fundacionmepi.org http://www.ipys.org http://idl-reporteros.pe http://fijhaitienglish.blogspot.com http://www.elfaro.net http://consejoderedaccion.org http://connectas.org Website Website Website CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 53 Website Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
http://www.theaustinbulldog.org http://www.browardbulldog.org www.cpipr.org http://www.theinvestigativefund.org http://www.investigativenewsnetwork.org http://www.ire.org http://journalism.berkeley.edu/program/ investigative http://investigativereportingworkshop.org https://www.opensecrets.org https://www.propublica.org http://www.brandeis.edu/investigate http://stabilecenter.org http://100r.org http://canadiancentreinvestigates.org http://cironline.org http://www.publicintegrity.org http://www.fairwarning.org http://thefern.org http://fij.org www.gijn.org http://www.internationalreporting.org Local and Regional Groups Country U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. Canada U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. Canada U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. National and International Groups Organization Investigativo Broward Bulldog Centro Periodismo de Investigative Journalism Austin Bulldog Brandeis University for Center Stabile Toni ProPublica Institute Schuster for Journalism at Investigative University OpenSecrets.org Investigative Reporting Reporting Investigative AmericanWorkshop, Investigative Reporting Reporting Investigative California of Program, Univ. at Berkeley Investigative Reporters and Investigative Editors British Columbia Investigative Fund Investigative Network News International Reporting of Program, University Journalism Global Investigative Journalism Network Reporting Network Fund for Investigative Center for Public Integrity Public for Center FairWarning Environment & Food Center for Investigative Reporting 100Reporters Canadian for Center Investigative Journalism North America North CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 54 Center for International Assistance Media Investigative Journalism Investigative Fund forEuropean (VVOJ) for Investigation Association Dutch-Flemish (FUJ) Journalism Investigative for Association Danish Journalism Investigative for Centre Journalism ofBureau Investigative Investigativo Giornalismo di Associazione Western Europe WyoFile Journalism Investigative Wisconsin Center for Northeastern University Watchdog New England, Voice of Diego San Lens The Texas Watchdog Tribune Texas PublicSource Watch Oklahoma Investigative Reporting New England Center for MinnPost Investigative Reporting Midwest Center for InvestigateWest Newsource Investigative Network I-News Investigative Reporting Florida Center for Team Investigative Health Connecticut Limits City Organization Organization Organization U.S. Belgium Belgium Netherlands Denmark Kingdom United Kingdom United Italy U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. Country Country http://www.texastribune.org http://publicsource.org http://www.oklahomawatch.org http://necir-bu.org http://www.minnpost.com http://investigatemidwest.org http://www.invw.org http://inewsource.org http://www.inewsnetwork.org http://fcir.org http://c-hit.org http://www.citylimits.org http://www.journalismfund.eu http://www.vvoj.nl http://www.fuj.dk http://www.tcij.org http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com http://www.giornalismoinvestigativo.eu http://wyofile.com http://www.wisconsinwatch.org watchdognewengland http://www.northeastern.edu/ http://www.voiceofsandiego.org http://thelensnola.org http://www.texaswatchdog.org Website Website CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 55 Website Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
http://www.skup.no http://www.swissinvestigation.net http://www.tutkiva.fi http://www.fondspourlejournalisme.be http://www.civio.es http://www.fgj.se http://www.icij.is http://www.investigativ.ch http://www.ir-d.dk http://maryrafteryfund.ie http://www.netzwerkrecherche.de http://www.fondspascaldecroos.org/en Country Ireland Germany Belgium Norway Switzerland Belgium Spain Sweden Iceland Switzerland Denmark Finland Organization Reporters Network Investigative Journalism (SKUP) Swiss Investigative Investigative Journalism Norwegian Foundation for Fund Recherche Netzwerk for Decroos Fund Pascal Denmark Mary Raftery Journalism Investigative Journalism Investigativ.ch Reporting Investigative Grävände Journalister Grävände for Center Icelandic Fonds Pour Le Journalisme Pour Fonds Ciudadana Civio Fundación Finnish Association for Investigative Journalism (TJY) CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 56 Center for International Assistance Media 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Endnotes https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/05/world/asia/05kidnapping.html?_r=0 ping cases,see“ChineseOfficialsSeizedandSoldBabies,ParentsSay egieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=969&&prog=zch Politics andMarkets:HowisChina’s MediaEvolving?”March14,2007, more onHu,see,forexample,CarnegieEndowmentInternationalPeace,“Between Hu Shuliwasnamedthe World PressReview’s 2003InternationalEditorofthe Year. For resource/african_peer_review_mechanism_aprm_country_review_report_republic_rwanda try ReviewReportofthe RepublicofRwanda www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/regional/docs/nepad2.pdf Peer ReviewMechanism, Operations/00798283-EN-APRM-GHANA-REVIEW-REPORT-JUNE-2005.PDF June 2005, African PeerReviewMechanism, aprm%27s-31st-member-wednesday-2011062916845.html June 29,2010, “Equatorial GuineatoBecome APRM’s 31stMember Wednesday,” Afrique enLigne,Pana, nalism-as-an-anti-corruption-tool/ International, October31,2012 “The PowerofJournalismasan Anti-Corruption Tool,” DeborahHardoon, Transparency Interview withauthor, January12,2012. Conference dataisfromGlobalInvestigativeJournalismNetwork, and GuideforInvestigativeJournalists Lars MøllerandJackJackson, loads/2012/03/2006_03_anable.pdf of Government,HarvardUniversity, 2006, Joan ShorensteinCenteronthePress,Politics,andPublicPolicy, JohnF. KennedySchool David Anable, “TheRoleofGeorgia’s Media—and Western Aid—in theRoseRevolution,” cin.ba/Stories/P15_Railways/?cid=756,1,1 AdHoc/?cid=920,1,1 “Anatomy ofaResignation,”July15,2009,Izvor, secret-diaries-receives-global-shining-light-award receives GlobalShiningLight Award,” October18,2011, “Diarios Secretos,” com/2011-05-10/100257774.html Discovery ofHunan’s Family Tragedy,” CaixinOnline,May10,2011, http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and- http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/equatorial-guinea-to-become- http://www.rpctv.com.br/diariossecretos-english/ and“A LuckyRealEstateDeal,”September4,2007,Izvor, Country ReviewReportof theRepublicofKenya Journalistic LegworkthatTumbled aPresident: A CaseStudy http://blog.transparency.org/2012/10/31/the-power-of-jour Country ReviewReportoftheRepublicGhana
,7-13. , World BankInstitute,2002,13-18. . http://shorensteincenter.org/wp-content/up , June2005, ; African Peer ReviewMechanism, . http://www.cin.ba/Stories/ http://www.africa-platform.org/ http://www.gijn.org/2011/10/18/ . www.gijn.org and““SecretDiaries’ ,” August 4,2011, http://english.caixin. http://www.carn and“Behindthe , May2006, . Onthekidnap . http://www.
; African , Coun - http:// - - - ; - CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 57 - - - - - , , June , June . ; and Afri , Margo , Margo , July 2010, . http://articles. http://cyber.law. ; African Peer Review Peer Review African ; , September 2010,
Empowering Indepen . http://aprmtanzania.org/docs/ Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
Country Review Report: Republic of Review Report: Country , May 2008, , May 2008, American Journalism Review . Mapping the Arabic Blogosphere: Politics, Culture, Politics, Culture, Arabic Blogosphere: Mapping the http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/mediawire/183327/ Country Review Report: Federal Republic of Nigeria of Republic Federal Report: Review Country , Department for International Development, United King , Department for International Development, United King , Department for International Development, Country Review Report: Republic of Mozambique Country Review http://aprm-au.org/sites/default/files/cr6_benin_eng2008.pdf ; African Peer Review Mechanism, Peer Review African ; Bruce Etling et al., , David E. Kaplan, Center for International Media Assistance, p.14. Assistance, Media , David E. Kaplan, Center for International Media and Information for Accountability: What are Other Donors Doing, Accountability: What are Media and Information for Media and Information for Accountability: What are Other Donors Doing, Other Donors What are Accountability: Media and Information for Country Review Report: Uganda Review Report: Country , Internet & Democracy Case Studies Series, Internet & Democracy Project and , Internet & Democracy Case Studies http://aprmtanzania.org/docs/APRM%20Nigeria%20report.pdf , January 2008, , January . “Ford Foundation Gives Washington Post $500,000 Grant for Government-Accountability Washington “Ford Foundation Gives July 30, 2012, Reporting,” Poynter, ford-foundation-gives-washington-post-500000-grant-for-government-accountability-report ing/ Mary Walton, “Investigative Shortfall,” Walton, Mary http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4904 grant to expand key beats,” May 18, 2012, will use $1-million Times “L.A. latimes.com/2012/may/18/news/la-ford-foundation-los-angeles-times-20120517 Mary Myers, the Gaps? What are What Works, dom, March 2007, 39. December 9, 2012. interview with the author, Lowell Bergman, According to data from the Committee to Protect Journalists, 35 percent of journalist murders According to data from the Committee to war reporting and crime and corruption reporting. between tk and tk were due each an Open Internet and Press U.S. Efforts to Foster a Free Empowering Independent Media: the World Around and Dissent June 2009, Harvard University, & Society, the Berkman Center for Internet harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/Mapping_the_Arabic_Blogosphere_0.pdf 8, 2011. December the author, Gordana Jankovic, interview with Mary Myers, the Gaps? are What What Works, dom, March 2007. See, for example, Amount spent on investigative journalism is drawn from CIMA survey data and estimates of survey data and from CIMA investigative journalism is drawn Amount spent on and relevant programs by major investigative reporting organizations budgets for additional is from international media assistance The figure for overall NGOs. the World Around and an Open Internet Press a Free dent Media: U.S. Efforts to Foster Assistance, 2012, 14. Center for International Media http://www.issafrica.org/uploads/APRM_Mozambique.pdf Journalism in EU-27 Investigative Through of Fraud with EU Funds Deterrence D: for Internal Policies, Policy Department Parliament, Directorate General Smit, European Affairs. Budgetary African Peer Review Mechanism, Mechanism, Review Peer African 2008, Mechanism, Uganda%20CRR.pdf Benin Mechanism, can Peer Review 22. 21. 19. 20. 18. 17. 15. 16. 14. 13. 12. 11. CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 58 Center for International Assistance Media 38. 37. 36. 35. 34. 33. 32. 31. 30. 29. 28. 27. 26. 25. 24. 23. Paul Radu,Co-Founder, RomanianCenterforInvestigativeJournalism,interviewwiththe of Journalism,ColumbiaUniversity, Interviewwith Author, October1,2007. Sheila Coronel,Director, Toni StabileCenterforInvestigativeJournalism,GraduateSchool at Urbana-Champaign,interviewwithauthor, October27,2007. Brant Houston,KnightChairofInvestigativeandEnterpriseReporting,UniversityIllinois reaffirms-commitment-global-development ment website,” ment/2010/sep/14/about-this-site “Global Development”website, ism Awards,” GlobalInvestigativeJournalismNetwork,October 31,2012, “GutsyExposés,Undercover Work Win Top Honorsat2012 African InvestigativeJournal nalists_win ency International, “Brazilian journalistswin2012Latin American InvestigativeJournalism Award,” Transpar bing.eu/news/untold-yugoslavian-arms-trade-scandal-updated-documents “The Untold Yugoslavian Arms Trade Scandal,” Wobbing, April 26,2012, story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107gujrat_sec.asp in anti-Muslimriots,see“The Truth: Gujarat2002,” project/dangers-dust/indias-wide-use-asbestos-brings-dire-warnings International ConsortiumofInvestigativeJournalists, July21,2010, On workplacedangers,forexample,see“India’s wideuseofasbestosbringsdirewarnings,” sity Press, Chinese Watchdog Journalism, On ChineseInvestigativeReporting,see http://ajr.org/Article.asp?id=5294 “Muckraking GoesGlobal,”MarkFeldstein, Email from Aamir Latiftoauthor, August 22,2012. Myers, Board (IREX),interviewwiththeauthor, August 31, 2007. Mark Whitehouse, DirectorofMediaDevelopment,InternationalResearchandExchanges interview withtheauthor, September26,2007. George Papagiannis, Vice PresidentforPolicyandGovernment Affairs, InternewsNetwork, Drew Sullivan,Interviewwiththe Author, December 9,2012. thor, November2,2007. Drew Sullivan,Organized CrimeandCorruptionReportingProject,interviewwiththeau author, September25,2007. Media andInformationfor Accountability http://cmp.hku.hk/2010/03/19/5104/ . http://www.guardian.co.uk/help/insideguardian/2011/oct/25/gates-foundation- http://www.transparency.org/news/pressrelease/20121015_brazilian_jour DavidBandurskiandMartinHala,eds.,HongKongUniver The Guardian and“Gatesfoundationreaffirmssupportforglobaldevelop . Investigative JournalisminChina:EightCases . American JournalismReview , .
http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-develop , 39. Tehelka . , 2008, . Onofficialcomplicity http://www.tehelka.com/ http://www.icij.org/ . , April/May,2012, http://www.wob http://www.gijn. ------CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 59 - - , , - . . See also . . . . Washington Post Washington http://www.di-atwor http://legacy.ire.org/ The Huffington Post . http://fij.org/about . Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
http://www.icij.org http://www.investigativenewsnetwork. http://www.i-m-s.dk/areas/africa/pair/ http://www.journalismfund.eu . http://www.i-m-s.dk/files/publications/An
. , 244-53. http://www.gijn.org http://www.ire.org. http://www.ire.org. On PAIR, see On PAIR, http://fij.org/ . . http://www.investigativenewsnetwork.org/
. and “The DynCorp ‘See No Evil’ Monkey,” Monkey,” and “The DynCorp ‘See No Evil’ . . http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-isenberg/the-dyncorp-see-no-evil- http://investigativereportingworkshop.org/ilab/story/second-look/ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/26/ http://arij.net/en
. 262-63.
http://i-scoop.org/scoop/about-us/ Investigative Journalism in Europe Investigative Journalism org/members The European Fund for Investigative Journalism, Workshop, The New Journalism Ecosystem,” Investigative Journalism Second Look: “A August 21, 2012, member profiles of the Investigative News Network, For more on the Fund for Investigative Journalism’s history, see history, For more on the Fund for Investigative Journalism’s SCOOP, see International Media Support, On SCOOP, nual%20Report%202010-final.pdf For more on Investigative Reporters and Editors’ Arizona Project, see and Editors’ For more on Investigative Reporters history/arizonaproject.html Fund for Investigative Journalism, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, International Consortium of Investigative Network, Global Investigative Journalism Houston, December 5, 2012. Email communication with Brant Investigative Reporters and Editors, m_b_1267479.html 2007. November 4, author, Drew Sullivan, interview with the Investigative News Network, know.com/development/investigative-reporting-trainingr-timor-leste Ethics Practices, “Amid Reviews, DynCorp Bolsters See, for example, July 27, 2009, AR2009072602358.html February 10, 2012. VVOJ, Ibid, Page Training by Hosting Investigative Reporting Helps Fight Corruption “DynCorp International September 27, 2012, Journalists,” Dyncorp International, Timorese for org/2012/10/31/gutsy-exposes-undercover-work-earn-top-honors-in-2012-african-investiga tive-journalism-awards/ pre- in Jordan and Journalism for Investigative Arab Reporters of example, the work See, for Syria. conflict 55. 56. 54. 53. 51. 52. 50. 49. 47. 48. 46. 44. 45. 43. 41. 42. 40. 39. CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 60 Center for International Assistance Media 70. 69. 68. 67. 66. 65. 64. 63. 62. 61. 60. 59. 58. 57. and above;postonlinetheirIRSform990sortheequivalentbudgetsalaryinforma line theirpoliciesregardingfundraisinganddonations;disclosenamesofalldonors$1,000 The U.S.-basedassociation,InvestigativeNewsNetwork,requiresthatitsmembersposton tive-reporting-will-merge/ www.poynter.org/latest-news/mediawire/167907/its-official-bay-citizen-center-for-investiga Citizen, CenterforInvestigativeReportingwillmerge,” Poynter, March27,2012, thing_fishy.php?page=all Fishy,” Internal RevenueService.OntheCenterforPublicIntegrity, see,forexample,“Something’s Drawn frominterviews,newsstories,and,fortheU.S.groups,990taxstatementsto 2007, the ProfessionalDevelopment ofJournalists,NationalEndowmentforDemocracy, July25, ter forInternationalMedia Assistance, Media Assistance: ChallengesandOpportunitiesfor “Ethics …shouldbebuilt intoeveryprogram,”concludedaCIMA workinggroup.SeeCen Lewis, The GrowingImportanceofNonprofitJournalism,36-37. media/ Network, “Extortion Arrests FuelCredibilityCrisis forIndiaMedia,”GlobalInvestigativeJournalism The InvestigativeJournalismManual For ICFJ’s handbooks,see ucts/the-investigative-reporters-handbook-5th-edition For the tion-materials/publications/full-list/the-global-investigative-journalism-casebook/ unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communica inquiry-a-manual-for-investigative-journalists/ resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/full-list/story-based- For Democracies UNESCO, investigative-data-journalism-masters-program-google-provides-scholarships_b13412 10,000 Words, May29,2012, “Spain’s First-EverInvestigative,DataJournalismMaster’s Program To LaunchInFall,” World JournalismEducation Census, Based ontheauthor’s experience asasenioreditoratCIRinthe1980s. Email fromJodyMcPhillips,ICFJProgramManager, September 28,2007. work.org/about/member-benefits tion. “MemberBenefits,”InvestigativeNewsNetwork, Story-based Inquiry http://www.ned.org/cima/reports.html . Columbia JournalismReview Investigative Reporter’s Handbook http://www.gijn.org/2012/12/04/extortion-arrests-fuel-credibility-crisis-for-india- Model CurriculaforJournalismEducationDevelopingCountries&Emerging , 2007, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001512/151209E.pdf , see . OntheCenterforInvestigativeReporting,see“It’s official:Bay . http://www.icfj.org/resources http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/ http://www.mediabistro.com/10000words/spain-gets-first-ever- . , July/August2012, isavailableat http://wjec.ou.edu/census.php , see , 6. andforthecompanioncasebook, http://store.ire.org/collections/books/prod http://fairreporters.net/ij-manuals/ . http://www.investigativenewsnet . http://www.cjr.org/feature/some . http://www. . ,68-80. http:// . . ------CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism 61 Center for International Media Assistance International for Center
Macdonell, “The World Bank and Investigative Journalism.” Investigative Bank and World “The Macdonell, 2007. August 29, author, interview with Patrick Butler, 72. 71.
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