iH^-d H:/!.'} Mil mi MARINE FISHERIES 1947-1996 INFORMATION SERVICE
No, ln7
,.. TT^ TECHNICAL AND bIclcHi EXTENSION SERIES
^rs^^ ^^^ mVrh^^ CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES 3T5^STr=TlT?«rFT RESEARCH INSTITUTE ^'^FT, iTTTrT COCHIN, INDIA
INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH trra^ #i ^ TOR ^5T^ sftT craf%r3fl" w g%r?nw ^ sa^mw CT^ gwiciRd ^5T^ I¥ d4541=151 afrr f^^^m
THE MARINE FISHERIES INFORMATION SERVICE : Technical and Extension Series envisages dissemination of Information on marine fishery resources based on research results to the planners, Industry and fish fanners and transfer of technology from laboratory to field.
Abbreviation - Mar. Fish. Infor. Sew., T&ESer., No. 157 : October, November 1998
CONTENTS mf^
Article Article title Pages No. 872 Seaweeds — products, processing and utilization 1 873 The eels and eel fisheries of India 10 874 The marine aquarium of CMFRI at Vlzhlnjam In Trlvandrum, Kerala 14 875 On the landing of an olive ridley turtle at Kanyakumarl, Tamil Nadu and updated record of Incidental catches of sea turtles in India 17 876 A note on chank fishery in Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat 20 877 A record of sunfish Mola mola from coastal waters at Veraval 21 878 On the catch of a giant octopus from Gulf of Mannar off Rameswaram 23 879 On a whale shark landed at Pamban 23 880 On the occurrence of blcolour parrotfish, off Kaklnada 23 881 Book Review 24 882 On the occurrence of the gastropod parasite Prostiltfer sp. on the holothurian Holothuria scabra Jaeger at Tuticorln 26 883 On a large sunfish landed near Mandapam 26
872 H^ IrgM ^ yra" ^FTK, Fmsnr sffr
Front cover photo Ventral view of the giant octopus (Octopus dojlein) caught from Gulf of Mannar off Rameswaram {Ref Article No. 878) 4j,islleKU| f^ i\i{!idiw t w^ Tsr^ t q^vsr mr ^HI+K sfNemr (are:^) (sfhimr ^^5##j w STSR 872 SEAWEEDS-PRODUCTS, PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION P. Kaladharan, N. Kaliaperumal and J.R. Ramalingm Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 014, India
Introduction lop seaweed industry in our country, although it Mcirine macroalge which are popularly ter is centered at present in the production of agar and algin only. The utilization of edible seaweeds med as Seaweeds belong to the primitive group is practically nil. Seaweeds like GracUaria edulis. of nonflowering plants known as Thallophyta. G. crassa, G. foliifera and GeUdieUa acerosa are They are autotrophic plants £md grow in the; widely exploited for agar manufacture and spe intertidal and subtldal regions of the sea. They cies of grow abundantly wherever rocky or coral substra Sargasswn and TUrbfnorta for algin extraction tum Is available for their attachment with the from the east coast of India. However, the edible help of rhizoids or holdfast. For centuries, and other seaweeds consisting about 70 % of the seaweeds of various kinds have been put into use standing crop of seaweeds are under-exploited in the south and southeast Asian countries. for want of aweireness. This article is prepeired Seaweeds are the only source for the manufactu with the object of evincing awareness of the mani re of colloids like agar, algin and carrageenan fold utilitarian aspects of seaweeds. which are used in food, chemical and pharmaceu I. Seaweeds as phycocoUoids tical industries. Seaweeds are rich in protein, vita 1. Agar mins, minerals and trace elements. They are also used as food, fodder, fertilizer and recently as a Agar is the major constituent of the cell-wall source of drugs and therapeutically Importan! of certain red algae (Rhodophyceae), especially substsuices. In India about 720 species the members of families Gelidiaceae, Gelidiel- laceae and Gracilariaceae. Agar-agar is the seaweeds are available, of which 60 are commerci Malay word for a gelling substance extracted ally important. They occur abundantly along the from EXtcheuma, but now known to be carragee coasts of Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Lakshadweep and nan. The term agar is now generally applied to Andaman-Nicobar Islands. those algal galactans, which have agarose, the disachharide agarobiose as their repeating unit. Developing countries produce nearly 40 % of Agar (Fig. 1) consists of a chain of 9-P galactopyra- the world's seaweed supplies for the manufactu-. nose units linked in 1, 4 bonds with a sulphated re of phyco-coUoids. Fifty per cent of seaweeds L. galactose. are utilised for agar production, 32 % for carragee nan and 18 % for alginate production. Although, the major share of seaweeds is produced by deve loping nations, the phycocoUoid manufacturing industries remain concentrated in a few develo ped nations viz., Denmark, France, Japan, Nor way, Spain, UK and USA the main reason being the secracy maintained by the industries in the extraction and purification technologies. In India there exist more than 60 seaweed industries and are involved in the production of agar alginates. Many more such industries are also coming up. There is a growing awareness and enthusiasm among the private sector to deve Fig. 1. Dry ageir strips.
Viait.Pfjiixlag^e i^uaritum at CBCFRI Research Centre, Vishlnjam in ^TTtrRndrum, Kerala -" .V, ., ^njpy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders,. ,]. Sources: Raw materials for the production and marketed. To increase the yield and gel of agar are red algae such as GelidieUa acerosa strength of agar, It is preferable to apply an alkali (Fig. 2), Gracilaria edulis, G. verrucosa and spe ne treatment with sodium hydroxide for nearly cies Gelidium, Pterocladia, and Ahenfeltia. one hour at the rate of 2 to 3 % alkali solution of 20,000 1/tonne at 90°C. This pretreatment befo re boiling eliminates sulphuric esters and con verts a-L-galactopyranose units into 3, 6-anhy- dro-a-L-galactopyranose thereby increasing the gel strength.
Uses: In food technology agar is used for gel ling and thickening in the confectionary and bake ry industries, as stabilizer for the preparation of cheese and for salad dressings. In fish and meat processing industry, agar is applied for canned products, as a protective coating against the effect of metal containers and against shaking during transport of these products.
Agar is also used as a clarifying agent for Fig. 2. GelidieUa acerosa. highly priced seaweed extensively wines, beers and liquors. In pharmaceutical exploited by the industries for producing agar. industry, agar is used as a laxative for chronic constipation, as drug vehicle and as a substra Method of extraction: The dried raw materials tum for bacterial and fungal cultures. Agar is an are purified from debris, sand and shells and ion exchanger and is used in the manufacture of other attached weeds. Then they are soaked in ion exchange resins. In cosmetic industry agar freshwater and dried in sun. The soaking and serves as a constituent of skin creams and oint drying are repeated till the seaweeds are ments. Agar is also employed in paper and textile bleached. Boil the seaweed for 3 to 4 hours with industries as finishing and sizing agents. occasional stlring. The boiled slurry is filtered by means of filter press. The filtrate becomes gel at 2. Alginic acid room temperature. Repeated freezing and thawing of the flocculated gel purify the gel Algin or alginic acid is a membrane mucilage further. This gel is air dried or sun dried to get and a major constituent of all alginates (Fig. 4). agar strips (Fig. 3). Agar strips can be powdered
Fig. 3. Freez-thawed agar gel kept for drying. Fig. 4. Sodium alginate powder. Visit Marine Aquariimi at CMFRI Researcb Centre, Vizblnjam in Trivandriun. Kerala Bnjoy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders The various salts of alginic acid are termed 'algi neutral gel. This gel is washed successively with nates' (for example sodium alginate, calcium algi 60 % and then 95 % alcohol or acetone and is nate etc). The term algln is used as a collective dried at 40°C for 12 hours. Carbonate salts of cal name for alginic acid and alginates but also as a cium or sodium are added at the desired level as trade name for sodium alginate. Alginic acid and to get desired pH of Calcium alginate or sodium its salts with divalent and trivalent metal ions alginate. are generally insoluble in water, while alkalime- tal salts are water soluble. In industries, to one part of kelp (fresh or dried materials) three parts of 0.8-1% CaCIg solu Sources: Alginic acid is obtained from brown tion is added either hot or cold, to remove lamina- seaweed species such as Ecklonia, Macrocysiis, ran, mannitol and other salts, washed with soft Undaria, Laminaria and Duruillea from temperate water. To remove residual alkaline earth salts, 5 areas and Turbinaria. Sargassum (Fig. 5), Cysto- % HCl is also added and then washed writh excess soft water and is then digested with 4 % M/-"^m.: sodium carbonate solution in the proportion of two volumes of solution to one volume of kelp. Lixiviation is continued for about 3 hr at 40 - 50 C and the kelp is macerated at the same time until it is reduced to a paste.
The resulting paste is diluted with water in the ratio 3:7 and after being beaten into a homoge nous suspension it is vigourously aerated. The liquid is then passed continuously at high speed Fig. 5. Sargassum wightil, an algin yielding brown seaweed. through a centrifuge, where it Is charged with air bubbles and then led to a clarifying tank. After seira and Harmophysa from the tropical areas. 6-10 hr in this tank, the cellulose particles agglo Extraction: The alginate or sodium alginate merate to form a floating cake and the liquor is can be isolated from the brov^oi seaweed materi drained. The coloured liquor is decolourised by als by extraction with dilute sodium carbonate the addition of an adsorbant Jelly made of hydra- solution which converts the alginate into the ted alumina, gelatinous silica and aluminium soluble sodium from. The polysaccharide is then alginate at a proportion of 20-25 parts of jelly to recovered by precipitation with acid. 100 parts of alginous material. The jelly is removed by centrifugatlon. The alginate is now In the laboratory, 10 g dry seaweed cut into precipitated by running the clear liquor into a small pieces are dipped in warm distilled water mixing baffle where the liquor meets a strong (60°C, 300 ml). After 2 hours the seaweed is stream of HCL arranged in such a way that the removed from hot water by decanting. After homo precipitate passes into another tank. The pH of genizing the seaweed, 200 ml of sodium carbona the solution is maintained at 1.5-2.0 throughout. te solution (1.5 % w/v) is added and the mixture The precipitated alginic acid is placed in baskets is heated under stirring for one two hours. 500 and drained (Fig. 6) after which it is purified by ml of water is added and mixed thoroughly. The alcohol and dried. hot solution is separated from the solid matter by filtration through a layer of celite-545 and then Uses: In pharmaceutical industry alginic acidified with 10 % HCl (at pH 1.0) to give a gela acid is used as emulsifiers In watery emulsions tinous precipitate. To the gel is added, 200 ml of with fats, oils arid waxes, as fillers in the manufac 50% methanol and the mixture is exactly neutrali ture of tablets, pills and as base of any oint sed with 10 % NaOH solution under sterring. ments, alginate is extensively used. An alginate After standing overnight the mixture is filtered guaze is used as a blood stoping plaster. As a slim through a layer of cotton cloth to separate the ming agent, the alginate forms a jelly in the sto-
Visit Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Research Centre, Vizfainjam in Trivandrum, Kerala £nJoy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders longer shelf life with an alginate film. Artificial casings wrlth as alginate base have been develo ped for making small sausages particularly for vegetarians. For deep-freezing of fish, meat and poultry products an alginate gel is used and this has been patented in many Western countries.
Alginate filaments are used in the produc tion of calcium alginate rayons. In ceramic and leather industries, addition of alginates stabi lizes the pigment and glazing suspensions to cera mic, porcelain and Chinaware as well as leather goods. Alginates find extensive application in tex tile industry particularly as a thickening agent Fig. 6. Alginic acid seperated from Uie alkaly digested seaweed for printing dyes and paints that prevents by centrifugation. smudging and promotes quick drying and even ness of prints. mach which produces the feeling of saturation in stomach. Ammonium alginate wool is used as a 3. Carrageenan filter for microorganisms for laminar flowhood. Carrageenan is a sulphated galactan In cosmetic, detergent and soap making polymer obtained from various red seaweeds industries alginates serve as thickening and dis belonging to families such as Gigartinaceae, Solie- persing agents in the production of ointments, riaceae and Hypneaceae. The term carrageenan creams, liquid emulsions, lotions and toothpaste comes from the name of the small coastal town as weel as an additive in hair dye, hair fixing tonics, shampoos etc. due to the ability of algina Carragheen in Ireland, where commercial har tes to form films. Alginates increase the consisten vests of Chondrus crispus were made in the late cy of shaving creams. In dental technology, algi 19th century. nates are used for making denture mouldings as Carrageenan (Fig. 7) differs from agar chiefly well as denture fixatives. in its higher sulphated fraction and a higher ash In food technology, alginates improve the baking properties and they are constituent of baking emulsions. Alginates are used to make sugar glazings, egg, fruit and other cream fillings and in confectionary for making imitation fruits. Jelly products are made with water insoluble algi nates (calcium alginates). In a number of countries alginates are suggested as a gelating agent in marmalades and jams. In dairy pro ducts such as cheese, creams, milk shake mixed in chocolates, puddings, cold prepared pudding powder, soft cheese and custards alginates are extensively used. Alginates act as stabilizers in milk mixes and impart uniform viscosity and good whipping ability. Fig. 7. Carrageenan powdc i. In beverages alginates act as clarifying agents for making wines and raw liquor of sugar content. The back bone of the carrageenan and molasses. Alginates act as foam stabilizers polymer consists of 1, 3- and 1, 4-linked D- in lager beer and malt beer. In meat and sausage galactopyranose units which vary in the degree industry, meat and sausage products are given a and the location of sulphated esterificatlon. Car-
Vislt Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Research Centre, Vlzhlnjam in Trivandrum, Kerala Bnjoy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders rageenan can be separated into two fractions - k- in spaghetti and parotta making. The food sector carrageenan and X-carrageenan whose polymer accounts for nearly 70 % of world market for car chain is branched in the former and linear in the rageenan. latter. k-Fraction is separated from ^.-fraction by In pharmaceutical industry, carrageenan is precipitation with potassium choloride and used as emulsiflers in cod liver oil and emulsions amounts to 40 % of the carrageenan, the balance as granulation and binding agents in tablets, being the ^.-fraction. The fraction soluble in hot elixirs, cough syrups etc. It is used extensively in water stands for k-carrageenan and the cold ulcer therapy and for diseases of blood vessels. water soluble fraction to be ^.-carrageenan. In cosmetics, carrageenan is applied as stabilizer Sources: Chondrus crispus, Gigarttna stella- and thickening agents in tooth-paste, skin oint ta, Iridaea spp., Eucheuma alwarezii, Kappaphy- ments and solid air freshners. In textile industry, cus spp. and Hypnea spp. Fig. 8) are the chief hot water extracts of carrageenan is used in prin raw materials for extraction of carrageenan. ting designes with dye and act as finishing and sizing agents. Carrageenan, also called "Painters' Moss" has been used for some time in paint manufacturing as stabilizers for pigments. They are also good film-forming agents. II. Seaweed as food Seaweeds are not actually a sought after vege table to most westerners. However, the orientals have been eating a veriety of seaweeds for thou sands of years. It is known that about 100,000 tonnes of seaweeds are eaten annually in Japan in the name Nori, Kombu (konbu) and Wakame. Seaweeds are rich in proteins, vitamins, ami- noacids, growth hormones, minerals and other trace elements. Hypothyroidism (goitre) can be Fig. 8. iliipneu vulenUae. carrageen,ui yielding red seaweed. cured and controlled by intake of iodine rich Extraction: Ten g of seaweed is crushed seaweeds like Asparagopsis tcudjirmis, Sarcone- and cooked for 4 hours at 90°C with 750 ml of ma spp. etc. water and 2g of CaO with occasional stirring. The l.Nori hot extract is centrifuged for 5 min at 8000 rpm. Nori is the name of various edible products The pellet is washed with warm water and centri derived from Porphyra after processing. Nori (Fig. fuged again. Save the supernatents each time 9) is prepared by harvesting porphyra, pounded, and pooled together. The pH of the extract is adjusted between 8 and 8.5 with mild alkali solu tion. The alkaline supernatent is then added with 2 volumes of ethanol or isopropyl alcohol. The coagulam is collected either by filtration or by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 5-8 min and dried at 50-60°C. The diy coagula are milled to obtain fme powder of carrageenan. Uses: In food industry, carrageenan flnds its use in bakery, confectionery and for culinary pur poses especially in the preparation of condiment products, syrups, whipped creames, ice des serts, cheese etc. Carrageenan is used for clarifi cation of beer, fruit juices and other beverages. Carrageenan improves the quality of wheat flour Fig. 9. Shredded nori strips ready for sale.
Visit Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Research Centre, Vlzfalnjam In Trlvandrum. Kerala Bnjoy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders washed with water, drained, chopped and finally mixed with freshwater before being spread on bamboo mats for drying. When dried thin sheets of nori are obtained. These are pressed flat, sto red and bundled and packed for marketing. Nori is used as a flavouring agent in soups, sauces and broths or even soaked in soyabean sauce and eaten with boild rice. Nori is also used in well known dishes- tempura and sushi.
2, Kombu
Kombu is prepared from Lximinaria. After har vesting and drying the laminaria is separated from the stipe and hold fast are sorted for quality and sent to kombu factories. Kombu processing involves boiling the kelp in a green aniline dye solution, air drying, compressing in frames and then cutting into blocks which are shredded. Fig. 10. Salad prepared from Ulva lactuca and Caulerpa peltala. Kombu is used as soupstock, boiled vegetable, snack or seasoning for rice dishes (as curry lea 5. Seaweed masala ves are used in India). Materials Quantity
3, Wakame Fresh seaweed, Ulva lactuca 200g (washed and clean) Wakame has become more popular in recent Onion (big) 2 nos times. It is made from large brown seaweed Unda- Tomato 2 nos Oil 2 teaspoon ria pinnatiflda. Undarla is processed as wakame Chilly Powder 1/2 teaspoon by washing, desalting and drying. Desalting is Coriander powder 1/2 teaspoon achieved by boiling with water. Wakame is popu Turmeric powder 1 /2 teaspoon Salt, curry leaves, mustard and as desired larly known in the forms of roasted, or sugar can ginger dled products. Cut onion and green seaweed into pices and 4, Salad garnish them in low fire with oil, mustard and Following seaweeds are used for making curry leaves. When about to turn grey add the powders, salt, ginger and tomato pices and mix salads either singly or in combination of two or well. Serve hot. Good for rice and chappatis. three seaweeds. Caulerpa racemosa, Caulerpa sertularioides, Codium spp, Gracilaria confervoi- 6. Seaweed pickle des, Gracilaria eucheumoides, Hydroclathrus Materials Quantity clathratus, Laurencia papillosa and Porphyra spp. Fresh seaweed, (Gracilaria edulis) 500 g Fresh seaweeds are cleaned of sand, debris, Vinegar 500 ml Chilly powder 2 teaspoons attached stones etc. and then washed in fresh Peeled garlic 10 nos water. Chopped tomatos, carrot, onion, chilly Mustard 1 teaspoon and ginger are added and mixed. Salt is added to Gingelly oil 100 ml the taset (Fig. 10). Fenugreek, asaRietlda and salt to the taste
Visit Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Research Centre, Vizhinjam in Trivandrum, Kerala Enjoy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders Take cleaned fresh seaweed and remove lime juice, essence and colour to taste in hot con moisture with cloth. Cut into small pieces. Soak dition. Mix thoroughly. Pour in an enamel or in vinegar for 2 days. Remove from vinegar. Add stainless steel tray. Allow to set. Refrigerate for gingelly oil, chilli powder, mustard and fenu minimum 30 minutes. Cut into pieces and serve. greek powder. Season with asafoetida. Add pee 10. Seaweed jam led garlic. Mix thoroughly and bottle.
7. Seaweed wafer Materials Quantity Dry seaweed powder (Ulva lactuca) 100 g Materials Quantity Sugar 500 g Dry seaweed meal (Gracilaria edulis) 150 g Edible colour and essence as desired Raw rice powder 100 g Green chillies 6-8 nos Prepare sugar syrup. Add seaweed powder Gingelly seed 1 teaspoon and boll for 15 minutes with stirring. Add edible Cumin seed 1 teaspoon colour and essence. Ready to serve Asafoetida and salt to the taste ni. Seaweed as drugs and chemicals Boil cleaned dried seaweed in 2 litres of water. Filter through organdie cloth. Add raw More than 600 secondary metabolites rice paste, chilly paste and asafoetida powder. belonging to the categories of terpenes, alkaloids, Add gingelly seed and cumin seed, and mix well. fatty acids and nitrogenous compounds have Cook together. Dry the paste in small lumps on been isolated from marine algae. Many of these cloth. Store in air tight jar before serving fried in compounds are therapeutically active and have oil. been extensively studied using laboratory and pharmacological assays. Species of Sargassum 8. Seweed porridge were used for cooling and blood cleansing effect. They contain sargalin, a blood sugar reducing Materials Quantity agent. Hypnea musciformis is employed as vermi Dry seaweed meal (Gracilaria edulis) 100 g fuge and Centroceros clavidatum as cathartic Milk or coconut milk 3 Cups agent. Seaweeds rich in iodine such as Aspara- Sugar 500 g gopsis taxiformis and Sarconemafurcellatum can Cashew nut 50 g be used to check goitre. Raisins 25 g Cardamom 10 g I. Mannitol Edible grade colour as desired Mannitol is an important sugar alcohol of Boil dried cleaned seaweed in 1 litre of water the hexlte series found In brown algae. Mannitol for 20 minutes. Grind it into a fine paste. Boil the (Fig. 11) is a constituent of cell sap. Mannitol occurs also as mannitan. paste in 1 litre of water. Add sugar and milk. Mix thoroughly. Add cashew nut raisins and carda mom. Serve hot. 9. Seaweed jelly
Materials Quantity
Dry seaweed meal (Graciiaria edulis) 200 g Sugar 500 g Lemon 5 nos Edible essence and colour as desired Boil cleaned dried seaweed in 3 litres of water for 45 minutes. Stlrr frequently. Filter through organdie cloth into a vessel. Add sugar. Kig. 11. Mannitol powder.
Visit Marine Aquarium at CMPRI Research Centre, Vizhinjam in Trivandrum, Kerala Enjoy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders Sources: The chief raw materials for the Uses: In pharmacy, mannitol is applied for extraction of mannitol are Fucus vesiculosus. the production of tablets. Mannitol is also usd for Laminaria hyperborea, Eklonia radiata, Bifurca- making diabetic food, chewing gum etc. Mannitol ria brassijormis, Sargassum spp. and Turbinaria is employed as dusting powder in the paint and spp. varnish industry, leather and paper industry, Extraction; The dried brown seaweed materi pyrotechniques and in making explosives. In als are pretreated with dilute HCl (10-15 %). The organic synthesis and in plastic production aqueous acid extract after neutralization is evapo maniitol is used as plasticizers for the produc rated to dryness. From this mixture of salts, man tion of resins. nitol and soluble polysaccharides the mannitol is The names of a few more seaweeds and their extracted with boiling methanol for 5 hours in bioactive properties are listed below. the Haanen and Badum extractor. The solution containing the extracted material is allowed to It is evident that seaweeds from marine envi stand for 24 hours at 5°C and the precipitate-the ronment will from the basis of new products and crystalline mannitol is filtered and dried before services important to technology and utilization weighing. in the years to come.
Sargassumjohns tonii Antimicrobial - inhibits the IV. Seaweed as manure growth of Pseudomonas. Pro teus vulgaris The earliest record of utilization of seaweeds Hypnea musciformis Bactreiostatic and as manure was that of palladius in 4th century immu non odul ator Amphiroa Jragilissima Spasmogenic and AD as described by Chapman (Chapman, V.J., hypotensive. 1980, In; Seaweeds and their uses, 62-97). It has Lithothamnidrh '"^ GABA mimetic oligopeptides been found that seaweeds contain many growth californicum (Gama amino butyric acid), a neurotransmitter helps to set promoting harmones such as auxins, cytokinins tle bivalve larvae and induces etc apart from macro and micro-nutrients. morphogenetic changes in Hence seweeds can be used as eco-friendly manu abalones res either as compost or the extract as liquid Hypnea musicformis Hal- Rich in saturated fatty acids menia venusta and Ente- mainly plamitic acid seaweed ferilizer (LSF). romorpha intestinalis Acanthophora spicijera Antifertility activity 1. Seaweed compost Ulvafasciata Contains many sterols and an antiviral; agent - UF 131. The Basal application of seaweeds as a green structure of UF 131 is establi manure to coconut and other plantation crops shed as 2-N-palmitoyl, 4.5-dihydro 1,3,4,5- tetrahy- along the Lakshadweep islands and coastal droxy sphinogosine and exhi areas of Taml Nadu and Kerala is still in practice. bits antiviral activity against This treatment improves the water holding the SemlikI Forest virus as well as the eusephlo mycocar- capacity of soil, besides supply of micro and diatis virus macro nutrients upon decomposition. A method Cladophoropsis zoolinge- Strong haemolyic activity in for composting seaweeds with cow dung has ri and Grateloupia rabbit blood. been described by Thivy (Thivy, F. 1960, Proc. Uthophila, Laurencia venusta Antiviral property against Her Symp. Algology, /CAR, 345-365). Field experi pes simplex virus type-1 and ments have been conducted in the CMFRI vesicular stomatitis virus applyin g seaweed compost to bhendi, sweet pota (VSV) to, tapioca and brinjal plants and high yields Caulerpa racemosa Cytoklnin a plant growth hormone were obtained from these vegetable crops (Bull. Schizymenia sp. Antiviral substances effective Cent Mar. Fish. Res. Inst, 41). against Herpes simplex virus and interfers with fusion bet 2. Liquid seaweed fertilizer ween cells infected with HIV Acanthophora spicijera Hepsirin, a drug used in Now-a-days seaweed extract is "made into and Hypnea valentine CEirdio-vascular surgery mineral rich liquid seaweed fertilizer (known as
Visit Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Research Centre, Viashlnjasn in Trivandrum, Kerala Bnjojr the Spectacular Uinderwater Wonders' L.S.F.) and marketed under various trade cal Composition of LSF from Sargassum (Rama names. Studies have proved that extracts of Sar- Rao. K.. 1992, Seaweed Res. & Utiln.. 14: gassum wightii, Ulva lactuca and Spatoglossum 99-101) is given below. asperum at 1 % strength show favourable respon se on the germination, seedling vigour, fruit set Composition % ting and on the weight of fruit in crops like Nitrogen 0.73 groundnut, maize, gingelly, tomato and ber. Phosphorous 2.00 Potash 3.00 Liquid seaweed extract was first patented in the Sulphate 6.10 year 1912. Another patent was offered in 1962 Chloride 6.70 Silicate 0.20 and exploited by Maxicrop Ltd. and marketed as Sodium 16.00 'Maxicrop' and 'Bio-extract'. When foliar feeding Lime 0.44 became an orthodox method of plant nutrition In Iron 0.34 Aluminium 0.23 the 1950s 'Marlnure', 'SM-3' and Trident' brands Copper 40.00 ppm were made in the UK in the 1966s and 'Algifert' Cobalt 04.00 ppm Iodide 0.90 in Norway. In India SPIC is manufacturing and Soda 18.90 marketing LSF in the name of 'cytozyme' (Fig. Bromide 0.80 12). Magnesium 0.58 Zinc 100.00 ppm Molybdenum 10.00 ppm Manganese 40.00 ppm Boron 01.00 ppm V. Seweed as feed for farm animals During the extraction of agar, the boiled extract is filtered to separate agar from the plant material. Indian seweed industries can extract only 50-60 % of the colloid content (10-20 %) from the raw materials. Hence the residue is known to contain considerable quantity of col loids, other carbohydrate, protein, vitamins and minerals. The residue remaining in the filter is normally discarded. This residue can be utilised as a feed for dairy, piggery and poultry or can be Fig. 12. Cytozyme - a liquid seaweed extract marketed used as binder-cum carbohydrate substitute in by SPIC Ltd. the feed preparation for farm animals. As seaweeds contain may minerals and trace ele Preparation of LSF ments, meals prepared from seaweeds can be uti Following are the steps adopted in the prepa lised as supplements to the daily rations of cat ration of liquid seaweed fertilizer. tle, poultry, fish and other farm animals. Thoroughly wash the seaweed to remove Seaweed meal prepared from Gracilaria, Geli- sand, debris and other weeds. Dry seaweed. della and Hypnea is added to the feed ingre Pulverize the seaweed in a grinder. Soak the dients while making compounded feed for fish seaweed powder in water. Cook the seaweed for 2 and prawns as excellent binders. The commerci hours with water in the ratio of 1:10. Filter and al binders are gelatin and tapioca powders. Use centrifuge the extract. The viscous filtrate is used of seaweed meal as a binder in fish and prawn as LSF. The filtrate is dried at 65-70°C to get dry feeds can increase the physicochemical standard solid. The dry solid extract is powdered and of the feeds comparing to those feeds manufactu red with conventional binders. Feeds made of packed in air-tight bottles. seaweeds as binders help maintain water quality This powder can be used as LSF by making as the conventional binders get fermented easily. 0.5 % to 1.5 % (w/v) solution with water. This is Because of the flavour of seaweeds, these feeds used as a foliar spray on green canopy of leafy have more platability and also they are enriched vegetables and other horticultural crops. Chemi with minerals, aminoacids and carbohydrates. O
Visit Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Research. Centre, Vlzlilsjain In.Trlvandrum'. Kerala Enjoy the Spectacular Underwater Wonden'' 9 873 THE EELS AND EEL FISHERIES OF INDIA N. G. Menon, K. Balachandran and K.S. Scariah Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. Cochin - 682 014. India
Introduction Traditionally marketable species of eels are caught from conventional fishing grounds of northwest and northeast coasts of India and are dorsal origin largely a by-catch. They are considered a luxury Scale's food and consumed as a delicacy by Greeks, Romans, Germans, Japanese and people of seve ral Asian and European countries, whereas in India eels are considered as poor man's food. But their export demand offers scope for culture and projactlrig lowar Jaw live transport to foreign markets, besides increa Anguillidae sing their exploitation from all along the distribu tional range. Eels are long-bodied, snake like fishes, having a crevice dwelling or sediment-burrowing mode of life, though some live in the pelagic realm of the open oceans. Though they are good swimmers, many eels are rather sedentary and rely on well developed sense of smell and large teeth to capture food, mainly crustaceans and 9'll wid* Intcrspae* small fishes. Eels are typical denizens of warm optrwn^ waters and are abundant on coral reefs. All eels, •Congridae even the freshwater species, breed in the open ocean and spend their early part of life in the pela VormarifM gic realm as flat, transparent, delicate larvae t««th
larg* gill opening Muraenesocidae
PRE LEPTOCEPHAtUS LEPTOCEPHALUS raduect. f*" pectoral lateral line "" fong-iilie teeth
gill opening GLASS EEL ELVER Muraenidae
Fig. 1. Larval forms of freshwater eel. Fig. 2. Representative of major families of eels.
Visit Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Researcfa Centre, Vizliii^ani in Trivandrum, Kerala Bx^oy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders 10 (leptocephali), which look different from their The shallow water species are apparently noctur adults. The larva metamorphoses into elver befo nal and feed on bottom living fishes and re becoming adult (Fig. 1). The leptocephali form crustaceans. C. talabonoides and M. cinereus are one of the important groups among the DSL bio- common in Maharashtra and Gujarat during composition of the mesopelagic zone. They are monsoon months. Four species are recorded in abundant in the Arabian Sea off 1000 m depth Indian waters and they grow to a maximum leng th of 80 cm (Congresox talabon) (Cuvier, 1829), zone. Eeels belonging to 18 species under 6 fami 250 cm (C. talabonoidies) (Sleeker, 1853), 180 lies are reported in the Indian waters. The cm (Muraenoox bagio) (Hamilton-Buchanan) and diagrammatic characters of the four commercial of 80 cm (M. cinereus) (Forsskal, 1775) ly important families are depicted in Fig. 2. 4. Muraenidtie : Morays Vernacular names The largest known eel, Thyrsoidea macrura The eels are known as warn in Gujarat and (Bleeker, 1854), which grows to 400 cm belongs Maharashtra; aarel, kariaarel in Kerala; vilangu, to this family. Morays inhabit shallow waters of tropical seas. Although a few species invaded kulivi pambu or kadalpambu in Tamil Nadu; nal- rather deep water (over 200 m) and some others lapamu, talabon, tellapamu, pasupu panvu in occur in temperate areas they are most abun Andhra; dantia sapu, lahantara, pantisapa, sata dant on reefs or in rocky areas where they find halt in Orissa and samudra bera, berua, bam, protection in holes and crevices. They are sca sona bam in West Bengal. vengers and predators which become active at night in reef flats and feed on small reef animals, Brief biology and ecology particulcirly crustaceans. 1. Anguillidae : Fresh water eels Thyrsoidea macrura (Bleeker, 1854) - 400 Freshwater eels actively forage at night, fee cm; Echidna nebulosa (Ahl, 1789) - 80 cm; E. ding on a wide range of small bottom-dwelling zebra (Shaw, 1797) - 150 cm; Lycodontis invertebrates. They breed in the open oceans and meleagris (Shaw & Nodder, 1795) - 120 cm and the currents drift the young larvae (leptocephali) Siderea picta (Ahl, 1789) - 140 cm are the spe cies and their recorded maximum size. towards coast, where they metamorphose into tiny, transparent elver stage and enter rivers. 5. Ophicthidae : Snake eels and Worm eels Anguilla bengalensis bengalensis (Gray, These are occurring mostly in tropical and 1831) grows to a size of 120 cm and Anguilla bico- sub-tropical waters between the shore line and depths to below 75 m. Many species are benthic lor bicolor McClelland, 1844 grows to 80 cm are and borrow partially or totally in the bottom at the two species of anguillidae in India. least for part of the day. They inhabit estuaries 2. Congridae : Conger eels and inshore area of turbid water, lagoons and some species enter fresh water and paddy fields. Uroconger lepturus (Richardson, 1848) is the They feed on small, sand-dwelling invertebrates. only species in this family from Indian waters, which grows upto 40 cm. Conger eels are Caecula pterygera Vahi, 1794, Lamnostoma denizens of tropical to temperate waters from the orientalis (McClelland, 1844) and Neenchelys bui- tondyki Weber & de Beaufort, 1916 grows to a coast to the deep sea an soft sandy mud bottom length of 30 cm. The other two species, Pisodono- feeding mainly on small bottom dwelling phis bora (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822) and P. crustaceans. cancrivorus (Richardson, 1844) grow to 100 and 3. Muraenesocidae : Pike congers 75 cm respectively. Pike congers occur in tropical waters in the 6. Ophidiidae : disk eels, Brotulas soft bottoms upto 100 m depth and in estuaries. Only one speces, Brotula multibarbata (Tem-
Vislt Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Res^arcli Centre. Viashinjam in Trivandrum, Kerala Enjoy the iSpec1»iOul&r tXndet^tirateT Wonders 11 mlnck & Schleged, 1846) Is the representative of From the landing data. It Is evident that the this family. Adults are bottom dwelling, on the eel production decreases in the northwest while continental shelf and slopes, down to 650 m It increases in the northeast (Fig. 5 and 6). Five depth; early stages are pelagic and are usually found in reef areas. It grows to a size of 50 cm. Present status of flshery The catch : the estimated annual landings of eels during 1976-'95 has ranged from 4,309 t to 12,997 t with an average of 7,277 t. Despite the intensification of trawling, the catches have declined in recent years. (Fig. 3). Five yearly average 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 92 93 94 95 Years Fig. 5. Eel landings ol Maharashlra-Gujaral during 1976-95.
76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 Years Fig. 3. All India eel catch during 1976-'95. catch showed that it was high during 1976-'80 (9,832 t) and gradually declined in 1981-'84 F~ig. 6. Eel landings of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil (7.234 t) and 1985-'90 (5,676 t) and showed a Nadu during 1976-'95. slight revival in 1991-'95 (6,366 t). yearly statewise composition showed that the per Although eels occur in the landings of almost centage contribution of eel is stable In Gujarat, all maritime states, 82 % of the total catch declined In Maharashtra and increased in orissa (1976-'95) comes from the northwest coast (Guja and Andhra (Fig. 7). rat and Maharashtra). The northeast coast (Andhra and Orissa) contributes 13% of the 1991-95 catch. The average (1991-'95) catch composition of the maritime states is given in Fig. 4.
20% 46% KAB 1%
• KEI^
TN 100 5% fl PERCENTAGE DGUJBMAH DORIDAP ,:: • OR WB 10% Fig. 7. Five yearly average catch of eels of different maritime Fig. 4. Statewise eel landings (percentage). states. Visit Marine Aquarium at GMF|RI,|tesearcb Centr9..1^«|||n.]a|n^i%lC^ivafi4]iWn Kerala Bnjby _tiie.;pi»epiiii6M«M','^'ntterw»ler 12 Fishing methods : Eeels are most common gic trawling 5^elded a catch rate of 12.8 kg/hr ly fished by trawl net (70 % catch) followed by non- from 55-90 m depth diMng January and mechanised gear (13 %) (Fig. 8). However, fishing FebruEiry.
'W TN 70%
• .,«W-.#*-i
Nll^ ^ ai t.tes.fe.-«iC- 13% iDN H&L GN 6% 4% 7% - Fig. 8. Gearwise dl\ India eel catch. methods differ from coast to coast. State wise major gear which contribute the eel catch are given in Fig. 9. ^ ss
Fig. 10. Depthwise ell catch (Bombay-Gujarat). Economic Importance Utilisation : Eels au-e an important source of food in many parts of the world. Many Asian countries pay significant premiums for live pro duct. The international eel market worth more than 75 miUion British pounds in 1976. In Etiro- pe the trade is catagorlsed into five distinct areas, namely elvers (baby eels); fingerllng eels; captured eels; cultured eels and fresh and proces sed eels. It can be marketed in A variety of value added forms; whole, filiated, steaks, smoked, cured, marinated etc. Fillets Individually wrap Fig. 9. Statewlse eel catch in different gear. ped in polythene, shrink packs in polystyrene trays, vaccum packs, skin wrapped or packed in Fishing grounds and season : The eel a modified atmosphere liavi- a good market in fishing grounds are located off Cambay, Veraval Hongkong. Fillets arc also presented in battered and Kutch. They are available throughout the Eind breaded form. "I'rozcn alive" kept in polythe year and better catches are realised during ne bags (12 k^), filled with oxygen and ice, have a May-September. good market in Hongkong. Eel flesh can also be Depthwise distribution : They prefer the used as the raw material for manufacturing of depth range 16-20 m. & 52-60 m Their cpue fish sausage and ham. The Central Institute of along the trawling grounds off Gujarat -Maha Fisheries Technology has developed technologies rashtra, based on exploratory survey reports, is for somked eel fillets and smoked and canned eel given Ir^ Fig. 10. Bapat et al, (Bull. Cent, Mar. fillet. Their air bladders yield good quality Fish. Res. Inst, No.33, p. 86, (1982) reported that the depth range 55-90 m was the most produc Isinglass. tive area in the above mentioned grounds. Pela- In Netherlands and Germany, smoked and
Visit ]$i9^u:lx^is''Aquariunt at CMFRI Research Centre. Vlzhinjam in Trivandrum, Kerala Bi^oy the Spectacular Ui^dlerwater Wonders 13 jellied eels are considered a great delicacy while pe. A suitable culture technology for the Indian in the Far East live eels are prefered. Europe and short-finned eel, Anguilla bicolor bicolor has Far East annualy produce about 20,00q-25,000 been developed by CMFRI besides live elver collec t of eels during 1976. The latter is the main area tion and their transportation. The average time of eel culture and the former the wild eel taken to fatten the Japanese eels to market size, capturer. 5-6 pieces per kilo is 12 months; whereas it needs 14 months for the European eels. The small sized live eels are used as a bait for long line and hooks and line, preferably for shark A suitable management strategy Is impera fishing. The colourful spotted or stripped eels tive to achieve sustainable harvest from their could be maintained in aquarium as ornamental distribution range. Their live export and develop fish. ment of suitable consumer preferred value added Several species are cultured in Asia and Euro products would fecllitate export. O 874 THE MARINE AgUARIUM OF CMFRI AT VIZHINJAM IN TRIVANDRUM, KERALA
The CMFRI has established one marine aqua rium at one of its Research Centres at Vizhinjam. It is situated about 15 km south of Trivandrum and about 2 km from Kovalam International Tou-
Fig. 2. Flower lisli
shes, sea cucumbers and seaurchins expose the wonders of the coral reef habitat to the visitors. Fig. 1. Sea anemon rist Centre. The aquarium has displayed the hid The exhibits den coral paradise by recreating the habitat in its The doctor shrimp is a beatifully-coloured natural from. Enchanting beauty of the fascina shrimp which removes ectoparasites and dirt ting, ever-changing and colourful world of corals from the corals and maintains the health of the and coral reefs which is inhabited by the world's coral colonies. The lower forms of animal life most colourful invertebrates and fish species is sponges, sea anemones and setifans are exci exhibited at the aquarium. The animal diversity ting to watch. The starflshes are not fishes, but ranges from colourful sponges, a variety of they belong to the group of echnioderms. The curious animals to fishes and turtles. The varie ornamentations of the different species of starfi ties of sponges, corals, sea anemones, sea-fans, shes and their slow movements with the help of marine worms, sea snails, oysters, clams, mus hundreds of tiny pegs called tube feet are rare sels, shrimps, prawns, lobsters, crabs, starfl- sights. The seacucumbers and seaurchins are
Visit Marine Aquarium at CAOPKI Research Centre, Vizhinjam in Trivandrum, Kerala Bnjoy the Spectacular Underwater W^onders 14 urs and habits. Watching them in the aquarium relieves us of the tensions of daily life. One of the most fascinating among all tropi cal marine aquarium fishes is the anemone fish or clown fish that lives in association with seaa- nemones. The clown assists in feeding the host anemone by storing their excess food among its tentacles, thus ensuring a steady supply of food. The clown has acquired natural protection from paralysing filaments of the anemone with a mucous layer that covers the body of the fish. The surgeon fish owes its name to the sharp, Fig. 3. Rabbit fish knife like spine on each side near the tail. In also echinoderms. most species the spines are folded into a groove normally, but they are lifted when the fish is Different species of bivalves and sanils with distrubed or excited, and used as weapons for curious shells are abundant in the habitat. The inflicting slash wounds on the victims. The par- giant clam, is peculiar to the coral reef environ rotfishes have heavy parrot like beak which is for ment. Commercially important crustaceans such med of fused teeth. The sharp and powerful beak as prawns, lobsters and crabs are very inte is used for crushing the hard outer skeletons of resting to watch in the aquarium. Their colour patterns, ornamentations and peculiarities of movements are fascinating.
Fig. 6. Linn lish Fig. 4. Surgeon fish The world of marine ornamental fishes exhi bited at the aquarium provides the visitors an opportunity to see the most diverse forms, colo-
Fig. 6. Wrass Fig. 7. Sea-cucumber Visit Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Research Centre. Vizhinjam in Trivandnun, Kerala Enjoy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders 15 the reef-forming corals to get at the soft animals inside. Squirrel fishes are attractive with redco- loured body, white stripes and yellow fins.
Fig. 10. Starfish peculiar flsh that is completely different from the typlcEil flsh shape. The head Is bent down, joi Kig. 8. Squirrel flsh ning the body almost at right angles, swims in an The triggerfishes are brightly coloured and upright position, stiffly but gracefully. Its long pre- they can lodge themselves immovable by erecting hensUe taU is used for holding onto sea weed or the first dorsal spine and locking It in place. The boxfish has a hard outer case that completely encloses the body. The pufferflsh has the ability to inflate its body by quickly gulping in water and
Fig. 11. Sea-horse other objects. The female lays her eggs in a pouch on the male. The young ones emerge as miniature adults from the pouch. The moorish idol is one of the most spectacular reef fishes. Fig. 9. Grouper The snout is projected and tube-like. Both the then turning upside down so that it floats on the dorsal and anal fins are long and swept back. surface. It can expel the water rapidly to return to the normal size and position. This sudden bloa The world of coral reef habitat which is the abode of hundreds of species of colourful orna ting is sufficient to dispel the enemy. The porcupi- mental fishes and other organisms is a delicate nefish resembles puffers and it is also able to and dynamic ecosytem which needs to be conser inflate its body. It has long, sharp spines over the ved. The indiscriminate exploitation of these orna body which can inflict wounds. mental fishes from the habitat will damage the The butterfly fishes are so called because of ecosystem and the coral paradise will become a their active flitting movements and bright graveyard of these fishes. The entrepreneur ven colours. AngeUlshes which are equally char turing into ornamental aquarium flsh trade ming are larger and swim more slowly with excep needs scientific training for the Judicious exploti- tional grace. The lionfish is the wild beauty of tation of these fishes, for maintaining them in the aquarium. All the spines in the first dorsal fin tanks with proper feeding and for installation of are stout and sharp, the first few of which are hol efficient filter systems to sustain the water low, serving as hypodermic needles that inject poi quality. son into the stab wounds. TTie sea-horse is a In addition to the marine ornamental fishes,
' Visit M«u-ine Aquarium at CMFRI Research Centre, VlshinlJani in Trivandruxn, Kerala 16 TSnioy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders the aquarium displays a few fresh water fishes like the famous piranha, crocodile sucker cat, firemouth, spiny eel, oscar and koi carp, apart from brackish water fishes such as pearl spot and tilapia.
Fig. 13. Doctor shrimp
The aquarium provides an unique opportu nity for students and tourists to study and enjoy the underwater life of the coral seas.
VUiit MwrjUie Aquarium at CMFRTReaearcli C^cqiEre. VieJ , II^VandnuA, Kerala ^ 17 - r- - Bnloy tbeSpeetef:uIyur-1Jn The turtle landed at Kanyakumari A female turtle was caught in a gill net operated off Kanyakumari, on 24.8.'96 which was identified as Lepi dochelys olivacea (Fig.l). The morphometric measure ments (in cm) of the olive Jjl^ely are presented below. Fig.l. Lepidochelys olivacea landed at Kanyakumari. Total length 79 875 On the laadiiig of an olive ridley Carapace length 60 turtle it Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu Carapace width 62 and updated record of incidental Plastron length 43 catches of sea turtles in India Plastron width 33 Head length 19 S. Krishna PiUai Front flipper length 33 Front flipper width Vizhinjam Research Centre ofCMFRI, Viz- 8 Hind flipper length 24 hinjam - 695 521, India Hind flipper width 8 Introduction Earlier reports of incidental catches of sea turtles Five species of the sea turtles, Lepidochelys oli- Incidental catch of sea turtles by the fishing gear vacea (Olive ridley turtle), Chelonia my das (Green like trawl and giUnet, the use of which has Increased turtle) Eretemochelys tmbricata (Hawksblll turtle), during the last one decade, is a major problem. The Caretta caretta (Loggerhead turtle) and Dermochebjs reported Incidental catches so far reported are given in coriacea (Leatherback turtle) are foimd along the Table 1. Unfortunately no report about the accidental TABLE i. Earlier reports oj accidental catches oj different species oj sea turtles in India ^1 « ft Date Place Species Total Sex Measurements (cm) weight Gear STR References r OR GT LB HB LH CL CW PL PW 2-9-1981 Bombay 1 1 F 78.3 61.3 43.8 - 80 Kg GN - Karbhari 1981 I 28-3-1985 Kovedam, Madras 1 1 F ------1 Rajagopalan 1983 5-4-1985 Mai van 1 1 M 149.8 109.0 142.0 72.5 100 kg GN - Karbhari etaL 1986 » **• 1-4-1984 Bombay 1 1 M 63.0 60.0 50.5 48.0 48 Kg TN - -do- 18-9-1984 Bombay 1 1 F 75.0 59.0 52.0 49.1 55 Kg TN - -do- 13-12-1985 Ratnagtri 1 1 M 51.2 44.9 - - 38 Kg TN - -do- 19-4-1984 Bombay 1 1 F 66.5 56.8 51.2 47.2 43 Kg BN - -do- 1-4-1985 Malvan 1 1 NK 149.8 109.8 142.5 72.5 - GN - Karbhari 1985 «i 7-1-1988 Pamban 7 7 NK 61.01 51.2 - - - TN - Kasinathan 1988 9-1-1988 Pamban 6 6 NK 70.01 47.2 - - - TN - -do- 3-7-1988 Mandapam 1 1 M 152.0 81.0 144.5 83.0 260 Kg GN - Rao etoL 1989 14-2-1988 Rameswaram 1 1 F 162.0 86.0 151.0 51.0 300 Kg TN - Pillai etaL 1989 A ft 14-2-1988 Pamban 1 1 NK 67.0 56.0 51.0 48.5 - TN - -do- ft < 18-4-1988 Ratnagiri 3 3 NK 57.0 - - - - TN - 19-4-1988 Ratnagiri 60.0 - - - - - GN - Katkar 1989 0 £. 3-5-1991 Ratnagiri 3 - - - - 3 M(l) 68.5 - - - - BN - Jayadev, S. Hotagi 1992 a NK(2) 3-8-1991 Kolachal 1 1 F 173.2 132.4 154.7 86.0 250 Kg BS - Ebenezer & Joel 1992 8 0 10-3-1991 RameswEiram 1 1 F 174.0 120.0 - - 350 Kg TN - Kllai at aL 1995 f 20-4-1994 Thondi 1 1 NK 45.0 - - - - - 1 Ganapathy 1994 27-11-1995 Ratnagiri 2 2 NK 64.0 60.0 - - 30 Kg H&L - Katkar 1996 2-5-1996 Janjira Murud 1 1 NK 71.0 52.0 57.0 57.0 56 Kg - 1 Jadhav 1996 0 24-8-1996 Kanyakumari 1 1 F 60.0 62.0 43.0 33.0 - GN - Present observation n 3-2-1997 West Bengal 2 2 M&F 83.0 58.0 - 70 Kg - 2 Swapan Kumar Kar 1997 83.0 53.0 _ 21-2-1997 West Bengal 1 1 M 58.0 - - 75 Kg - 1 -do- 00 OR : Olive ridley, GT : Green turtle, LB : Leather back H.B. Hawksbill: C L : Carapace Length, CW : Carapace width PL : Plastron length, PW : Palstron width: GN : Gillnet, T N. : Trawlnet. BN : Bagnet, BS : Boat seine; STR : Stranded. M : Male, F : Female, NK : Not known. TABLE l. Reported incidental catch of turtles in different states 12,5 % and 2.5 % respectively. The stranded speci (in nos and %) mens formed 15 % . On two occasions the incidently caught turtles were released back into the sea (Jayadev, 1992). Place No. of turtle Percentage Among the reported incidental catches 52.5 % Tamil Nadu were reported from Tamil Nadu, 40 % from Maha rashtra and 7.5 % from West Bengal. Of the reported Pamban 14 66.6 Rameswaram 2 9.5 cases in Tamil Nadu 80.9 % were reported in Pamban Mandapam 1 4.8 and nearby areas and in Maharashtra 68.5 % were Thondi 1 4.8 reported from Ratnagri. Madras 1 4.8 Kanyakumari 2 9,5 Sex Maharashtra In the reported incidental catch (Table 2) the Flatnagiri 11 68.5 females and males formed 22.5 and 17.5 % respective Bombay 3 19.0 ly. In 60 % of the reported instances the sex was not Malvan 2 12.5 mentioned. West Bengal References Dlgha 2 66.3 Mohana 1 33.3 Ganapathy, A, 1994. On a hawksbill turtle washed ashore near Thondi ailong Palk Bay coast of Tamil Nadu. Mar catches of turtles In Kerala and Andhra have been Flshlnfor. Serv.. T&ESer.. No. 133, p 19. reported. Yearwise (1983-'92) statistics of incidental Jadhav, D.G. 1996. On an olive ridley turtle stranded at Janjl- catches of adult olive ridley in Gahirmatha Orissa ra Murud coast, Maharashtra. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T& have been reported by Rajagopalan et al. (1996). ESer.. No. 145. P. 17. From Table 1 it is seen that olive ridley the most Jayadev, S. Hotagl 1992. On a marine turtle Lepidochelys oli- vacea landed at Bassealn KolUwada In Maharashtra. abundant species in India formed 65 % of turtle lan Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&ESer., No. 118, p. 19. dings follow^ed by leather back turtle, popularly known Ebenezer, I.P., Jacob Jerold Joel 1992. On the landing of a lea as eluvari ammaV or thoni ammai in Tamil. This is the ther back turtle. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv.. T&E Ser.. No. rarest, and the largest sea turtle in India and occupied 118, p. 20. the second place (17.5 %) In the incidental catches. Karbharl, J.P. 1981. On the rare occurrence of a giant sized The green turtle Chelonia mydas called 'peramai' hawksbill turtle off Elephanta Caves (near Bombay) Mar. in Tamil and found in Tuticorin and Gulf of Manner is Fish. Infor. Serv.. T&£ Ser., No. 22, p. 17. herbivorous and is highly priced. It formed 5 % of the Karbharl, J.P. 1985. Leather-back turtle caught oiT Devbag, incidental catches. Turtle meat, oils and shells were Malvan. Mar. Fish Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 64, p. 23. exported to different countries in the past. Hawksbill Karbharl, J.P., A. Prosper, C.J. Josekutty and J.R. Dlas 1986. turtles a comparitively small sized turtles is less abun Some observations on marine turtles landed along Maha rashtra coast. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&£ Ser., No. 70, p. dant in the Indian waters compared with others. Its 20-21. flesh is reported to be poisonous in Punnaikayal, Mana- Katkar, B.N. 1989. On olive ridley turtles landed along Maha pad, Tuticorin, Kanyakumari and Sakthikulangara rashtra coast. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 70, areas. It formed 5 % of the incidental catches. The log p. 20-21. ger head is characterised by a large head in relation to Katkar, B.N. 1989. On olive rldely turtles landed along the Rat- body size. It formed 7.5 % in the incidental catches. nagirl coast. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv.. T&E Ser., No. 95, p Gearwlse incidental catch 9. Katkar, B.N. 1996. Turtles and whale shark landed along Rat- Among the reported incidental catches, 45 % of nagirl coast, Maharashtra, Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E, the sea turtles were caught in trawlers, followed by glU- Ser., No. 141, p. 20. net 20 % (Table 2). In Maharashtra turtles were caught Kasinathan, C. 1988. Olive rldleys landed at Pamban accidentaly mostly in 'dol' net and formed 12.5 %, reported. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 84, p. and in hooks cmd line and boat seines they occupied 10. Visit Marine Aquarium at CMOfRI .Research Centra* Vixhlnjam in Trlvandbrum. Kerala KnJ|<>y tlie Sp'eotaciitt^ar X7nid(dmrat Krishna Filial, S., M. Badrudeen and M. Bose 1995. On a lea ther back turtle Dermochelys coriacea landed at Rameswa- ram. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&ESen, No. 140, p. 11. Rajagopalan M. E., Vlvekanandan, S. Krishna Pillai, M. Sri- nath and BasUan Fernando 1996. Incidental catch of the sea turtles in India. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser. No. 143, p. 8-16. Rao. P.V. et aL 1989. On a leather back turtle Dermochelys coriacea washed ashore at Kovalam. Mar. Fish. Irifor. Serv., T & B Ser., No. 95, p. 9. Swapan Kumar Kar 1997. On three dead turtles (Carettacaret- ta} stranded at Dighha, Midnapur district. West Bengal. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 149, p. 16. Visit Marine Aquarium at C^^RX Keaearcb Centre, yM|1li»Vl Visit BCaxiive Aquaxlum at CB^tF^X ReseuQ^ C Fig. 2. A ColIecUon of chanks. Fig. 3. A few specimens of ciianks enlarged. VMt MwriniB Aquarium at CMFRI Research Centre, Vlshii^am in Trlvandrum, Kerala Bx^oy the Spectacular'Underwater Wonders 21 877 A record of sun fish Mola mola from coastal waters at Veraval TABLE l. Morphometric measurements (in mm} of Mola mola caught at Veraval Particulars Fish specimens 1 2 3 4 Total length 1,000 870 1,030 900 Breadth at the 650 620 700 750 middle region Weight (kg) 46 40 49 43 Length of dorsal 440 430 450 400 fin Length of anal fln (mm) 410 400 420 400 Shout to anal fin 780 660 800 660 insertion Snout to dorsal 640 560 660 610 fln insertion Eye diameter- 50 50 50 50 horizontal Eye diameter - 40 40 40 40 vertical Pectoral fln base 50 50 50 45 breadth Dorsal fln base 200 150 200 160 breadth Anal fln base 170 160 170 160 breadth Snout to Insertion of 300 300 300 280 pectoral '" Length of gill slit 50 50 50 50 Inter-orbital 280 260 280 260 distance Dorsal fln tip to 1500 1300 1500 1400 anal fin tip Pectoral fln 140 100 140 120 length Eyeball to snout 150 140 150 150 Sex Male Male Liver weight (g) 1000 1250 Gut length (m) 2.29 2.60 Gut lengthrbody 2.39:1 2.50 : 1 length ratio Vlait Marine Aquariiun at CMFRX Rescfurcb (^entre. VlztilK^axii In, Xrlvandrum, Kerala Bnjoy tbe'efpeciacuiar'Underwater Wonders 21 Fishes belonging to the family Molidae, commonly called as ocean sun fishes or head fishes and known as 'Kakhida' locally, are frequently observed in the trawl net landings at Bhidia fish landing centre of Vera val, mostly during the post-winter months. Though they are known to occur widely in warmer oceanic regions and inhabit open waters upto 200-300 m depth, the present report is on speciments caught from the coastal waters. These fishes occur either soli tary or in small schools and are known for their peculi- Fig. 1. Sunflsh MolaMola landed al veraval. Fig. 3. Sunflsh cut open showing the coiled intestine, gili chamber, gill lamellae and the sucker lisli. Fif<. 2. One ol the speciiiR-ii-s being weighed. Fig. 4. The uncoiled intestine of Moia mola. Visit Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Research Centre, Vizhis\jam in Trivandrum, Kerala Bi^oy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders 22 ar drifting nature. Three general of this family have so far been Identified, namely, Ranzania, Masturus and Mala. Four male sun Jlshes, (Linnaeus, 1758) were caught by trawl nets operating off Veraval at 25-50 m depth in March 1997 (Figs 1-4). The morphometric mea surements of the specimens are listed in Table 1. A sucker fish Remora sp. was found attached in the gill cavity (Fig. 3). The authors are thankful to the survey staff Ms. Y.D. Savarla, J.D. Vanvl and J.P. Polara and the field assistants for assisting In the course of the work. Reported by B. Manoj Kumar, Joe, K. Kozhakudan, Suji- tha Thomas and A.P. Dineshbabu, Veraval Research Centre of C.M.F.R.I., Veraval - 362 269, India. Since the occurrence of this species is reported for the Dorswal fin length 209 first time along the Kakinada coast, few morphometric Pelvic fin length 64 measurements recorded on the specimen in mm are Anal fin length 85 given below : Fin ray counts : Dorsal : Total length 488 X+10, Anal : 11+9, Pecto Standard length 387 ral : 1+13, Pelvic : 1+5 Head length 122 Snout to pectoral base 106 Reported by N. Burajrya, Kakinada Research Centre of CMFRI, Kakinada - 533 004. a Pectoral fin lengt 75 881 BOOK REVIEW Title A Field Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands Editor Mathew, D. Richmond Publisher The Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency (SIDA) Price L 20; $ 32 ISBN 91-630-4594-X Year of publication 1997 No. of pages 448 Size 165 X 242 mm Binding Paperback Since the UNCED declaration on "protection years preparation and contribution of 48 authors of the oceans and all kinds of seas, including from 14 countries. The complexity involved in enclosed and semi enclosed seas and coastal the subject matter and their editing is admirable. areas and protection, rational use and develop ment of their living resources", there has been a Although the central theme of the book is the growing awareness the world over to organise taxonomlc description of species occurring in the environmental conservation programme, to pre seashores and coastal habitats, the introduction serve the coastal biodiversity and the habitats, to spread over 39 pages provides valuable informa encourage the development that minimise nega tion on the problems, prospects and developmen tive impacts on coastal live support systems. As tal needs in the seashore for future generations. the zone Is of immense importance and diverse This introduction itself is the contributions of 9 economic use to man, the marine nations reali authors and very briefly touches diverse aspects. sed the priorities and as such developed many Here the editor has carefully integrated all rele management plans. The book under review "A vant geological, physical, chemical and biological guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and processes that have taken place in the shore habi the Western Indian Ocean Islands" edited by tats like mangroves, sea grass beds, rocky shores Matthew, D. Richmond is first step to achieve and cliffs, lagoons, coral reefs, biodiversity and the priortitles in ICZM plan. It is an excellent com ecological interactions, the people and their histo pilation of all sea shore/coastal related patterns, rical, social and economic background, liveli processes and biological diversities in the tropi hood activities like mangrove harvest, coral cal waters of Eastern Africa and Oceanic Islands mining, coir rope manufacture, salt production, presented through 448 papers, 154 colour plates fishing, acqaculture of sea weeds, bathsponage, and 8 colour maps. This book is the result of 6 crustaceans molluscs and fishes; the traditional visit Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Research Centre. Viashti^am In Trivandnun. Kerala Knjoy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders 24 lengths of other five arms were 98 cm each. The first and second arms appeared to have been cut by preda tors. The specimen weighted 19 kg. The octopus was taken In acutlon by a private com pany for Rs.5,700/- (Rs.300/kg) and was exported. Reported by : A.C.C. Victor and K. Jayabalan, Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI, Mandapam camp - 623 520. 878 On the catch of a giant octpus from Gulf of Mannar off Rameswaram The Giant octopus, (Octopus dqfleini) is caught rarely from the Indian seas. It Is otherwise endemic along North Pacific, northern California and Alaska to Japan coasts. The catch of a similar giant octopus at Rameswaram on January 17, 1997 was reported by Lipton and Jayabalan (in Press). Fig. 1. The giant octopus caught from Gull ol Manner. On 23rd December, 1997, the fishermen from Mukundarayarchatram while operating the bottom set gillnet caught the present female giant octopus off the coast of Dhanushkodl point in Gulf of Mannar at 18 m depth. The total length of the animal was 150 cm and the dorsal mantle length was 52 cm. The length of the characteristic short arm (4th arm) was 60cm while the Visit Marixie Aquariuzn at CMFKI Researcti Cejntre. Vizhinjam in Trlvandrusn, Kerala BnUoy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders 23 879 On a whale shark at landed Pamban A male whale shark Rhincodon typus Smith measu ring a total length of 9.2 m was landed at Pamban on 17-4-'98 (Flg.l). The fish weighing approximately 1.5 t was caught by a bottom-set gill net unti locally called Paru valai operated off Pamban in the Gulf of Manmar at a depth of 30 m. The fish was burled after removing liver and flns as there was no demand for flesh. Reported by V. Sethuraman, Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI, Mandapam Camp - 623 520. Vialt Mietripe Aquarium at CMFRI Researcb Centre, Vizhlnjam tn Trlvandrum, Kerala Bsjoy tbe Spectacular Underwater Wonders 23 880 On the occurrence of bicolour parrotfish, off Kakinada "•'^^? ••*»i$i*''" Fij;. 1. Bicolour parrotfish, Cetoscarus bicolor caught oil Kaklnada. A Single specimen of Cetoscarus bicolor (Ruppell) commonly called bicolour parrotfish belonging to fami ly Scarlda was observed in the trawler catches landed at Kakinada Fisheries Harbour on 16-3-'98. The fish measuring 48.8 cm was caught by a trawler unit opera ted off Kakinada at a depth of 35 m (Fig. 1). This spe cies Is distributed In the eastern Indian ocean close to regions of deep water on corad reefs and hence the cap ture of the fishes outside this habitat is not common. Visit Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Researeb Centre. Viasbisdant In^Ivundiniii&t, J^te^aS/^- JSMioy tbe Spectaculsir Vnderwatetr Wop^ddx* < • 23 Since the occurrence of this species is reported for the Dorswal fin length - 209 first time along the Kakinada coast, few morphometric Pelvic fin length - 64 measurements recorded on the specimen in mm are Anal fln length - 85 given below : Fin ray counts : Dorsal : Total length - 488 ^+1°- ^^^ '• l^+Q. Pecto- Standard length - 387 ral; 1 + 13, Pelvic : 1+5 Head length - 122 Snout to pectoral base - 106 Reported by N. Burayya, Kakinada Research Centre of Pectoral fln lengt - 75 CMFRI. Kakinada - 533 004. • Visit Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Research Centre, Vizhli^am in Trlvandrum, Kerala Bnjoy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders 24 881 BOOK REVIEW Title A Field Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands Editor Mathew, D. Richmond Publisher The Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency (SIDA) Price L20; $32 ISBN 91-630-4594-X Year of publication 1997 No. of pages 448 Size 165 z 242 mm Binding Paperback Since the UNCED declaration on "protection years preparation and contribution of 48 authors of the oceans and all kinds of seas, including from 14 countries. The complexity involved in enclosed and semi enclosed seas and coastal the subject matter and their editing is admirable. areas and protection, rational use and develop ment of their living resources", there has been a Although the central theme of the book is the growing awareness the world over to organise taxonomic description of species occurring in the environmental conservation programme, to pre seashores and coastal habitats, the introduction serve the coastal biodiversity and the habitats, to spread over 39 pages provides valuable informa encourage the development that minimise nega tion on the problems, prospects and developmen tive Impacts on coastal live support systems. As tal needs in the seashore for future generations. the zone is of immense importance and diverse This introduction itself is the contributions of 9 economic use to man, the marine nations reali authors and very briefly touches diverse aspects. sed the priorities and as such developed many Here the editor has carefully integrated all rele management plans. The book under review "A vant geological, physical, chemical and biological guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and processes that have taken place in the shore habi the Western Indian Ocean Islands" edited by tats like mangroves, sea grass beds, rocky shores Matthew, D. Richmond is first step to achieve and cliffs, lagoons, coral reefs, biodiversity and the priortities in ICZM plan. It is an excellent com ecological interactions, the people and their histo pilation of all sea shore/coastal related patterns, rical, social and economic background, liveli processes and biological diversities in the tropi hood activities like mangrove harvest, coral cal waters of Eastern Africa and Oceanic Isleinds mining, coir rope manufacture, salt production, presented through 448 papers, 154 colour plates fishing, acqaculture of sea weeds, bathsponage, and 8 colour maps. This book is the result of 6 crustaceans molluscs and fishes; the traditional Visit Marine Aquarium at CMPRI Research Centre, Vizblndam in Trivandrum. Kerala Bi^oy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders 24 fishing crafts and gear In the area; coastal rela Porifera, Cnldaria, Platihelminthes, Nemertenea, ted commercial activities like marine curios Echiura and Sipunculs, Annelida, Chelicera, Uni- trade, live reef animals trade and coastal tou rama, Crustacea, Mollusca, Echinodermata, rism. The loss of coastal habitats and biodiver misceUaneous phyla Ascidiacea, Pisces, Reptilia, sity as a consequence of urban seawage and gar Aves and Mammalia form the bulk of this book. bage, industrial discharges, oil pollution and the The species description includes the most salient ultimate impact on environment and the socio identifiable characteristics, habitat, distribution economics in the regions is also presented briefly and the family to which the species belongs. The in the introduction. The coastal erosion sedimen species are arranged in the phylogenetic order tation caused by nature and trawling related for from phylum, class, order to family. The species mation of plumes of suspended benthic sedi description together with watercolour illustra ments and their effects on the somethering on tions given in this book would facilitate students, corals and seagrass meadows are also given in naturalists and tourists to identify the species in this section. The authors rightly proposed ICZM the field itself. Quite interestingly 15 % of this bio plans for each maritime state in the region. The diversity is reported from Western Indian Ocean, status, scope and potentials of bioprospecting in and about 35 % of them are common to the Indo- marine habitats for searching, locating and identi- Pacific region. The taxonomy is written by spe- lying candidate species, Which produce a range calists In respective fields and followed uptodate of compounds of biomedical and therapeutic nomenclature. This guide presentes the rich and value as drugs is summarised in this general diverse seashore and coastal sea biodiversity and introduction, and the author proposes strategies the pressing problems that threatens the various for conservation and sustainable harvest of such habitats and the species. It also provides sug valuable biota and also emphasised the impen gestion for the prevention of further degradation ding need for pure taxonomic research. The role and conservation measures required in the of FAD'S and AR's in enhancing coastal produc coastal zone. tion is briefly given and recommended them as a The appendix provided at the end of this popular marine management tool for a long term book is an excellent treasure of information on economic gain from the coastal sector. The general glossary; useful words in relevant langua coastal dangers and treatments given in this sec ges; prefixes and suffixes; key to caridean shrim tion narrate various environmental dangers, har ps, sponges, Echiulra and Sipuncula; basic mful coastal insects, dangerous food and the mul steps in surveys and sampling; lunar calender; tiple dangers in the water and proposes preven units of measurements; abbreviations; marine tive measures as well as treatments required in under coastal related organizations; coastal and each case. The introduction is concluded with a marine protected areas; code of practice for visi note on the use of remote sensing of coastal habi tors and bibliography of more than 1000 referen tats in resource management and planning. ces related to all aspects are dealt with in the book. This guide describes about 1,600 species of plants and animals commonly encountered This. guide although pertains to the sea along the shores, in beaches, in mangrove shore and coastal biota of Eastern Africa and forests, in lagoons, on mud flats, in seagrass Western In(Jian Ocean Islands, is relevant and beds, in coral reefs and in the shallow coastal useful to marine biology/fisheries students of habitats of Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozam India and other tropical countries, as the fiora bique and S. Africa and Western Indian Ocean and fauna are almost common in the regions. As Indian Ocean Islands like Comoros, Madagascar. beach, coastal and island tourism is gaining grea Zanzibar, Reunion, Mauritius and Seychelles. ter importance as a fast growing industry In The taxonomic description of common species many maritime nations, field guides of this natu belonging to plants, coastal lichens, marine re would promote tourism while the same encou macro algae, Cyanophyta, phytoplankton and rages the ecotourists to protect and conserve he zooplankton (under several phyla), meiofauna, habitats and their biota. The trolpical coasts of Vttit IVb^ne Aquarium at CMFJIX HeiifiarcliL pentiw, Vlsbli^am la Trlvandixun. Kerala Knjojr tbe Speictaeular Underwater Wonders n ; 25 India and surrounding oceanic islands with the diverse habitats and rich and varied biotic compo sition offer scope for similar field guides from our country as a measure to create awareness on the resources and to attract ecotourlsts. This book under review is a collection of appropriate and authentic record of information and is recommen ded as a reference text for postgraduates, colla ge/university libararis and as a guide to ecotou rlsts and environments. Dr. N.G. Menon, CMFRI, Cochin - 682 014 Visit Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Researcti Centre, Vlzhlnjam in Trivandrum, Kerala 26 Bnjoy tbe Spectacular Underwater Wonders fishing crafts and gear in the area; coastal rela Porifera, Cnidaria, Platihelminthes, Nemertenea, ted commercial activities like marine curios Echiura and Sipunculs, Annehda, Chelicera, Uni- trade, live reef animals trade and coastal tou rama, Crustacea, MoUusca, Echinodermata, rism. The loss of coastal habitats and biodiver miscellaneous phyla Ascidiacea, Pisces, Reptilia, sity as a consequence of urban seawage and gar Aves and Mammalia form the bulk of this book. bage, industrial discharges, oil pollution and the The species description includes the most salient ultimate impact on environment and the socio identifiable characteristics, habitat, distribution economics in the regions is also presented briefly and the family to which the species belongs. The in the introduction. The coastal erosion sedimen species are arranged in the phylogenetic order tation caused by nature and trawling related for from phylum, class, order to family. The species mation of plumes of suspended benthic sedi description together with watercolour illustra ments and their effects on the somethering on tions given in this book would facilitate students, corals and seagrass meadows are also given in naturalists and tourists to identify the species in this section. The authors rightly proposed ICZM the field itself. Quite interestingly 15 % of this bio plans for each maritime state in the region. The diversity is reported from Western Indian Ocean, status, scope and potentials of bioprospecting in and about 35 % of them are common to the Indo- marine habitats for searching, locating and identi Pacific region. The taxonomy is virritten by spe- fying candidate species, Which produce a range calists in respective fields and followed uptodate of compounds of biomedical and therapeutic nomenclature. This guide presentes the rich and value as drugs is summarised in this general diverse seashore and coastal sea biodiversity and introduction, and the author proposes strategies the pressing problems that threatens the various for conservation and sustainable harvest of such habitats and the species. It also provides sug valuable biota and also emphasised the impen gestion for the prevention of further degradation ding need for pure taxonomic research. The role and conservation measures required in the of FAD'S and AR's in enhancing coastal produc coastal zone. tion is briefly given and recommended them as a The appendix provided at the end of this popular marine management tool for a long term book is an excellent treasure of information on economic gain from the coastal sector. The general glossary; useful words in relevant langua coastal dangers and treatments given in this sec ges; prefixes and suffixes; key to caridean shrim tion narrate various environmental dangers, har ps, sponges, Echiulra and Sipuncula; basic mful coastal insects, dangerous food and the mul steps in surveys and sampling; lunar cedender; tiple dangers in the water and proposes preven units of measurements; abbreviations; marine tive measures as well as treatments required in under coastal related organizations; coastal and each case. The introduction is concluded with a marine protected areas; code of practice for visi note on the use of remote sensing of coastal habi tors and bibliography of more than 1000 referen tats in resource management and planning. ces related to all aspects are dealt with in the This guide describes about 1,600 species of book. plants and animals commonly encountered This guide although pertains to the sea along the shores, in beaches, in mangrove shore and coastal biota of Eastern Africa and forests, in lagoons, on mud flats, in seagrass Western Indian Ocean Islands, is relevant and beds, in coral reefs and in the shallow coastal useful to marine biology/fisheries students of habitats of Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozam India and other tropical countries, as the flora bique and S. Africa and Western Indian Ocean cind fauna are almost common in the regions. As Indian Ocean Islands like Comoros, Madagascar, beach, coastal and islcind tourism is gaining grea Zanzibar, Reunion, Mauritius and SeycheUes. ter importance as a fast growing industry in The taxonomic description of common species many maritime nations, field guides of this natu belonging to plants, coastal lichens, marine re would promote tourism while the same encou macro algae, Cyanophyta, phytoplankton and rages the ecotourists to protect and conserve he zooplankton (under several phyla), meiofauna. habitats and their biota. The trolpical coasts of Visit Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Research Centre, Vizhi^Jam In Trivandrtun, Kerala Enjoy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders 25 presence of the gastropod parasite was indicated by the apex of the shell, which slightly projected out. When touched, it withdrew into the gall. Though thou sands of H. scabra were examined during the last 35 years, only a few instances of such galls were noticed. Normally, the skin of H. scabra is 5-10 mm in thickness. As a result of gall formation, the skin beco mes extra thick. * Reported by D.B. James, Tuticorin Research Centre of CMFRI, Tuticorin - 628 001, India. 882 On the occurrence of the gastropod parasite Prostilifer sp. on the holothurian Holothuria scabra Jaeger at Tuticorin Echlnoderms, being sluggish animals are subjec ted to the attack of a host of fouling and parasitic orga nisms. They ward off these attempts to a large extent by means of the toxins present In the body wall. When the bodies are rigid as in the case of asteroids and echi- noids, they have pedlcellarlae which act as pincers to remove undesirable organisms from the surface of the body. Despite these mechanisms, parasites do occur on echlnoderms. Fig. 1. A. Entire parasite, B. Section of the skin showing the cavity where the parasite was lodged. While collecting brood stock material for hatchrey purpose, sometimes the sea cucumber Holothuria sca bra with gall formation was noticed. When a bodywall of such specimen is cut open, a gastropod of the genus Prostilifer was found deeply embeded in the skin. The Visit Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Researcb Centre, Vlzbinjam in Trivandrum, Kerala 26 Bnjoy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders ' tin? Length of dorsal fin 170 Caudal fln length 65 Length of ventral fln 105 Length of mouth opening (slit) 45 Snout to pectoral fln 250 Snout length 100 Snout to dorsal fln 560 Diameter of eye 35 Snout to pelvic fin origin 510 Weight 8.2 kg Snout to anal opening 400 Sex Female Base of pectoral fln 40 Base of pelvic fln 58 Reported by A.C.C. Victor, D. Kandasami and N. Rama- moorthy, Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI, Manda Height of body at caudal fln region 240 pam Camp - 623 520, India. Visi:t Marine Aquarium at CBAFRI Research Centre, yizhinjam in Trtvandrum, Keriala Snjoy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders 27 fishing crafts and gear in the area; coastal rela Porifera, Cnldaria, Platihelminthes. Nemertenea, ted commercial activities like marine curios Echlura and Sipunculs, Annelida, Chellcera, Uni- trade, live reef animals trade and coastal tou rama, Crustacea, Mollusca, Echinodermata, rism. The loss of coastal habitats and biodiver miscellaneous phyla Ascidiacea, Rsces, Reptilia, sity as a consequence of urban seawage and gar Aves and Mammalia form the bulk of this book. bage, industrial discharges, oil pollution and the The species description includes the most salient ultimate impact on environment and the socio identifiable characteristics, habitat, distribution economics in the regions is also presented briefly and the family to which the species belongs. The in the introduction. The coastal erosion sedimen species are arranged in the phylogenetlc order tation caused by nature and trawling related for from phylum, class, order to family. The species mation of plumes of suspended benthic sedi description together with watercolour illustra ments and their effects on the somethering on tions given in this book would facilitate students, corals and seagrass meadows are also given in naturalists and tourists to identify the species in this section. The authors rightly proposed ICZM the field itself. Quite interestingly 15 % of this bio plans for each maritime state in the region. The diversity is reported from Western Indian Ocean, status, scope and potentials of bioprospecting in and about 35 % of them are common to the Indo- marine habitats for searching, locating and identi Paciflc region. The taxonomy Is vinitten by spe- fying candidate species, Which produce a range calists in respective fields and followed uptodate of compounds of biomedical and therapeutic nomenclature. This guide presentes the rich and value as drugs is summarised in this general diverse seashore and coastal sea biodiversity and introduction, and the author proposes strategies the pressing problems that threatens the various for conservation and sustainable harvest of such habitats and the species. It also provides sug valuable biota and also emphasised the impen gestion for the prevention of further degradation ding need for pure taxonomic research. The role and conservation measures required in the of FAD's and AR's in enhancing coastal produc coastal zone. tion is briefly given and recommended them as a The appendix provided at the end of this popular marine management tool for a long term book Is an excellent treasure of information on economic gain from the coastal sector. The general glossary; useful words in relevant Icmgua- coastal dangers and treatments given in this sec ges; prefixes and suffixes; key to caridean shrim tion narrate various environmental dangers, har ps, sponges, Echiuira and Sipuncula; basic mful coastal insects, dangerous food and the mul steps in surveys and sampling; lunar calender; tiple dangers in the water and proposes preven units of measurements; abbreviations; marine tive measures as well as treatments required in under coastal related organizations; coastal and each case. The introduction is concluded with a marine protected areas; code of practice for visi note on the use of remote sensing of coastal habi tors cind bibliography of more than 1000 referen tats in resource management and plEmning. ces related to all aspects are dealt with In the book. This guide describes about 1,600 species of plants and animals commonly encountered This guide although pertains to the sea along the shores, in beaches, in mangrove shore and coastal biota of Eastern Africa and forests, in lagoons, on mud flats, in seagrass Western Indian Ocean Islands, is relevant and beds, in coral reefs and in the shallow coastal useful to marine biology/fisheries students of habitats of Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozam India and other tropical countries, as the flora bique and S. Africa and Western Indiem Ocean and fauna are almost common in the regions. As Indian Ocean Islands like Comoros. Madagascar, beach, coastal and Island tourism is gaining grea Zanzibar, Reunion, Mauritius and Seychelles. ter importance as a fast growing industry in The taxonomic description of common species many maritime nations, field guides of this natu belonging to plants, coastal lichens, marine re would promote tourism while the same encou macro algae, Cyanophyta, phj^oplankton and rages the ecotourists to protect and conserve he zooplankton (under several phyla), meiofauna, habitats and their biota. The trolpical coasts of Visit Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Research Centre. Vlchixjani in Trlvandrum,-Kerala Snjoy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders 25 883 On a large sunfish landed near Mandapam A sunfish, Ranzania laevis (Pennant) measuring 660 mm total length was caught on 5.3.1998 in shore- seine near Mandapam in Palk Bay. In fresh condition its colour was bluish with dark above and pale white below with small hexagonal plates and smooth skin. Six streaks of lighter colour bordered with dark descen ded from snout to gill slits and curved downwards to the ventral profile. The posterior three streaks were branched with dark spots. The lips were produced for ward beyond the teeth closing as a vertical slit. Fig. 1. The sun flsh Ranzania laevis. The specimen was a female weighing 8.2 kg. It was preserved and kept in the museum of the Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI. Detailed morphometric mea surements (in mm) of the sunfish are given below. Total length 660 Depth of body 330 Head length 240 Visit Marine Aquarium at CMFRI Research Centre, VizhlxUam in Trivandrum, Kerala 26 Enjoy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders tin? Length of dorsal fin 170 Caudal fin length 65 Length of ventral fin 105 Length of mouth opening (slit) 45 Snout to pectoral fln 250 Snout length 100 Snout to dorsal fln 560 Diameter of eye 35 Snout to pelvic fln origin 510 Weight 8.2 kg Snout to anal opening 400 Sex Female Base of pectoral fln 40 Base of pelvic fin 58 Reported by A.C.C. Victor, D. Kandasami and N. Rama- moorttiy, Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI, Manda Height of body at caudal fln region 240 pam Camp - 623 520, India. yittlt ifLaxlxic Aquarium at CMFRI Reaeifurott Centre, Vizbiiijam in Trivandrum. Kerala ^ • £nJoy tbe Speot^otilar Underwater Wonders 27 ^%^, ^d%^if^ T^m, #. ^r^^m tt error t I ^;fM^ 3{W % f^f^F^ eTcToff ^ 'i),|w1^d.' o4NlR+ ^TFT ^ t I i),f^Pl4) 3TT?f sffl f^ ^RTT ^ ^ TTTcit # ^ ^5T% ?TT^ ^JilT t f^Wr 3lldRd ^TTCT I I ft^ f^ I I ^ l%W^ (pHcHiV) ?TFTT^ cfFT t ^M ?^ iMm ^ t 97^ ^ H^ tgreT ^^nf^ ^JfRTT t I ^ ^if^tcT ^^ s|^ ^TT ^R yijflfcld ^ sfti TT^ t ^ 3^ 'siY ^ fr ^^ncTT t I ft ij,r^Pi=h 3TW tqrr f^ ^5n?n" I I f^ SJidRd qR% ^ f^ ^ I I fT ^ f^ 10 xn" ^r^ ^^M # ^ i?tt 1^ t 3f^ dH^l^l : ^5^ m^ 3n^ ^5M (60°C, 300 f^ %) t 2 ^ cT^ ;?M^ I I ?Tf% ^T^ TiTjT ^iT^ t PlWKUl % TRjofr 3ffT 5w % r^EEjisjc^ ^?qT^ % mm^ t ^5Tf^ ^Tg^ IkM Slerrr ^T^ | I yHijfl* g^ ^mz^ 3^ Q;^ 3rE^ fifwft ^^^^T^ 28 ^'^ ^rg^ HlfrW=lQ 3T^£TFr m^PT, ^rf^ 682 014, m^ H^ ^|5hlM.H~l 3r«rm" W^ ff^TcT qwil^hNdl ll 3TR- ^rg^ fr^Tctr w m^r^ ^ sftr sif^i^d cw%r ^fcf ^5Tr t I Fg^ frsm ^ wfMftm ?t ^ I I ^jra", ^^TFPf 3fk 3fN"Er f^mW %i%Tr sfn ^Trf#T w f^mW w^ fm^ ^ i%^ ^^TRTT I I ^rg^ Ir^TeT yt^, tzf%^, ^af^ sffr ^w f^NW^ %feiT!: itcTT I I mm % ^)TW Qpr'^w 70% TTif^ cT?^ ^ ^np: I I -mm t ^^^ 720 ^a^ ffsfm ^nfrr 3tmw t, f%^ 60 mf^^^r^ ^ ^ ^ t^ ^1^ frrn^ % f^f^ ^T^M qr q^^RT ¥M^ %%Q; f\Tm f^ Tqr t I m^ chMl^^H %" ^^ t ¥5s[t INR 1. ^ ^rg# fToim c!c Visit Marine Aquarium at CMFIU Resesyrch Centre, Vizhinjam In Trivandlrum. Kerala '^ Snjoy the Spectacular Underwater Wonders 27 oqmiRct) ^!Fr ^ I I 0,1^Ri* srf^ sfn ?F% ef^w g% W^ ^TT# ^ ?pg: W^ cTT^ ^JToT ^ f^\^ 3iidi^d ^TT^ I I Irarref i%tf^ it^ CT^ w ^ff^ I I ^ ^^ I" I ?^ an? 3 t 4 tsf cTWi ^T^ !^fld>i ^ t ^rra" '^ ^pg^ fr^M ^?nfrr I I W f^r^ (fLhfHdV) ^l^M OTT t ^^ ^^ ^STTcrr I I ^ ^3^?^ : 10 ¥r ^rj^ fr^M ^ #t !5ft 5^ t ^JR: ^i^ ^TOT 3TT^ ^3TcT (60°C, 300 f^ fef) ^ 2 ^ cT^ SFTcT I I f^ ^K •'TTR" ^^T^ t RlWU^i % £llcjpll^d f^^^ % T# ^i^^ % ^ t 3frT q%5^ ^^ W^ Ir^M STeFT ^)^ I I g^ y'kiich 3f[T q;^ 3rst5r firwfr ^^^fra; 28 W dMi?|J| f^ ^JTTcTr I I % m^ 0.8-1% ^cT^TTT cwVl^^ ^fFpfr ^jfr^ I t^lf^ 3f|T ^«TT ;j?fRlt # ^ i^f^i^d)' W ^i%r f%m ^mrTT 11 ^FT 3-?fm" # f^f^ 3fk tr?f^ %feR: ^ ^5T?r ^ ^n^ ^^ I I ?^ WT^ 5% fr?^j3f^ ?¥ ^ t 3:7 # ^ t qpfr ^jfn^ W^^ oTTof ?T^ Imrwf Tt 1%^ W^ I I ^K^ TOT cJldNH ^5^ I I ?Tr% ^K fTT 5W # ^cl^Q^d^ W^^PT 3fk W^ fTFT sm I I ^:^eT ^ ^nrftcT ^i^xfr I" I 6-10 w^ % ^R" %?g?ft¥ cf^ef IT^^ ft^ IT^ u?)c|^M ^ ^^ ^^fTcTT I 3fk 5^ srtT^Tf f^ WIW I I ITT t#l" 5^ ^ fTft^^ 3T^|J^, ^jT^f^TRT f%%W 3f[T 31 Qj^n^PIi^H T^JpT^ t fMK f^ T^ srfiRM- firfwr ^sfri^ ijiiR ST^FT w^ I I %f^wrc!7m^ % vfRq; flrwfr ^TTcfr f^rsffe : 10 ¥T ^rg^ t^w ^ ^•^(H+< 4 ^ I I fTT m^ 5^ ^ ^ fk^m siil^4,i % ^fernft cT^ 90°C t 750 f^ f^ ^Jf^ 3ftT 2 W CaO Rl 3fN"«?" f^rnW 3#fr ^j- MN^chK=h % ^ ^, TTWW ^5T^ t 3ffT 50-60°C # f^ I I ^ f^f%^3it ^ ij^ % ;^ :^^ TRf# # 3TT«rR % ^ t i).f^f^+ 3ri# w 3q%r f%^ ^mciT I I #R M t^TRsi, f^RjJi q;^, ^^T^M" #qT3w ^fr?r% qr ^^F^ ^ ^m?r it?n" t I f^^^ t ?Trw ^^T^trr strrT I I "jTiTspT ^ srqTTT^ 3fk wf^ PmW 3#rfr 3fTf^ ^ ftm^ t Few ^j^ 3fk p"3Tt t W^Hcf,!^ % W t # ITWr I I p", t^ f^raf 3TTf^ % fM^T t f¥W H^T^ 3fh"Sr f^rrfW ^?fPT ^ Ml^^^bK* % ?fT ^ 3fk Jjf^chl, j%T^ 3nR % f^^Spf ^[iR^ % ^ # f¥W 3WnT f^qr ^5TT?n" I I SRTTIT elTFfr 3ftT i^ 29 f^ ^5TT?fr I I Z^ ^, Wm m^ 3TTf^ ^ # t I ^rj^ fmrer ytfl^, tsft^, 3riMT3J%^, ^ : ^^<^H f^f^r^mr, mfWtw m^rr^^ftm; 1,00,000 3^ V^ fm^ ^FIT ^JTTcTr t I 1. ^ : 3?qT^ ^ f#- w^ ^ I W^, Wfw 3^ wN- ^ ^ ?^TW 3^PTt^ f^fm wm t I ^ 3frT mf% ^ f?rw 3TT#T" f^mi ^Jrmr t I I^^V+1 % fMw #ff mfkitf^ ^ fr^TR f%^ ^5n?n" I I # ^ ?^T^ dMi?|J| f%^ ^JfTcTT I" I MiRci* 3WR^ f^ ^STTclT I I 3. ^FFT 4. ^^ ^M # ^^ %f^ y^N+ I, f^f%?r t I ?Tff^ ^^ % ?fT ^ i^T^ 3TqVr f%qT w^ % I 'frar ^j§mfM^w, mf^^m wfrr, mfMffm % w^ ^^ fr^M +Wi«. IrfR, lif^^frw 3nf^ ^ ^^ ^1%T3; sr^^ sir^ t I 3TM ^ % FT ^w^if^, mt¥^ TjfWm' sffT qtrw^TT ^^rrfrr ^ H^cper I I ^T^ ftmcT ?W^ cTTqgW ^ H^^ fl^W Teiw sfiT WFT 3ftT mfMftm fff^r^ ^ f^f^or, ^, MiR^^, ^^wfr 3nf^ t^TK f%^rr w ^Rm I f^RI% gWT ^TFTT^ t BTcTsq- t I ^ # ^^ %f%I^ y^N4) I, f^rftcT I I ?#eni: 3^ % ^ # ?¥w 3q#rr f%^ ^3TT?rr I I %^ % ^8? ^rj^ ftrnw dp^w. IrfpT, I^M^ 3TTf^ #Tr3^ % 6000 ^ SrflRi %^v^ J^dMlcHl^d^ 5|T)" ^^ %f%T3: sr^er s^r^ t I m^ ^ ^ w 30 ^ ^?T^ ^ ^^ # ^^ fkM FT^ ^Tcft t I W^m f^ Wf, TT^Joft ^, 3{]f^ 873 ^ITTrf ^ ^rWW ^IRHI^T) %^^ ^T^ Hirr^=tQ STJ^EfFT ^TPTFT, sf^tf^ 682 014, ^TRrT ^3jT, mw sfrr ?7^7r ^TF ^^TPT t w^ wm tl ^^ ^ra^ ^JfRfr t 3f|T ^ srf^f^Kf: 3TT-q^5¥ % t I ^f^ 3F^ f^Rrf?r FFT Hi^ser ?T# ^ # ^ Fcf t 31XPTT ^ira" |S^ I" sfk cTofk" # 3TlT ^ W^ t, ^ ^ 13;^T°R 3raT«TT WRf ^^ y4^^ ciit afn FR # ^l# wtcfr I I ^ ^7f^ t ^ I" I ^^w?r wm^mf^ ww^^rf^ 120 ^ Tfr rl^ W^ I sfrr ()v^ot>// ^/T#o77' WN^ylWl 80 ^ ^ rRi ^^ ll ^ ?Ht FRcT # ^jfwTt srg^ ^ I I srflf^xTT FMF dcuNc>f|i| Plcil^ ^il^h^K ^T^W # 40 ^ ^ cf^ ^Scfr t I 3. ^\^HH1^^: ^ #flM t T^ Fp" % 'Jf ffoT # 100 ^ # TT^ cR> tjeraT ^F ^^rr^ t I ^ 3R¥ Fp" t 1000 ^ F^ cfT^ ^ I I ^jqw ^^r^ # ^JnfcT ^if%^ Fi3#rqt % ^ ^ y^ FT^ ^ ^ww I I FR?ftF Fg^ I 3^ ^ cT#!T F!5cfr sfk *c|x|y|fi)|i|l # ^ smrwr^ftf^w sfrr rrvT-. f^fTftffmr ^ ^ t I Wf ?¥ y^^ t I ^^M^fnJtW dMMh 80 ^ Tfr #. ^mrwHtrsTT 250 ^ ^, ^}PIH1'W ^f^ ^ rnf 180 ^ ^ fWkW 80 t Tft I 31 4. i^\Pl^^J)R^^: il^ 1991-95 % ^fTFT ms W^ f^W^ I 400 ^ ^ cR5 W^ grW ¥^ W^ k\^i^'i fTrn- t I ^f^ W^ 82% qW^PT ^TrTT-qf^^W dHJIctifisjjfrq- ^ % 3-qW ^^fcT t ^ t I IfeT m (srnw sfk sihn") 41J|(^M %^CT 13% I I ^ ^ ^l^cii^ vjfll^ijl, f^%qrr: +c|-ciy|[iJ|ql' ^ ^ qfrrarr iJl^KM T];^5TTT?r t f^ ^[fcTT I 3f|T TT^RT^ ^ wnr ?t Trqrr I I 3#Frr sftr sfp^jra^ ^ 41JKM I I ^^ TRT I I ?¥ q^5R t I qj^f^ W^ 4000 ^ ^, rrf^i^W ^f^ffW 80 ^ ^, f 3#W7" 150 ^ Tfr, <^I^^UlPiiH ^FPfjM # ^rsft^KT: (70% q^F5^) ^ ^JTTctr M^nffw 120 t 't 3ftT /M/^ /^^7"-140 ^ ^1 ^ q^ ^^ I" I 3T^Hi^ tm^ ^ 13% q^^ 5. 3ilP^ct,[^: ^^ fcT aftr ^ t^ qra" FTcft I I q?^ cTz ^ iTcw^ ^ f^ ^ ^m^ t qFT ^?n^ I" I ^ arf^Rxr: l^cfefW t ¥ra" m ^ f^f^ I sffT TTf-R^ds|< % ^ITPT :j^ q^^^g" qRT ff# t I 3frr vjt:iiHc^^y, 3q?rz ^ % snf^ ^SM, #^ ^ 16-20 3ftT 52-60 ^ ?T^ # ^W^ '^ 3ff^ Te^ m^ t I ii^ THT ^STTTTT I" I ^ iJ.R|i|ll ^ W% ^^ft^ 3?qRt sfn #. w^rf^^^tw wm: 100 ^ ^ 3fn 75 t qr^r ^tfrr^ t ft^ I- i^lt qr f^r^fR ^rW^, sT^ 51^# 650 ^ cf^ ^ T^ t Wn q^T^ 3TFjf^ ?rt#T, q^rflcf ^PWH, t^ff^ w^'^ ^ ^^ t eft" #S" iT^5%qt ^cHNcicil ^ I sfn ciT^ iT^ tm^ ^rWW I 3^=^ ^^, ^f^, ^^, 50 ^ Tfr cT^ ^^ t I snf^ ^ t ?Trw srf^ g^ f^cHdi I I qf1er#^ ^ t i^ VJII^CII^ ZW^ W tr#rr Tf 3rE#" ^T W^^ % 3j|cb[$id ^rf^ qW5^ 1976-95 % ^TTT 3ftTr?r 7277 S^ % OT^T 4309 ^ 12997 ^ % ^ f^f^sr gft I STHT^ ^^ qi ^ ?M % ^ Tj- q^^ ^?iT sfr I qrer HT# ^ 3fre?r q^^ w^ #eiT^ ^Wt^ % ^ w 3q%r ^^mr I I ^ f^^RTT I f% 1976-1980 t q-^^ arf^ (9832 2:^) sfr sfn 1981-84 3fk 1985-90 ^ ^^^r^: WT 32 q%qT 3ffT ^ ^ ?¥# ^ ^infcr w ^«^ 1970) I 3TK 3TTT gM r^4iRlrl # ^ I I ?^ amMT 41C|T1 q^r^ ^^ I I ^^ 3^ tjw ^ ^ 1976 % 1980) w i%^ ^^nw I I wwT % ^rWW # ^TFf 20,000-25,000 ?T ^TM^ ^ ^?TR" f%^ f^HUM ^rr^ SfFTPT rT^ ^^ %f^ 12 ^T^ oFlt I 3^1 ^;M^ ^ % ^nf#Tt ^%q: 14 ^T!^ I :3f^ w^^^ arf^TcTPf I" I ^3ftw 3TTFTT ^ sftr OT'^Tt^rTrart % q^r^ % srprr 3?qr^ w f^ppfW 874 %^#!T ^r5s[t ^lfrW+1 ST^Sn^ tm^ ^ ^^^ ^^^di^\H\ % siH'+iR* ^^\^^\ srrq^ q^ sflr tr^ %^ ll # FTftpn" ^ I I ^ fc1^cHnHy 33 sfrr ?i% #c f%T 1^ ^q- ?rfr##T f^uru I I T^ 3Tf^:mf^ fMcT t rTlcfr I I W^ ^ HRJJI^ # ^JTM 13;^ ^5f%^«TFr ^^ ^ I 3iM*iR+ TK^nrt ^ ^ sr^^w ^f%T^ sirg^q^ t5#r^ yftr^w Iw TT^ Mt ^ ^ ^SM^ I" I v^ y^ToT f¥xr Tn5f%# ^ tT^ I f^ 3TT?^erl ?^r^ ytsT q;^ ^ % ^FTR" ll"jg'q7§-3fiT5^'T?§-ett3ftTtfr#^ ms6 s/t^wT 3^ ^ ^ sfn 3ieic|u|ui(H HijRrqt MTef Nxf STWRT ^ 3pr^ t#T sftr sftr ^rfl^ qiirR^ricr^ w t f^ro^ ^^w srRmi^ 875 ^^^ij^iO t iT^ 3M^ ^^. fToiT f^^ # qTT q;^ 3rR 3TT?" w f^ft^^nr srjtEfFr %^, f^t^sTT - 695 521 79 t * «fr I ¥^ ^^nfcT t ^f^^l-^f$in sfff^r^if^ (3M^ 3TRR sfiT Rtof ^?nrat ^ 5Fng^ Sfr^l^qt ^ 3M#T^ q^^ STR- # TT^ q^ ^HTRT t I mTfT ^/^qb/d/ (^[^raftw wvE^jq"), 3/h" q'Jtesr ^ter t^rfM # f^ 3TR5R5W q^^ % ^ ^ ^ Rqt^ (ofFTK 1^ ^T^I5T) I m^ ^ ^S^kr 3fn qft^TR" sq^Tssr I" 1 W^ ^ 3ff#^ TT^^efr ^fT^^tjq" sfn dRl ^^RR^rnt ^ 24-8-96 =h^ql ^ Sfrqf^ f^W 3flT ^ I" I Sffoft^ 34 cTf^ t ^77#^5^ t I ^ W^^^refr t 3f|T H^5nj?q- t I % ^ I I 3 877 ^<|c|H t 3ic|d citim afk IT. 'ft. f^%^ ^ ^H ^^ 3m mw w ^TTWW sf^mw # TTTT TTTR SIR 3nT W trr^ef srp-siFT %^ % f^ 1^411 TTlJcfr SfoRTW %^ t 3TnR ^JiT# % vlftlT f^\^ 3{c|d 879 qr?^ t frrftr g^ fMjtw ^ITTcf % H^ % g^fiM % wit t ^ f^j^ 1953 %TmcT ^ ^, 1997 ^ 25-50 ^ # imnf qpw^ t' 17-4-98 q^r 9.2 ^ W owf % i:^ frlft' ^ /?qb)^)i/ 27?qW W 3mcR^ |3TT qil Tttw q^ §^ «r I ?^ aff^TcT w^ 940 fk ^ TTF^TR W^ t 30 Tft qwf t M^lfeld T? ^t 3ffT sfhTcl" 1TR 45 1% W qr I ^T^ ^ %n^ ^m tvjiN^cii(vii cr#q Pter ^JTTW % vrf^ q^ %«Tr;^3ffT^q#^3# Sn^fcT % ^ I Tiir 5¥ fcFfr w mr 1.5 CT" «rr I f^FR sfir q^ ^ ^ 5^ qrit % qw 5^: arf^l^s^ ^ I §^ ^TpftcT 3frT (JCTII*K 5^ qw 14-80 q^3R2n"3ffT7Rrw3^i2 3R«ri 880 ^JTRRTST t 6(l^ + el+< ^pnfr^ 878 ^T^r^^T^ t ^TFTR wit % ^if^-ii^i qtcTfiim" # i6-3-'98 q^ qw SfFTpq q^f5¥ # WilR^ ^^ # 6iK+cH< ^jq7#T qror §f I w^ wf 48.8 t ^ sfr I qorf^^rrgT # 35 ^ # TTsnf t y^if^d ^ 3?Frrq q:^^ i\Mdl{H ^ 17 ^jprat, 1997 ^ ?# q^iR % 1^ SRT W q^>^ 'TqT 2TT I WW ^ i^ll^R* TTiq^ ^Hicbi< 3ff^^rq¥ ^ q^^i" % ^ t ^ tr. tfr. ^ f^ wm I I 488 ^ ^ If g^^^TFR Wm % ^ 'T^ 31^555^ 23, 387 it 1997 ^ ^ ^ PtF W^ ^ TqTcFf W W 122 qtq- SRT q^ arrsnr cfq^ 106 >f ^ q^ # ?Mf 209 it err eft 18 ^ Ti^ ^ 'TP^ ?irit ^ tij<^t!) t ssMt q^ qit ct^ 64 ^ q^ # ei^ 85 t f^T# ^ ^krf 150 ^ ^ #: "j^ qim ^ q^ # ?RTf X •+ 10 ej^ 52 t ^ «fr I ?^ sri^d^ ^ ^ II + 9 (IV ^) ^ ^f^ 60 ^ Tjt «fr ^5T^ 3T^ qhr SJTT I + 13 ^ * ^Rif 98 ^ ^ «fl" I qiwr 31^ ^w ^ ^^ I + 5 qT^7%qt SRT ^ii^ ^ «frl f^TW mr 19 f% ^ ^ l^ q^ 3IR SIT? ^ +lft>HISI ar^STPT %^, *lf>iHISI w^ 5700/-^. qr %TPT ^ f^ 3fiT q;. 36 882 ^f^^IRn t Wt^sjl^ 883 t^^^ % f^mi3 qr^ M:^ t 5.3.98 ^ ^ cT^ Wm ^ 660 f^ ^ # efmf % 1^ ^441^ mwf^f^rf^ ^RT fSTT I cfT^ MTT t d>qOd^ w w TTfTT %n" sfh: sTsjt^TFT q^ ?^ «TTI qt^r ^W^ 3fk cn:^^I%iTf % 3TR?1T0T % qT5r ^-?f oTTcT ^ ^^ %?• cT^ q^ W % ^ qrfM ?fl" # 3rr^?i=Rit ^ f^ f^ cT^ ^ Tf^ t I ^^tfw afn q^ srrM ^r^ f^l^41' t ?TT1%CT ^frl srsft STFT # 3fR ^ 1^ sk ^tnt ^ 3iW% m% -sri ^f^vTi?!;^ % #^, ^ ^, ft^ q-^ ft% ^ t?f y'^Rl+l (Pincers) ?^ W^ % dMRd^H ^ SHT^-FT^ q^ ^nFr 8.2 f% w ^m ^ TTM ^^^^ ^\ ?¥% ?ntR^ TTTTpf 660 330 240 ijEr Tig" # pRif 170 q^ I I iT^ ^T^ % ?i% fWcTf w^m f^ 105 qr c^w # TT^rrf t ir^ T^«;[^ # ^ I T^^SFR" ^«1" ^ SRT TO" cT^ 250 5fsr ^ 'JB" t^g- ?T^ 560 fltq" ?r '^ n^ f^ '^f^ 510 qT^# # ^jqfMcT +c|xJHJ ^ :RT^ q^cTT I # yt^r ?r g? 5R fr^ 400 3tF "rer w arrsTR 40 qr ^ TTM ^ gN¥ I^ ^ t I f^I5^ 35 HT# 58 240 5^ TO" # #fTf 65 ?w¥r ^ ?^^ # ^?j^iw 5-10 % 5R ^ ^rarf (^yiRisi) 45 100 35 ^?J^ ^^ ^ \ 8.2 f% m GUIDE TO CONTRIBUTORS The articles intended for publication in the MFIS should be based on actual research findings on long-term or short term projects of the CMFRI and should be in a language comprehensible to the layman. Elaborate perspectives, material and metliods, taxonomy, keys to species and general, statistical methods and models, elaborate tables, references and such being only useful to specialists, are to be avoided. Field keys that may be of help to fishermen or industry are aceptable. Self-speaking photographs may be profusely included, but histograms should be carefully selected for easy understanding to the non-technical eye. The writeup should not be in the format of a scientific paper. Unlike in journals, suggestions and advices based on tested research results intended for fishing industry, fishery managers and planners can be given in definitive terms. Whereas only cost benefit ratios and indices worked out based on observed costs and values are acceptable in journal, the observed costs and values, inspite of their transitionality, are more appropriate for MFIS. Any article intended for MFIS should not exceed 15 pages typed in double space on foolscap paper. Edited by Dr. K.J. Mathew, Ms. T.S. Namoi, Ms. P.J. Sheela and Ms. E. Sasikala. Published by Dr. K.J. Mathew on behalf of the Director, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, P.B. No. 1603. Tatapuram P.O., Cochin - 682 014, Kerala, India, Printed at Cherrys Printers, Cochin - 682 017 37