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Anthropological Study of American Cosmological Beliefs University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1986 Anthropological study of American cosmological beliefs John Domitrovich The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Domitrovich, John, "Anthropological study of American cosmological beliefs" (1986). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5008. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5008 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 Th i s i s an unpublished m a n u s c r ip t in w h ic h c o p y r ig h t s u b ­ s i s t s , Any f u r t h e r r e p r i n t i n g o f i t s c o n t e n t s m u s t b e a p p r o v e d BY THE AUTHOR, Ma n s f i e l d L ib r a r y ■ U n i v e r s i t y o f JI q^ita n a Da t e : _____ AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF AMERICAN COSMOLOGICAL BELIEFS By John Domitrovich B.A., University of Montana, 1969 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1986 /V yrri ,_____________r Chairman, Board of Examiners UMI Number: EP40472 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Otesirtatteft fijMishftig UMI EP40472 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Domitrovich, John, M.A., June 1986 Anthropology An Anthropological Study of American Cosmological Beliefs (205 pp.) Director: Dr. Katherine Weist This study considered a number of aspects of the cosmological belief systems of members of three religious groups: Christian Science, Seventh Day Adventist, and Pentecostal/Charismatic. According to Bryan Wilson (1973), these groups appear to demonstrate unique modes or "responses" to the world at large in accommodating themselves to the realm of the sacred. For example, a group may obtain salvation through a restructuring of the sense of self or through'an anticipated destruction/creation of a new world/social order— and so on. This study assumed that these different responses would be further reflected in the dimensions of centrality, uniqueness, and locus of control. Centrality referred to the sense of locational placement in the universe. The dimension of uniqueness was investigated with respect to a number of associated indices: beliefs regarding animal spirituality, beliefs concerning the existence of other rational life forms in the universe, and beliefs related to evolutionism and creationism. Informants were given a locus of control questionnaire which offered a measure of the degree to which the individuals felt they were in control of their lives versus being controlled by some external power. All informants were asked to perform drawings of their personal universes, i.e., how they saw the universe structured. A discussion of the history of cosmological thought offered a comparison baseline to fit the cosmographies generated through this study into a historical context. It was postulated that the Pentecostal/Charismatic group would demonstrate the most marked notion of centrality and that the Christian Science Group would exhibit the most marked tendency toward an internal locus of control orientation. Results indicated that the Christian Science group was the least unique, and the most internally oriented of the three. The Seventh Day Adventist group exhibited the greatest tendency toward centrality and uniqueness. The Pentecostal/Charismatic group fit between the other two groups with respect to centrality and uniqueness. The most common universe expressed by all groups was a pretwentieth century version of a solar system surrounded by an infinite number of stars. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Since the inception of this project, a number of people have been instrumental in guiding me through to its completion. A very special thanks to Dr. Katherine Weist, the chairwoman of my thesis committee, who has always been a great inspiration to me and a mainstay of support and assistance. I also feel very fortunate to have had the most able assistance of Dr. Frank Bessac and Dr. Paul Dietrich. Their insights into the project and their suggestions have been most helpful and valuable. My thanks to Mr. Dwight Leonard for getting this study back on track after a lapse of several years. A very special thanks to Clifford and Rose Ford who have always been there to assist my family's efforts. I feel very fortunate to have such thoughtful and wonderful people in my life. I am very grateful to have had the opportunity to meet and share some time with the individuals who were willing to take part in this study. I feel I have learned a great deal from my interaction with them. I am very appreciative of the invaluable assistance offered by Mrs. Lynn Cragholm for typing, editing, and formatting the final report. Her perseverance in the face of my atrocious handwriting truly was commendable. Last but not least I thank my family— my wife, Christine, and my children, Nicholas, Nathan, and Maia— for their love, support, and the time they allowed me to research, prepare, and conclude this report. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ............................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......... iii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES .................................... vii Chapter 1. THEORY .................................... 1 Introduction to Study ................... 1 Overview of the Three Responses ........ 8 Conversionist Response ............... 8 Manipulationist Response ............. 11 Revolutionist Response ............... 12 Comparing the Three Responses .......... 13 The I-E Scale .............. 17 Current Study ........................... 24 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................... 31 Cosmological Models ..................... 33 Greek Worldview ............................ 4 0 Aristotle's Cosmology ................... 4 8 Planetary Motion ..................... 58 Ptolemy's System ....................... 6 5 Summary ................................ 71 From Copernicus to the Present ........ 72 O v e r v i e w .................................. 116 3. METHODOLOGY ................. 119 Interviews ............................. 119 Cosmological Drawing ................. 120 Interview Proper ..................... 121 iv Chapter Page Locus of Control Questionnaire .... 122 Other Data Gathering Activities ........ 122 4. RESULTS .................................... 124 The Drawings and Artists' Comments . 124 Type of Universe ..................... 124 Earthbound universe ................. 125 Earth surrounded by infinite number of s t a r s ........................... 125 Cosmic contest universe ............. 129 Circular universe ................... 132 Heaven-centered universe ........... 134 Geocentric universe ................. 138 Hierarchical universe ............... 141 Expanding/contracting universe . 144 Universe of stars and planets out to infinity ................... 144 Abstract universe ................... 144 Universe Patterns ..................... 149 Uniqueness and Centrality ............... 161 Sect Results ......................... 161 Nonsect Results ....................... 167 Universe Types ......................... 176 Sect Results ......................... 176 Nonsect Results 177 Summary ......................... 170 Universe Types ......................... 17 3 Sect Results ......................... 173 Nonsect Results ....................... 17 4 Summary ................................ 174 Locus of Control ....................... 17 7 5. CONCLUSION .......... 181 Discussion .............................. 181 Recommendations for Future Research . 185 v Page REFERENCES .......................................... 187 Literature Cited ......................... .. 187 Literature Not Cited ............................... 190 APPENDIX ............................................ 19 5 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Locus of Control in Regard to the Three Groups Studied ....................... 18 2. Sect Data: Uniqueness and Centrality . 162 3. Nonsect Data: Uniqueness and Centrality .................................. 169 4. Total Data, Sect Plus Nonsect: Uniqueness and Centrality ................. 171 5. Sect Data: Universe Types ................. 17 5 6. Nonsect Data: Universe Types 176 7. Total Data, Sect Plus Nonsect: Universe Types .............................. 176 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Aspects of the three responses ............. 16 2. Aristotelian universe composed of central earth, water, air, and five elements .... 51 3. Celestial sphere indicating the band of the zodiac centered on the ecliptic .... 60 4. (a) Retrograde motion of planets. (b) All stars rise in the east and
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