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The Road to Planning, Setting a Course

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The Road to Planning, Setting a Course The road to planning, setting a course An institutional analysis of spatial planning in Suriname Merel van Boxtel The road to planning, setting a course An institutional analysis of spatial planning in Suriname This thesis is written as a final assignment for the master Landscape Architecture and Planning, specialisation in Spatial Planning, at Wageningen University Droevendaalsesteeg 3 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands Supervision: Prof.Dr. A.J.J. (Arnold) van der Valk; Lands Use Planning group Author: Merel van Boxtel Reg. No. 860916115020 [email protected] Wageningen, May 2010 The road to planning, setting a course 4 Abstract Abstract Suriname is considered a small state, due to a for its region relatively small territory and population size. Smallness brings along specific characteristics for a state. As being a former colony of The Netherlands, most of Suriname’s parliamentary and administrative system is adopted from The Netherlands, the institutions regarding spatial planning as well. The concept of the transfer of institutions from one context to the other is called institutional transplantation. One precondition for successful institutional transplantation is the compatibility between host and donor country. Suriname is hardly comparable to The Netherlands in terms of size, landscape, culture, politics or society though. It is questionable if a model of spatial planning from The Netherlands is appropriate for Suriname. In September 2005 Suriname established the Ministry of Physical Planning, Land and Forest Management. Spatial planning is now for the first time in history explicitly covered by a ministerial department. This has been a valuable step in the historical development of spatial planning in Suriname and displays opportunities for institutional change. An important comprehension lies with the recognition of the institutional development of spatial planning in Suriname and the characteristics of Suriname as a country. Keywords: spatial planning, Suriname, institutions, institutional transplantation, small states I The road to planning, setting a course II Contents Contents Title Page List of figures V Glossary VII Preface IX Summary XI Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Problem description 1 1.2 Research objective and research questions 3 1.3 Outline report 4 1.4 Research methodology 5 Chapter 2. Theoretical framework 9 2.1 Institutional transplantation 9 2.2 Small states theory 13 2.3 Concluding notes 18 Chapter 3. Development of Suriname 21 3.1 Geographical and historical development of society and economy 21 3.2 Parliamentary system 26 3.3 Development of politics 28 Chapter 4. Spatial planning in Suriname 33 4.1 Spatial legislation 33 4.2 Ministry of Physical planning, Land- and Forest Management 36 Chapter 5. Conclusions 43 5.1 Institutional context 43 5.2 Characteristics of a small state 45 5.3 Spatial planning 47 Chapter 6. Epilogue 51 6.1 Discussing institutional transplantation 51 6.2 Discussing small states theory 54 6.3 The future of spatial planning in Suriname 57 6.4 Research methods 59 Bibliography 63 Annexes 67 III The road to planning, setting a course IV List of Figures List of figures Title Page 1. Simplified map of Suriname with arrangement of the country based on accessibility 22 2. Map of Suriname 67 V The road to planning, setting a course VI Glossary Glossary DA’91 Democratic Alternative 91 (Democratisch Alternatief 91) IDB Inter-American Development Bank KTPI Indonesian Peasant Party (Indonesische Boerenpartij) NDP National Democratic Party (Nationale Democratische Partij) NPS National Party Suriname (Nationale Partij Suriname) NR (Ministry of) Natural Resources (Ministerie van Natuurlijke Hulpbronnen) PDC (Ministry of) Planning and Development Cooperation (Ministerie van Planning en Ontwikkelingssamenwerking) PLFM (Ministry of) Physical Planning, Land and Forest Management (Ministerie van Ruimtelijke Ordening, Grond- en Bosbeheer) PNR Party Nationalistic Republic (Partij Nationalistische Republiek) PW (Ministry of) Public Works (Ministerie van Openbare Werken) RD (Ministry of) Regional Development (Ministerie van Regionale Ontwikkeling) SDP Social Democratic Party (Sociale Democratische Partij) SPA Surinamese Labour Party (Surinaamse Partij van de Arbeid) SRD Surinamese Dollar UN United Nations VHP United Hindustan Party (Verenigde Hindostaanse Partij) VII The road to planning, setting a course VIII Preface Preface Wageningen, 25-05-2010 Writing a thesis. For five years I followed the approach of this assignment suspiciously. During my academic development I was constantly searching for new challenges and preferred dynamic structures. Staying focussed on one topic for at least six months, the objective of a graduation research did not fit within this motto. So when I started formulating my research topic I told myself; “This is my last and most requiring academic adventure, it may better be good”. And it was! Strikingly, writing this thesis and carrying out the additional research turned out to be the most enjoyable and challenging assignment of my whole student curriculum. In September 2009 I made a start with exploring research possibilities. A good friend from the Technical University in Delft, who I cooperated with a year before, carried out her internship in Suriname. As being completely unfamiliar but very appealing to me, Suriname got my attention. A quick search on the internet learned that Suriname established a ministry for Physical Planning, Land and Forest Management in 2005, but that the public criticised the inactive attitude of the ministry and the lack of spatial policy and operation. I was curious about the accuracy of these accusations and about spatial planning in Suriname. With directions from my supervisor Prof. Dr. Arnold van der Valk I developed a research proposal and the journey began. The objective of this research was to make an institutional analysis of spatial planning in Suriname and to provide an aid for institutional transformation in the future. From January till March I visited Suriname. With this visit I wanted to try to see through the country and experience the society and the landscape myself. In this period I fell in love with Paramaribo and got even more fascinated about my research. I hope I can engage you just as much by my writings. With this preface, I would like to thank the people who were involved in the accomplishment of this thesis. I would like to thank my Surinamese friends, who helped me getting to know the country so much faster than I would have on my own. I want to thank my Surinamese respondents, who received me so hospitably and provided me with valuable reflections. I also want to thank my supervisor Arnold van der Valk for his valuable feedback. Finally, I want to thank my friends and family. My friends at Gaia made me enjoy working on my thesis just by being there. My family provided me with the opportunity to undertake this adventure and made some seemingly slight, but very valuable contributions to this report. Enjoy reading this thesis, Merel van Boxtel IX The road to planning, setting a course X Summary Summary Spatial planning is a highly discussed and philosophised topic in Suriname. Spatial planning currently is not in the condition the government and the community would like it to be. After the last state elections, Suriname established the Ministry for Physical Planning, Land and Forest Management in September 2005. For the first time in history spatial planning now is covered by a ministerial department. However, after 4,5 years still no physical evidence is present that spatial planning actually came to development or that at least a commonly, integrated spatial policy is on hand. Suriname’s parliamentary, administrative and legal system is adopted from The Netherlands, her former colonial ruler until 1975. Also the institutions concerning spatial planning are based on the Dutch system. In 1972 the Urban Decree was established in Suriname, a law that contains regulations regarding destination and construction of land. Together with the in 1973 established Plan Decree, which contains regulations regarding national and regional planning on behalf of a proper spatial planning of land use, the Urban Decree forms the most important set of spatial directives. According to this legislation, the three ministries of Public Works, Planning and Development Cooperation and Regional Development are charged with planning related tasks. Most importantly, the Planning Service of the Ministry of Public Works is charged with the making of structure and development plans. However, these documents have never officially been made. Suriname therefore has no legal spatial document which can be used for examining spatial developments. At the time of the establishment of the Ministry of Physical Planning, Land and Forest Management, none of the legislative tasks were assigned to this new ministry. Operational power still lies with the other three ministries. The theoretical framework of this thesis is based on the theories of both institutional transplantation and small states. Institutional transplantation is the concept of the transfer of institutions from one context to the other. Transplants can be various things, like policies, programmes, procedures, ideologies, justifications, attitudes and ideas. Within institutional transplantation the word ‘institution’ is used as a container concept for all these possible transplants. One precondition for successful institutional transplantation is the compatibility between host and
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