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Effect of Alcoholic and Aqueous Extract Of Plant Archives Volume 20 No. 2, 2020 pp. 5243-5251 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210 EFFECT OF ALCOHOLIC AND AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF LANTANA CAMARA LEAF ON THE GROWTH OF OYSTER MUSHROOMS PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS AND SOME FUNGI ACCOMPANYING LOCAL BARLEY GRAIN HORDEUM VULGARE Hussein Sami Naji Kermasha Department of Biology of Preliminary Studies, College of Education for Girls, University of Kufa, Iraq. Abstract This study was conducted in the Microbiology Laboratory of the Department of Biology for Preliminary Studies, College of Education for Girls, University of Kufa in November 2019 to test the effect of hot water extracts and alcoholic extracts of Lantana camara leaves on fungi Apergillus niger, Apergillus flavus Apergillus terreus, Pleurotus ostreatus fungi were cultivated in the laboratory and incubated at a temperature of 25 ± 2, the results of the hot water extract of the leaves of the Lantana camara plant showed a significant difference on the diameter growth of the fungi under study within 72 hours, amounting to (3.66, 3.00, 2.12 and 1.33) cm respectively, compared with the control treatment which gave (9, 9, 9, 7.16) cm, respectively. The results of the study also showed significant differences in the hot water extract of the leaves of the Lantana camara plant on the diameter growth during 144 hours for fungi Apergillus niger, Apergillus flavus, Apergillus terreus, Pleurotus ostreatus, amounted to (7.56, 5.73, 4.83 and 3.57) cm respectively, With a control treatment of (9.00)cm for all fungi under study. The results of the alcoholic extract of the leaves of the Lantana camara plant showed a significant difference on the diameter growth of the fungi under study which amounted to (6.46, 6.84, 5.91 and 7.15) cm within 72 hours. The results of the alcoholic extract of the leaves of the Lantana camara plant showed that the highest value of the diameter growth rate of Pleurotus ostreatus was 3.12 cm while the lowest diameter rate of the Apergillus niger was 4.87 cm with in 6 days 1.25 cm while the lowest diameter growth rate for Aspergillus niger was 2.54 cm. Introduction effect on stimulating cellular immunity when feeding on One of the best months of the year to grow the it (Hatvani et al., 2008). Lantana camara plant is the month of March, when the Fungal mycelium is characterized by possessing plant is cultivated with cuttings during one of the days of immune system-stimulating substances and anti- this month, until it begins to grow during the spring. It is fungicides and toxins (Refaie and Daba, 2009). The one of the beautiful shrubs and is characterized by its species belonging to oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus) is variety of uses in coordinating the gardens and the ease characterized by its ability to grow in a variety of cultivated of caring for them and the ease of propagating them as media with different environmental conditions (Kong, they multiply the mind. Kingdom Plants of the rank Oral 2004). Oyster mushrooms also contain a high content of Quarterly. carbohydrates, proteins and fats, as well as salts, vitamins The oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus is one and many other nutrients (Zinabu et al., 2015). of the cultivated Paisid fungi that has medicinal benefits Barley is one of the crops known to man since because it contains a group of effective chemical prehistoric times. It was the main source of bread in the compounds (Babu and Subhasree, 2008) and the fungus countries of the ancient world. There are many opinions has a great competitiveness against many of the fungi about the original place in which it originates because of contaminated by the diet ( Hassan, 2015). It has a major its suitability for growth in different environments. A effect in reducing serum cholesterol and its distinctive number of wild shapes and styles are present. While *Author for correspondence : E-mail : [email protected] others see that barley may originate in Southeast Asia, 5244 Hussein Sami Naji Kermasha especially in China, Tibet and Nepal, while( Harium, 1968) Genre Species: - Hordeum vulgare believes that the extinct wild barley is the origin from (Al-Fadhli, 2001). which the current barley developed and that was grown The oyster mushroom was scientifically described in the same areas where wild barley grows. for the first time by the Dutch naturalist Nikolaus Joseph Barley is an annual weed that dates back to Hordeum in 1775 and named it Agaricus ostreatus (Jacq, 1774) vulgare and has several uses mainly used as animal feed and in 1871 the German fungi Paul Kummer worked to (green feed or grains). Barley bread is used for diabetics transform the oyster mushroom into the genus Pleurotus as it is used in the preparation of soups. Barley bread is (Bisby et al., 2011). The name of the genus is Latin and used for different cultures from Scotland to Africa In means lateral ear and indicates the lateral association of 2007, barley was considered the fourth cereal crop in the trunk, either the ostreatus section is a reference to terms of production, as it reached 1360,000,000 tons and oysters, the shape of the fruit bodies is similar to the 2 the cultivated area reached 566,000 km and it contains shape of the oyster and has a special and distinct flavor a high percentage of B-glucan bounds or bonds, which (Croan, 1999). It is one of the fungi that is forced to are a protective wall for the grains of starch from feed. This fungus is considered a fungus Adenoids decomposition due to digestive enzymes, high fiber content belonging to the family of Pleurotaceae of the Agaricales and low content of Amino acids and low energy content of the Basidiomycetes class of the true fungi Eumycota (Mahrous & Soliman, 2009). belonging to the fungi kingdom Mycetae (Manolea et al., The aim of this study is to study the effect of hot 2006). Production was widespread in Hungary (Hungary) water extract and alcoholic extract of leaves of the in 1969 by planting on tree trunks and then spread to Lantana camara plant on a group of fungi: Aspergillus trees in the World (Martínez, 1998). niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus and Environmental needs and conditions for the growth Pleurotus ostreatus. of oyster mushrooms Literature Review The oyster mushroom grows in the center of the lignin, Plant Lantana camara cellulose, barley, wheat, and rice cultivated in some bush, It is one of the beautiful shrubs and is characterized for example, reeds and papyrus (Al-Badrani, 2010). by its diversity in its use in coordinating gardens, and the Oyster mushroom needs environmental requirements for ease of caring for it and its ease of multiplication where growth and production represented by providing a It multiplies the mind, affected by a decrease in temperature between 30-25°C and relative humidity temperatures and drains its branches. It is used as a ranging from 90-80% and intensity of illumination ranging vegetable fence, as a climbing plant on fences, or as from 900-400 Lux by providing a number of hours of individual shrubs. Its colors vary as well as in one flower, lighting ranging from 8-6 Hour. Today, with suitable including white, yellow, red, and two-color (LewisWH ventilation ranging from 5-4 hours. Today (Przybylowicz and Ertter B and Bruneau A, 2014). and Donoghue, 1990 and Marino et al., 2003) and its development is characterized by simple and low cost Barley: production technology and its cultivation does not require It is a herbaceous plant around the family (the a special agricultural medium as well as the speed of its evangelical family) and its scientific name is Hordeum growth and the short period of time required to prepare vulgare the agricultural medium and its average production is 1000 Scientific classification: kg of fresh fruit bodies. Tonnes of agricultural medium in Kingdom: Plantae a 30-day period (Rajarathnam and Bano, 1988). Unranked Division: - Covered with Angiosperms The nutritional importance of oyster mushrooms seeds Oyster mushrooms are distinguished by the taste, Category: Monocots smell acceptable, and the possibility of preserving them in several ways, the most important of which are drying, Order: -Poales canning, and freezing (Mandeel and others 2005). Family: Poaceae The fruit bodies of the fungus have the advantage of Under the Subfamily family: - Povideae containing the basic components of a balanced diet, Tribe: -Triticeae because their nutritional value is due to containing 20- 40% protein of dry weight (Kurtzman, 2005; Ahmed et Genus: - Hordeum al., 2009) thus have a superiority over most vegetables Effect of alcoholic and aqueous extract of Lantana camara leaf on the growth 5245 and fruits. Oyster mushroom proteins are rich in essential termed Aspergillosis and its condition is considered a and non-essential amino acids as they transform the fungi serious disease, and the prevalence of this condition is a proteins into 17-18 aminoacids (Wang et al., 2000). major problem in hospitals The increased incidence of Label and classification of the fungus Aspergillus immunosuppression resulting from the treatment of immune diseases or organ transplants and the Kingdom: Fungi administration of immunosuppressive drugs Wang (2012). Domain: Eukarya Fungal Aspergillus niger Phylum: Ascomycota This type of Aspergillus species is the most common Class: Ascomycetes species and causes what is known as black mold. When Order: Eurotiales it grows on vegetables and fruits, the fungus is Genus: Aspergillus characterized by its super fast growth rate and tolerance to a wide range of pH value of the medium in which the Species: A.niger, A.flavus, A.terreus PH tolerance lives. It is one of the most influential fungi It is a filamentous fungus belonging to the class of types that damage products.
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