Orissa Review # February-March - 2005

Biju Patnaik : A Tribute

B.C. Rout

The fifth of March 1916, was the masses for his charisma. He an auspicious day for Orissa, was a man who created as on that very day Biju history, changed history and Patnaik, the third child of shaped history. And the history Munsif Laxmi Narayan Patnaik he shaped was the history of and Ashalata Devi was born modern Orissa. His mission at Cuttack. The seventeenth of was the emancipation of Orissa April 1997, the day Biju from poverty and negligence. Patnaik passed away, was a Biju Patnaik was the sad day not only for Orissa but architect of Paradip port. It for the whole country. Biju was at his initiative that the port Patnaik was a legend in Indian was inaugurated by Pandit politics. He played a significant role in the struggle Nehru. He got more aid for freedom. He served the sanctioned for Orissa. Nehru country for more than six was criticised in the decades. People lovingly Parliament for his decision to called him the 'Hero of provide more aid to Orissa. To Kalinga' and the 'Kharavela of this, Nehru replied, '"Biju Kalinga.' Modern Orissa Patnaik has the courage, cannot be thought of without dynamism and zeal to work. So Biju Patnaik. there is no blunder in giving more aid to Orissa." This Man is mortal, but his speaks volumes of the deeds make him immortal. He extraordinary talent and attains immortality by dint of personality of Biju Patnaik. his brave and heroic actions. Biju Patnaik was such an Biju Patnaik, who took pride immortal man. Respected as a messiah and on the fact that he was an Oriya, had dreamt admired as an epitome of courage, Biju Patnaik many dreams. But his fond dream was the rise stood like a colossus. He was respected by of the dashing Oriya youths to dominate every

1 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 sphere of life. Although he was practicing Prize was that every one should have at least a politics, he was certainly more than a basic understanding of science. The prize, politician; he was a leader of people, a given away by the UNESCO every year, is charismatic leader, a natural one. considered a prestigious award by the He faced many ups and downs in international scientific community. When Biju politics. Though close to Jawaharlal Nehru, Patnaik contemplated this prize, he gave it the he had to leave the Congress Party after Nehru's name KALINGA, an empire which existed two death. Such was the force of his personality thousand years ago. Like Nehru, Biju that it always drew extreme emotions from the passionately advocated inculcating scientific people, from blind adulation to hatred, temper in the minds of the people. More than depending on situations. There are some, who two thousand years ago, in 261 BC, the people try to measure the contribution of Biju Patnaik of Kalinga fought a battle, which still remains to Orissa in terms of roads and bridges and an unforgettable chapter in the history of Orissa. plants and ports he built. Being a man of industry It is impossible to forget the Kalinga War, fought in the past, he had tried to industrialise Orissa, on the banks of the river Daya, near though not with much success. A second steel Bhubaneswar; the water of the river turned red plant in the state remained one of his unfulfilled with blood. Biju Patnaik tried to revive it in dreams. the minds of people of the state and tried to fight another battle, the battle for removal of Biju Patnaik tried his best to bring about poverty. As a great statesman and a visionary, an industrial revolution in the state. The he always struggled hard for uplifting of Choudwar and Barbil industrial belts, the economic condition of the people of Orissa. A Cuttack-Jagatpur Mahanadi highway bridge, man with many facets and abilities, his love the Bhubaneswar airport, Orissa aviation for Orissa and its people was intense. Restoring centre, Paradeep Port, Express Highway, the Orissa to its ancient glory and to its rightful MIG factory at Sunabeda, the Thermal Power place in the country was his mission, for which Plant at Talcher, the Balimela hydel project, he worked and ceaselessly. the Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, the Panchayat level industrial In 1943, Biju was sent to prison for about projects, Engineering Colleges, some of the two years for participating in the Quit India major Public Sector Undertakings of the State, Movement. During his eventful political career, the Orissa State Planning Board, the he served the nation as a Union Minister for reorganisation of districts, etc. were some of about three years. He was the Chief Minister his outstanding contributions. of Orissa for about seven years and a half, in two terms. The political career graph of Biju Biju was a champion of science and Patnaik had witnessed upward and downward technology. He believed in the modernisation trends. He spent more than half a century in of society on a scientific basis. He established Indian politics, both in and out of power, in the Kalinga Foundation for dissemination of the State as well as at the centre, heading the knowledge in science. He also founded the ruling party and building opposition structures. Kalinga Prize for promoting scientific His mission and message, ambitions and knowledge. The idea behind setting up Kalinga dreams made him a great leader. His love for

2 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 his own native state had never stood in the way heritage just as it has been endowed with vast of his love for the country at large. He had the natural resources. But it has also been a state virtues of Utkal Gaurav Madhusudan Das, the neglected over the years resulting in its grand old man of Orissa, who had awakened backwardness and under development. Biju's the Oriya people from their deep slumber in mission of making the state rich and prosperous the first two decades of the 20th century. Some remained a dream. He had a multifaceted of his critics said that he talked much and did personality a freedom fighter, a pilot, an things impulsively, disregarding the means, but industrialist, Chief Minister of a state and Union history shows that whatever work he did was Minister, all combined into one. His life is an not trivial but a work of monumental glory. extraordinary saga of adventure and sacrifice, Biju Patnaik's presence was visible both valour and dedication. in his success and in his failure. The true son His death was an irreparable loss to the of the soil, he demonstrated pride and self- nation. Lakhs of people from all over the state respect of the Oriyas. He did not budge before bade a tearful farewell to their dear leader. A anyone, however powerful he might be. The number of dignitaries attended his funeral at only interest he had was the dignity and honour Swargadwar in Puri. These include leaders of the Oriyas. It was evident in his speeches in such as Deve Gowda, Chandrasekhar, A.B. the State Legislature and in the Parliament, in Vajpayee, KrishanKant, Devilal, Madhu his recorded discussions and interviews to the Dandavate, Laloo Prasad Yadav, S.R. Bommai, Press, and in his correspondences. Some of Ram Vilas Paswan, L.K. Advani. Biju was a his often quoted sayings include (i) 'To be man who never let Orissa down. He tried to born poor is not a crime but to remain so is follow the saying of Bhima Bhoi, a nineteenth indeed a crime,' (ii) 'If a thing can be done century poet, who wrote: now, do it at once and do not defer it to the Boundless is the anguish and next day,' (iii) 'Be loyal not to me but to the misery of the living destiny of the State,' (iv) 'Orissa is a rich state who can see it and tolerate ? where poor people live,' (v) 'Be a pride to Let my soul be sent to hell your State and not a shame.' but let the universe be redeemed. He wanted the Oriyas to achieve These are the lines,which Biju often excellence in every field. An Oriya boy born quoted and followed. seven decades after this great Oriya was born feels proud of the fact that he is born to the same race to which Biju Patnaik belongs. No other Oriya has ever bridged such a generation gap. Many of Biju's dreams remained unfulfilled. His dream to industrialise Orissa B.C. Rout is Professor of Political Science (retired); could not be fulfilled. Orissa, situated in the he lives at 7-H.B. Colony, Lewis Road, eastern seaboard of India, has a rich cultural Bhubaneswar-751002.

3 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005

Sarasvati : The Goddess of Learning

Pradeep Kumar Gan Dr. Sanjeeb Kumar Mohanty

Sarasvati, the Goddess of Learning occupies a takes the three forms of Mahalakshmi, Mahakali distinct position among the Sakta goddesses and Mahasarasvati. In her manifestation as of Hindu pantheon. Due to the wide prevalence Mahasarasvati, she is of representing of the worship of Shakti or the female energy Sattoguna. She is associated with the in India from a very early period among almost destruction of the demons Sumbha and all the different ethnological elements Nisumbha.6 She is the colour of white and the comprising the vast mass of Indian population, most beautiful of all beauties. As indicated in goddess Sarasvati became more popular the Pradhanika-rahasya, She is four arm among the followers of Shaktism. According holding a rosary, a goad, a vina, and a to David Kinsley, goddess Sarasvati is one of manuscript. In the Vaikritika-rahasya, where the few important goddesses in the Vedas who She is said to have been born from Gauri with has remained significant in later Hinduism, eight armed and holds an arrow, spear, chakra, 7 though today she is in particular, worshipped conch,bell, plowshare, and a bow. A similar by children and students as the patron Goddess description appears in the Sritattvanidhi, where She is described as the slayer of of Learning throughout India.1 She is popular Sumbha, with the eight ayudha.8 not only as a Hindu goddess, but also popular with the Jains and the Buddhists.2 The word Regarding the origin and development Sarasvati is derived from the words Sarah and of Sarasvati, interesting accounts are recorded Vati which means 'one possessing a vast sheet in different Puranas. The Devi Mahatmya9 of water'.3 Goddess Sarasvati is known to us section of the Markandeya Purana refers three in various names like Vani, Vagdevi, Vac, principal forms of female principle, i.e. Sarada, Bharati, Pusti, Vagisvari, Vinapani etc.4 Mahalakshmi, Mahakali and Mahasarasvati. According to the Brahmavaivartta Purana,10 In the Rig Veda the earliest reference the Brhadaranyaka Upanisad,11 the Matsya about the goddess Sarasvati is to be found as Purana,12 the Devi Bhagabat Purana,13 the manifestation of a river, on the bank of goddess Sarasvati is stated to have been born which most of the Vedic hymns were composed from the mouth of Paramaatma, Krisna as his and the Vedic culture developed. The river thus Shakti. The Matsya Purana14 and the Vayu appears to have played an important role in Purana15 describe Sarasvati as Visvarupa and the formation of her concept. About the origin Brahma created her. In the Matsya Purana She of the goddess Sarasvati, in the Pradhanika- is conceived as wife of Brahma, while in the rahasya, as summarized by J.N. Banerjea,5 it Vayu Purana, She is described as the daughter is stated that the unmanifested Mahalakshmi of Brahma.

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According to T.A. Gopinath Rao,16 the is called the 'impeller of true and sweet speech three forms of Mahalakshmi, Mahakali, and and awakener of happy and noble thoughts'.22 Mahasarasvati divided their bodies into two As evident in the Tantrasara, where Sarasvati halves, i.e., one male and the other female. has more dhyanas, in compare to other Accordingly, Mahalakshmi created Brahma and goddesses. Her name is Varnesvari, which Lakshmi, Mahakali created Siva and Sarasvati, means 'goddess of letters'. She is also and Mahasarasvati produced Vishnu and described as Varnajanani, the meaning of Parvati. All came into action forming their 'mother of letters'.23 The other epithets of union with their male counterparts. Sarasvati married to Brahma, Laksmi married to Vishnu Sarasvati included in different literature as and Parvati married to Siva and they were Jihvagravasini (dwelling in the front of the engaged for creation of the universe, tongue) and Kavijihvagravasini (She who preservation of the universe, and destruction dwells on the tongues of poets), etc.24 of the universe respectively. 17 Trigunamayee Mahalakshmi Mahakali Mahalakshmi Mahasarasvati (tamas) (rajas) (sattvas) Siva Sarasvati Brahma Lakshmi Vishnu Parvati married to married to married to In the Krishna Yajurveda,18 Sarasvati came to be identified with the Vedic goddess Like Lakshmi, Sarasvati is also Vac (speech personified), who appears in the associated with many male deities. As an Rig Veda as the vehicle of knowledge, while individual goddess She is closely associated in the Aitreya Aranyaka19 She is called the with Brahma. The Brahmavaivartta Purana mother of the Vedas. In the Rig Veda Sarasvati states that Visnu has three wives, who is very often invoked with Ida and Bharati. Ida, constantly quarrel with each other, so that Bharati and Sarasvati are the three eventually he keeps only Lakshmi, giving manifestations of Agni and are known as Ganga to Siva and Sarasvati to Brahma.25 Yajnuagni (sacrificial fire). On account of their In the early stage of evolution, Sarasvati close intimacy, these three goddesses are was associated with different Vedic gods, such 20 called three Sarasvatis. Goddess Sarasvati as Indra, Maruta, Asvinis, etc. In the Veda is also depicted as the annihilator of demons. Sarasvati was the goddess of rain and the She destroyed Vrtra and other demons. counterpart of Indra. She was believed to be Utasya nah Sarasvati ghora in charge of rain.26 Goddess Sarasvati's Hiranyavartanih / Vrtraghni vasti sustuition//21 association with Ganesha is clear from the fact With the passage of time Sarasvati's that, they are often juxtaposed, one next to the association with a river and fertility gradually other in Orissan sculptural art particularly in decreases and She increasingly becomes a motifs involving teaching. According to goddess associated with speech, learning, Sarada-tilaka Tantra and other texts, as Pusti, wisdom and culture. Even in the Rig Veda, She She is the consort of Ganesha.27

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Goddess Sarasvati is also regarded as References : the Shakti of Siva as in the Tantrasara, where 1. David Kinsley, Hindu Goddesses, Vision of the She is coupled with Siva. In the Suta Samhita Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition, Delhi, 1986, p.55. of the Skanda Purana, Sarasvati is associated 2. T.E.; Donaldson, Tantra and Sakta Art of Orissa, with Siva and is described as having a blue Vol.I, New Delhi, 2002, p.286. neck like Siva.28 In the Devi Bhagavata 3. Bhagwant Sahai, Iconography of Minor Hindu Purana,29 She is the spouse of Rudra in and Buddhist Deities, New Delhi, 1975, p.141. 4. T.E. Donaldson, op.cit. Manidvipa, the celestial residence of the Devi. 5. J.N. Banerjea, The Development of Hindu She is also associated with music as is apparent Iconography, Calcutta, 1956, pp.496-7. by the vina that is prescribed for her in various 6. T.E. Donaldson, op.cit, p.192. texts. In the Brahamavaivartta Purana, where 7. Ibid. 30 8. Balaram Srivastava, Iconography of Shakti : A she is prescribed a book and the vina. Study Based on Sritattvanidhi, 1978, p.21. As the goddess of learning She has 9. Devi-Mahatmya, Cantos, 81-93. various names such as Vagisvari, Sarada, 10. Brahmavaivartta Purana, Chapter - 2.2.55-61. 11. Brhadaranyaka Upanisad, Chapter-1.4.3-4. Sarasvati and Bharati, etc., having different 13. Devi Bhagabat Purana, Chapter-IX.1.1.40 vahanas associated on different situations. 14. Matsya Purana, Chapter - III. V-VIII; II-IV. Goddess Sarasvati is associated with hamsa 15. Vayu Purana, Chapter - IX. 71. 7-8. (swan), the lotus, the ram, and lion. According 16. T.A. Gopinath Rao, Elements of Hindu to the Puranic texts, Sarasvati inheritated her Iconography, Vol.I, Madras, 1914, pp.334-7. 17. Ibid. vahana swan (hamsa) from her father or 18. Yajurveda, Chapter-I.1.77. 31 husband Brahma, who has swan vahana. 19. Aitareya Aranyaka, Chapter-3.1.6. According to the Satapatha Brahamana, ram 20. R.C. Dutta, Rig Veder Banganubad, Calcutta, is the mount of Sarasvati from the Vedic period. 1895, pp.27-28. 21. Rig Veda, quoted by H.N. Bhattacharya in Hindu Sarasvati is also described as Mayura vahana. Devadevi, Vol.III, p.22. It is probably to symbolize her philosophical 22. David Kinsley, op.cit, p.59. relation with Agni that She holds the peacock 23. T.E. Donaldson, op.cit., p.287. the symbol of Agni, as her vehicle. According 24. Ibid, p.288. to Krisna Yajurveda, the lion is her mount and 25. Brahmavaivaratta Purana, Chapter-2.6.13-95. 26. H.C. Das, Iconography of Sakta Divinities, Vol.I, She was invoked in the form of a lioness to Delhi, 1997, p.151. destroy the demons. 27. T.E. Donaldson, op.cit., p.288. Today, Sarasvati is worshipped 28. T.A. Gopinath Rao, op.cit, p.378. 29. Devi Bhagabat Purana, Chapter-12.11.90. primarily as a goddess of speech, learning and 30. Brahmavaivartta Purana, Chapter-2.1.31-7. the fine arts. Her early associations with water, 31. H.C.Das, op.cit, p.105. fertility, as a goddess of healing, as goddess of prosperity are mostly forgotten. In the present Indian society, every year, She is worshipped on the day of commencement of knowledge and Pradeep Kumar Gan is a Scholar in History, Culture & on the fifth day of the bright half of the lunar Archaeology and works at Fakir Mohan University, month of Magha (January-February), while her Vyasa Vihar, Balasore, Orissa. basic mantra is the same with which the guru Dr. S.K. Mohanty works at Fakir Mohan University, first imparts instructions to his students. Vyasa Vihar, Balasore, Orissa.

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Light a Lamp and Remove the Darkness

Biju Patnaik

(Addressing a packed audience of girl Troy... They created empires where sun never students and ladies) All of you are studying set. They were the Queens" that men history : British history, Indian history, this surrendered to them and carried out their history, that history , etc. But many of you do behests. Until and unless you go to the 21st not know your own history. How sad it is ? Century with that kind of power, authority and You were all born here. What is the history of magnetism, the men who have so far ruled this this land ? What about our heritage ? What was world are not going to surrender to you. In our land 200 years back, 500 years back, 1000 every sphere you should raise yourselves to years back, 2000 years back ? Do you know that status, so that men would willingly serve Ramanujan ? What was he ? Ramanujan was a you. very poor man. He was merely a Clerk under There are various facets of modern life. the British Government. He turned out to be One can be a lawyer, a doctor, an administrator the greatest mathematician the world has ever or a Member of the Legislature, or .a Member seen. The top mathematicians of the world are of the Parliament or a minister here and a still working to decipher his formulae. He minister there. But how do you raise yourself belongs to our land. to the status which is superior to men ? This is Have you heard of Pathani Samanta? really the heart of the problem where men must What was he ? When was he born ? What was willingly respect you, regard you and take his contribution ? By using some simple device second place when you have the first place. he could precisely study the movement of the This is really the problem of 21st Century. I galaxy. His scope of mathematics or of am a little worried. You children, who are here; astronomy was so fantastic that what he wrote you are going to standard schools and colleges about is the subject of research today for the and getting standardised education. Now ask world mathematicians. He was our man, a yourselves, when you graduate, even if you get member of our family. a first class or whatever it is, are you equipped, In the world history, two or three women mentally equipped, socially equipped to do stand out as great personages. One is Cleopatra, something for your own State or are you going the Queen of Egypt, another is Elizabeth-I, the to look for a job ? To look for a job presents a Queen of England and the third one is Helen of servile mind, to step into the open world

7 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 presents a challenging mind. I want not all of the Kalinga. The Kalingans created an empire you, all of you cannot, but some of you to and pushed the Greek dynasty beyond present to yourself, a mind which can assume Hindukush. They had spread a maritime power great ascents and great challenges. Why this through whole of the South-east Asia. Your girl Nivedita whom I sent across to Bali, some forefathers did it. Do not forget that. Never 9000 kms. fighting the high seas ! She is only forget you buniadi, your heritage. Suppose, by one of the kids. She was in some College. She some magic I squeeze these 2000 years and was at the beginning of her younger days and throw it to the Bay of Bengal, then you will be she was full of adventures. She wanted to do that women who fought with swords, with bows adventurous things. So I sent her to Cochin, to and arrows and conquered nations. Imagine the Navy to get three weeks' training and I yourselves. You will be a thousand Rani requested the Chief of Naval Command, "Well, Jhansis, and a thousand Elizabeths. You have if this girl can pass out rigid tests, I shall send created history in this world. her to Bali", and she did pass the test. But she Well, this is a symposium for training was afraid. Her mother was afraid, her sister your minds for the 21st century. Our education was afraid, her brother was afraid, her father is wanting. I know it. There was an English was afraid that she might be drowned, etc. etc. man called Lord Macaulay. Two hundred fifty Only I had to tell her, "If you do not do this I years back when the East India Company came am going to cut your head" and that gave her here and founded the empire, he thought that the strength. I transferred some of my strength he must teach some English to some clerks who of adventure to her and she did it. This I want can convey the Englishman's message to the you to do whether through Karate or Judo or natives. So that was the beginning of learning Wushu or games or sports or whatever, at all English language. But the English people are levels. You should be able to pick up so clever that they built the empire, not for challenges and meet them. Only then your mind nothing, they spread it among the intelligentia will be free. We have some Oriya girls who of the country who used the language in law, in have done very well, as entrepreneurs in the literature, in history, in everything which they field of Electronic or some other things like themselves pursued. Everything goes in the that. I want more of you to come more of you British way of thinking-British Jurisprudence, dare to pick up the" challenges that would lead British Law. When you talk of 21st century, - you to the 21st century. Nothing else. All remember, you are only a few girls in schools your bouffant hair-do or lipsticks will not lead and colleges who have the advantage of getting you to the 21st century. "What would lead you education, however, deficient the education is. to the 21st century - your guts, your courage, In my opinion you still have some education. your determination. So, even if I do not see You have a responsibility. Each of you have a through the 21st century, in the coming years responsibility to those millions of women, when you kids will have to live for next 30-40 children who did not have the privilege or years or more in the 21st century, all I can tell advantage of education like yours. Twenty first you is this, 'Do not betray your history'. Try to century means more responsibility, more study your own history of 2000 years, of 3000 responsiveness, more determination and greater years, when you were a part the great empire- strength of mind to meet challenges (Reacting

8 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 painfully to the large scale dropouts, i.e., 5: 1 why cannot their parents earn much ? How to from Class I to Class X) Why ? Because the do it ? All these, my children must present mother of the little child says, "Go to the forest before you a great challenge of life time. Only and fetch me some fuel for cooking. Tend the then you will grow. Do not waste yourselves cows of that headman, earn two rupees so that away into the 21st century. Make the 21st I will feed you". The child is thus unable to century a standard-bearer for your strength of study. Similarly, we have to find out ways of mind to meet all kinds of challenges, especially uplifting their economic status, Your parents the challenges of your own society. It's a very can afford it. They are the Government servants hard task, a very difficult task, but you my or contractors or in business or whatever. They daughters, my daughters' daughters, cultivate can afford the cost of your study, cost of your great confidence in you. "Wherever you may clothes, cost of your eating, cost of everything, be, light a lamp as I have lighted here and hostel expenses, whatever. Millions, hundreds remove the darkness from the society where of millions of my countrymen cannot afford it, you live. If you have done this, you have done Have you any responsibility for them ? Do you a great service to yourself, to the society and feel responsible ? Apart from your fun and to the nation. frolic what you must have of the young life, You must also think of your responsibility to the people, to the poor, to the girls, to the Excerpts from an extempore speech presented by Biju children who do not have your facilities. That Patnaik, the then Chief Minister of Orissa, while would also present to you a challenge in your inaugurating the State level symposium on "Indian mind. You are educated. You are intelligent. Women towards 21st century : Orissa, a step ahead" Can I be defeated that my children next door held at Rabindra Mandap, Bhubaneswar on Agurust 8, 1993. The symposium was organised by Ramadevi must remain poor and uneducated ? Can I not Women's College Students' Union in collaboration raise them ? If my father can earn so much, with Vyatikrama, a voluntary organisation.

Hon'ble Chief Minister Shri Naveen Patnaik receiving the donation of Rs.38,218/- from Pokhariput D.A.V. School for Tsunami Victims at Secretariat on 2.2.2005.

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Lokanätha Temple at Puri

Ratnakar Mohapatra

The temple of Lokanätha is situated at a of the Sankha Ksetra. The areas from Belesvara distance of about 2½ kms to the west of to Älabukesvara or Lokanätha temple is Jagannätha temple of Puri. The western regarded as the place of Sankha Ksetra.3 On boundary of the Puri town is guarded by the the basis of the cultural importance, Sunil temple of Lokanätha, which is traditionally said Ratha has referred that Lord Lokanätha has been to have been established by Sri Rämacandra, worshipped as the protector of the Sankha the Hero of Rämäyan. There is nothing Ksetra.4 He is also regarded as the custodian however, in it to indicate that remote antiquity. 1 of the treasury or bhandära-raksaka of the This temple is one of the most important Saiva Jagannätha temple. 2 shrines of Orissa. The place of Lokänatha The deity Lokanätha is said to have been temple is surrounded by a number of mango mentioned in the Mahäbhärata (fourth-century trees and in the midst of the tope there is a B.C.).5 The legend says that Lord Räma on his group of temples within a specious compound way to Sri Lanka for searching Sitä reached and also a big tank (Pärvatisägara) in the close Purusottama Ksetra and sat with a vow to see neighbourhood. Many small temples are found Siva here. At that time there was a Sabarapalli in the temple premises. From the religious point nearby. Sabaras presented him a Läu or Läuka of view, the Shaiva shrine of Lokanätha (Pumpkin; one type of vegetable) looking like occupies an important position in the cultural a Siva-Linga, Räma installed that as the replica history of Orissa. According to tradition the of Siva-Linga at that place and prayed Siva to devotees who come to visit Lord Jagannätha, fulfill his desire. From that day Siva Linga also visit Lokanätha. placed by Lord Räma was called Läukanätha.6 The place of Puri is also known as It is believed that the word Lokanätha is a later Sankha Ksetra. The lay out plan of this sacred innovation from the word Läukanätha or city is often described as resembling the shape Alabukanatha or Älabukesvara. This of a conch shell. Skanda Puräna, in its information has been given by Jagabandhu Purusottama Mahätmya, even mentions Pädhi.7 On the basis of the Bämadeva Samhitä different deities residing in various parts of and some other legends, it is known that the Conch-shell. The majestic temple of Älabukesvara is a Saiva shrine situated to the Jagannätha occupies the navel or center portion west of Yamesvara temple. Perhaps when the

10 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 name of Purusottama was replaced by sandstones locally called Sänlä Pathara. Due Jagannätha, then the name of Lokesvara or to many natural calamities, the present temple Läukanätha might have been converted to of Lokanätha is buried near about 15 feet under Lokanätha. The time period of the conversion the sand. of Lokesvara to Lokanätha might have occurred Vimäna in the 12th or 13th century AD.9 Natives of Puri town hold that this shrine is traditionally The Vimäna of the Lokanätha temple is known as Lokanätha, which Sivalinga is a Pancaratha Rekhä deula and its height is about 14 installed by Räma Chandra in Treteyä Yuge.10 30 feet from the ground level. Most of the bada portion of the Vimäna have been covered There is a reference in Mahäbhärata, with marbles. So the detail architectural which tells that Panca-Pändava (Yudhistira, features of the bada are not distinct. The Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula and Sahadeva) during baranda of the bada is completely plain and the time of disguise for one year visited "Yajna also covered with marbles. Vedi" while undertaking Tirtha Yäträ. They reached this place in the evening, stayed for Parsvadevatäs one night and worshipped Lord Vishnu here The central niches of the three sides of for their safe journey.11 As a symbol of this bada are housed with the pärsvadevatä figures Yäträ, five Mahädeva temples were of Umä-Mahesvara, Kärtikeya and Ganes'a. constructed in the place of Purusottama Ksetra The image of Umä-Mahesvara is the to memorise their stay in this Dhäma (holy pärsvadevatä of the northern side. The image place). According to M.M. Tripathy, those of Siva or Mahesvara has been installed on a prominent five Saiva Shrines are viz. plain pedestal. Devi Pärvati or Umä is in Lokanätha, Yamesvara, Kapälamocana, seated posture on the left lap of Siva. Out of Märkandesvara and Nilakanthesvara. They are the four hands of Mahesvara, three hands known together as Panca Pändava or the five display trisula, dambaru, abhaya mudrä and the Pändavas.12 The temple of Lokanätha is the remaining hand is lying upon the shoulder of most important (shrine) among the Pancha- Devi Pärvati or Umä. The left hand of Devi Mahädeva temples of Puri. This Shiva shrine Umä (Pärvati) possess a lotus flower while is locally called as Bhimasena, the strongest the right hand lies on the shoulder of Lord brother amongst the Panca Pändava. Mahesvara (Siva). The back-slab of the Umä- Mahesvara image is carved with trefoil Makara Architectural features of the temple arch. Two flying apsarä figures are carved on The temple of Lokanätha is one of the either side in the top corner of the background most important temple at Puri and conspicuous slab of this side deity. Lion and Bull, the because it is oriented towards the west. traditional mounts of the both deities are also According to H.C. Das, the Pasupata temples found on the pedestal. Three female devotees of Orissa of the Sailodbhava period had such in kneeling postures are also carved on the a typical orientation towards the west.13 The pedestal. China plates finely cover the inner temple consists of four structures such as walls of the northern side pärsvadevatä niche. Vimäna, Jagamohana, Nätamandapa and Marbles cover the ground floor of the northern Bhogamndapa. This temple is built in side pärsvadevatä niche. The front side of

11 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 pärsvadevatä is covered by a shrine of Pidhä entire gandi portion of the Vimäna is covered order and its height is about 15 feet from the with marbles. The middle portion of the Rähä ground of the temple. The outer walls of this paga of the gandi is projected with Gajasimhas shrine are also covered with marbles. The inner on each side. There is a niche above the walls of the nishä shrine are adorned with a Gajasimhas of the southern side Rähä paga of group of female deities some of which can be the gandi and it is housed with a slab, which identified with Pärvati, Laksmi, Sarasvati, contains the images of Siva and Pärvati. Both Mahesvari and Kaumäri. Their mounts below lion and bull, as the traditional mounts are the pedestal and attributes in hands can we be finely carved on either side pedestal of the recognized.15 deities. The eastern side Rähä paga of the gandi Kärtikeya is the pärsvadevatä, whose contains an image of the four handed Siva image is housed in the eastern niche. There is (Lokanätha) who is standing on a bull and his a small slab, which contains the image of upper two hands hold a snake while the lower Kärtikeya. Out of the four hands of this deity, two hands display abhaya and varada mudrä three display kukuta (rooster cock), spear, respectively. Other pagas of the gandi are dambaru and the attribute in the remaining hand devoid of decorative ornamentation due to the is not distinct. Peacock, the conventional mount covering of marbles. The dopichhä lions are of the deity is found in the right side of the finely fixed on the top of the känika pagas of pedestal. The front niche of the Kärtikeya the gandi. image is also in a subsidiary shrine of pidhä The figures of the deula cärinis are order and its height is about 7 feet from the inserted in the four cardinal directions of the surface of the temple complex. There is an beki above the rähä. These figures are the image of Narasimha installed close to the supporting elements of the amalakasilä of the subsidiary shrine of the eastern side. His upper mastaka. two hands display conch and cakra. The image The mastaka of the Vimäna consists of of Narasimha is carved in the Uttänasayi pose. usual elements of beki, amalakasilä, khapuri, The four handed image of Ganesa is the kalasa, äyudha (trident) and dhvajä. Pärsvadevatä of the southern side of the bada. The sanctum preserves the Sivalinga as The image has been installed on the double the presiding deity of the temple. This linga is petalled lotus pedestal. His right two hands shown to the devotees once in a year. The display broken tooth and rosary while the left sanctum including the linga is filled with water two hands hold parasu and sweet balls. Mouse, throughout the year by a natural fountain. The the conventional mount of Ganesa is installed water is finally discharged to the neighbouring on a pillar of two feet high and it is noticed in Pärvatisägara through an open channel. In the front of the subsidiary shrine. A flat roof covers night of Pankoddhär Ekädashi (3 days before the mouse pillar. The image of Ganesa is also Shivarätri), the 14th day of the dark fortnight housed in the subsidiary shrine of pidhä order. in the month of Mägha, all the water is bailed The curvilinear superstructure is out and the divinity becomes visible and surmounted on the gandi of the Vimäna. It also thousands of devotees enable to worship the continues the Pancaratha plan of the bada. The Lord. This is looked upon as a miracle and

12 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 signifies the great sanctity of the place.16 and damburu while the left two hands possess Masonry steps are provided for approach conch and cakra. The pedestal of the composite towards the sanctum. According to M.M. deity contains both the figures of Bull and Ganguli, there is nothing striking in the temple Garuda as the conventional mounts of Siva and except the Lingam, which is always under water Vishnu respectively. Pärvati and Laksmi as of a spring.17 consorts of both the Gods are also carved on The Vimäna has one doorway through the either side of the lotus pedestal. The background Jagamohana, which is invariably kept closed slab of the composite deity is decorated with and the devotees peep through a window into trefoil arch with makara head at the base and the interior where dwells the Lord of Universe. flower medallion at the apex. Apsaräs and The doorjambs of the sanctum are completely Kinnäras holding garlands in their hands carved undecorated. The image of Gaja-Laksmi is on either side top corner of the slab. Its carved on the middle portion of the doorway workmanship convey the artistic tradition of a 18 lintel. The figures of Nandi and Bhrngi are very late period. finely carved on either side base of the The Jagamohana has three doorways, doorjamb. They are acting as the dvärapälas which are devoid of decorative of the main deula. ornamentations. The image of Gaja-Lakñmi is Jagamohana carved on the middle portion of the door lintel of the eastern side. A stepped passage through The Jagamohana of the Lokanätha temple this porch leads the devotees to the presiding is a pidhä deula and its height is about 22 feet Sivalingam within the sanctum. The inner walls from the ground of the temple. The bada portion of the Jagamohana are completely undecorated. of the Jagamohana is completely buried under the earth. The pyramidal superstructure is The antaräla portion between the surmounted on the gandi of the Jagamohana. It Jagamohana and the näöamëòapa is covered consists of seven pidhäs and the sides of each by the small pidhä deula, which is supported pidhä are decorated with tankus. The bada and by the four circular pillars. gandi of the Jagamohana are thickly plastered Nätamaëòapa with lime mortar. The nätamaëòapa of the Lokanätha The mastaka of the Jagamohana consists temple is a pidhä deula and its height is about of usual elements of beki, ghantä (bell-shaped 20 feet from the ground of the temple. The member) above which there is another beki, badahas five divisions such as päbhäga, tala amalakasilä, khapuri, kalasa, äyudha (trident) jangha, bandhana, upper jangha and baranda. and dhvajä. The base of bada is square of 15 feet on each The outer southern wall of the side. All the component parts of the bada are Jagamohana contains a composite image of completely undecorated. The pyramidal Hari-Hara (half Vishnu and half Siva). This superstructure surmounts the gandi of the composite image of Harihara is installed on a Natamandapa. It consists of three bell-shaped double petalled lotus pedestal. The right two pidhäs. The mastaka of the Natamandapa hands of this composite deity display trident consists of Khapuri and Kalasa only.

13 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005

There is a bull-pillar of 3 feet in height two hands possess conch and cakra and lower noticed in the middle portion of the floor of two hands are engaged to take out the entrails the Natamandapa. The recumbent bull has been of Hiranya Kasyapu (demon). The astabhujä installed on the top of the pillar and it is made Bhairavi image has been also installed in a of black chlorite stone. The inner walls of the niche of the western wall. Her right four hands Natamandapa contain some crude sculptures display dambaru, khadga, panapatra and the of Sarasvati, the head of Rähu, Nandi and remaining hand is empty while the left side Bhrngi etc. The Natamandapa of the Lokanätha two hands possess severed head and flower. temple has doorways on all the four sides. The Other two hands of the left side are completely base of the doorjambs of the eastern side broken. Another slab contains the images of contain figures of Nandi and Bhrngi . They are Siva and Pärvati. They are in seated postures acting as the dvärapälas of the eastern side with usual attributes in hands. Both lion and door. The central portion of the doorway lintel bull have also been carved on either side of contains an image of Gaja-Lakñmi. She is the pedestal. Two flying apsara figures are carved on the double petalled lotus pedestal. carved on either side in top corner of the slab. The figures of the Navagrahas are carved on Devi Pärvati is seated on the left lap of Siva. the architrave above the doorway lintel. Other Another niche of the western wall contains the doorways of the Natamandapa are completely figure of Swämi Sankarächärya. He is seated undecorated. in Padmäsana posture. The western inner wall Bhogamandapa of the bhogamandapa also contains the figure of Shyämäkali. The four handed image of Devi The bhogamandapa is a pidhä deula and Shyämäkäli is standing on the prostrate body its height is about 22 feet from the ground of of Siva who is lying on the pedestal. Her four temple. It is a rectangular hall and measures hands display - Khadga, severed head, Abhaya approximately 45 feet in length and 25 feet in mudrä and Varada mudra. width. The bada of the structure is consisting of five elements such as päbhäga, tala jangha, The inner walls of the bhogamandapa are bandhana, upper jangha and baranda. All the also depicted with paintings of Märkandesvara, elements of the bada are devoid of Kailäs mountain and the ten-armed Bänämbar ornamentation. The pyramidal superstructure (Shiva). The local artists of Puri have finely is surmounted on the gandi of the executed these paintings. bhogamandapa. It consists of three pidhäs. Other Minor Shrines There is only one kalasa found from the top of Besides these four structures, there are the upper pidhä. some other minor shrines which are noticed in The inner western wall of the the premises of the Lokanätha temple. bhogamandapa contains some sculptures in its A miniature shrine to the left of the inner niches. They are viz. Narasimha, Bhairavi, courtyard preserves images of Surya-Näräyana Siva-pärvati, Shyämäkäli and Swami and Candra-Näräyana. It is a pidhä deula and Sankarächärya. its height is about 10 feet from the ground level. The four handed image of Narasimha has There is a small shrine of the Rekhä order been installed on the plain pedestal. His upper found in the southern side of the main deula. It

14 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 is the replica of the main temple (Vimäna) of four hands of Siva, three display rosary, trident, Lokanätha. dambaru and the remaining hand stretched over There is a small shrine of Narasimha, his right knee. Attedänts of Siva holding which is closely attached to the eastern side umbrellas, flywhisks and playing on musical nishä-shrine of the main deula. Within the instruments have assembled in front in a row. premises can be noticed footprints under The navagrahas are finely carved on the architrave above the door lintel of the inner worship on a masonry pedestal. main entrance porch. They are seated in The Satya-Näräyan shrine within the Padmäsana with usual attributes in their hands. premises preserves images of Vishnu, Laksmi Kutäb Candi image has been installed on the and several brass idols. The mandapa in front niche of the right side wall of the main entrance of the main shrine contains several broken (inner). figures of Umä Mahesvara, Cämundä, The middle gateway of the temple Bhairava, Navagrahas, bull and brass idols etc. complex is covered by the makara headed The panca-devatä shrine is located in the torana. It faces to the north towards the tank of northeast corner of the temple complex. These Pärvatisägara. deities are viz. Ganesa, Narasimha, Rudra There is another main gate (outer) built (Shiva), Mahisämardini Durgä (Ambikä) and in the eastern side of the boundary wall. The Bhäskara (Surya-Devatä) Trust Board under the control of the State At the very entrance to the premises one Endowment Commissioner has constructed it. can notice a series of female divinities The gate is decorated with trefoiled arch; worshipped in the name of Cämunda, Makara head at the base and the Gaja-Lakñmi Hädaphuti and Sitalä. They have been very image at the apex. Two lions are also leaning badly mutilated and the available parts are in both sides of the Gaja-Laksmi image. Two thickly coated with vermillion. Their proper big sized lions are in seated postures in both identity is very difficult to be arrived at. sides of the main gate. Other two additional The walls around the entrance to the gateways are constructed on the both sides of inner courtyard preserve within their niches the main gate. These two gates are used at the figures of Hanumän in different poses, Pärvati time when the temple complex is very and a scene representing Siva's marriage with crowded. Two galloping horses are installed Pärvati. The Hanumän figures are holding the on either side of the additional gates. Thus, branch of a tree and a piece of rock in both there are three gates found in the complex of hands. The figures of Pärvati is seated by the Lokanätha temple. These gates are viz. first crossing the leg with lion as her mount is one in the inner main entrance, second one in carved to the left. Her three hands display the middle and the third one in the main outer varada mudrä, snake and goad. The remaining entrance gate of the temple complex. hand is damaged. The panel representing the The compound of the Lokanätha temple marriage of Siva with Pärvati reveals Siva on is about 10 feet below the road level. The steps his mount, the bull. Pärvati with offerings in made of stones are provided for entry into the hands is standing in front of him. Out of the temple complex. In short, the Lokanätha temple

15 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 though primarily dedicated to Lord Shiva, is a Lokanätha is associated with Jagannätha in storehouse of cult icons of other faiths. several rituals like Sivarätri, Candan Yäträ and Date of the Temple Sital Sasthi. The festival of Sivarätri is observed in the temple of Lokanätha with great There is lot of controversy among the devotion. On the Mahäsivarätri lot of devotees historians as well as the archaeologists with arrive near the temple to offer their prayer to regard to the approximate date of the Lokanätha Lord Lokanätha. On that day, devotees with temple of Purusottama Ksetra or Puri. great enthusiasm worship the image of Hari- According to R.L.Mitra, the oldest temple Hara. Accordingly to Pt. S.N.Dash, the temple extant is the temple of Älabukevara built by of Lokanätha is the co-ordinating place of both 19 Lalätendu Keshari (AD 623 to 627 AD). Saivism and Vaishnuaism. The followers of Dr. B.K.Rath has described that the temple of both sects assemble here to worship Harihara. Lokanätha was constructed in 19th century 23 20 On the day of Sivaratri, a meet is arranged A.D. Jagabandhu Pädhi has referred that between Lokanätha (Hara) and Jagannätha Udyata Keshari (AD 1040-1065), son of (Hari). The union seems to be an assimilation Yayäti-II of Soma dynasty had a second name of Vaishnavism and Saiva-cult.24 The Harihara Älabuka Keshari and it is stated that he had cult is highly significant, "as light is submerged constructed the temple of Lokanätha at Puri and 25 that it originally had the name Läukanätha, into light and cannot be separated". It signifies the emotional integration and mutuality of Älabukesvara or Älabuknätha.21 Architectural designs and sculptural features of the temple Saivism and Vaishnavism at Puri. Large also suggest that it belonged to the Somavamsi numbers of devotees also gather here on the period of Orissan history. Most of the scholars last Monday of Baisakha to worship the Lord accept that the Saiva temples of Puri town or Harihar. According to a local tradition, people Purusottama Ksetra were constructed during who suffer from incurable diseases come here Somavamsi period of Orissa history. On the for prayer. basis of the architectural style, the construction A Trust Board under the control of State period of the Lokanätha temple can be Endowment Commissioner is managing the tentatively assigned to the eleventh century AD temple of Lokanätha. and probably it was built before the construction of the present temple of It is known from the above discussion Jagannätha. The available sculptures, which that the temple of Lokanätha is one of the are now in the precincts of the temple complex, prominent Saiva Shrines of the Purusottama were made in the later period of the temple Ksetra or Puri. Among the five prominent Saiva construction. Shrines of Puri, the temple of Lokanätha is the most important from the cultural point of view. Rituals and Festivals It is said that the temple of Lokanätha is the Lord Lokanätha's Bije Pratimä (His first established Saiva shrine of the place of representative image) is in the Sri Jagannätha Purusottama. The shrine of Lokanätha is temple, known as Bhandära Lokanätha. He is actually a temple complex with compound the guardian deity of the Ratnabhandara wall; much like that of the Jagannätha temple. (treasure house) of Sri Jagannätha temple.22 On the whole, from the architectural point of

16 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 view, the temple of Lokanätha has no such 13. M.M.Tripathy, A Brief Look at Sri Jagannätha importance but from the religious point of view, Temple, Puri, 1995, p.86. it is next to the Jagannätha temple of Puri. 14. R.L.Mitra, Op-cit, p.234. 15. R.P.Mohapatra, Archaeology in Orissa, (Sites References: and Monuments), Vol.I, New Delhi, 1986, 1. R.L.Mitra, Antiquities of Orissa, Vol-II, New p.168. Delhi, Reprint, 1984, p.234. 16. R.L.Mitra, Op.cit., p.235. 2. Sri Mandira Samäcära, No.1-4, 1969, p.2. 17. M.M.Ganguli, Orissa And Her Remains; 3. Skandapuräna, Utkal Khanda, Chapter-55, Ancient and Medieval, Calcutta, 1912, p. 164. Calcutta, 1991. 18. R.P.Mohapatra, Op-cit.,p.169. 4. Sunil Rath, "Sri Sri Lokanätha Deva" in 19. R.L.Mitra, Op.-cit., p.233. Bhaskar Mishra (Ed.) Sriksetra, Devä Devi 20. B.K.Rath, (Ed.), The Forgotten Monuments of (Oriyä), Vol.I, Puri, 2003, p.60. Orissa, Vol.3, New Delhi, 1990, p.232. 5. Srinibas Tripathy, "Puri, City of Lord", in Orissa 21. J.B.Padhi, Op.-cit., p.190. Review, Orissa, Govt. Press; Cuttack, September 2000, p.25. 22. M.M.Tripathy, Op.-cit, p.89. 6. R.K.Däsh, Legends of Jagannätha Puri, 23. Pt. S.N.Däsh, Jagannätha Mandira and Bhadrak, 1978, p.106. Jagannätha Tatwa (Oriya) 5th Edition, Cuttack, 2002, p.310. 7. J.B. Pädhi, Sri Jagannätha at Puri, Puri, 2000, pp.189-190. 24. R.C.Mishra, Purusottama Ksetra, Puri, 2003, p.310. 8. Sunil Rath, Op.-cit., p.60. 25. H.Zimmer, Artistic Form and Yoga in the 9. Ibid, p.63. Sacred Images of Indiä, Oxford University 10. R.K.Däsh, Op.-cit., p.106. Press, 1985, p.108. 11. Mahäbhärata; Vänaparva, Ch.114, Poona 1955, pp.21-30. Ratnakar Mohapatra is an ICHR Junior Research Fellow 12. H.C.Das, "Sakti Cult in Orissa" in SLHCO, in the P.G. Department of History, Sambalpur p.357. University, Jyoti Vihar, Sambalpur-768019.

Hon'ble Chief Minister Shri Naveen Patnaik receiving a Demand Draft of from Working President of Friend's Association, Baramunda for Tsunami Victims at Secretariat on 17.2.2005.

17 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005

Panchayati Raj : People's Parallel Executive Apparatus Speech delivered by Biju Patnaik in the Orissa Legislative Assembly on November 20, 1961

He [the-then MLA, Kamakhyanagar] went on then all I would say is that another great defining with great care the duties and checks experiment would fail and in the process the and performances which should from now, after machine may be put back for many generations. the passage of this Bill, become the ... This is a movement of building up responsibility of the Panchayat Samiti. It is only leaders of men from the lowest rung of our because these mistakes are there, errors are society and it is not going to be easy. It is almost there, these flaws are there in the general a people's movement. We are only trying to administration of the country that the Panchayati give it some shape, some direction or some Raj movement was initiated. In this house all authority. But the movement can only succeed of us are aware of the deficiency of the if we give that authority to the people right Administrative apparatus. Knowing that we down from the bottom of our social ladder who have created a parallel executive apparatus can exercise effective leadership. It is a big made up of the representatives of the people question and we have in this House got to think with the hope that all these weakness will be with far greater sympathy and prospective overcome and representatives of the people at looking at a distant future and planning from the village level or at the Panchayat level, etc., now how you want the future to be built. This would be able to perform some jobs far better Bill has tremendous import for the future than our present administrative apparatus. If it generations of our State. A great deal of thought was not so, Sir, there would be no case for and care has gone into this Bill. The Select bringing in this Panchayat movement. We are Committee have provided one or two points on the threshold of a very great experiment, in their deliberations to which I personally do perhaps the last experiment whether we can not agree and one of the major things is I do trust our people or not whether our people with not see any reason why the members of this proper guidance and assistance can prove to House or Parliament should have any direct be more efficient collectively than our present interference in the normal administration of the administrative apparatus is in those fields. All Gram Panchayat movement. We from this these are matters of experiment ... Every House by our own judgement are creating a member of the Samiti will have to work harder, new child, a new democratic child, with the take more interest providing the brain power hope that with the growth of this child it would and the executive power to enable this massive be able to develop the leadership which our progress to go through. If he does not do that, people need, the leadership of execution. We

18 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 come as representative of the people after members who think on those lines that we are getting votes here, but mostly we legislate; we taking a terrible restricted view of a movement have no other executive work; we have no time to which we ourselves give birth. I would like to function. Whereas we shall legislate in this the hon'ble members to think with me and feel House for years to come with justice and with me that we are unleashing or attempting fairness, with wisdom, we must also build an to unleash the greatest latent powers of the army of men and women who would develop people by giving an authority to Panchayati Raj a capacity of execution from small to big jobs. conceived by the Father of the Nation long long In the process of development. I submit that ago, we have already originated this idea and we would hamper if we do not allow that this thought. We are merely trying to give it developmental movement to grow in its own some shape. Let us not pollute that idea by trying way without attempting directly to interfere or to put our fingers in the heart of that movement directly interest ourselves in the affairs of that by trying to directly intervene. We in this House movement. Therefore, whereas I heartily have the powers of the budget, of control of welcome the association of the members of this treasury, control of projects, control of public House in the deliberations of the Committees opinion and several other controls which are of Panchayat Samiti and Zilla Parishad, I would given to us by democratic thinking. If an not like that members of this House would Executive Officer in the Panchayat Samiti or a participate in the elections or the voting of the Sarpanch of a Panchayat or the Zilla Parishad office bearers of the Panchayat Samitis and does not function well they are open to fullest Zilla Parishad or even vote for a decision of criticism in this House by the representatives some creative activities or the locations of such and the Government have the full power to activities. It would not be proper that this House supersede such institutions if they are not going which has given rise to a movement with one on the right way in the same spirit with which hand and would take the powers and its own this House has decided to give powers to these apparatus of development by another hand. It institutions. This House remains and shall would be wrong in principle; it would be remain the sovereign House of the State. Every wrong in concept. Therefore I would urge upon other institution shall be sub-servient to this the House to consider that portion of the Select House. There is no question about it. Therefore Committee's Report which desires that the let us not think individually; let us not think of members of the House and the members of the our little immediate inconveniences or Parliament, etc. can directly participate in expediencies. We shall be able in our voting of Panchayat Samitis or Zilla Parishads. collective wisdom to devise ways and means Another matter which some of our as time goes on and development goes on to members feel is that if we have no voting right; achieve far greater results through our peoples' if we have no power of direct deliberations confidence and peoples' leadership than we are like any other members, we may not be able to do by ourselves with our existing respected, we may not have any hold in our administrative apparatus. constituencies; wells, tanks, roads, schools and hospitals are to be built by the Sarpanchs or the Panchayat Samitis without reference to us. Excerpts from Orissa Legislative Assembly Debates, Who are we ? I would like to tell those hon'ble Vol.I, No.33, 1961.

19 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005

Myth, Reality and Social Formation

Dr. Chitrasen Pasayat

Gaisama or Gaisima is a Kulta dominated The Kultas say that they migrated from village in Bargarh district, situated on the bank the ex-State of Boudh which they regard as their of the river Jira, 13 kms south-east of Bargarh ancestral home (Senapati and Mahanti, 1971 : town. Earlier, Bargarh was a part of Sambalpur 115). But the following story suggests that they rajya prior to 1849. In the sense of M.N. migrated to Bargarh area from the ex-State of Srinivas (Srinivas, 1967) Kulta is the dominant Balangir Patna. According to the story, there caste of this area. Also, the village is famous was a Kulta gauntia (village headman) in for the temple of Balunkeswar Siva who is Patnagarh during the reign of Chauhan Raja considered to be one of the Asta-Sambhus Rai Singh. The gauntia had two sons named (eight Sambhus or Sivas) in the Sambalpur Kuvera Sahu and Amar Sahu, and a most rajya. After independence as a district thirteen beautiful daughter. An influential noble of the districts of Orissa and reorganisation of royal family of Patnagarh wanted the hands of districts in the State of Orissa the historical his enchanted daughter. But the beauty and her Sambalpur rajya has been mainly divided into family did not accept this proposal. four districts namely Sambalpur, Bargarh, Apprehending trouble, one night the gauntia Jharsuguda and Deogarh. Nonetheless, the left the territory of Patnagarh with his family temple of Balunkeswar was built by Dakshin and belongings loaded in one hundred carts. Rai, the Dewan of Chauhan Raja Ajit Singh About a thousand cows and bullocks came with although the tradition assigns it to his son Raja the party. They marched relentlessly through Abhaya Singh. The present paper seeks to out the whole night. They crossed the river understand the available oral literature which Ang or Ong early next morning and reached developed regarding the arrival of the Kultas, the territory of Sambalpur rajya. Standing on the origin of the village Gaisima, the cultural the northern bank of the river Ang on the soil interaction of the Kultas the dominant caste of of Sambalpur, the gauntia heaved a sigh of this area with the locals, emergence of the relief. Pointing his right hand towards the rising Kultas as a dominant caste in the area, the sun the gauntia took an oath that in future he or construction of the Siva temple, Sanskritisation his descendants would never cross the river of the deity and the role of the Kultas in the Ang. Thereafter, they proceeded further porcess of state formation in Sambalpur during towards the north. They passed through Barpali medieval period. and crossed the river Jira on the third day of

20 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 their journey. They spent the night on the girl. The old Ganda woman had miraculously northern bank of the river. saved the life, honour and prestige of the gauntia. So, he and his family fell at the feet of One night, the gauntia had a strange dream. A female deity appeared and told him the untouchable old woman expressing their not to proceed further. She told the gauntia to gratitude. The Ganda old woman was so overwhelmed with joy because of her settle there with the lands as far as his cows performance that she fell down dead before and bullocks were then taking rest. As a result all the villagers. The inhabitants of Gaisama of that a new human settlement started at that cherish till today the memory of the old Ganda place. Since the limits of this settlement were woman who has been deified and receives puja determined by the presence of the cows it was from them on ceremonial occasions (Senapati popularly called Gaisima. Gai means cow and and Mahanti,1971:522-23). sima refers to boundary. Later on , Gaisima came to be known as Gaisama. Thus, Gaisima The above story which resulted in or Gaisama has been named. A year-long efforts deification of an untouchable woman suggests and struggle brought in dramatic changes of that to believe that the mutual interactions of insiders place. It was just a year since they arrived and outsiders like Kultas and their culture have there, they excavated some thirteen tanks led to the absorption of local deity into the fold around their settlement. They cultivated the of outsiders. This way the culture of outsiders fertile land and lived peacefully. has been indebted to the local culture. Also the outsiders being in minority at that time were After about a year, the gauntia received being given protection and shelter by the information from his attendants that a band of natives of that place. In other words, we can armed soldiers were approaching towards not ignore the fact that outsiders have been Gaisima. He could understand the purpose of indebted to the locals who were most probably the coming of the soldiers to his village. It was leading an isolated and segregated life. the wicked noble of Patnagarh who had sent Understandably, the outsiders are the the soldiers to forcibly take away his pretty cultivating caste with higher agricultural daughter. A sudden fear came over him. He technology and knowledge. In his Settlement could not decide what to do in the midst of that Report, Hamid writes that the Kultas remain danger. He prayed the village deity to safeguard the most steady and industrious cultivators of the honour of the innocent girl and dignity of this area. They are really the backbone of the his family. By the time he lost all hope, an cultivating classes. The Kultas strongly untouchable old woman of the Ganda caste appreciate the advantage of irrigation and show rushed into the house of the gauntia through considerable public spirit in constructing tanks back door. She asked the gauntia to send his for the benefit of their lands. Kultas are very daughter to her small cottage where she could hard-working and they are seldom poor. As a keep her concealed inside some big earthern class, their most prominent characteristics are pots. The soldiers rushed into the village. They frugality, industry, hunger for land, and made a thorough search for the young lady. But readiness to resort to fight rather than relinquish they did not find her. Finally, they left the a supposed right to it (quoted in Senapati and village without finding any trace of the pretty Mahanti,1971:115).

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Most probably, the immigrants(Kultas) harmony amongst the Kultas and these forest had taken the advantage of vast uncultivated dwellers which led to the interaction of their and fertile lands of this area. They brought new respective cultures. The Kultas accepted the knowledge and techniques which improved faith of the locality although they brought their cultivation.As usual, they have pushed own faith with them. They did this to please themselves to go on doing hard work and the natives of this area. In other words, the constructed tanks for irrigation and cultivated outsiders (Kultas) who settled amidst the local the lands. They have settled there and people in course of time adopted and prospered. The local inhabitants either being worshipped the local deities in order to enjoy ignorant of settled cultivation or backward in the confidence and seek the co-operation of the skill of cultivation have gradually accepted the latter in their settlements. A myth was the socio-economic dominance of the outsiders manufactured with the help of which they (Kultas) who inculcated in the aborigines or extolled the Ganda old woman as a deity and local people a sense of loyalty to the held her in great esteem. This step was established order upheld by them. Apparently, essentially required because this made the the Kultas could cultivate their lands with the Kultas very popular among the natives and help of these local people. aided to a great extent to the success of their In the context, it may be pointed out that socio-economic dominance in the area. Gandas are the untouchable caste in the social Economically and socially the Kultas hierarchy of this area. They have close affinity became the dominant caste in this part of with the other untouchable castes namely Pan and Pantantis of this area as well as of the state Sambalpur rajya. They became politically of Orissa. They weave coarse cloth and more powerful and acted as a strong pressure generally act as village watchman till very group in the area. As noted earlier, previously recently. They also work as professional pipers they held many villages as gauntias. There is and drummers and are employed as musicians no denying the fact that the Kultas are a in marriage and other social ceremonies. cultivating class. Most probably, they are an Economically they are very backward and also offshoot of the Chasa caste, the principal lack in the skill of cultivation (Senapati and cultivating caste of Orissa for several of their Mahanati, 1971 : 110). Thus natives of the area family names are identical with those of the have never pushed themselves forward; rather Chasas. Notably, they have a sub-caste called they have to push themselves to go on doing Kulta-chasa. It has also been considered that such works which are economically not the Kultas might have derived their name in beneficial to them. They also work as Sambalpur area from growing Kulthi (Horse agricultural labourers. Gram), a favourite pulse of Sambalpur (Senapati and Mahanti, 1971 : 115). Thus, the Prior to the arrival of the immigrants (Kultas), Gaisama region was a strong hold of Kultas basically belong to the Vaisya category natives who were most probably not an of Varna hierarchical system prescribed by the agriculturist class. They were primarily Hindu great tradition. dependent on nature and jungles for their In order to establish their higher social livelihood. Gradually there developed status Kultas claimed their association with

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Ramachandra of Satya Yuga. A myth was also were also numerically dominant and spread to created to justify their stand. According to this other places. But peaceful co-existence with story,their ancestors were employed in the other communities was essentially required not royal household of Ramachandra in Ayodhya. only to prosper and flourish but also to maintain The Kultas accompanied Ramachandra, their dominance. They established good social Lakshmana and Sita when they went into exile relationships with other castes and (banabasa) and arrived the Gaisama area. In communities of this area. As mentioned earlier, other words, Gaisama area was one of the myth involving Ramachandra, Kultas and places of exile. The local priestly class of this Raghunathia brahmins was created to maintain area wanted them as cultivators and their peaceful co-existence in the area. Ramachandra allowed the Kultas to settle Myth was also manufactured to establish there (Senapati and Mahanti, 1971:116). The their close social affinity with some of the other local priestly class having obscure origin communities of the area which helped them to became known as Raghunathia brahmins. They establish as a dominant caste in the area. This also claimed to be originally the brahmins of might be attested by the following story. royal household of Ramachandra in Ayodhya According to this story, while wandering in and they had been named after Raghunath ie. the forest of this area, Rama, Lakshmana and Ramachandra. Sita came across three brothers and asked them Nonetheless, in the local caste hierarchy, to draw water for them. The first brought water the Oriya (Utkaliya) brahmins, the migrants in a clean brass pot and was called sudh (well from the coastal Orissa and the Jharua mannered). The second made a danaa (cup of (Aranyaka) brahmins, the migrantsfrom the leaves) and draw water from a well with a north India are taken a brahmins of high order. rope, he was called Dumal (from dori-mal, a The Raghunathias are also known as coil of rope). The third brought water only in Bhimgirias. A Raghunathia can take cooked a hollow ground and was named Kulta. This food in the houses of both Oriya and Jharua story serves to show that the Kultas, the Sudhs brahmins. In principle, inter-marriage between and the Dumals acknowledge some social these three classes of brahmins is forbidden, connections. In this area they take and share although several cases of inter-marriage have food together at festivals (Senapati and taken place in recent years (Senapati and Mahanti, 1971:115). Mahanti, 1971:111-12). In view of the above analysis, it may be The Gaisama area might be said said that myth serves certain social functions. to be much older than the time of Kultas' It establishes social relationships between arrival. Most probably, this area had thick and different social groups and communities, and inaccessible forests and inhabited by accommodates them in the larger society. It aboriginal people. In other words, it was an provides a platform for peaceful co-existence obscure village when the Kultas arrived here. and thus social formations. In the subsequent Subsequently, the earlier name of this human period, myth has also played significant role habitation was obscured by the new name of in the process of state formation in Sambalpur Gaisama. Economically and politically, this during medieval period. The following myth area was long under the control of Kultas who attests this fact.

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One day Raja Abhaya Singh of patronage. A temple was built by the king and Sambalpur had his camp near the village lands were granted for the regular performance Gaisama on his way to Patnagarh. After his of rituals inside the temple. The diety was bath he visited the shrine of Siva which was named as Balunkeswar Siva. The deity has close to his camp. The non-brahmin thanapati played an important role in the folk religion priest became nervous. Because he did not and the regional cultural tradition of Bargarh, expect the Raja at that hour in the shrine. Then nay of the Sambalpur rajya in the medieval there was no flowers near at hand. He took the period. But, the traditional non-brahmin priests flower which he had on his ear and presented of this regligious shrine known as thanapatis it to the Raja. The Raja noticed a hair in the were not replaced by the brahmin priests. Thus, flower. He asked the priest what it meant. Out the Chauhan rulers adopted and worshipped of fear the priest told him that it was the hair the deity in order to enjoy the confidence and of Lord Siva. Raja Abhaya Singh became to seek the co-operation of the local people in furious at the explanation of the priest. He told their settlements. In other words, the deity was the priest that he would see the image of the Hinduised or Aryanised. The local religious deity early next morning before leaving the shrine was transformed into a well developed village. Further, he warned him that if no hair Siva temple. Accordingly, the deity was would be found, the priest would be severely worshipped both by the Hindus and non- punished. The poor priest was angry with Hindus. In this gradual process of Aryanisation himself for having made such a foolish mistake. or Hinduisation and royal patronage extended He prayed to Lord Siva the whole night to save to this deity the myth was manufactured which him from the wrath of the Raja. Next morning associated the king with the religious shrine. when the Raja came to the shrine he actually The duties of the non-brahmin priests were found hair growing on the Linga. Suspecting it defined, the brahminical rituals were to be false hair kept by the shrewd priest he introduced in the shrine. The shrine was pulled one with Linga. Suddenly there came donated rent free lands in the remote areas and out a stream of milk from the root of the bala. the priests had to perform the duty of The Raja was astonished at the miraculous propagating this ideal for the sake of power of the deity. Immediately he ordered to themselves as well as their kings. Thus, the build a temple in honour of the deity who was significance of land grants to the religious named as Balunkeswar from that day. It would shrines and priests is not difficult to appreciate. not be out of place to mention here that identical Thus, the social formation is a unique blend of story is associated with the Baladhupa ritual myth and reality. of Lord Jagannath at Puri. A large number of Siva temples were The Chauhan rulers settled amidst the built in the reigns of Chauhan rulers in local people who were most probably Sambalpur rajya. The most important among worshipping in deity originally. The deity has them are those of the Asta-Sambhus (eight undergone the process of Hinduisation Sambhus or Sivas) namely Bimaleswara at consequent upon the interaction between the Huma, Kedarnath at Ambabhona, Biswanath brahminical (Great Tradition) and local culture at Deogaon, Maneswara at Maneswar, (Little Tradition). The deity was given royal Swapneswara at Sorna, Bisweswara at

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Soranda, Nilakantheswara at Niljee and Temples were built and rent-free lands were Balunkeswara at Gaisama. Learned scholar granted for the regular performance of rituals Sasanka Sekhar Panda has identified that the in the temples. The local deities were original temple of Bimaleswara at Huma was Sanskritised and given new names like built during the later Somavamsi period (circa Kedarnath, Viswanath, Maneswar, 11th century A.D.). It was in a dilapidated Swapneswar, Visweswar, Nilakantheswar and condition and the Ganga king Balunkeswar. These deities have played most Anangabhimadeva III (1211-1239 A.D.) significant role in the folk religious cultural repaired this temple. Similarly, the temple was tradition of Sambalpur rajya in the medieval in complete ruins in the 17th century A.D., on period. which site the 5th Chauhan raja of Sambalpur References : Baliar Singh Deva (circa 1650-1689 A.D.) built a new temple for the Lord Bimaleswara 1. Das, Siba Prasad (1962), Sambalpur Itihas (Oriya), Sambalpur : Viswabharati Press. Siva (Panda, 1996:35). The rest of the temples were constructed by Dewan Dakshin Rai and 2. Panda, Sasanka Sekhar (1996), "Early Chauhan Dewan Akbar Rai during the reigns of Ajit Temples of Sambalpur Town", Orissa Review, April, pp.34-38. Singh (1725-1766 A.D.) and his son Abhaya Singh (1766-1778 A.D.). In fact, the 3. Pasayat, C. (1998), Tribe, Caste and Folk Culture, Jaipur : Rawat Publications. administration of the rajya was completely under the control of Dewan Dakshin Rai who 4. Pasayat, C. (1999), Nrutatwika O Samajtatwika Prabandhabali (Oriya), rose to power and influence when Ajit Singh Cuttack : Odiya Gabesana Parisad. was the king of Sambalpur. Subsequently, Dewan Akbar Rai usurped the throne of 5. Pasayat, C. (2003), Glimpses of Tribal and Folkculture, New Delhi : Anmol Publications Sambalpur and became the defacto ruler when Pvt. Ltd. Raja Abhaya Singh was the king of Sambalpur 6. Senapati, N. and B. Mahanti (eds.) (1971), (Senapati and Mahanti, 1971 : 63-66). Most Orissa District Gazetteers, Sambalpur, probably, these religious shrines apparently Cuttack : Orissa Govt. Press. located in the jungle areas of different parts of 7. Srinivas, M.N. (1967), Social Change in Sambalpur rajya were adopted and given royal Modern India, Bombay : Allied Publishers. patronage by Dewan Dakshin Rai and Dewan Akbar Rai in order to enjoy the confidence and to seek the co-operation of the local people so Dr. Chitrasen Pasayat is the Assistant Temple Administrator of Sri Sri Jagannath Temple Office, Puri. that they could consolidate their position against the royal household in Sambalpur.

Hon'ble Chief Minister Shri Naveen Patnaik presiding over the Steering Committee Meeting on Mission Shakti at Secretariat on 1.2.2005.

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Brain Storming Deliberations of Biju Patnaik

(I) growth during the past plan periods has led to At the Meeting of the National Development the emergence of imbalances in various Council on June 18-19, 1990 spheres. It has also led to a slowing down of employment opportunities, sickness in industry This is an important meeting of the National with consequential loss of jobs as well as Development Council as we have assembled increasing disparities among various sections here today to finalise the approach to the Eighth of the people and regions of the country. Five Year Plan which will Widespread dissatisfaction certainly be a significant among the people has resulted in milestone in our path towards a change of the Government social change and through the democratic process. transformation. I compliment the It is, therefore, in the fitness of Planning Commission for things that the Approach Paper for preparing a pragmatic Approach the Eighth Plan has identified Paper which will be the generation of employment blueprint for our future growth. alongwith integrated Rural This, of course, will need to be Development with active supplemented in various ways involvement of the rural people for drawing up operational and Panchayat Raj institutions schemes for removing and Voluntary Organisations as disparities and the sources of the prime thrust areas. We discontentment among various welcome this change. sections of the people as well as for instilling in them a sense and self-confidence as self- 3. The challenge before us is to break out respect to achieve the objectives. of the various circle of low productivity, unemployment and poverty. Our primary 2. There is no doubt that excessive emphasis should be on increased efficiency and obsession with target and target-oriented productivity in all sectors of development.

Both as a freedom fighter and a mass leader, who worked in various fields successfully after independence, Biju Patnaik will be adored by the people. K.R. Narayanan, Former President of India

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Economic growth predominantly agrarian status and the should be seen not contribution of agriculture to the Net Domestic merely in terms of a Product has been stagnating around 60% or "rate" - the emphasis thereabout, throughout the Sixth Plan and should rather be on Seventh Plan periods. Another striking feature the content of of the economy is that there has been no development than on substantial change in the pattern of inter- a "growth rate" per sectoral contribution to the Net Domestic se. Growth has to be Product over the years. Obviously the pace of combined with structural change is relatively slower compared equity, a reasonable to that at national level. This is reflected in a minimum standard of living and provision of comparison of per capita income of Orissa with an essential social amenities to every one as that at the national level. Though there has been speedily as possible. It should ensure special an increase in the State's per capita income attention to the needs of the disadvantaged and both at constant and at current prices, this has the vulnerable sections of the society and at not been adequate enough to keep pace with the same time ensure more rational and wide the level of development achieved at the spread diffusion of the fruits of development national level. The gap between the per capita across reasons and classes. In other words, income of Orissa with that at the national level growth with equity and diffusion of the benefits started widening significantly during the Sixth of development in a balanced manner among Plan. This was aggravated during subsequent the regions as well as among various sections plan periods indicating a slower pace of of the society should be our primary goal in growth at this State level. At current prices, a tackling the twin problems of poverty and gap of Rs.376 in the year 1980-81 increased unemployment. I may mention in this context to Rs.623 in the year 1985-86; it rose further that we are formulating a programme for to Rs.934 in 1986-87 and is about Rs.1,397 in making two of our districts viz., Bolangir and the year 1988-89 (quick estimate). Kalahandi as "Zero Unemployment Districts" 5. The relative backwardness of Orissa within this plan period by integrating various as compared to other States both in regard to sectional schemes. extent of poverty and its intensity are reflected 4. In this context I would specially suggest in the available data. In fact, the intensity of the need for particular attention to the weaker poverty is much higher in Orissa than in many regions and the backward States and for other States. This calls for appropriate devising special measures to enable them to remedial measures particularly in regard to the play their appropriate role in the mainstream devolution of financial resources between the of economic development. Take for instance, Centre and the States. I would suggest that the the case of Orissa. After 40 years of planning existing Gadgil Formula might be and development the State has not been able to supplemented by a composite index of improve the relative position vis-a-vis other backwardness, appropriately devised, which states in the matrix of economy development. might benefit relatively backward and poverty- Orissa's economy has retained its stricken State like Orissa.

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6. I am sure, you will agree with me Mr. district level and Chairman, that situation like this deserves below is necessary special attention for devising specific measures for utilising the for bridging such widening gaps. I would not latent energy of the like to go into details at the present stage but I people in our plan am confident that such problems would be efforts as well as for tackled and solved appropriately when we plugging the finalise our 8th Plan. loopholes. It would be rational in this 7. I would now like to give my comments context to entrust the briefly on several important issues raised in elected Panchayat the Approach Paper. It has been suggested that Raj institutions with many of the existing problems can be corrected implemen-tation of all rural employment by transferring a substantial part of the schemes like J.R.Y. etc. This brings into focus responsibility for planning and implementation the urgent need for introducing a proper system of economic and social development for human motivation as well as a clean and programmes, e.g., minor irrigation, soil impartial system of administration at the grass- conservation, primary education, health, root level. In the absence of these inputs, a drinking water, housing etc. to the elected combination of other resources - men, material representative institutions of local Government and capital - will fail to achieve the desired alongwith provisions of necessary financial objectives. resources and staff. It has been further stated that the local area plans at the village or 8. Agriculture still being the main-stay of Panchayat level will first aim to expand the people deserves our particular attention. employment, production and income in various In my view the entire gamut of activities in economic activities. While agreeing with the this sector requires a thorough reorientation approaches, we must remember that with particular attention to the needs of employment generated must be productive and agriculturally backward regions as well as relevant. The job seekers have a legitimate needs of refined tacts, dry lands and right to work; at the same time, those who are wastelands. I strongly feel that greater attention already in employment have a duty to work be paid to development of horticulture, sincerely and generate assets. The objective sericulture and cash crops so that we can build of our planning should be to work more and on it a network of suitable agro-based industries. This will be of great help to the produce more so that in the process the nation farmers in remote, rural and tribal areas not gets benefited. only in terms of employment but also in terms Decentralisation of the planning of generating higher income by ensuring a better process including formulation and price for the produce. There is also a great implementations of relevant schemes at the scope for development of our huge untrapped

Biju Patnaik's role in India's national reconstruction will be remembered for long. His role as an eminent Parliamentarian, Central Minister and Chief Minister of Orissa is noteworthy. Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma, Former President of India

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potential in comple- when the investment on irrigation is as low as mentary sectors like 2% against its potential of 11% ? Dairy Development, 10. I firmly believe, Mr. Chairman, that in Poultry Development, consonance with our accepted objectives for Fishery Development, the 8th Plan, the social services sector, Sericulture etc. These particularly, education and health, deserve a have to be taken up in much higher priority. This is necessary for an integrated manner ensuring that the benefits of development for promoting rural percolate down to the poorest of the poor and employment and for the vulnerable sections, specially women and reducing urban bias. This is particularly S.C./S.T. population. Such a change will also relevant for accelerating the pace of develop- significantly help in making our population ment in our Scheduled Areas which still suffer limitation measures more effective. We agree from lack of communication and marketing that a major overhaul of our Education Policy facilities exposing them to exploitation by is necessary to achieve the goal of greater various agencies. equity as well as the necessity for providing 9. Irrigation as an input to agriculture must adequate technical inputs at various levels. receive the highest priority. All on-going Major Greater thrust on our programmes of mass and Medium Irrigation Projects should be literacy with skilled development as well as completed as quickly as possible. Greater elementary and secondary education is essential emphasis should be given on Minor Irrigation for achieving the goal of complete eradication and Lift Irrigation during the 8th Plan period. of illiteracy by the end of 1990s. I have already Here, as in many other sectors, we have a tale started a scheme for involving all secondary of missed opportunities. Had we been fortunate school students in the literacy campaign. in translating into reality Pandit Nehru's dream and commissioning the Tikarpara Project on I am glad to announce in this context the Mahanadi river in Orissa in the early that we would be launching a special drive for sixties, Orissa's economy would have been making two of our districts, viz. Kalahandi and transformed. However, we can still retrieve a Bolangir "Full Literacy Districts" within this part of the vision by implementing quickly the plan period. irrigation part of the Rengali Multi-purpose 11. On the health front, it is heartening to project in our State. I mention this particularly note the adoption of multi-disciplinary as Irrigation canals have to be completed approach for tackling the problems. It has been within the next 7 years or earlier if possible, rightly stated that education, specially women's for taking full advantage of the Dam and Power education, has a great deal to contribute to the Plant which has already been constructed. I health delivery system. Similarly in our strategy would further suggest that for ensuring optimum for population control, it is accepted that the utilisation of our water resources, investment focus should be on women's status, female in irrigation sector should be proportionate to literacy, responsible motherhood and control the availability of irrigation potential in various of infant mortality. I would suggest that Malaria, regions. How can a State like Orissa progress Filaria, Kalaazar and Encephalitis should be

29 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 integrated into a single programme of control resources, the of vectorborne diseases. The Universal requirements of Immunisation Programme should be balanced regional implemented vigorously to reduce infant growth, the balance of mortality. As malnutrition is one of the payment problem, the important factors leading to high infant need to ensure a mortality, additional inputs would be necessary minimum 12% annual for the Integrated Child Development Scheme volume of growth in (ICDS) so that nourishing food may be served export, the need for to the children. I fully agree with the suggestion modernisation and in the Approach Paper that the better off updating of sections of the community should pay technology, promotion of technological adequately for the services utilised by them innovation, environmental issues as well as both in the sphere of Education and Health. provision of requisite infrastructure facilities 12. In the social services sector, our main particularly in the energy and transport sectors. aim should be to increase the purchasing power It is imperative to ensure that our resources of the poor through employment preferably in are optimally used to promote product quality rural agro-based industries. However, we must and cost effectiveness in all spheres and more provide a minimum of food security through a efficient use of energy and other infrastructure restructured, more efficient and decentralised inputs. Employment need not, as rightly stated Public Distribution System (PDS). Its coverage in the Approach Paper, necessarily be the particularly in the rural areas has to be primary consideration in certain areas. expanded and local Panchayati Raj institutions However, even in areas where additional and voluntary organisations involved to a much demand generated for consumer goods is greater degree. Stopping the present leakages expected to be met through labour intensive and cutting down costs are equally important. processes of production on a decentralised As rightly suggested in the Approach Paper, basis, our motto should be improvement in we should also explore the possibility of productivity and cost effectiveness. procuring those food-grains that are relevant 14. We should encourage building up of a to the food basket of the lower income groups network of viable and efficient Small Scale in particular areas. Industrial Units - both modern and traditional 13. The strategy for industrial development - which would work in a regime free of irksome as spelt out in the Approach Paper. Mr. regulations utilising local resources and Chairman, deserves particular attention. This manpower. We must aim at larger value is an area where we have to take an integrated addition to all our primary produce and raw view taking into account of various relevant materials. Just as we are trying to step up sectors, viz., the need for developing our agricultural production by re-organising it

Biju Patnaik was not only a politician, but also a brave warrior. He was a front-ranking freedom fighter, able administrator and the maker of modern Orissa. Whenever needed, he went above parochial party considerations and gave positive suggestions and advice. Atal Behari Vajpayee, Prime Minister of India

30 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 according to Agro-Climatic Zones, industrial common heritage of dreaming together and production should similarly be raised by working in unison utilising all our resources utilising the natural resources of various endowments for the common good. We need regions to the fullest extent. In other words, not be daunted by the magnitude of the task we must develop those sectors where we have that lies ahead. Well-begun, as they say, is half- a comparative advantage in a most appropriate done. I am sure, Mr. Chairman, the Planning manner. Infrastructure support like provision Commission under your guidance will rekindle of power, roads, railway lines, port facilities the spirit of objective self-reliance, which was etc. should be tailored to meet such the essence of Pandit Nehru's vision of planning requirements. For example, in many parts of for development with equity. the country including Orissa, there are vast reserve of mineral resources, marine wealth Thank you. as well as convenient locations for off-shore Sources : Orissa Review, August, 1990. and on-shore facilities. In a scenario where (II) the world situation is changing fast we should be poised to grab the opportunities that come Conference on Human Rights on September our way and do away with dilatory 14, 1992 at New Delhi bureaucratic fetters which stifle initiative and Mr. Home Minister and Friends, growth. A determined effort must be made in this direction both by the Central and State I must congratulate the Union Home Governments, so that national requirement is Minister for the comprehensive agenda papers met in the most efficient manner. The multiplier he has sent us. I would like to make a small effort of such growth centres will obviously suggestion before I respond to proposals quicken the pace of development. contained in the agenda papers. The issues referred to are extremely important and we 15. One brief word on Plan Finance before must devise strategies based on mature I conclude. Even after taking into account the deliberation. Some of the suggestions in the devolution of financial resources agenda notes have a bearing on Centre-State recommended by the 9th Finance Commission, relations. Some others have serious financial some State still emerge as deficit State on Plan implications. Some others, it seems to me, do Revenue account. I, therefore, strongly endorse not take sufficient note of ground realities. the Finance Commission's suggestion in their Before any specific decision is taken, it will report that the Planning Commission should be appropriate that our response based on years consider granting special long term loans for of experience and first-hand acquaintances with bridging such deficit so that the Revenue problems under discussion are carefully deficit States do not have to divert their considered. We should avoid the temptation of borrowings for meeting their Plan Revenue coming out with solutions at the end of the needs. meeting and producing the impression that 16. Mr. Chairman, planning by its very these solutions were always round the corner nature, implies imposition on our selves of a and all that was needed was the will to find certain degree of discipline and self-restraint. them. I would advise that the proposals This also involves a common vision and a contained in the agenda notes are reviewed in

31 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 the light of today's deliberations : we can meet mass killing and exile of millions of Afghans again to discuss the results of the review and was viewed differently and kindly. Our design strategies inspired by pragmatic neighbour's dirty work in Kashmir and in perceptions rather than summons issued by self- Punjab has also been viewed with appointed defenders of human rights from extraordinary indulgence. Is it because Indians, abroad and from within the country. Afghans and people of other Asian and African countries have no human rights unless they are It is odd, and cerainly humiliating that murderers, robbers, or on foreign pay rolls ? we should be treated to lessons on human rights Why is it that there is such clamour when one by foreign organisations whose good will of these species is killed and none when the towards India is not at best doubtful. They basic human right-the right to live - is accuse the Indian state of abridging human rights abrogated every day in Somalia, Ethiopia and of terrorists and of scoundrels intent on the erstwhile Yogoslavia ? dismembering India with the help of foreign arms I submit that throughout and money. For these the ages as well as today organisations, human rights India can boast of human of terrorists and rights record which is secessionists and superior to the record of any sacrosant and indubitably other country. This will be superior to those of the evident from the fact that innocent people they kill minority populations have and of the women and grown and flourished in children who are forced into a life of penury, India whereas in the history anguish and insecurity. Their conscience, if any of the west, they have often been victims of is inexplicably dumb when thousands of relentless carnage. Those who raise an outcry families are forced to abandon their homes and over the reported death or torture of a terrorist properties and become refugees. These in India have no word of sympthy for a organisations and their high priests have not Malkankit Natt who was mercilessly bashed thought it fit to condemn terrorism or up by the London Police or for a Rodney King secessionism or systems of governance that who was administered 56 video-taped blows openly subordinate human rights to what they by the Los Angeles police or for the Korean think are laws of their religion. They have also immigrants who lost practically everything they desisted from condemning interference by one had earned in the race riots that followed the state in the internal affairs of another, leading acquittal of policemen who had assaulted King to enormous human rights abuse. While the but who the Jurors thought were simply doing their duty. erstwhile Soviet Union was accused of human rights violation in eastern Europe, open support Let us therefore say, and say it openly for armed rebellion in Afghanistan resulting in that we do not mean to take these experts at

Biju Patnaik was a very inspiring personality. He was an utterly fearless person who inspired the youth of India. H.D. Devegowda, Former Prime Minister of India

32 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 doublespeak seriously at least not until they offenders and to advise authorities about the have taken up defence of human rights in their steps they should take to uphold human rights." own countries and not until they have launched There is absolutely no doubt that it will an impartial campaign against outside function as an authority that believes that State inspiration for militancy and terrorism. Governments are accountable to it, especially The basic objective of our freedom when it is set up as has been suggested by an struggle was to restore to the Indian people Act of Parliament. We may perhaps have a the human rights they were deprived of by Commission to enquire into human rights colonial rule. Our constitution guarantees these questions and submit its report to Government, rights and also provides for their enforcement. but it should cease to exist after a specified I frankly do not see much merit in the proposal period during which it must submit its report. to set up a Human Rights Commission. I can To go beyond this will lend strength to the thesis understand a commission going into certain that the Union Government and the State issues in greater detail than the Government Government cannot be trusted in the matter of which has its hands full with everyday human rights. Let us be clear that it is the problems and recommending policies, laws Government's duty to uphold human rights and and procedures of implementation but actual it will do so at all costs. implementation has to be the function of Agenda item No.2 is far more Government and not of an agency outside it. It important. Custodial crime is utterly is not correct that a Government elected by the reprehensible and must be curbed regardless people should assign its functions to an of the status of the offender. We should however organisation outside people's mandate. Such look at the problem in its perspective. In large institutions, I am afraid are not legitimate in number of cases, policemen responsible for terms of our Constitution. This is precisely such offences have been punished. This is the what has been happening over the past few position in my State and is, perhaps true for years. We have Commissions for the Scheduled other States. What this means is that the State Castes and Tribes, for women and for in India does not take an indulgent view of minorities. Is the Government incapable of custodial crime. We should also take note of looking after India's Scheduled Castes and the fact that in a large number of cases, Scheduled Tribes, women and minority allegations of custodial torture are motivated, communities ? The proposed Human Rights the motive being to force the investigating Commission will also, I am afraid, impinge officer into a position of self-defence and on the powers of State Governments public thereby deflect him from single - minded order, police and prisons fall under the State pursuit of the case. The motive may also be to list. Clause(3) of Article 246 vests in State win the court's sympathy. This phenomenon has Government to "exclusive power to make laws" been observed in several countries. in respect of matters enumerated in the state list. It is no doubt suggested in the agenda notes A disciplined and motivated police that the commission will be a fact-finding and force is seldom guilty of custodial crime. Such advisory body, but I would also have the crimes are committed by a few deviant mandate to recommend prosecution of the members of the force, but their proportion to

33 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 the number of correct and responsible allegedly due to suicide. We can examine policemen is no higher than such proportion in whether the provisions of the Code cannot be other profession. enlarged and made more effective so that cases The most effective insurance against of custodial death and rape are enquired into custodial crime is the morale and the attitude by authorities other than those of the police. of the force. Unfortunately police morale had Greater authority to the District Magistrates or suffered serious erosion both due to to functionaries nominated by the State politicisation and unionisation. For the first Government would go a long way in investing evil, we ourselves are responsible since we transparency and credibility both to enquiries would like to use the police to protect people and follow up actions. whose only virtue is that they are with us and Award of financial relief should be persecute people who have different loyalties. informal and left to State Governments. I do As long as we persist in this behaviour, no not see why State Government that provide system can be effective against custodial crime. financial relief to victims of natural calamities The offending police officer may have done us and communal riots cannot be trusted with this some service in the past or may promise to do task and must act in pursuance of a central law. in future. This distortion is matched by a We can agree on certain guide-lines, but their corresponding distortion caused by implementation is best left to State unionisation of the force. If an investigation Governments. Let us consider setting up a task into an alleged custodial crime is taken up force to formulate the guide-lines, but let us against a police officer, there is a tendency on desist from doing under law what can be done the part of others to combine and protect him. through an attitude of concern and compassion. We must make up our mind that we shall not I have said earlier that there is a co- suffer this impediment and must proceed against relation between the incidence of custodial every police officer, guilty of such crime. crime and erosion of police morale. In addition While allegations of custodial death to the two aforesaid causes of declining police and torture are exaggerated, such allegations morale, there is another, the alarming fall in are widely believed to be true because there convictions due largely to the present system is very little openness in enquiries and because of prosecution. The earlier system of the results of enquiry are seldom published. prosecution which had succeeded in securing We can consider a system that would ensure convictions for the larger number of criminals expedition and objectivity in enquiries. There was replaced in 1973 by the new Code of is no advantage in a mandatory judicial enquiry Criminal Procedure. After the new system in such cases. Section 176 of the Code of came into force, acquittals have far Criminal Procedure already vests in outnumbered convictions. The result is that, the Magistrates the power to hold an enquiry into law breaker is no longer afraid. Citizens are cases of custodial death including death afraid of the law breaker. So great is the

Bijubabu was above petty politics.

P.A. Sangma, Former Speaker, Lok Sabha of India

34 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 citizens' fear that they have lost the capacity to The need for educating police officials resist the most heinous crimes committed in in human rights is both great and urgent. It broad daylight. So great, again, is the erosion should be possible for us to devise a in the State's will to govern that several such programme of training the cost of which can crimes go unpunished although there is no doubt be shared between the Union and State either about the identity of their perpetrator or Governments designed to promote human rights the distress of their victims. The powerful and literally. Financial support to State Government the rich have acquired the capacity to abuse is also necessary for expanding and the judicial process and to be immune to modernising jails. retribution under the law. We are fast moving into a situation which Shakespeare described As for crimes against disadvantaged as follows : sections of society including women all that we need is a strong administrative will. Crimes Through tatter'd clothes small vices do appear Robes and furr'd gowns hide all. Plate sin with gold, against these groups have come down And the strong lance of justice hurtless breaks, significantly when there is clear evidence of Arm it in rags, a pigmy's straw both pierce it. the State's will to punish the offenders. These (King Lear, Act 4. Scene 6). criminals do not belong to the under-world. I would submit that it would be They have social status, being either land- artificial to dislink human rights from owners, or Government employees, or punishment of crime. It will be artificial for employees of the corporate sector or persons two principal reasons. Firstly in a situation in who are prospering in their own business. I which the system of punishment for crime is have recently issued instructions to the effect ineffective the criminal has the licence to that a Government servant against whom a trample upon the human rights of hapless prima facie case of dowry offence is made out victims. Secondly in such a situation, society shall be placed under suspension and if his which includes the police, will be compelled responsibility for the offence is established, to devise other methods of containing crime. he shall be dismissed from service. I am aware The police are accountable when the crime that this will not have more than marginal effect situation deteriorates. If the normal system of on crimes against women but this is an investigation and prosecution does not yield illustration of State will. We do not results, there will be a tendency to resort to unfortunately have a worthwhile social other methods; so that the police can give a good account of itself. I should think that the movement that creates awareness against such incidence of custodial crime should be seen in crimes. During the days of our freedom struggle the perspective of our system of administration the goal that inspired us was not only political of Criminal Law. If amendment of the Evidence independence but a society in which the Act and the Code of Criminal Procedure is individual whatever his religion or caste or being contemplated so that those responsible sex or income status, could live with dignity. for custodial crime are punished adequately Gandhiji who gave direction to the freedom and quickly, there is clearly a stronger case struggle integrated issues like removal of for contemplating amendments so that criminals untouchability, rights of tenants to land and and killers do not acquire the power to dominate freedom from poverty with the issue of the society. political independence. We are incapable today

35 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 of understanding his integral philosophy and of the State is protection of the life, liberty and have assigned the task of social engineering to property of citizens and prevention of their thousands of non-Governmental organisations harassment by any individual or group. The supported with munificent Government grants. State has now come to acquire several other Societies do not change through the work of functions, but these are clearly not in lieu of persons who are paid to bring about change. its basic function. A society in which the We, regardless of the parties we belong to, and security of life and property of its members is the political goals we cherish, must combine under frequent jeopardy is clearly not a well to create an awareness which will not condone groverned society. Such societies are any crime against a Harijan, a woman, a poor characterised by the emergence of individuals man or a person who calls his God by a and groups who assume to themselves the different name. illegitimate and wholly mercenary authority to compel others to live in terror and deprivation I am sorry I have taken a lot of time but and to punish what, according to laws then the issues you have raised do not admit of fashioned in their imprudent imagination, is a summary response. I would make a final deviant behaviour. The larger the extent of such submission. Human rights are important not wicked authority, the greater is the irrelevance because foreign human rights organisations of the State which, in course of time, becomes have asked us to honour human rights but so feeble that assorted scoundrels and because our culture and our history have criminals, instead of dreading its embedded respect for man in our soul. We instrumentalities, take control of them. Since should devise methods consistent with realities the State is unable to punish crime, they coerce of our situation to operationalise this respect. a hapless society into giving them the honour If these methods do not conform to the and status it used to assign to the wise, the prescriptions of some self-righteous brave, the honest and the industrious. The law- organisations, there should be no cause for breaker is no longer afraid; citizens are afraid distress. of the law-breaker. Sources : Orissa Review, October, 1992. Such a society is clearly reprehensible. (III) All enlightened Governments have, throughout Chief Ministers' Conference on history, endeavoured to ward off such Administration of Criminal Justice distortions in the social process through November 13, 1992 installation of a system in which crime is quickly punished. Where they have succeeded, This conference, in my view, is not individuals have striven to realise their higher merely a conference to discuss administration aspirations and have not been driven into of criminal justice; it provides us all with an diminutive cocoons by fear or insecurity. opportunity to review the manner in which the Societies that have ensured freedom and Indian State is functioning. The basic function security have made remarkable advance in

Biju Patnaik was the eagle of the storm and sculptor of the clay. It is hard to believe that Biju Patnaik is no more. He has influenced the political life of the state for half a century. He was the symbol of ever-inspiring working spirit. J.B. Patnaik, Former Chief Minister of Orissa

36 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 material and intellectual development; hamstrung by shibboleths. The illustrative societies that have failed in this basic task have areas where the law may have to be changed remained underdeveloped and have frequently are : the system of prosecution; empowering had to surrender political sovereignty, for executive magistrates to try offences under mercenaries and criminals who had acquired certain chapters of Indian Penal Code and positions of pre-eminence were the most under some minor Criminal Act and Special unlikely defenders of freedom. Acts; and provisions relating to preventive arrest and bail. With regard to the prosecution We had, in this country, a reasonably system, I would like section 25 of the Code of effective system of punishing crime. It certainly Criminal Procedure to be amended so that the had several drawbacks, but it had the merit of State Government can appoint a police officer denying the criminals the sense of impunity they to conduct prosecution subject to the condition have lately come to acquire. Immediately after that he has not taken any part in the independence, we thought that the whole investigation into a case under trial. This would system was evil and started a romance with go a long way towards eliminating lack of co- exotic concepts. One such concept was the ordination between prosecution and separation of the judiciary from the executive. investigation which has benefited criminals. We forgot to take note of the fact that this Some States have amended several sections concept had evolved in an altogether different of the Code of Criminal Procedure. In order situation and was administered by altogether that we have a uniform Code of Criminal different people. In those societies, it is a Procedure, these amendments, along with functional distribution, whereas in ours, the certain others which are found necessary, can judiciary is convinced that the entire authority be incorporated into a Central amendment of the State vests in it alone. which can become the law for the whole The overall result, as the agenda papers country. for this conference show, has been a disturbing Delay in completion of investigation is rise in acquittals and a disturbing fall in another major contributor to the worsening convictions. It is significant that these trends crime situation. It not only creates a public became manifest after the new Code of impression that nothing much is going to happen Criminal Procedure, which effected the to a criminal, at least for quite some time, it separation of powers and installed a new also enables the criminal to tamper with system of prosecution in Courts of Magistrates, evidence, win over or liquidate witnesses and which came into force. Our first duty should in effect decide the case. There are three major be to contain this development and reverse reasons for delay in investigations. Firstly, the these trends. We should give some time and police manpower is inadequate. Secondly, the thought to evolving implementable strategies available manpower has several other pre- so that no Indian citizen lies in fear and so that occupations, such as performing security duty whoever transgresses the law is quickly and for a horde of dignitaries who relish the illusion effectively dealt with. If these strategies that their lives are in danger. Thirdly, requires a change in the law, we should be investigating officers do not have adequate prepared to effect these changes without being mobility or access to modern techniques of

37 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 investigation. The first and third factors would compunction in seeking political patronage require financial and technical collaboration when driven to a corner. I would like it to be between the Centre and States. If this understood that as long as organised crime is collaboration materialises immediately, we not effectively dealt with, no refinement in should be able to register improvement in the dealing with individual criminals would immediate future. As for the second factor, improve the crime situation. Individual and demanding security cover has become a status small-time crime is yielding place everywhere symbol. It is time that self-appointed luminaries to organised crime. While the individual of our political firmament realised that, in the criminal offends an individual victim, criminal unlikely event of some madcap disposing them gangs offend society at large and challenge the of, the only cost to the country would be a by- authority of the State. Let us not, in dealing election. with them, be shackled by international I would reiterate that improving the prescriptions on human rights. Innocent citizens administration of criminal justice should be the of this country and their society have certain collective responsibility of the Union and the rights and if conglomerates of criminals assault States and that it would be disastrous to leave these rights, we have to protect the larger and resource-deficit State to meet the full cost of superior rights. If necessary by abridging and desired improvement. Cost-sharing should indeed even extinguishing inferior and extend to enlarging accommodation in jails. irrelevant rights. If we act otherwise, we would There has been no significant enlargement of bring about a situation in which no true human such accommodation which has been under rights exist. I have to say this because it is great strain due both to the increasing number necessary that we are not overwhelmed by the of convicts and of under-trial prisoners. A few latest inspiration doled out by human rights days ago, we met here to discuss human rights activists. abuse and, in particular, infringement of such Secondly, some amount of rights in custody. Such infringement becomes introspection on the part of the community of inevitable when we have to pack 500 people politicians is overdue. Quite a few crimes in space meant for 50. occur because we overselves organise There are two further points I would agitations on a number of non-issues with a like to make. An increasingly significant factor view to keeping ourselves in limelight. Since in the present crime situation is crime by we have been in power and since it is not organised groups whether subscribing to unlikely that we will come back to power, the terrorism as a political activity or bound by a law enforcing machinery is handicapped in common criminal intent. The distinction dealing with our proteges in the manner they between these two groups is very often a fiction deserve to be dealt with. Let us be frank and since, for the first group, politics is a veneer admit that we ourselves have inducted into for crime and the second group has little legislatures and endowed high offices on a

Biju Patnaik was a dare-devil person. He was a modern-day Emperor Kharavela. He was given the title 'Bhumiputra' (Son of the Soil) by Indonesia for his participation in that country's freedom struggle. Nilamani Routray, Former Chief Minister of Orissa

38 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 number of persons whose legitimate place is civilisation throughtout the South East Asia; in the jail. This criminal aberration afflicts all relics are found in all these countries even political parties and the result is that no today. What better dream can I have than dream political party today has the moral authority to of those magnificent days, when Orissa was suggest any reform. By far the larger part of vital, when Kalinga was vital, when Kalinga my life is behind me. I would hope to see, in was the greatest empire of India, when the the remainder of my life, that the profession of sailors of Kalinga did not know fear, when the politics does not admit persons who find in soldiers of Kalinga did not know fear, when politics protection for their past and present the mothers of Kalinga were known as criminality. This may cost us a few votes, but "Biranganas". That was Kalinga. Therefore that the voting system itself may cease to exist very is a dream worthy of Kalinga. soon if such persons enjoy the immunity and In my dream of the 21st century for the prestige they have come to enjoy for sometime State, I would have young men and women who past. put the interest of the State before them. They Sources : Orissa Review, December, 1992. will have pride in themselves, confidence in (IV) themselves. They will not be at anybody's mercy, except their own selves. By their brain, Orissa of My Dreams : intelligence and capacity, they will recapture I have been commissioned here in the the history of Kalinga. I would like my Orissa memory of my dearest friend Binod Kanungo - of 21st century to have excellent artisans, not to speak but to dream. I have been told that superb craftsmen and sculptors, greatest I should project Orissa of my dreams. What musicians and poets. After all it is we who would I dream ? Once Gurudev Rabindranath built Konark. It was in Orissa or Kalinga Tagore said, "When you dream, dream big. It where the great Geeta Govinda was is only by dreaming big things that big tasks composed. It is the same place where Great are accomplished." We are born to die. While mathematicians like Pathani Samanta looked dreaming think of big things - Dream the at the sky and created astronomical wonders. biggest dream of all. In his poetry, what did he A place where we have mathematical genius, say ? "Sapan dekhi tulab ami badi, prabal great sculptors and artists, great musicians and dwipe manimuktar ...." This was the dream dancers and men and women of great culture, which urged the young people of those days to this should be the dream of my Orissa, should dream big. I have not forgotten these lines of be the dream of my life. Rabi Thakur. There is no English word for "Karuna". When I want to dream of Orissa what When a young woman goes to pray before her should I dream ? Orissa has become a small God she asks for one blessing. "O' Lord, fill little place. One day it was the greatest empire my soul with 'Karuna', I ask for nothing else." of India. Its army defeated Alexander's Army That is the epitome of culture, which Orissa of and threw them across the border of India. my dream would have. Kalinga was the largest maritime power ever We men and women of today, have known in the world. That Kalinga spread her shrunk. Because we do not dream big, we have

39 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 become little men and women with little You realise that 30% of our people live in this problems, little conspiracy, little likes and condition. I will like to see that every citizen dislikes, little gain or loss. Orissa can be lifted of my State has a decent roof over his head, by collective will. We are the descendants of every family gets drinking water and all- great ancestors. Look at my beautiful hills, weather protection. They must have all weather beautiful rivers, beautiful sea, rich forests roads and bridges, schools properly manned which are gifts of God, given to our people. I with able teachers and hospitals with adequate would like my men and women, young people number of excellent doctors. It has to be of my State, in the coming years to take all ensured that every nook and corner of my state these gifts that God has given and produced has proper health care, proper schooling, the greatest machines that produce wealth for proper road system and communication systems all and provide employment and productive like telephones, like electronics - all that the work to all. In my dream of Orissa no cultivator modem science has given, the average would go with his field dry. Every drop of villagers must have. water that percolates through our soil is The wealth of minerals that nature has recovered. In my dream of Orissa of tomorrow, endowed us will sustain many major industries I will not like to hear a whisper about for long years to come, whether it is steel, oppression to women. I dream of a day when whether power from coal, whether aluminium women would play equal role with men. They or oil refinaries and petrochemicals. All these will exercise with men equal power and enjoy will come to us. We should make our State a the same privilege. This should be my dream place of attraction to all people from all over of tomorrow the 21st century. In that time no the world. In India, today we have no social child of my State will go hungry without food harmony, no religious tolerance, no caste or suffer from malnutrition. And all over my tolerance. Certainly we cannot grow with all land, there will be no illiteracy or ignorance. these divisions. In my dream of Orissa, there should be harmony, broad-mindedness, greater For my farmers, I would like to dream tolerance all around and fellow feeling from that never and never his crop shall perish for neighbour to neighbour. want of water. Each drop of water will be conserved and used. Natural calamity, the In conclusion, I would like to say what scourge of Orissa, would be a thing of the past. Max Muller said long time back, "If I have to All the rivers would be tamed, all the water look over the whole world to find out the storages reconstructed so that parched lands country that nature has bestowed its best, I get that water when needed. would point to India". We all together can make our State such that the whole world would say Yesterday I inaugurated an exhibition that Orissa is our dreamland. of the Adivasis. Those of you who have not gone, I would recommend that you spend a (First Binode Kanungo Memorial Lecture delivered extempore on January 27, 1992 at Soochana Bhawan, couple of hours there, see their style of living. Bhubaneswar.)

Biju Patnaik was not only a great freedom fighter, but also a towering politician and social leader of India. Dr. Farooq Abdullah, Former Chief Minister of Jammu & Kashmir

40 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005

(V) expensive. The bureaucracy is negative all over Soft State, Hard Decisions the country--both at the Centre and in the States. There is absolutely no initiative at any level to It is unfortunate that hardly any change this--all they are interested in is government in this country has had the courage cushioning their interests with precedents and to adopt a tough line as far as austerity measures authority. go. And this is because no one in the government wants to give up his own benefits The political machinery is even more - even when hundreds and thousands of our expensive. The upkeep of the Prime Minister, countrymen are getting no benefits at all. the Ministers, the Cabinet, Parliament is Running the Government is getting more and maintained by the contributions of the tax more expensive. Be it the civil, military or payers. These people are supposed to serve police administrations, hundreds of million the people but instead they only serve as rulers. people are employed. And who pays for them ? It is absolutely ridiculous that an MP should The already over-burdened tax payer. be entitled to 28 flights per year to his The public sector corporations are also constituency. Their pensions also keep a part to it. Heavily overstaffed, they employ increasing. An MP is not part of the five men where one is required. And the unions administrative service yet they, their wives, ensure that they are well protected. So the their widows, their children are all recipients government continues to ball them out. of benefits from the government. We should emulate the example of It is a sickening spectacle for a person Mexico. The President there took a stern like me who has fought for the nation's position. He broke the unions and as a result Independence and suffered for it. Today the of that, Mexico is already looking up today. It entire patronage system encourages corruption is about time that we recognised that if we are at all levels. In fact, corruption has been in- losing in a particular area, government funding built into the system where even men in high should be discontinued. places are corrupt. Quite simply, the common We have reached such a pathetic stage perception is that power is for the self. that as a nation we are now forced to borrow Even Nehru never thought seriously in order to pay wages and salaries. And if we about controlling the country's population in want to develop a plan, we have to pay even terms of incentives and disincentives--no one more. At the same time, the public services with more than two children should have been that the government should be funding--such entitled to a government job or an elective as schools, health services and other activities position. Instead, we have been converted into -- are being ignored. In Korea, to produce 15 a nation of 90 crores from one of 34 crores. million tonnes of steel, the country employs The whole world is laughing at us. Every other 20,000 people but here to produce 15 million country is increasing its per capita income but tonnes of integrated steel, we employ 300,000 we seem to be getting poorer each year. people. It is time that we took some hard No nation can survive like this. Our decisions. Of course this will be resented. overstaffed administrative machinery is too Once benefits are taken away from the political

41 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 class, these "secure" men will feel naked as if hope. This is my country, I was born here I they are no longer the representatives of the fought for it, I have served it. people. We should also redefine the concept But half of our population is below the of security - today there are poverty line with no food, no 10,000 applicants for a peon's water, no education, no shelter, no post in the government because it literacy. And every year, the is perceived as a secure job. The negatives only multiply. If I were Centre will also have to truly to run the country and if I were 30 respect the federal nature of our years younger, I would certainly Constitution. For example, it is impose Draconian laws and ridiculous that even though punitive measures to ensure that agriculture is a state subject, the corruption does not pay. I would union agriculture ministry lay down that if a person has more employs over 40,000 people. And than one child, then he would not for whose benefit ? be elligible for a government job In the old days, nobody received any or an elected position even in the Panchayat. special benefits. Not even the Prime Minister. And if Parliament is not supportive, I would I remember even Nehru did not have peons at acquire the power to suspend Parliament and his beck and call. On one occasion, I dropped pass this law. Yes I would do that. Because, in to see him at 8 p.m. - I had just returned Parliament is far too expensive, anyway. from a wonderful film at Rivoli. I told him Hard decisions are a must. No about the film and suddenly, on an impulse, he development is possible without human decided that he wanted to see it. His devoted sacrifice. Be it Ashoka or Peter the Great, assistant Mathai, went down to fetch the driver human lives perished but that is how their great but he had left. So without any fuss, we hailed empires flourished. In Chernobyl or Bhopal, a taxi and proceeded to the cinema--no security human sacrifice was the cost that one had to nothing. And even at the cinema hall, there was pay for development. When aeroplanes first no fuss, people were happy to see him but that started, people were sacrificed. The was all. development of rockets sacrificed scientists. We have to blame ourselves for making So for any human development, there have been life so cheap today. Why is there no peace in human sacrifices galore. So why do we shy this country today ? Because even though the away from paying a price for development ? economic czars have left the country we (As told to Sabina Sehgal and published in the National continue to buy goods at ten times the price. Daily, The Times of India on June 13, 1993) What is this freedom about ? To abuse, to kill each other, to stab ? I am not disillusioned because I have no illasions. Yet I can not lose Source : Orissa Review, July-1993

People do not know how much he has done. Nripen Chakraborty, Former Chief Minister of Tripura

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History of Press in Orissa R.P. Shastry

In the glorious chapters of the history of be fully established in this part of the country journalism in India, Orissa with her history of in 1848. Thus the history of journalism in over one hundred years of journalism occupies Orissa is little over a century or to put it more a place of pride and honour. precisely it would now be just 138 years old. (In 1662 the first newspaper of London Oriya journalism played an important was published. The number of newspapers role in moulding socio-political within of the increased to 53 in 1970. The London Gazette province several and in awakening the people's was founded in 1665 as the official organ of consciousness in particular. In those days the the Government. The world famous 'Times' great men who had pioneered this noble paper began its publication as the Daily profession in this part of the country were solely Universal Register in 1785 and adopted the inspired by the spirit of social service and present title in 1788). missionary zeal. The First Newspaper of India The First Oriya Magazine (In India the first attempt for the In 1861 five years before the catastrophic publication of newspapers was made by an famine of Orissa of 1866 the first Oriya Englishman William Bolts in Calcutta in 1776. Magazine of Orissa 'Bodha Dayini' was But he could not succeed due to official published from Balasore. The main object of restrictions and obstructions. James Agustus this magazine was to spread the Oriya Hicky another Englishman started the 'Bengal literature and to point out the administrative Gazette' in 1780. In Madras in 1785, the first lapses. Then the most powerful and influential newspaper the 'Madras Courier' was published Oriya paper. 'The Utkal Deepika' made its appearance in early 1866 under the able by an Englishman named Richard Johnson with official support. The paper was edited by editorship of late Gourisankar Ray with the patronizing helps of late Bichitrananda Das Boyd. Bombay's first newspaper, the 'Bombay who was the Seristadar of then Revenue Herald' came into existence in 1789.) Commissioner, T.E. Ravenshaw, who enjoyed Orissa came to the newspaper map of the honour as the founder of the historic India, about 70 years later in 1862 and offered Ravenshaw College of Cuttack. 'Utkal resistance to the British rule which could only Deepika' played a significant role for the

43 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 amalgamation of outlying Oriya-speaking areas Cuttack and another English weekly named which remained scattered under different 'Orissa Students' edited by Laxmi Narayan provincial administrations. The Utkal Deepika Dasgupta was published from Kendrapara carried on a vigorous campaign for bringing during that period. all the Oriya-speaking areas under one The publication of these papers during administration, development of Oriya language the last part of the 19th century, indicated the and literature and protection of Oriya interests. desire and the determination of the people of In 1869 late Bhagavati Charan Das started Orissa to uphold the right of freedom of 'Utkal Subhakari' to propagate Brahmo faith. expression and the freedom of the press with a Another weekly paper 'Sambad Vahika' was view to ultimately fighting for the freedom of published from Balasore in 1868. the country from the British rule. The Utkal Society of Cuttack published Swadeshi Movement 'Utkal Hiteisini' in 1869. In the last three and In the early part of twentieth century we half decades of the 19th century a number of find that "Swadeshi" movement in Bengal had newspapers were published in Oriya, gained momentum and it had great impact on prominent among them were 'Utkal Deepika' Orissa's political and social life. At that time 'Utkal Patra' Utkal Hiteisini from Cuttack, Utkal another paper named 'Nava Sambad' also Darpan and Sambada Vahika' from Balasore, appeared from Balasore. Both 'Nava Sambad' Sambalpur Hiteisini (30th May, 1889) from of Balasore and 'Utkal Deepika' of Cuttack gave Deogarh. strong support to the 'Swadeshi' movement and The last named Oriya weekly continued in their writings of 30th August 1905 and 2nd for 34 years under the patronage of Sir Sudhal September 1905 respectively those two papers Deb, Raja of Bamra. In 1879 an Oriya expressed the views that the Swadeshi fortnightly newspaper called "Mayurbhanj movement would give impetus to the production Pakshika Patrika" was published from of "Swadeshi" goods in Orissa. Baripada being edited by Haraprasad Das with In 1903 the Oriyas of Ganjam under the the financial help of Maharaja Krushna Chandra leadership of Raja of Khallikote, Raja Harihar Bhanja Deo. It was said that the main objective Mardaj and with the guiding inspirations of Late of the paper was to review the political matters Pandit Nilamani Vidyaratna a veteran of Mayurbhanj in simple 'Oriya' language. journalist, social reformer and a political (source Mayurbhanj Gazetteer). In April 1891 leader of that time formed Ganjam Jatiya Samiti a literary magazine titled 'Utkal Prabha' was to demand for the unification of Ganjam (then published from Baripada with the financial help in Madras) with other Oriya areas. Vidyaratna of Maharaja Sri Ramachandra Bhanja Deo. In started an Oriya weekly paper 'Praja Bandhu' 1880 Dina Banerji edited a paper called from Ganjam to espouse the cause of the Oriyas Bideshi from Cuttack. After 1866 Famine some and the amalgamation movement. He also English journals were also started publishing joined the 'Sambalpur Hiteisini' in the last in Orissa. In 1868 "Cuttack Standard", Argus' decade of ninteenth century and gave a new and an English Weekly 'Orissa Patriot' edited fillip to the cause of amalgamation movement by Kalipada Banerji were published from and development of Oriya literature with the

44 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 help of the Raja of Bamra, the great lover of New Phase of Journalism culture and literature. Pandit Vidyaratna had In 1913 a new phase of journalism began encouraged the great poet Gangadhar Meher in Orissa under the adventurous leadership of and Radhanath Ray by publishing their literary the grat Journalist, late Mr. Sashibhusan Rath. works through the columns of the paper which On 13th April, 1913 he published the weekly he edited. 'Asha' which soon held the public opinion of This period was also marked for the the district under its influence. spread of journalism in different parts of Orissa Though, Mr. Rath started his weekly and publication of more papers from Ganjam without any capital money, he was able to and Cuttack. attract the support of the stalwarts of that period Star of Utkal like Pandit Gopabandhu Das, Pandit Nilakantha Das, Pandit Godavarish Mishra, the great In 1905 Babu Khirod Ray Choudhury freedom fighters and scholars, who later published an English newspaper named "Star became editors of powerful newspapers. They of Utkal" from Cuttack. The paper was highly were also the writers in this new weekly, till critical of the then Bengal Government's Food 1917 this group which was more popularly Policy and held the Government responsible known as the Satyavadi Group maintained very for the large scale starvation deaths of 1907- intimate contacts with 'Asha' by regularly 1908 in the districts of Cuttack, Puri and writing in its columns. Pandit Gopabandhu, the Balasore which then constituted the 'Orissa founder of Orissa's influential Oriya Division' under the Bengal Government. The newspaper, the Samaj published his first Lt. Governor of Bengal demanded Rs.2000/- monthly magazine "Satyavadi" from Asha Press as security deposit from the press. The editor of Berhampur. During this period the refused to pay the security deposit and in protest publication of 'Asha' by Sashi Bhusan had stopped the publication of the paper. kindled new hopes in the minds of the people of Orissa and particularly the people of Ganjam During this decade the enterprising Oriya who were zealously agitating for the formation journalists of Ganjam published a number of of a separate Orissa province and development papers. An English weekly named "Ganjam of Oriya language and literature. 'Asha' soon News" was published from Parlakhemidi, the attracted many leading writers and leaders of great seat of Oriya culture, literature and music public opinion of that time and became the to support the cause of Orissa. The other papers powerful vehicle of public opinion. The other of Ganjam of that period were Oriya Weekly, prominent writers and leading men who had "Oriya Hitavadini" from Berhampur, "Ganjam enriched the columns of 'Asha' were late Gopal Guna Darpan" from Digapahandi and 'Utkal Chandra Praharaj (author of Oriya Vasi' from Ichhapur (now in Andhra Pradesh) Encyclopaedia-Bhasakosh), the great social which were published to fight for the formation reformer Ananta Mishra, Appanna Panigrahi of Orissa province based on language, culture of Paralakhemidi, Gadadhar Vidya Bhusan and and literature and also to advance the cause of Sadasiva Vidya Bhusan of South Ganjam, the freedom movement. great Oriya novelist and writer Fakir Mohan

45 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005

Senapati, the poet and writer Ramchandra newspapers helped for the production of other Acharjya and many others. daily papers in the state during later periods. Oriya Weekly "Samaj Mitra" East Coast English Weekly In 1917 another Oriya weekly paper After the publication of ''Dainik Asha' 'Samaj Mitra' was published from Cuttack. But Sashi Bhusan also published an English it was prescribed by the British Government weekly, 'The East Coast' and entrusted its for its publication of an article under the editorship to Pandit Godavarish Misra whose caption 'Hindu Dharmar Gourab' in which he love for the freedom of the country and the strongly criticised certain disparaging remarks people had brought for him poverty and many of some foreign Christian missionaries against difficulties in life. In 1930 an Oriya newspaper Hindu scriptures and the Hindu deities. "Prabhat" was also published from Cuttack. Madhusudan Das's Oriya Weekly "The First English Daily Newspaper "New Oriya" Orissa" During the same period late Gopal On 5th May, 1933 the first English daily Chandra Praharaj edited "Satya Samachar", of the Province 'The New Orissa' made its Utkal Gourab Madhu Sudan edited 'The Oriya' appearance from the Asha Press of Berhampur and Dibyaprasanna Roy Choudhury edited under the Editorship of Sashi Bhusan ably 'Navya Bharat' from Cuttack. Another weekly assisted by Mr. Sharma and Mr. K.N. Acharya 'Swaraj' which became a daily in 1932 was who came from Madras. Mr. Acharya who also published in 1921-22 from Cuttack. was the colleague of Mr. Rath later became the Editor of 'New Orissa'. The management Publication of "Dainik Asha" of the paper was looked after by Mr. Hadu In 1928 Sashi Bhusan Rath took another Raiguru who was a trusted Assistant and bold step and started the Oriya Daily 'Dainik colleague of Mr. Rath. Sharat Mahapatra, a Asha' from Berhampur on the Oriya New Years brother of Sashi Bhusan was an Asst. Editor Day (Mesha Sankranti). This was really a great in Dainik Asha who later became the Editor of day for the people of Orissa and was a turning weekly 'Asha' and continued it for a long time point in the history of the State as it had helped even after the death of Mr. Rath. (It may not be the people of Orissa to launch their struggle out of place to mention here that for the proper more effectively and vigorously to secure the growth and development of Oriya journalism unification of the outlying Oriya areas under and development of language and literature, one administration. This paper also spread the necessity for the invention of Oriya type-writer message of freedom movement of the country was greatly felt and a brother of Sashi Bhusan in the rural areas of the State. With the late Ranganath Mahapatra of Surada, Ganjam publication of Dainik Asha many public invented the first Oriya type-writer in early spirited youngmen got the opportunity to forties. The Oriya type-writers were receive the practical training in daily manufactured in Germany and were put to use newspaper work and journalism. Some of them in some of the offices soon after the formation who got training in the editing of these of the separate Orissa Province on 1st April,

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1936. The Zamindars of Ganjam and also the Gopabandhu was not there to see this eventful Rajas of some of Garjats were greatly beginning of the new life of "Samaj". encouraged to use the Oriya type-writers. But After the outbreak of the Second World after the outbreak of Second World War the War in September 1939, the Orissa Congress British Government did not allow further Ministry headed by Mr. Biswanath Das manufacturing and use of these type writers. resigned on 4th November, 1939. A non- Ranganath did not get any recognition for his Congress coalition Ministry headed by great work even after the independence of the Maharaja of Parlakemindi K.C. Gajapati Dev country and he died in poverty fighting his was formed by the end of 1941 with the active lonely battle to gain what was legitimately due support of Pandit Nilakantha Das, Pandit to him. But he lost his fight. Godavarish Mishra and others. Pandit End of a Chapter Nilakantha who was the chief architect of the said coalition Ministry started an Oriya daily During the time of Second World War in called "Navarat" to support the Ministry and 1942, Daily Asha changed hands with its sister the war efforts of the Government. He was also publication the English daily 'New Orissa' having a monthly magazine 'Nava Bharat'. This which was purchased by a businessman of paper continued as long as it enjoyed official Calcutta, Mr. M.L. Jajodia who later settled support and after the fall of the Ministry and down at Cuttack. These two papers gave the end of war it closed down. Pandit Das's effective support to war efforts of the British daily and the monthly however, greatly Government and were also recipients of enriched the Oriya literature through valuable Government's aid. Both were closed down in literary contributions. Some of the writings of 1951 marking the end of a great chapter of the the old Nava Bharat were reproduced by pre-independence era journalism in Orissa. "Samaj" in its weekly literary columns. During However, the "Dainik Asha" resumed this period another Oriya paper named 'Lok publication from Berhampur being controlled Mata' also came into existence, but it by a "Trust" set up by late Brindavan Nayak in disappeared after a short peirod. the Seventies. In the early pre-independence period two "Samaj", the Oriya Daily of Cuttack now English weeklies, 'The Orissa First' edited by edited by Madam Manorama Mahapatra was Mr. K.N. Acharya and 'Observer' by Mr. M.S. founded by late Pandit Gopabandhu Das as a Mahanty, and an Oriya Weekly named Janata weekly in 1919 to support the cause of freedom by Surendra Mohanty published from Cuttack struggle of the country. Pandit Das continued had influenced public opinions in their own his relentless struggle against the British rulers respective ways. Mr. K.N. Acharya's 'Orissa through the columns of the paper and never First ' commanded respect and prestige in yielded to any pressure and temptations of the official and enlightened circles of the State. British Government. Another Oriya monthly magazine which In 1931 it was made daily by Pandit commanded great influence through out the Nilakantha Das, Pt. Godavarish Mishra, Pt. State for its critical writings was 'Niakhunta'. Lingaraj Mishra and others. But Pandit It was more popular for its satirical writings

47 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 and poems. This was first started in 1938 from of April 1948. The 'Amrit Bazar Patrika' of Berhampur by late Godavarish Mahapatra and Calcutta published an edition from Cuttack from later shifted to Cuttack. 'Krusak', another Oriya the Tulasipur residence of Mr. Biju Patnaik. weekly also started its publication in 1938 from But it also discontinued its publication after Cuttack under editorship of Sarangdhar Das. two years. The Post-Independence Era 'Matrubhumi' which was started as a weekly in 1947 was made a Daily by its founder In the Post-Independence Era journalism Editor Mr. Balakrushna Kar in 1951 on the eve in Orissa assumed new attitude and direction. of First General Election in 1952 with the From its missionary character of old times it financial help received from Maharaja of has gained a new momentum for trade Balangir Patna, late R.N. Singh Deo. unionism. It has attracted many ambitious youngmen who accepted journalism as avenue In 1956 an Oriya Daily called for employment. Dr. H.K. Mahatab's 'Ganatantra' owing its political allegiance to "Prajatantra" offered this opportunity to the opposition "Ganatantra Parishad" of the ex- employment seekers in journalism and also to Garhjat rulers of Orissa was published by the the young aspirants for building political Gana Prakasani Trust Board. This paper careers. Dr. Mahatab's 'Prajatantra' which first continued for about five years. started publication as a weekly from Balasore In 1960 another important Oriya Daily on 2.10.1923 and ceased publication on 28th "Kalinga" was published by Mr. Biju Patnaim, December, 1930 in protest against the Press the then Congress leader of Orissa. It was Ordinance of British government again made controlled through a trust. This paper went out its re-appearance on the 8th August, 1947 as of existence after 1967 General Elections an Oriya Daily with renewed vigour and during the time of "Swatantra-Jana Congress" strength under the fostering care of Dr.Mahatab Coalition Ministry. On 1st April 1966 another who was the first premier of the State on the Oriya Daily "The Janasakti" made its eve of the transfer of power and also became appearance and continued for about four years. Chief Minister after independence. The This paper owed its existence to Mr. Biren 'Prajatantra" played its role effectively during Mitra, ex-Chief Minister of Orissa. During its the crucial period of the integration of the short span of existence it had been able to gain Princely States of Orissa with the province popular support and good will of the people. under the guidance of Dr. Mahtab who was not After the Fourth General Election only the Premier of Orissa but was one of the another Oriya daily the "Swarajya" owing its right-hand men of Sardar Patel, the Chief full allegiance to the Swatantra Party was Architect of new India who secured the merger published from Bhubaneswar under the of the princely states. As a matter of fact. working editorship of Mr. Rama Prasad Sinha, "Prajatantra" was the training centre for many a well-known freedom fighter, writer and a journalists who occupied important positions veteran journalist. This paper was controlled one politics and in public life. Another sister by the ex-Maharaja of Balangir Patna, late R.N. paper of the Prajatantra, English Daily, "The Singh Deo as the Chairman of a new Trust Eastern Times" was also published on the 1st Board.

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On 24th November 1974 a new Oriya in Oriya and English from the Baripada Printing Daily "Dharitry" was added to the family of Press, Calcutta Bhanja Pradip in October, the Daily Newspapers of Orissa published 1934, Mayurbhanja Chronicle in October, 1935 ownership of under the Madam Nandini were also published. The Mayurbhanj State Satapathy a former Chief Minister of Orissa Gazetteer in January, 1936 speak of the big role and members of her family. Mr. Tathagata played by this state for the promotion and Satapathy is its editor now. This was first development of journalistic activities in Orissa. published by Smt. Chandrika Mahapatra on In post-independence period the following behalf of "Samajwadi Society. A new English periodicals and journals were published from Daily the "News of the World" was also the Mayurbhanj district. "Mayurbhanj Jagarana published from Cuttack by an enterprising press - 1963, Janata-1963, Hint - (in English) 1963, worker in 1976 under his managing editorship. and Bahni, Khabar (English), Anjali, Besides this, some Oriya and English weeklies Chalantika, Ramarajya in 1969. were published from Cuttack. "The Orissa Times", an English Weekly was established in In Bolangir "Patna Deepika" and 1965 by Mr.R.P. Shastry a veteran journalist Prajamitra were published before the merger under his editorship. The Eastern Times of the feaudatary State with Orissa and Weekly which was edited by Dr. Mahtab is discontinued later. In 1959, a weekly called now closed down. The 'Kosala' of Sambalpur 'Dunia' and another weekly named "Swatantra" has become a small town daily, "Orissa Times" were published and in 1961 Abhijana, was made a daily newspaper in 1985 April Ganatantra and Yugavarta weeklies made their and since then has been continuing its appearances and faded out after sometime. publication from Bhubaneswar. Koraput, a tribal district of Orissa has Besides these papers, there were many also made its contributions to the growth of other papers which were published in the early journalism in the State. 'Jana-Sakha', Ajikali part of this century and went out of existence and Amakatha were published in Oriya from in Orissa. Utkal Sevak was published in 105- Nawarangapur a few monthly magazines like Sambalpur Frazer by Press and continued till 'Durmukha' and Achalapatra were published 1914. The Oriya weekly "Sadhana" 1921, from Cuttack. Sambalpur, Jagarana - Oriya weekly 1936, Though, there is a big scope and Praja Sakti and Subrati 1958, Jeeban- 1960, necessity for the development of small papers Squeeze English weekly - 1964, Khadyot - in the districts, in order to highlight the 1962, Panchamukhi - 1966, Katusatya - 1968 problems of different areas and to focus the were published from Sambalpur. public attention on the problems of rural The Mayurbhanj, an ex-feudal state Orissa, due to the high cost of production and which was under the administration of a lack of sufficient encouragement from various Maharaja also played an active role in the field agencies enterprising journalists do not embark of journalism from 1879. That year in the month on such ventures. (Reproduced from "Orissa of April, the Mayurbhanj Pakshika Patrika Times Special issue of 1978). made its appearance with the help of the ruler. Utkal Prabha - April 1891, Weekly Manorama - 1905 from Baripada, Mayurbhanja Gazetter R.P. Shastry is the Editor of Orissa Times, Bhubaneswar

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A Divine Mission Achieved By Biju Patnaik

The Temple of Lord Jagannath, an eight hundred Garbhagruha and undertaking interior repairs by year old shrine at Puri, has been a centre of activity qualified engineers. The question of shifting the since the mediaeval ages in Orissa, nay in the whole idols posed to be an Achilles' heel. Shri Patnaik of India. This 214 feet high temple, built by king once again demonstrated his tremendous spirit of Ananga Bhimadev with the expertise of the native cohesion. Impediments have temporarily assailed artisans has thrived over centuries despite natural him with fierce blows, but each encounter has made onslaughts causing enough bafflement to the him stronger and more committed to the cause of engineers and architects of the day. Over the years, the nation. This time too, by his magic persuation, many kingdoms have risen and fallen. Since 1568 he could accomplish shifting of the idols to the AD till the Independence, Orissa fell into the hands Anasara Pindi on November 29, 1992. He sought of many a ruler but none of them had shown any expertise from technocrats all over the country and serious concern for the upkeep of the temple that was contacting foreign experts, if the situation so had developed signs of infrequent damage to the warranted. edifice. Centuries of involuntary negligence and The Archaeological Survey of India in apathy finally culminated in the dislodgement of a collaboration with the engineers of the State huge stone block from the Amalak, close to the Government and local artisans took up massive spire in 1990 and two pieces of corbell stones from repairs. It was felt in the beginning that the repairs the south-west corner of the sanctum sanctorum in would take nearly eight to nine months. The Chief the afternoon of August 13, 1992. The news spread Minister was monitoring the work personally every like wild fire causing much misgivings in many fortnight and at his behest senior cabinet colleagues quarters. The laity hastened to conclude the epoch were also keeping track of the progress every now as a foreboding disaster while the lay practitioners and then. Much to everybody's surprise the whole of apocalypse misread it as Lord's design of a shift repair was completed within a record time of less to some new abode elsewhere. The panic was than 5 months. In the ground floor 9 corbells and perceptible. The Chief Minister, Shri Biju Patnaik, 139 stone blocks were replaced and a stainless steel lost no time to rise to the occasion with great truss, weighing about 32 metric tonnes was mounted aplomb. He geared the administrative machinery on the walls of the Garbhagruha as a second line to quash all rumours and to attend to the repairs of defence. posthaste. At his behest a high power team of the Archaeological Survey of India reached Puri and The nightmare being over, people rushed the Chief Minister held prolonged discussions with in millions to witness their national deities enthroned them and also held talks with the representatives upon the Ratnasimhasan with all their brilliance and of temple servitors, Pandits of the Mukti Mandap effulgence. The promise given to the nation by the Sabha, the Gajapati Raja, the Shankaracharya of Chief Minister during its moments of crisis was Puri, eminent scholars, architects and important thus fulfilled by his devotion and determined efforts. local artisans. There was a consensus on the temporary shifting of the deities from the Source : Orissa Review, July, 1993

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AIDS : The Most Dreadful Disease

Rabindra Kumar Behuria

Genesis Sengupta's View AIDS is a medical diagnosis for combination Dr. I.N. Sengupta, scientist of the Indian of systems which results from a breakdown of Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, the immune system. The immune system defends delivered an extension lecture on AIDS : The the body against infections and diseases. The Deadly Disease, in Aligarh Muslim University immune deficiency is caused by infection with (AMU) on 8.2.1991. He said that AIDS has a virus. 'A' stands for "Acquired" which means brought three worldwide separate but related that it is obtained or received by a person and epidemics. The first epidemic was concerned with Pandemic of Human Immune Deficiency is something which does not ordinarily exist Virus (HIV). It started spreading in 1970's within one's body. 'ID' stands for "Immun unrecognised and unnoticed by the human Deficiency" which means that there is society, even by its prospective victims and deficiency in the immune system. 'S' stands for its undaunted march is still continuing "Syndrome" which means AIDS is not one unabated. It is believed that the present global particular isolated disease but one which has figure of HIV infection is near about 10 million a variety of symptoms leading to various with future spread of the infection in geometric infections and a set of diseases. AIDS - progression. The second epidemic was the first Acquired Immun Deficiency Syndrome is the recognition of the Acquired Immune Deficiency most dreadful disease in the history of mankind Syndrome (AIDS) a clinical condition which has caused fear in the minds of the characterised by underlying Cellular Immune people. Deficiency in U.S.A in 1981 - although it stroke with cent percent mortality rate, in some areas AIDS is caused by a virus, called HIV. of the world in the late 1970's. By the end of HIV causes damage to the body's natural ability 1980's world had to experience the severity of to fight off illness. the disease with a tune of 100,000 AIDS cases. A person may live for many years with The ferocity of the disease could be well HIV. But when the body loses the ability to imagined from the fact that every single AIDS fight off diseases and AIDS develops, the patient on an average infects 25-100 persons person will succumb to one infection or another, with HIV. The third epidemic relates to the world's emotional, cultural, sociological, within a few years. political and economic relations to the first two While there is no cure or preventive epidemics i.e HIV and AIDS epidemics. Fear vaccine for HIV/AIDS, it can easily be psychosis and hatred towards HIV infected prevented by taking a few precautions. persons and AIDS patients out of ignorance

51 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 due to non-availability of correct information to many bacterial infections. Following flow to commoner are posing great symptoms may appear single or in combination sociological problems in the handling victims with others or may be altogether suppressed. of this dreadful disease. Not only the person Significant loss of weight, cough with thick concerned but their families are being treated sputum, persistent watery diarrhoea, swollen as social outcastes. Dr. Sengupta warned that glands in armpits, groin and sides of neck oral if not checked AIDS is capable of disbalancing and anal ulcers, persistent feeling of tiredness, political and intellectual stability of AIDS reduction in the number of WBC, RBC and prone countries as it drains away the cream of blood platelets. the society i.e. people belonging to most Transmission productive age groups of 20-45 years. AIDS may be transmitted in many ways, WHO's Assessment i.e. the (i) Penetrative Sexual (both homo and According to WHO estimates, AIDS hatero) intercourse; (ii) Transfusion of infected epidemic is sweeping across the Central Africa blood or blood products; (iii) use of where atleast 50,000 have AIDs symptoms and unsterilised syringes, needles and other skin more than two million are infected. The first piercing instruments and (iv) perinatal AIDS patient appeared in New York. However transmission from mother to child before, it was only in 1983 that a French Research during and shortly after birth of a child. Team of Pasteur Institute of Paris headed by Till date no evidence has been found to Dr. Luc Montagnier succeeded in isolating the support that HIV is spread through kissing, virus from a French AIDS patient who had got sharing the same room, using the same toilet infected in New York. Three months later a or soap, drinking from the same glass or research group identified the virus in an coughing or sneezing. HIV is not spread by American patient. In Europe, France is the shaking hands, hugging, using the same worst victim followed by Germany and U.K. swimming pool or sharing food or using same Present Scenario clothes or working in the same place. It is not transmitted by any insect. Presently, some eleven million people around the world have been infected with Treatment AIDS. World-wide, some 5,000 people are Some of the common measures for now being infected everyday. From the time treatment are : (i) direct antibodies against HIV, it takes an average of 7 to 10 years for envelop components of HIV; (ii) using solube AIDS to develop. Present experience shows CD4 molecule to missed HIV; (iii) antiviral that most, if not all HIV infected people chemotherapy; (iv) viral interference; (v) bone ultimately develop AIDS. The disease has marrow transplantation; (vi) use of spread all over the world and is now in India, Aurintricarboxylic Acid (ATA) and (vii) using too. Sulphated Polysachharides. Among more Cause recent drugs are TIBO and HEFT which are now being marketed. AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immune Deficiency) virus named by ICMR's Effort WHO. This virus destroys human boy's immune In 1986 Indian Council of Medical system with the destruction of immune Research formed an AIDS committee to advise mechanism of body, the victim becomes prone on steps to tackle the disease. Five separate

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AIDS management clinics were set up at New risk taking behaviour among the youth. It is Delhi, Srinagar, Kolkata, Chennai and always easier for youth to reach other youth as Mumbai. The authorities are paying full they use their own idioms, know their likes attention to educate the public on preventive and dislikes, computations and motivations. measures and creating awareness about the Remedy disease. Since the target of AIDS patient is the STD i.e. Sexually Transmitted Disease, STD Popular mass media like T.V., Radio, control programme has been further intensified newspaper and social voluntary organisations during the Eighth Plan period by have a great role to play in this regard. They (i) establishment of new STD clinics and should come forward to educate the people augmenting the existing one's; (ii) providing about the forthcoming danger of AIDS which free and essential drugs to the STD clinics; has at last been able to spread its deadly claws (iii) opening more survey-cum- in India through : (i) Prostitutes of port cities; epidemiological units in states. WHO has also (ii) Drug addicts of north-eastern states of been asked to assist in implementation of the India, boardering Burma and Bangaladesh; schemes for prevention and control of AIDS (iii) Influx of unchecked foreign tourists and in India. (iv) Identifying and aggregating HIV positive blood doners and import of unchecked blood U.T.A. Pilot Project products. In the present context, education for Last but not the least, there are two ways prevention and health care seems to be the only of protecting oneself from the HIV virus, answer to such problems. As among all the (i) maintaining a monogamous relationship infections HIV/AIDS is the most fatal, an with an infected partner and avoid sexual awareness generation project called contact with strangers (ii) keeping away from "Universities Talk AIDS" (UTA) was the use of intravenous drugs and avoid sharing conceived and launched in India in 1991 to razors, needles or any other skin piercing provide AIDS education to students and to instruments that could be contaminated with promote positive attitudes and healthy life styles blood. among them. It is being implemented through the National Service Scheme (NSS), a Conclusion voluntary, value-based and community service Although no cure is yet in sight, the fight oriented student youth organisation now against AIDS has proved to be one of the operating in all Indian universities with 1.2 glories of the modern medicine. Continuous million volunteers in its fold. In the current research is going on, newer and effective drugs phase of the project, the NSS units will strive to kill AIDS virus are being tasted, but so far for AIDS education for the entire student no encouraging results have been obtained. But community of their respective colleges/ one should never give up hope. We will keep schools, with student peer leaders as on trying until success is reached. communicators. The youth are always prone to peer influence and pressure. all over the world, an average team opens up and listens to another team as the most reliable source of information on sexuality. Because of this, peer Rabindra Kumar Beuria is a Lecturer in the Department education proves to be the most effective way of Library and Information Science, Chandbali College of changing attitude and practices related to in the district of Bhadrak, Pin-756133.

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Biju Patnaik : The Vision of a Patriot

D.C. Das

Bijayananda Patnaik, popularly known as Biju days, the young boys were taking up flying as Patnaik has become a legendary hero in his a sport and adventure. His intense love for life time. He has proved that greatness does sports and inclination for adventurous feats not descend to a man automatically. It is landed him in Delhi, where he was trained to acquired by hard labour, perseverance and fly high in life. He became a distinguished Pilot sacrifice. In a very short period and Navigator. He joined Indian he has distinguished himself as National Airways and became its an aeronautical engineer, ace pilot. He also served as the navigator, an ace pilot, head of the Air Transport industrialist, an eminent freedom Command1 during the war years fighter and above all a crowning of 1940-42. statesman of national and Role in Indian Freedom international repute. A rare Struggle : celebrity indeed ! In 1942, Biju decided to join His early life and education : the Quit India Movement to make This illustrious son was India free. He became a leader born to Shri Lakshminarayan of underground Congress Patnaik and Smt. Ashalata at movement with Jay Prakash Cuttack in the State of Orissa on 5th March, Narain and Dr Ram Manohar Lohia and 1916. He received science education at underwent imprisonment during 1942-45. Ravenshaw College. Cuttack at the Aruna Asaf Ali recalling Biju's role during this Aeronautical Training Institute of India and at period mentions : "Among the thousands who Delhi Flying Club. He developed a keen came forward to take up the challenge, Biju interest for sports in his student days and Patnaik, Chief Pilot of the Dalmia-Jain Airways captained the University Team in football and was one of the most fearless (and veritable hockey. He was a lover of adventure. In these dare devil) who mobilised the fellow pilots

His contribution to uphold the democratic rights in India will never be forgotten. Jyoti Basu, Former Chief Minister of West Bengal

54 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 and inspired them to help the underground consulted him when needed. He was also Directorate" ...... (ADYAPI, Paradip Port, instrumental in signing the Linggadjti 1987). Agreement on 25 March 1947 which brought Role in Indonesian Feeedom Struggle : an end to the Dutch hostilities in Indonesia. On March 23, 1947 Nehru called 22 Asian Biju Patnaik came in contact with countries for First Inter-Asia Conference to Nehru during his participation in Indian which Dr. Sjahrir was specially invited. He Freedom Struggle. He became one of his addressed the conference after concluding the trusted friends. Neheru was sympathetic to the agreement with Dutch on March 25. freedom struggle of the Indonesian people who had traditional links with Indian sub-continent The Dutch continued to forment trouble from the ancient days. Indonesia is an on one pretext or the other. Finally they archipelago state in the Indian Ocean consisting launched a large scale attack on Indonesia on about 13,000 (6,000 inhabited) islands. It was 21 July, 1947. Immediately President Soekrno under Dutch rule from 1816 to 1941 when it consulted Sjahrir and ordered him to leave the was occupied by the Japanese. The Indonesian country to create international public opinion freedom fighters declared the independence of against the Dutch and also persuade the friendly Indonesia on August 17, 1945 two days after countries to raise the issue before the UNO. the Japanese collapse in the Second World He tried to come out but could not succeed as War. The Dutch tried to regain control over the Dutch had absolute control over Indonesian these territories and started formenting trouble sea and air routes. He was also under for the new Government. The new Government surveillance. Nehru came to his help at this under Dr. Soekrno as President, launched a critical juncture. He entrusted this task to Biju vigorous propaganda activity to gain support Patnaik, who was an expert Pilot and was for their cause. Dr. Sjahrir who became Prime famous for his passion for adventurous Minister of Indonesia on 14 November, 1945 achievements. Biju Patnaik sprang up to instant and continued till June 27, 1947 with a gap of action. As an avid reader of the history of one month during June-July, 1946 was a trusted Kalinga, Biju knew how Kalinga and Indonesia lieutenant of Dr. Soekrno. He also became had a long-standing cultural link in the past and friendly with Nehru who was at that time the the opportunity now at hand to render some Foreign Minister and the leader of the Interim service to the people of Indonesia at their Government of India. In July 1946, Government crucial hour of need should never be lost sight of Indonesia concluded an agreement with India of. He braved all hazards. He flew to Java and brought Sultan Sjahrir aboard from Java islands Government to supply 40,00,000 tonnes of rice 2 in exchange of textile, agricultural implements, on 22 July 1947 by his own Dacota and tyres and other goods which India would send reached India via Singapore on 24 July. to Indonesia for her economic rehabilitation. On reaching Singapore, Sjahrir Even after his resignation President Soekrno addressed a press conference to declare that chose him as his representative to mobilise at the behest of President Soekrno he had to international public opinion against Dutch leave Indonesia at a short notice and had been action. He maintained contact with Nehru and entrusted with the mission of visiting overseas

55 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 countries with a view to eliciting help and critical juncture, he was awarded 'BHOOMI assistance for his country. He would report PUTRA', the highest Indonesian award and a personally to the President. Sjahrir strongly rare distinction ever granted to a foreigner. criticised the Dutch millitary action that came Role in Kashmir Operation upon without prior warning. He was hopeful that Indonesian force would be able to thwart Biju Patnaik also played a significant such atrocious design. He reached New Delhi role in the historic Jammu and Kashmir on 24 July and had consultation with Mr. Nehru. Operation in 1947. India got dominion status After the meeting, Nehru issued a press in August 1947 and as a result the erstwhile statement and denounced Dutch action princely states became independent. They describing it as an astounding decided to either merge with thing which the new spirit of India or Pakistan. The king of Asia will not tolerate." He Kashmir wanted to maintain a also added that "No European free Kashmir. As such the country whatever it may be trouble began, when Kashmir has any business to set its was attacked from Pakistan army in Asia, against the side on 22 October. He people of Asia, when it does hurriedly called the Cabinet so, Asia will not tolerate it." which decided to approach On 28 July Nehru announced the king of Kashmir to sign the that India would raise the Instrument of Accession with Indonesian issue in the India. The king signed the Security Council and forbade agreement on 26 October. Dutch air trails over Indian Pakistan by that time had territory. On 30th July India occupied a large chunk of and Australia led the issue Kashmir territory and was before the Security Council. India charged the approaching to capture Netherland Government with having Srinagar. It was urgent to mobilise the troops "embarked without warning on large scale to the front to check the enemy within the military action on Indonesian people" and also shortest possible time. Even delay by one hour called upon UNO to take action as it had heen would cost our nation dearly. It was not a situation endangering the peace and security possible to send the troops through land route of a country under Chapter VI of UNO Charter. because of paucity of time and communication Sjahrir was successful in his mission at last. difficulties. The only course open was to drop the troops by air. Again it was also not an easy The noble and heroic deed of Biju task. The valley had great elevations and its Patnaik was duly recognised by the Indonesian varied landscapes spelt disaster for flying. The Government. For his act of bravery at this Indian planes had neither de-icing equipment He was not confident of winning. But he did not detract from his decision. I pay respect to such a unique personality. Electoral win or defeat was just immaterial. He said whatever he believed in and he did whatever he said. That was the philosophy of life of Biju Patnaik. Surendra Mohanty, Eminent Writer and former Parliamentarian

56 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 nor were they provided with oxygen system which was a must for high altitude flying. It was also not certain then whether the Srinagar airfield was in our possession or was taken over by Pakistan. In the teeth of such adverse situation the mission was bound to be a formidable one. It required a band of expert and dare devil pilots who would volunteer to negotiate with the recalcitrant and hostile condition. At such critical juncture, there appeared Biju, infuriated, yet committed to the cause of the nation. The prestige of motherland was his prime consideration rather than any Kalinga Prize for the popularisation of science other thing. He took up the task as a challenge. among the common people. The International His efforts were successful. He was able to Kalinga Prize is monitored by UNESCO. He land the first platoon of troops at Srinagar is quite conscious of holding the banner of airport on 27 October 1947 at 10.00 hrs.3 Kalinga high. He was also instrumental to Such is the legendary profile of a organise a voyage to the Indonesian island of nationalist who intently pursued the cause of Bali to commemorate the glorious sea-fare the nation at the cost of his life. In two spells tradition of the people of Kalinga. People of he has become the Chief Minister of Orissa, Orissa are really proud of him. the first being in 1961. He became Union * The job of a navigator included the jobs Cabinet Minister for Steel and Mines from of air bomber, wireless operator and 1977 to 1979 and Union Minister for Steel, knowledge of aircraft maintenance and Mines and Coal from July 1979 to January piloting. In the formative days, the youngmen 1980. He was the member of the Lok Sabha who had flying experience were taken as pilots from 1980-85. He became leader of the and those who had both flying experience and opposition in the Orissa Legislative Assembly good academic qualifications were taken as from 1985 to 1989 and was sworn in as Chief navigators. Later on the system changed and Minister of Orissa for the second time on 5 all those who failed to qualify as pilots were March, 1990. taken as navigators. Biju Patnaik distinguished Besides his role in the national and himself in both these fields. Prof. Samar Guha international sphere, he is proud of being the while paying his felicitation to Shri Biju son of Kalinga which turned Ashok, the Great Patnaik in ADYAPI (Souvenir, Paradip Port, from Chandashoka to Dharmashok. He is 1987) recalls "Biju was a navigator of the greatly influenced by Kharavela, the emperor British Air Force during the days of the last of Kalinga who brought glory for the kingdom. world war who succeeded to make many He named his airline as Kalinga Airlines and daring sorties to Moscow, Chunking and other all his industrial establishments are named after important head-quarters of war while Kalinga. He also instituted the international commanding one of its transport units.

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1. Difficulties arise to explain how he 3. At this critical juncture, the Civil was associated with Indian Air Force. It may Airlines also came to the rescue of Indian Air be interesting to note in this connection that in Force. 22 sorties of IAF Dacota and six sorties the years of Second World War it was decided of civil aircraft joined the first batch for to expand the Indian Air Force by forming a Kashmir and landed on Srinagar airport on 27th force of IAF Volunteers' Reserve, from the October, 1947 at 10.00 hrs. trained personnels of the flying clubs, who Books Consulted : were skilled in piloting and technical maintenance of the aircraft. During peace time 1. Keesing's Contemporary Archives, 1947- 48. they would be like the Indian Territorial Force. They would be imparted training in spare hours 2. Facts on File 1947-48. and would be called for intensive training 3. Seventh Lok Sabha Who's Who, 1980. periodically. In the time of war they would be 4. History of Indian Air Force, Historical embodied for actual service for the period of Section, Government of India Publication. the war. These forces were raised towards the 5. History of the Indian Air Force by Air end of 1940. Coast Defence Flight Units were Marshall M.S. Chatturvedi. organised by these persons to guard 3000 miles 6. Indonesian Handbook , Department of of Indian Coast line. They had to fly over the Information, Djkarta. seas. The Units were disbanded towards the 7. Sukerno, A Political Biography, Logge J.D. end of 1942. It may be presumed that Biju Patnaik might have joined this force from 1940- 8. Weinstein F.B. Indonesian Foreign Policy. 42. 9. Ray J.K., Transfer of Power in Indonesia. 2. Keesing's Contemporary Archives, 10. Polmka P. Indonesia since Sukerno. August 30 to September-6, 1947 p.8805-A. 11. Taylor A.H., Indonesian Independence and UN. (It is a weekly diary of World Event 12. Satyavati S. Jhaveri, The Presidency in recognised by international news agencies. It Indonesia: Dilemma of Democracy. was established in 1931 and was published by Keesing's Publications Ltd., London.) 13. Charles Wolf Jr., The Indonesian Story : Birth, Growth and Structure of Indonesian It states that "Dr. Sjahrir, the former Republic. Indonesian Prime Minister escaped from Java 14. Hermondsworth, Indonesia. on July 22 by air arriving the same day at 15. Jamu and Kashmir Operation 1947, History Singapore : He had it is reported, been flown Division, Government of India Publication. out secretly in an Indian Dacota owned by an Indian businessman, who was a personal friend of Pt. Nehru ..... on July 24 Dr. Sjahrir arrived by air in New Delhi." Courtesy : Orissa Review, April 1994.

He was one of the foremost mass leaders of India. He has faced many storms in life and every time he has come out with renewed vigour. Dr. Radhanath Rath, Eminent Journalist, Editor and Writer

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Place of Fowl in Kui Culture

Anuja Mohan Pradhan

Association of fowl and people of kui-dina the word means is wild fowl seen abundantly has started since time immemorial. People of in the forests of Kandhamal district. It can fly Kandhamal keep pet birds like duck, myna, a good distance and highly alert. It has strong peacock, parrot and pigeon, but no species muscular built body than the common fowl are other than fowl has been so closely associated often trapped by hunters. The Sasa Koju has with the social, religious and economic peculiar feathers. The feathers of this fowl are activities of people of this region. The kui word bent upward and looks like a round brush with for fowl is 'koju' where the vowel 'o' is erected bristles. The Oriya term for this fowl pronounced similar to 'o' in the word 'cost'. is "Leutia kukudas". This author avoids writing 'kaju' because pronouncing 'a' as in 'car' means human hand Social Significance in kui language. The people of kui-dina keep Though the people enjoyed the hunting the fowl very close to themselves. The chicken of animals for food, the chicken remained the house 'koska guda' is placed in the same single delicacy at home. Chicken is served to the room, housed near the fire place to save them guests as gesture of warm friendship and from the jackels. The cock works as the time- happiness. The preparation generally goes like keeper that never goes late. The day of the kui- the following. The male member kills the dina people begins well before the daybreak. chicken by twisting its neck or by piercing a The fowl are kept as scavengers of waste food feather of the same in its head. Some prefer to and keep the back yard clean. Besides that, the strike a heavy blow on its back and it dies fowl prey on the white ants, worms and many instantly. After that the chicken is cleaned of insects making the house free from such its feathers and the broth is exposed to the flame hazards. The fowls also warn when they see a made by burning the dried straw drawn from snake nearby making a special call. the thatched roof. Then it is dressed and the The fowls seen in the Kandhamal district liver is taken out carefully and kept separately are mainly of three types, namely, mula koju, for children. Then the kui housewife prepares gosa koju and sasa koju. The mula is the a spice paste by grinding a piece of turmeric, common domestic fowl [Gallus Domesticus] mustard and red chilies. A very little or no oil found in black, white, gray or black-red mixed is used for preparing the dish. The broth is colour. Gosa koju [Gallus Ferrugineus], as cooked by fire for about an hour. Thought of

59 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 chicken with salap rasa i.e. toddy of the sago of fowl is always preferred in the house. palm is undoubtedly mouth watering to a tribal Therefore, on getting the first egg of a hen as from Kandhmal. many black strips are drawn on it by a charcoal expecting more eggs from the hen. Koju bedra Religious importance It is a rite associated with the newborn child. On the day of taking maspa' i.e. end of In all the religious sacrifices the cock is the confinement of the child, the eldest member one of the first essentials. The Dharni penu of the family brings one cock or a hen for a worship which is of regular nature is enshrined boy or girl respectively and blesses the new on both the ends of the street. Sometimes one born. Then he smashes the head of the fowl on is housed on the veranda of a house. The shrine the ground with his palm. Then he puts a 'tikka' is made of five to seven pieces of stone. It has on the baby's forehead with the blood of the two chambers with opening in the front. At the fowl. time of worship every time, new rotten egg is placed in place of the old in occasions of Mila/mida taspa Religious rituals of importance. Cock is one When a new born baby is taken to his of the first essentials. The rice offered is mixed maternal uncle's house for the first time, at the with turmeric powder. A chicken is sacrificed time of return it is mandatory to give a hen or a and its head is placed on the top of the shrine. cock as present. In case there is no hen, an egg To perform puja for good harvest, in the paddy is presented which is not to be consumed, but fields a cock is sacrificed. The eldest member incubated and the chick is reared. of the family sacrifices a cock in the paddy field and rice is cooked there. The harvesting Home coming : begins with a happy note. The kui-dina people Going to Jail is a social taboo in kui from area surrounding G.Udayagiri perform culture. Therefore, to purify a person on his 'kura' i.e. worship of goddess Bagdevi of home coming a cock is sacrificed by chopping Kulad in memory of the trading times of recent its head and a line is drawn with its blood past. There too people sacrifice a cock. To across the path. Then the person skips over the ward off an evil or to recover someone from line and return to normal life. illness 'kuta guru' (the village godman) very often prescribes a ritual of 'meli', meaning Feather from tail of a hen is used as an similar to Oriya word 'melani' i.e. to see some ear cleaner. The quill is ripped of in both sides one off. It is performed on a route or path well expect the top and a drop of oil is applied to outside the village or on a watercourse. The make it smooth. After inserting the top into the deity causing trouble is worshipped by ear it is twisted with the thumb and middle sacrificing a hen or cock. The more serious finger. For reuse it is kept in the ceiling of the the case, equally specific type of cock or hen thatched roof. The strong feather from tail is is required. The kuta guru may ask for also used to filter castor oil from the pot where sacrificing a "kare tadra" i.e. a cock whose oil is cooked. When a child does not sit quite comb is multi lined or a "mandar phula tadra". for hair-cut, the mother offers two eggs so that Sometimes the "sasa koju" is also required for both of his hands are engaged. A large number the purpose.

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Economic importance: brinjal became ripe and was about to fall. The The fowl is considered only next to brinjal warned the hen to get aside else it may liquid money. People sell their chicken and break her wings. The hen defied. It may break eggs at the weekly markets to fetch money. The her legs, again the hen defies and so on. Lastly, Though exchanged for money easily, the fowl brinjal gives ultimatum, 'it may kill the chicks'. is not considered as wealth, perhaps due to The hen had no time to spare. She moved away not having much monetary value and a short at once. Finally the brinjal falls on the ground'. life. Some people like old widows lend their The hen stands as a symbol of mother's love hens for rearing on share basis. Fowl-keeping and care for children. is a socio-religious necessity of the people of The domestic animals like cow, buffalo, kui culture. However, the people being less goat, pig and dog etc. reared by the kui-dina aware of emerging marketing opportunities do people have their due importance and so are not generally go for commercial poultry. the birds. However, the fowl has a unique place Place in Kui language and folk literature in kui-culture. Anything so closely associated with day to day life is bound to carve a niche in the language and literature of the people. Anyone who Anuja Mohan Pradhan is from Kandhamal district of murmurs and gets restless describing his plans Orissa and currently works at National Metallurgical is said to be "bata marini koju dehngi kere Laboratory, Jamshedpur in Jharkhand State. kere injinenju" i.e. getting impatient like a hen about to lay an egg. The sound of snoring is called "doka klapa" which can be translated into 'calling like a cock'. Anyone spoiled by his own means is said to be "tada ketka dai koju kambine". The kui word for his/her mother "tadi" is quite a metaphoric expression of "tali", the chicken caring hen. It would not be out of place to mention a popular folk tale called "Koju Kerandi". A hen while searching for food got a brinjal seed. She knew that this seed may grow into a plant and bear fruit. It asked to herself 'uhi-I gina guhi- I' i.e. shall I plant it or swallow it ? This famous dilemma is comparable to Shakespeare's "to be or not to Hon'ble Chief Minister Shri Naveen Patnaik offering Homage to be" in Hamlet. Ultimately she planted the seed. Utkal Gaurav Madhusudan Das on his 71st death anniversary at The plant came up, grew and bore fruit. The Orissa Legislative Assembly premises, Bhubaneswar on 4.2.2005. Shri Prafulla Chandra Ghadai, Minister, Finance, Shri Surendra hen out of affection used to take rest under that Nath Naik, Minister, Agriculture and other dignitaries brinjal plant with its chicks. Gradually the are also present.

61 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005

Biju Patnaik—"Builder of Modern Orissa"

Dr. L Mishra

Bijubabu (as he is affectionately called) is no to the motherland and fierce more. The builder of modern Orissa is no pride in the quality of the more. The man who during his life time by his products manufactured by his unconventional approach and bold utterances enterprise like Utkal Tannery, used to send shivers down the spine of all who was instrumental in sections of the society while arousing, at the securing unification of dismembered parts same time, lot of hope, faith and conviction in of the State and for birth of modern Orissa on the minds of the poor, the deprived and the 1.4.1936, two years after his death. In swift downtrodden, is no more. At a point of time succession Bijubabu could achieve for Orissa when the people of Orissa and those of the what none else had been able to do before such country were looking forward many more as the Paradip Port, MIG Factory at Sunabeda, fruitful and productive years associated with Ferro Silicon Complex at Theruvali, Hydro the life of this great man, the cruel hand of death Electric Power Project at Balimela, Thermal has snatched him away. Power Station at Talcher, Engineering College It is indeed incredible but that very few and Medical College at Burla, Engineering could achieve in life time what this single College at Rourkela, Express High Way linking individual could do through a rare combination Daitari with Paradip, Sainik School, of what is known as a forceful and towering Demonstration Multi Purpose School, Regional personality, clear vision and insight, capacity College of Education at Bhubaneswar, to instantly anticipate, comprehend and grasp Regional Research Laboratory of the Council the trend of events to come and act with of Scientific and Industrial Research, Orissa tremendous amount of ability and tenacity to University of Agriculture and Technology, push through development projects which Bhubaneswar and so on. would bring in a sea-change in the life of the All these were logical but necessary common man. Orissa started looking up for the continuation of what were started earlier, first time in the map of India and was able to namely, Hirakud Dam, Machkund carve out a place for itself many years after Hydroelectric Project, Rourkela Steel Plant Utkal Gaurav Madhusudan Das who was also and a number of premier industrial known for his ardent patriotism and dedication establishments and educational institutions

62 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 started in the 50s and 60s. The Kalinga Award instituted by Bijubabu and being implemented by UNESCO for many years for outstanding and original contribution in the field of science and technology is a tribute to his relentless search for scientific ingenuity, talent and public recognition of such talent. There was only one dream, one mandate and one mission associated with all these projects i.e. to lift the people of Orissa from the morass of poverty, deprivation and disadvantage and to bring them at par with the notified minimum wage was at a much the rest of the countrymen. It is a matter of pride lower level in several States of the country. and distinction for the people of the State that In the passing away of Bijubabu the so much could be done in such a short time country has lost a visionary, an insightful and with so much of feeling and involvement and dynamic personality who strove relentlessly so much of passion and concern for the people and unremittingly to lift the people of his State of the State. To cite a small example, he was and countrymen to great heights of the so deeply moved (reminiscent of that heart imagination and vision of Vishwakavi throbbing scene of Bapu's meeting with a Rabindranath Tagore. Today after his passing washerwoman in loin cloth in Sir Richard away the poor tribal women in the interiors of Attenborow's film Gandhi) by the sight of a Kalahandi and Sundargarh, the poor tribal woman of Sundergarh who did not have unemployed youth, the rickshaw pullers and enough and to spare for a piece of loin cloth cartload drivers of Bhubaneswar, the teachers, that Bijubabu took the instant decision of students, women, youth all alike, pine for him notifying Rs.25.00 as the minimum wage in the and cry out inconsolably from the innermost whole State of Orissa. This was at a time when recesses of their heart. The niche carved out in the hearts of millions of countrymen for Biju babu can not be easily extinguished. Even today people of Indonesia remember as fondly their 'Bhumiputra' who had demonstrated the ultimate in chivalry, gift, courage and determination while rescuing their leaders in the forties. Source : PIB Release, 22.4.1997 Dr. L. Mishra has served as the Secretary to Government of India in the Ministry of Labour, New Delhi.

Biju Patnaik was a symbol of unity in Indian politics. He had an open mind. Even during his weak financial position, he spent for the cause of democracy. Surendra Mohan, Eminent political ideologue

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Birupakshya Kar: Life and Works

Dr. R.C. Misro

Sri Birupakshya Kar was born on l5th law for some time at Cuttack. But soon he left September 1893 in the famous Damaparha the legal profession and became the Manager Gada of Banki. He received his early education of Madhupur Zamindari estate. As the Dewan under the direct care of his elder brother Sri of Madhupur Zamindar very often he visited Chintamani Kar, the popular and famous teacher Jajpur, and was very much attracted by various of the time. After completing his early historical sites and monuments of Jajpur like education at Banki, he joined the Puri Zilla Viraja temple, Dasasvamedhaghat, School in the year 1908. In this school his Saptamatrikas, Siddhesvara, Trilochanesvara, extraordinary talent was revealed not only in etc. It so happened that later he preferred Jajpur studies but also in his love towards Oriya as the place for all his activities. After availing literature, for which he was much liked by the the post of Dewan for a period of around five then Headmaster Sri Madhu Sudan Dash. Right to six years he left it and again embraced legal from the student career he was greatly profession. He joined the Judicial Bar at Jajpur influenced by the stalwarts of Satyabadi and practised law in the Sub-Judge Court, the School. In 1912 he successfully passed legal practice which he continued till his death. Matriculation securing first division from the As a Lawyer Puri Zilla School. While pursuing studies in this school, his intimate friend Lingaraj Misra Sri Kar started his legal profession at provided enough inspiration to him to develop Jajpur as a Junior of Sri Krushna Prasad Singh interest in the study of history and literature the most reputed advocate of the time. It will through his valuable discussions made on not be wrong to say that Sri Kar received different occasions. After passing perfect training in legal practice under his able Matriculation from Puri Zilla School he went guidance. As a junior advocate he greatly to Cuttack to study B.A. in Ravenshaw College. assisted Krushna Prasad Singh in handling all In 1916 he successfully passed B.A. securing the litigant cases of Sri Pitambar Bhupati distinction. After completing undergraduate Harichandan, Raja of Sukinda estate and Sri course, he got a small job, which he also left Natabar Dhira Narendra, Raja of Madhupur soon only to acquire the B.L. degree from estate. However, with the march of time Sri Calcutta University. After obtaining Law Kar started independent legal practice and degree from Calcutta University, he practiced became a leading civil lawyer of Jajpur.

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As a Researcher Oriya in vernacular language, which focused As a leading lawyer of Jajpur town, he much light on the overseas trade activities of Oriya people in the past. He personally took worked very hard for the cultural development of the place. He had developed interest in keen interest to collect data and to throw making survey of ancient temples, monuments, adequate light on the maritime trade of ancient Orissa when there was scanty of literature on and other important historical sites of Jajpur, the subject. Similarly he has traced the ancient and left his accounts in many of his essays and greatness and glory of Jajpur in various articles other writings. All his essays written with the like " Pracheena Jajpur" (Ancient Jajpur), " help of Puranic traditions and legends deal Jajpur" - and "Viraja". His article entitled mostly with the history and culture of ancient "Pracheena Jajpur" published in Oriya Orissa. Undoubtedly, he was a lover of history, language and dealing with the history and culture and literature. He made sincere efforts culture of ancient Jajpur, was much appreciated to unravel truth while tracing the history and by the elites. Many of the views of Sri Kar culture of Orissa for the benefit of the posterity. expressed in his long article, "Kesari Vamsa" For this reason only he engaged himself busy ( 1918) are quite redundant today as with the in the collection of materials and data to enrich discovery of many copper plates and other his writings. sources, the old views do not have any Among the essays based on historical relevance today, particularly in the light of research written by Sri Kar, the most important modern research findings. are: "Keshari Vamsa" (1918); "Pracheena However, the great quality of Sri Kar Utkalare Jalajatra " ( 1920) .(Sea Voyage in was to trace the history of the region from old Ancient Utkal); "Utkalare Bouddha Jugara literature and also contemporary literary Itihas" (1921) (History of Utkal during the Age evidences. People today greatly appreciate his of Buddhism); "Pracheena Jajpur" (Ancient profound scholarship because he made attempts Jajpur); "Jajpur", "Viraja", "Gaja Simha O to trace the history and culture of Orissa in Keshari Vamsa" (i.e., Gaja-Simha and Keshari such an age when writings on Orissan history Dynasty), etc. " Utkalare Bouddha Jugara by Oriya scholars were not even in an infant ltihas " published in 1921 is a long essay which stage. Many of the facts and figures deals with the history of Utkal during the age incorporated in the research-based essays may of Buddhism. The most significant contribution have been found superfluous to the scholars of of Sri Kar was the article entitled " Pracheena present day generation; and many of his Utkalare Jalajatra" written in Oriya and conclusions may have become redundant to the published in 1920. It emphatically deals with modern academic world; but it is to be noted the sea-borne trade of ancient Orissa and the with much proud by every Oriya that Sri Kar publication of this article brought for him much was a pioneer in the field of historical research fame during those days. He has shown his merit in Orissa, and all his historical writings and as a researcher in history in this article, and to essays must have inspired several scholars to write this he evidently depended on Puranic a great extent in the subsequent ages to traditions and legends. This was probably the undertake various research projects pertaining first research-oriented essay written by an to Orissan history and culture.

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As a Literateur Sri Kar was the Secretary of the college for a Birupakshya Kar was a creative writer. few years. After receiving cooperation from As a genius writer and poet Sri Kar mostly Sri Chintamani Acharya, the then Vice- took local legends and literary sources for all Chancellor of Utkal University he endeavoured of his writings. He was a regular contributor a lot to see the development of this College. to Oriya magazines like Satyabadi and Naba After much struggle he also succeeded during Bharat. He had also published few research- his life time to convert it into a Government oriented essays in Utkal Sahitya magazine College in 1962. Now this college is a premier published by Sri Biswanath Kar. His long institution for higher studies in the area. He poems like' Vaitarani " 'Mathura Vijaya' and also contributed generously when attempts 'Satsakti' have earned laurels for him in the were made for the establishment of a Girls' literary circles. His epic-like poem' Vaitarani' High School and the Viraja Sanskrit Tol at first appeared in 1932 from Satyabadi press. Jajpur. In this long poem the cultural glory of Jajpur Sri Kar was a regular worshipper of with reference to temples, and other historical Goddess Viraja. His research article titled' sites and monuments, has been depicted vividly Viraja' written in English appeared in Prachi, by him. 'Mathura Vijaya' was published in 1955 a quarterly magazine of Prachi Samiti, which and in this poem he also adequately exhibits was a prominent center of literary activities his great poetic talents. and research during those days. Among other writings based on Puranic He was also an art lover. He had traditions and legends, the important are tremendous weakness to watch dramas and 'Alochana' (i.e., 'Discussion'), 'Magha dances. He was taking a leading role to uphold Amabasya' 'Saraswati Puja' 'Soma Puja' etc. the cultural traditions of Jajpur. In the essay entitled 'Magha Amabasya' he has As a Social Reformer made elaborate discussion on martial traditions of early Orissa. As a social reformer Sri Birupakshya Kar held a position of high esteem in the As a Promoter of Education and Culture society. He had strong desires for the abolition Sri Kar also earned fame as a lover of of evils from the society. This we learn from culture. He associated himself with all the his various essays like 'Jati Vichara' ('Thinking cultural activities of Jajpur region. He always on Casteism'), 'Ama Sanskruti' ('Our Culture'), extended his helping hand in every 'Gopabandhunka Samparkare' ('With Regard to developmental activities of Vaitarani Tirtha, Gopabandhu'), etc. He was an opponent of Nabhigaya and Goddess Viraja. His casteism and untouchability. On many contribution to the development of education occasions he had raised his voice against caste at Jajpur is also noteworthy. He was one of system and caste distinctions. Even though he the pioneers who had taken a leading role in belonged to an orthodox Brahmin family, he the establishment of Narasimha Choudhury sat and ate with down-troddens. He also College (i.e., N.C. College) at Jajpur. During rendered help and assistance to those who that period N.C. College was a private college. worked for widow-remarriage and abolition

66 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 of untouchability. He, therefore, worked to values and institutions. He urged the need for bring reforms in the society. making more and more number of good citizens In the locality of Jajpur he successfully in the country. He was also an admirer of Swami established himself as a socio-cultural leader. Vivekananda. In various meetings he always He had a very poor opinion on the priests of praised the sufferings and sacrifices of Vaitarani Ghat as they never showed good Utkalamani Gopabandhu made for the cause behaviour to the pilgrims. Their dealingwas of Orissa and her people. He always advised so bad that Sri Kar did not like them. He was people to be sincere and punctual. of the opinion that being Brahmins of high order Sri Kar often gave much stress on the the priests should have to extend good development of eco-tourism. He every time behaviour to everybody. But the priests, asked his fellowmen to develop the habit of popularly called as "Pandas" of Vaitarani Ghat, planting trees all-around Jajpur. Mostly he were always trying to exploit the pilgrims. preferred the plantation of fruit-bearing trees. Some of them even never hesitated to abuse He also greatly emphasised on the excavation the people who objected to their ill-behaviour. of tanks for the benefit of the people. Being a social reformer Sri Kar disliked the He was very frank and polished in his exploitative motives of the priests at Vaitarani behaviour. The greatest quality in his character Ghat. Even he asked his only son Sri was his humility. He was fond of wearing a Satchidananda Kar not to invite such priests to dhoti and a white coat. He never attempted to conduct funeral rites and other rituals after his gain fame following foul methods and wrong death. As an obedient son Sri Satchidananda paths. During the entire period of his stay at Kar did not invite theoe priests for the Jajpur till his sad demise, which took place on performance of funeral rites after the death of 26th December 1968, he, as a silent worker, his father in 1968. The desire of Sri Kar for strived hard to see the socio-cultural the development of human values in the society development of the people. Apsara was his life is indeed praiseworthy. partner. He was a model father to his only son As a Socio-Political Worker Sri Satchidananda Kar and two daughters, Sri Kar maintained good relationship Sudha and Shanti by name. In view of his great with various political leaders but never public image, he always received high esteem identified himself with any political party. He in every meeting and conference held in the was an admirer of Mahatma Gandhi. When the whole region. The contributions of Sri Non-Cooperation Movement against the British Birupakshya Kar to the socio-cultural rule started in India, he also to some extent development of people, and his attempts to trace contributed his might for its success in Orissa. the history and culture of Orissa by writing In 1930 he also actively indulged himself in research-oriented essays together with other various political programmes against the literary activities, have made him immortal in British rule. But he was a silent worker. He the annals of Orissan history. very often contributed money as per his ability to various funds instituted to carry out the Dr. R.C. Misro is Professor, P.G. Department of national movement. He loved democratic History, Berhampur University, Berhampur -760 007.

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Biju Baboo : The Pride of Modern Orissa

Dr. C.B. Patel

India is proud of the chivalrous and stately records of the personality of Biju Patnaik. His career was college in games, eventful and glorious not only for Orissa but sports and all other for the whole India and the world at large. He extra-curricular was a benevolent statesman par excellence and activities and ranks very high in the annals of mankind. Unlike became the idol of other politicians, he was the ruler of the hearts students and of his people and as such his mission was not blessed pupil of the to appease but to please his fellow countrymen. teachers. Verily his life was a saga of strife and After glorification. By his dynamic activities he passing out I.Sc. from Ravenshaw College Biju made life of his people lively and vigorous. Patnaik joined Aeroplane Flying Club. In those He was born at Cuttack in 1916. His days it was a very costly affair. By that time father was Laxminarayan Patnaik and mother his father has retired from service. Seeing the was Ashalata Devi. His mother Asalata Devi indomitable spirit of his son, Laxminarayan left hails from a revolutionary freedom fighter's no stone unturned to get him admitted in the family. His father's ideal, fearlessness, sense flying club. God was gracious and Biju was of nationalism and wisdom sharpened Biju's destined to become a famous pilot. At that personality to withstand the test of time. juncture a job assignment as the Dewan of Morning shows the days. From his Paralakhemundi State was bestowed to school days Biju Baboo blossomed as a Laxminarayan Patnaik by Maharaja Krushna versatile genius. He began his education in Chandra Dev. Mission High School under the affectionate Biju completed his pilot training and guidance of Mr. O.J. Millman, the Headmaster. carved out a permanent niche for himself as Biju emerged topper in studies and extra- the most courageous and brave pilot of the curricular activities. In 1932 he passed out in country. For this he is famous as 'Great Patnaik' 1st division in the entrance examination of of Orissa. Many of his friends fondly called Patna University and took his admission in him 2nd Kharavela and hero of modern Ravenshaw College, Cuttack. He broke earlier Kalinga.

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As a student Biju Baboo marched to to Firozpur jail and Peshawar by cycle with two of his friends then to Cuttack jail. In Amar and Bhramarbar in 1932. In those days 1945 he was freed when there was no good road communication, from imprisonment. it was a big challenge for him. Nothing is By that time, for his impossible to a willing heart. Without fearing sacrifice and bravery the then jungle route, he completed his he was famous all cherished mission with success and spread the over India and had message of Nationalism and adventurism from intimate association the brave land of Kalinga to Peshawar, the with most of the ancient city of Taxila. political stalwart. Biju Baboo joined Imperial Royal Air Biju Patnaik Force as a pilot. In a short time he earned name was a rare and fame as an astute pilot. He was a born personality of valour, bravery, heroism and freedom fighter. So the luxurious life of did indomitable spirit. In 1947, under the guidance not satisfy him. The thought of freedom of India of Mahatma Gandhi, sometime in May and June, from the British yoke dominated his mind the 1st Asian Congress was held in India. In althrough. For sometime he was in dilemma, course of the meeting, Pandit Nehru observed whether to join the terrorist movement of his that Nationalist Government of Indonesia under maternal uncle's family for freedom of India Dr. Soekrno was being harassed by the Dutch or to join non-violent movement of Mahatma Government as the Dutch had control over most Gandhi. Ultimately he joined the later of the ports and air stations of Indonesia. Nehru movement. While in service he secretly looked at Biju Patnaik and requested him to transported various leaders to secret help the Government of Dr. Soekrno. destinations in disguise. Freedom fighters like He made a series of discussions with Jayaprakash Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Asok the representatives of Indonesian Government Meheta, Ram Manohar Lohia and Achyut and in his Dakota plane, he virtually made Patvardhan were helped by Biju Patnaik on several air raids and surprising adventures to several occasions. Amidst hectic activities, he Indonesia throwing dust into the eyes of Dutch married Gyan Devi, daughter of an aristocratic authority. He played a key role in transporting Kashmiri family in 1939. His father-in-law's leaders to Java, Sumatra and Jakarta to "M.N. Radhakrishan and Co.Ltd." was a establish rapport and co-ordination among famous company of India at that time. In 1943, leaders. At the cost of his life he lifted Dr. three years after marriage, Biju Baboo was Muhammad Hatta, the Vice President of arrested by the British Government and Indonesia from the hills of Sumatra. At the dead imprisoned in the Red Fort of Delhi for his hour of night he airlifted Sultan Sjahrir, Premier nationalist activities. Later on he was shifted of Indonesia and his Commander from hills of

Perhaps Biju Patnaik was having a developed inner-self which was known to very few of his fellow-beings. He seems to have achieved many things in one life which might be impossible to achieve in a number of lives. Manoj Das, Internationally acclaimed Writer and Thinker

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Java Islands to British Singapore on another Burla and Berhampur Medical Colleges have occasion for the success of Indonesian freedom been established in Orissa. movement, and brought Sultan Sjahrir to Delhi. He was elected to the Orissa For his rare contribution to the freedom Legislative Assembly for the 1st time in 1946 movement of Indonesia, President Dr. Soekrno from Cuttack. Since then he has never looked of Indonesia drafted out a gift package of 500 back and was a key figure of Orissa polity. In crores to Biju Patnaik. But the great Oriya hero 1961, under his leadership National Congress returned the gift with humility as the token of Party came to power in Orissa with thumping India's good will for the people of Indonesia. majority. He was elected Chief Minister. He Later on Indonesia conferred on Biju Patnaik was Chief Minister for 14 months which is the highest honour of the country "Bhoomiputra considered to be the most formative period of Award" for his yeomen service to their cause. modern Orissan history. Biju Baboo is the maker of present day Some people are Orissa. He introduced an era of Industrial born great, some have revolution in Orissa and founded several greatness thrust upon them industries like Orissa Textile Mills, Kalinga and some other achieve Tubes, Kalinga Refrigeration etc. at Chaudwar. greatness by themselves. He established Orissa Flying Club in Biju Baboo, the household Bhubaneswar. He extended mining activities name in India, Indonesia and to Joda and Badbil in Keonjhar district. Under Orissa has achieved his dynamic leadership the port of Paradeep, greatness by himself. National Highway, Express High way. Rourkela Regional Engineering College, Sunabeda MIG factory, Charbatia Military Air Force station, Balimela Dam Project, Regional College of Education, Bargarh Cement factory, Agriculture University, Talcher Thermal Plant, C.B. Patel is the Superintendent of Orissa State Museum, Bhubaneswar.

Shri Naveen Patnaik, Hon'ble Chief Minister of Orissa inaugurating the 120 beded ward and Out Patients' Department with casuality at Balasore on 7.2.2005. Shri Bijayashree Routray, Minister, Health and Family Welfare and Shri Surjya Narayan Patro, Minister, Energy, Tourism, Information Technology are also present.

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Tribal Development in India -A Study in Human Development

Kulamani Padhi

The greatest challenge that the Government of it was considered desirable to keep away the India has been facing since independence is tribals from possible political influence from the proper provision of social justice to the the world outside world. Thirdly, some of the scheduled tribe people, by ameliorating their British officers genuinely felt that left to socio-economic conditions. Scheduled Tribes, themselves, the tribal people would remain a Scheduled Castes and denotified tribes happier lot. The Scheduled District Act of 1984 constitute the weakest section of India's had therefore kept most of these areas population, from the ecological, economic and administratively separate, the same situation educational angles. They constitute the matrix was allowed to continue under the Govt. of of India's poverty. Though the tribals are the India Acts of 1919 and 1935. However, after sons of the same soil and the citizens of the independence this policy was abandoned and same country, they born and grow as the new policy of tribal development and children of the nature. From the historical point integration was initiated. The Constitution of of view, they have been subjected to the worst India has made definite provisions for the type of exploitation social. They are practically welfare and uplift of the tribal people deprived of many civic facilities and isolated throughout the country. from modern and civilized way of living since Tribal Population so many centuries. There are approximately two hundred The British rulers really did something million tribal people in the entire globe, which in providing certain facilities in villages and means, about 4% of the global population. They towns such as, education, transport, are found in many regions of the world and communication, medical etc. though inadequate majority of them are the poorest amongst poor. and mainly with self-interest. But it did nothing According to 1981 census, the population of for ameliorating the socio-economic conditions Scheduled Tribes in the country was 5.16 of tribal people, except to the people in North- crores, consisting about 7.76% of total Indian East region of the country, because of certain reasons. Firstly, the British administrators population, which means one tribesman for thought it expedient generally to leave the every 13 Indians. tribals alone, as the task of administration in Among tribes, there are so many the hill areas was difficult and costly. Secondly, communities. The major identified tribes in

71 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 country number about the 428 scheduled tribes 3. Rural population 93.80% in India though the total number of tribal 4. Urban population 6.20% communities are reported to be 642 and several Total 100.00 of them have become extinct or merged with other communities as the tendency for fusion 5. Land Holdings of Tribal population and fission among tribal population is a I) Marginal and small holdings 62.42% continuous process. Thus, if the sub-tribes and 2) Semi-medium 20.59% state tribes will be taken into consideration, 3) Medium 13.58% the number will be many more. These 428 4) Large Holdings 3.41% communities speaking 106 different languages have been so far notified as the scheduled Total 100.00 tribes in 19 states and 6 union territories. They Nature and the Scope of the Tribal have their own socio-cultural and economic Development milieu. In fact, the largest concentration of tribal people, anywhere in the world and except Tribals in India, geographically and perhaps Africa is in India. About 50% of the culturally, are at widely different stages of tribal population of the country is concentrated social as well as economic development and in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, their problems differ from area to area within Jharkhand, Bihar and Orissa. Besides, there is their own groups. The tribesman lives not only a sizeable tribal population in Maharastra, for himself alone, but also he is an integral Gujarat, Rajasthan and West Bengal. part of the community to which he belongs. The identity of interest between the individuals and Socio-Economic Background of Tribal the community is real, bearing profoundly on Population tribal attitudes. It makes for the emergence of 1. Total tribal population 15 -16 Crores essentially human qualities like comraderie, 2. Workers among Tribal fellow feeling and social awareness. Because population of these reasons, the British adopted the policy a) Main workers 43.10% of isolation and tried to keep the tribals away from the mainstream of Indian life. The b) Marginal workers 7.61% Scheduled District Act of 1874 had kept most c) Non-workers 49.29% of these areas administratively separate. The Total: 100.00 same situation was allowed to continue under the Government of India Act of 1919 and 1935. 3. Literacy However, after independence, this policy was 1) General Literacy in the country 36.23% abandoned and a new policy of tribal 2) Literacy among ST people 16.35% development and integration was initiated. 4. Classification of Tribal The Fundamental Principles of Pandit Population Total Percentage Jawaharlal Nehru I. Male population (in lakh) 260.39 50.43 The fundamental principles laid down 2. Female population (do) 255.90 49.57 by the first Prime Minister late Jawaharlal Total 516.29 100.00 Nehru in this regard became the guiding force.

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These principles are: Based on these constitutional provisions, 1. Tribal people's should develop along the specific policy for tribal development have been incorporated in the strategy of economic lines of their own genus and we should avoid imposing any thing on them. We should try to development in our Five-Year Plans. encourage in every way, their own traditional In fact the development of the scheduled arts and culture. tribes as a social responsibility of the President of India and the Governors in the state are 2. Tribal people rights in land forest should responsible for reviewing the administration be respected. as well as the development of Republic India. 3. We should try to train and build up a team It is therefore incumbent of on the of their own people to do the work of administration, both at the Union as well as in administration and development. Some the states to promote laws and administrative technical personnel from outside will no doubt policies relating to the tribal population, which be needed especially in the beginning. But we belongs to the lowest rank of social order. should avoid introducing too many outsiders The Tribal Development Policies and in to tribal territory and, Programmes 4. We should not over administer these A review of the tribal situation would areas or overwhelm them with a multiplicity indicate that the strategy for development of schemes. We should rather work through and would require an intensive approach to the not in rivalry to their own social and cultural tribal problems in terms of their geographic institutions. and demographic concentration, if the faster The Constitution of India has also made development of the community is to take place. definite provisions for the welfare and uplift The community development efforts in of the - tribal people throughout the country. the tribal areas were therefore, taken up for Articles 15 (4) 46, 244 (1) and 339 of the Indian supplementation by stating a few special multi- constitution speak of special provisions meant purpose tribal development projects covering for the administration and control of scheduled a few blocks in 1954. areas and tribals therein, for their welfare and protection. A number of commissions and committees were appointed in the recent past The policy of the State Govts. towards to look in to the problems of developments in the scheduled tribes is governed by the board the tribal areas in the country and they have directives laid down in the Indian constitution. recommended a number of measures to remove It provides that; the socio-economic imbalances and also to "The state shall promote with special break down their old psychological barrier, care the educational and economic interest of which existed in the tribal areas. The important the people and in particular of scheduled castes commission and committees appointed so far and scheduled tribes and shall protect them are: from social injustices and all forms of 1. The Social Welfare Team of the exploitation." Committee on plan projects 1959.

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2. The Verrier Elwin Committee on Tribal and its implementation so that a steady flow of Development. benefits could be assured to the tribal people. 3. The Committee on Tribal Economy in The Dupe committee in 1972 tried to define a Forest Areas -1967 new strategy for tribal development and suggested that the problem of tribal 4. The Schedules Areas and Scheduled development should be defined at the national Tribal Commission (Dhebar Committee level and national efforts required for tackling 1961) it, worked out. It also suggested an integrated 5. The Special working Group on area development approach in consonance with Cooperatives for Backward Classes - the genius and aspirations of the tribal people. 1961 (Shri M.D. Bhargava as its Tribal Development Under the Planned Era Chairman) 6. The Task Force on Development of The special programmes for Tribal Tribal Areas -1972. development have been implemented in our country to benefit the tribal population under 7. The Dube Committee -1972. backward classes sector from First Five Year 8. The Study Team on Co-operative Plan. Structure in Tribal Development Project First Five Year Plan Areas -1976. First Five Year Plan did not play any 9. The Study Group on Relief of specific and special attention towards the Indebtedness Land, Alienation and development of tribal areas, because only Restoration in Development Agency certain piecemeal attempts such as educational Area -1973 (Shri P.S Appu as its schemes, welfare schemes etc. were Chairman) introduced. These schemes left the concrete 10. The team of Marketing, Credit and impact on tribal community in the country . Cooperation in Tribal Areas -1978 (Shri K.S. Bawa Committee) Second Five Year Plan 11. The Working Group on Development of During the second Five Years Plan, Scheduled Tribes during the 7th Five recognizing the Socio-economic conditions, Years Plans (1985- 90) prevailing in the tribal areas, concrete developmental schemes were planned. A novel The Dhobar Commission (1961) administration system was introduced, with recommended an integrated approach based on creation of "Multi-purpose Tribal Projects in the minimum essential items like food, drinking certain selected Tribal Areas". water, employment, educational health and village road. Third Five Year Plan The task force on Development of Tribal On the recommendation of the Verrier Areas constituted in 1972 suggested that the Elevin Committee, Tribal Development Block ecological, occupational and social System had been implemented under Third Five preemptors. of the tribal population should be Year Plan. This system was evolved not only properly assessed for formulation of a policy to improve the conditions in the tribal areas,

74 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 but also to involve the tribal "people in the Fifth Five Year Plan process of development with the aid of In view of the weaknesses of the earlier Punchayat Institutions. These schemes and area based programme viz. Tribal development sector plans, which were adopted as the Blocks and Tribal Development Agencies a institutions of planned development, resulting new strategy was evolved in the fifth five year in tanning up of tribal economy and improvement of social-service to a certain plan for the foundation of sub plan for the areas extent, but it was found that certain regions and of tribal concentration. This is intended to groups in tribal areas still remained very achieve an intensity of attention to the tribal backward while others recorded a slow rate areas and devise measures to suite their local of progress. ethos. About 2/3 of tribal population in the country is estimated to be covered by the sub- Fourth Five Year Plan plans as were in operation in the Fifth plan. On the eve of the commencement of In our country, the problem of Tribal was Fourth Five Year Plan 489 Tribal Development broadly classified into two categories (1) Areas Blocks had come in to existence for the of Tribal concentration and (2) Dispersed economic betterment of the scheduled tribes Tribes. In respect of the farmer, it was decided and intensive development areas with large concentration of tribal populations. In this to accept an area development approach with connection the fourth plan envisaged extension focus on tribals, for dispersed tribals, family of these blocks from 10 to 15 Years and oriented programmes were taken up. The tribal introduction of stage III with an allotment of sub-plan includes all scheduled areas and Rs.10 lakhs per Blocks for Five Year period. Tehsils/Blocks, with more than 50% Tribal About Rs.75 crores were spent by the Union population. Substantial tribal population was Govt. for the implementation of Tribal covered under sub-plan according to these Development programmes during the fourth formulations. Bihar 72%, Orissa 68%, Five Year Plan period. A number of new Himachal Pradesh 9%, Gujarat 59%, Madhya programmes were also introduced, besides Pradesh 75%, Manipur 94%, Goa, Diu, Daman intensifying programmes, which were already 100%, Nagaland and Nagar Haveli 99% and popular. Land colonization schemes were Rajasthan 44%. started and several Tribal colonies were In other States, where the tribal established. Cooperative. Farming Societies population was more dispersed these norms had been introduced and a number of were relaxed with a view to covering a concessions were offered to the tribal people reasonable proportion of tribal population. by Forest excises. Revenue Departments and Tribal sub-plan areas under the relaxed norms other departments in their respective field were delineated in A.P, Orissa, Karnataka, though District Level Planning were envisaged during this plan, but they could not take Kerala, Maharastra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal concrete shape, as actual planning was not done and Uttar Pradesh. at the grass root level. Sectoral planning with For operational purposes, the Tribal schematic budget was also introduced during sub-plan areas have been organized in 178 this planned period. Tribal Development Projects during Fifth Plan.

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It is the level at which the entire development In order to ensure cent coverage of tribal efforts have been integrated. under the ISP approach, it has been decided since 1986-87 to include. The financial investment flows from four important sources in Tribal sub-plans from the Plan Outlay and Expenditure for Tribal sources viz. (1) outlays from the State Development Programme in India

Governments plan, (2) Sectoral outlays from (Rs. In Crores) Central Ministries / Departments, Sr. Plan Total Plan Total Development % (3) Institutional Finance and (4) Special Period No. Outlay Programme Central Assistance. Over one thousand crores 1. First Plan* of rupees had been spent in the tribal sub-plan (1951-56) 1,960 19.93 1.00 areas during Fifth plan period. In 16 States and 2. Second Plan* 2 Union Territories, Tribal sub-plans were (1956-61) 4,672 42.92 0.60 implemented and over 65 percent total tribal 3. Third Plan* population in the country non-covered during (1961-66) 8,577 50.53 0.60 this plan. 4. Annual Plan* (1966-69) 6,756 32.32 0.50 Sixth Plan 5. Fourth Plan** In the Sixth Five Year Plan, it was noticed (1974-79) 15,902 75.00 0.50 that certain pockets of tribal concentration 6. Fifth Plan** 39,322 1,182.00 3.01 outside the tribal sub-plan area were still left (1974-79) out of the tribal sub-plan strategy .It was 7. Sixth Plan** therefore decided during the Sixth Plan that (1980-85) 97,500 5,535.00 5.67 pockets of centre groups villages / pockets 8. Seventh Plan** (1985-90) 1,80,000 12,000.00 6.67 having a minimum of 10,000 tribal population of which at least 50 percent are scheduled Note: * Expenditure ** Outlay tribes, should be carved for intensive integrated Source: Ministry of Home Affairs -Occasional papers on tribal development and Modified Area Development Development -1966 p.l, 19 -20. Approach, (MADA) under the Tribal sub-plan. During the plan period, 2 lakh hectares A definite target of 50% of the scheduled tribal of tribal households were under soil families to cross the poverty line was adopted conservation, 9000 tribal villagers were during the Sixth Plan for the first time. By and electrified and more than 80000 villages were large, the target set for the Sixth Plan have been provided with drinking water supply. The state achieved. Against the target of 4.70 million of Sikkim was added during this period. 245 scheduled tribal families to be brought above MADA pockets of tribal concentration were the poverty line, it was estimated by the end of identified during this period. By the end of the 1984-85,3.45 million scheduled tribal families forty years of Sixth plan, 181 of IFDPS, 245 MADA pockets and 72 primitive tribal have been assisted. projects were in operation in the country. The Numbering 13.95 lakhs have been taken coverage of tribal population during this plan up for the development through projected reached 75 percent as against 65% in Fourth approach. plan.

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Seventh Plan To improve the tribal coverage under the In the Seventh Plan the objective remains tribal sub-plan approach, 285 having a to be indicious mix of area-cum-family minimum 10,000 population with 50 percent development. Simultaneously paying attention or more tribal population have been identified, to the vulnerable section amongst the scheduled covering a population of 50.53 lakhs. In tribes it can easily be ascertained that their addition about 73 primitive tribes dispersed resources base mainly on environmental tribals under the "approach, while identifying devastation. For the Seventh Plan period their castes wherever possible, 47 clusters, (1985-90), about 40 lakhs scheduled tribe each with a total population of 5000 with 50%, families below the poverty line are targeted to or more tribal concentration there have been be provided economic assistance. In this plan, identified so far. Among the important 3 new ITDPs have been added in Sikkim, by contributions of the Tribal Sub-plan strategy scheduled tribe population concentration norms over a period of years in our country has been as a special case and by the end of 1987 -88, the gradual evaluation of the concept of family total of 184 ITDPs are functioning. ITDPs areas oriented programmes for eradication of poverty covered 313.21 lakh tribal population. in the tribal areas. Programmes & Projects Introduced for Tribal Development Programme Description 1. Guarantee for the projection of the Tribals. Article- 15 (4) 46,244,339 speak of special provisions meant for the administration and control of scheduled areas and tribals for their welfare and protection for promoting the welfare of the ST and for raising the level of admn. of - ST and tribal areas to the state level. 2. Grant-in-aid from consolidated fund of Article -275 provides grant-in-aid India to States (Article 275) from consolidated fund of India to States. 3. Special Multi-purpose Tribal Projects in For the tribals for their intensive selected areas. Development. 4. Tribal Development 5. Training-cum-production Centres & Development of Cottage and Small Subsidies. Scale Industries to provide employment. 6. Colonization of tribals Tribal Colonies 7. Establishment of Coop. Farming Societies. To make farming more economic and profitable. 8. Introduction of Improved methods of shifting cultivation. Without doing harm to the soil.

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9. Education Facilities Scholarship, Free Shift, etc. 10. Concessions Concessions were offered by Forest, Revenue, Excise Departments, etc. 11. Establishment tribal cultural institutes. To study various cultural problems. 12. Job opportunity Reservation of posts in Govt. Service. 13. Cheaper Credit Enactment of Regulation Acts to counteract exorbitant rates of interest of money lenders. 14. Establishment of offices of the For the enforcement of the safeguards Commissioner for SC/ST industries. provided for the tribals in the constitution for the evaluation of welfare schemes. 15. Establishment of LAMPS For providing integrated services such as credit, marketing, storage, distribution of consumer goods, etc., to the members. 16. Tribal Development Cooperative Established at the state level to help the Corporation / Tribal Development LAMP. Cooperative Federation. 17. Tribal Development Cooperative Established at National level to help Marketing Federation (TRIFED) the state level tribal Corporations/Federation.

Kulamani Padhi is presently working as the Asst. Registrar, (Dairy Co-ops) in Directorate of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services, Orissa, Cuttack-1.

Shri Naveen Patnaik, Hon'ble Chief Minister of Orissa inaugurating the MICRO Economics Summit-2005 at Unit-1 High School Ground, Bhubaneswar on 4.2.2005.

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The Portrait of a Symbol Called Biju Pattnaik

Sidhartha Dash

The life of Biju Patnaik is a history of pride of created or changed was the making of modern modern Orissa. Just as modern Turkey can not Orissa. The people of Orissa adored, loved be thought of without Kamal Pasha and modern and even worshipped him as the tallest leader India without Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, modern of the state whose achievements were nothing Orissa can not be thought of without Biju less than legendary. Patnaik. He was all in one Freedom Fighter, A born aristocrat, Biju belonged to the Pilot, Politician, Industrialist, Diplomat, Chief lineage of India's great warriors : Arjuna, Minister, Opposition Leader, Union Cabinet Kharvela, Shivaji or Rana Pratap. He was Minister, Newspaper associated with the owner, Visionary Leader underground movement and the Darling of the led by Jayaprakash Mass. His life is an Narayan and Ram extraordinary saga of Manohar Lohia in 1942 adventure and sacrifice, and was imprisoned in valour and dedication. 1943-45. Who can forget Biju Patnaik was the risky operation Biju described by Julian pioneered across the Huxley in Memoirs "as a Himalayas during World remarkable Indian whose War-II ? During the 1947 adventures will surely fill a book." He was Pakistani attack on Kashmir he was the first to known to Nehru "as a man of energy and certain fly a plane carrying troops to Srinagar. During ability." Indonesia's Struggle for Independence, Dutch Although Biju Patnaik lived in the army, Navy and air forces had sieged Jakarta. Twentieth Century, his soul belonged to Kalinga As a young man, Biju Patnaik in his single of Kharvela, the Aira Monarch famous for his engined Dakota plane flew with the top two valour and wisdom, with whom he had often leaders of Indonesian freedom struggle Dr. been compared. The man who created history, Muhammad Hatta and Sultan Sjahrir and changed history and shaped history will remain brought them to Delhi. That earned him the title as a history. And the history of Biju Patnaik Bhoomiputra. He was Nehru's emissary to

Biju Babu was a very daring person who accepted constructive criticism very sportively. His life-long work started with his participation in the freedom struggle and it continued for fifty years after independence. Nityananda Mohapatra, Freedom Fighter and Writer

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President John F. Kennedy and as such his was instrumental in making four Prime mission was to prevail upon Kennedy to come Ministers - Choudhury Charan Singh, V.P. to India's aid against the Chinese aggression. Singh, Chandra Sekhar and H.D. Devegowda. His one man mission convinced a grateful During his brief stint as Chief Minister Suharto not to sell submarines to Pakistan in Sixties, Biju Patnaik was the architect of during the Indo-Pak War of 1965. For all these both public and private Undertakings. He put remarkable achievements he will ever be his stamp on many achievements; the Kalinga remembered. An Oriya boy born three Airways, the Paradeep Port, the Kalinga Tubes, generations after him will feel proud that he the Orissa Textile Mills, the Express Highway, belongs to the same race as that of Biju Patnaik. the MIG Factory at Sunabeda, the Balimela Like a Colossus, Biju Patnaik strode Hydel Power Unit and the Thermal Power Unit Orissa's political arena for the last fifty years. at Talcher. He wanted the Oriyas to achieve He was first elected to the Orissa Legislative excellence in every field and be recognised Assembly in 1946. He became Chief Minister by the rest of the countrymen - even of Orissa from 1961 to 1963. He was elected internationally. Such flight of imagination saw to Rajya Sabha in 1967, followed by his him instituting the prestigious Kalinga Prize in election to Lok Sabha in 1977 and 1980. Science given away by the UNCESCO every During Morarji Desai and Charan Singh's year. During his last stint as Chief Minister, Government, he was the Minister for Steel and Biju Patnaik was no doubt 'an old man in Coal. He resigned from Parliament in 1985, hurry'. The desire to set up the second steel retained his Assembly seat and became the project overtook him so much during the second Leader of Opposition in Orissa Legislative tenure as Chief Minister that every other matter Assembly. His illustrious political career acquired a secondary status. But unfortunately culminated in his party's resounding victory in the establishment of a second integrated steel 1990 Assembly polls and his return as the plant in Orissa, remained unfulfilled till his Chief Minister for the second time. He again last days. lost power in 1995. He contested the 12th The name 'Kalinga' as Orissa was General Lok Sabha election from two known in ancient days was very dear to the constituencies, viz, Cuttack and Aska and won heart of Biju Patnaik. The industry be set up at both the seats and latter resigned from Cuttack Choudwar was christened as 'Kalinga Tubes'. parliamentary seat. Success did not bloat his The newspaper he launched in the Sixties was ego; nor did failure dent his morals. He won called 'Kalinga'. The Airlines he floated was 16 elections to Parliament and Assembly. known as 'Kalinga Airways' and even the station wagon he rode during electioneering Biju Patnaik was the only Oriya whose was named as 'Kalinga Rath'. People Called name was speculated alongwith Bidhan him 'Kalinga Sandha' or 'Kalinga Vir' in Chandra Ray, Kamraj and Y.B. Chavan for the affection. top position of Prime Ministership, when the question was being asked - After Nehru Who Bijubabu was the first leader in India ? He was referred to as the crisis manager of to take very bold steps in regard to grass-root Janata Dal. It was another matter, Biju did not level democracy. It was during his first tenure get the Prime Ministership but it was he who as the Chief Minister in early 1960s that he

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restructured the Biju Patnaik was more than a politician rural and urban - he was a leader of the people, a natural one. Local Bodies He was a rare politician for he had a vision and brought in for his people. Such was the force of his suitable personality that it always drew the extreme of amendments to emotions from the people. People realised his the existing Acts importance after his death. It was evident from of 1948, 1959 the number of dignitaries and VIPs who and 1960. But attended the funeral at Swargadwar in Puri. during his Three helicopter loads of VIPs including the- second term as then Prime Minister Deve Gowda, reached Puri the Chief alongwith Chandra Sekhar, Atal Behari Minister on 5th Vajpayee, Krishnakant, Devilal, Madhu march, 1990 Dandavate, Laloo Prasad Yadav, S.R. Bommai, which is Ram Vilas Paswan and L.K. Advani to bid eventually tearful farewell to their beloved 'BIJU'. He celebrated as the was the man who never let down Orissa. No Panchayati Raj Oriya leader has ever bridged such a Divas every year, he announced that for the generation gap, and no one in forceable future. first time in the history of India, women will Even after sixty seven years of its be given 33 percent reservation in the three- formation as a State, the people of Orissa are tier Panchayati Raj Institutions. And true to his mostly idealised as simple minded, innocent, word, he saw to it that the Orissa Zilla Parishad victims of poverty and backwardness. It was Act of 1991 and the Gram Panchayat Samiti Amendment Act of 1992 were passed by the only Biju Patnaik who gave voice to such Orissa Assembly that provided for 33 percent vioceless people. He was the man who never of reservation for women including S.C. & S.T. let down the Oriyas. And for the people of women. So, for the first time, more than twenty Orissa he was a beacon light, a point of eight thousand women were elected to various reference. Biju Patnaik the man may no longer Gram Panchayats, Panchayat Samities and Zilla be with us, but his spirit will be there in the Parishads. It was further provided that one third heart of every Oriya for ages to come. of the Zilla Parishads would have exclusively women chairpersons. In the case of Panchayat Samities and the Gram Panchayats one of the two office-bearers, i.e. Chairperson or Vice- Chairperson in case of Samiti and Sarpanch Siddhartha Dash has obtained his M.Phil Degree in Political Science from Utkal University, Bhubaneswar. or Naib-Sarpanch in case of Gram Panchayat must be a woman.

Biju Patnaik took direct and personal interest in the day-to-day administration. Once he became convinced about something, he took strong decisions without any fear or favour. Prof. M.N. Das, Eminent Historian, Ex-Vice Chancellor and Member, Rajya Sabha

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Sivalinga Worship

Sasanka Sekhar Panda

Sivalinga worship, sati stone, Sivalinga worship,doorjamb, Junagarh Narsinghnath The upper Mahanadi valley was ruled by the bloomed lotus is carved and the Sivalinga is Nalas, Sarabhapuriyas, Panduvamsis, Bhanjas, inserted in the middle portion, being carved Somavamsi, Telugu Chodas, Kalachuris and square shaped in the base, octagonal in the the Gangas in between the 5th and 13th century middle and cylindrical in the top portions A.D., who were mostly Parama Mahesvara depicting Brahmabhaga, Visnubhaga and (Devout worshippers of Lord Siva), barring a Rudrabhaga respectively. The Sivalingas found few and all kings of the in the three temples of the Amararyakula (the Ramesvara group of Sarabhapuriyas). The temples at Baud are Sarabhapuriyas were peculiar in the sense that Parama Bhagavata. those are installed in the (Devout worshippers of yonipatta, which are Lord Visnu). Therefore, carved in the stellate during the long course of design, similar to the history, in between 5th ground-plan of the and 13th century, many temples in the Siva temples were built garbhagrha of which by these rulers of various those are installed for royal lineage, where Sivalinga worship scene carved as temple worship. The tallest Sivalingas were decoration, Baud Sivalinga so far enshrined by them inside the garbhagrha. Such discovered in the upper Mahanadi valley is Sivalingas are called Manusa or man-made the one discovered at Maraguda village in the type, found installed in a yonipatta or Maraguda valley in Nuapada district, which arghapatta with the spout for drainage of water is around 6 feet high and presently installed in in the northern direction. Mostly these a recently constrtucted Siva temple in the Jonk yonipatta are rectangular in shape, although River Dam site at Patora. Another one of the there are few variations. A circular-shaped same height was shiefted by late Prof. N.K. yonipatta is found at Lalei in Sundargarh Sahu from Maraguda valley to the State district amidst loose sculptures found in the Archaeology Office at Bhubaneswar in 1984. Chandigudi complex, on which a round full The biggest arghapatta or yonipatta is found

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in the garbhagrha of the is in the left upper Siva temple at Sirekela corner, above the head in Balangir district, of the goddess. The top which is of the outer most portion of this circumference of stone-slab is carved around 18 feet. The with nine heads outer border of this representing yonipatta is decorated Navagrahas. This image by carving of is kept leaning against Visvapadma design. In the southern outer wall Sivalinga worship, the northern side of the of the Jagamohana of the Saintala Sivalinga worship, Indralath brick temple Kosalesvara temple at Indralath temple Ranipur Jharial at Ranipur Jharial, a Patnagarh. Sivalinga installed in a In the northern doorjamb of the yonipatta is lying in the open field. The Jagamohana of the Narsinghnath temple at Sivalinga and the yonipatta both are made of Paikmal in Bargarh district, the two scenes of red stone, covered with a thin layer of stucco. Sivalinga worshipped by two male figures the The outer band of this yonipatta is also proper right one kneeling and the proper left decorated with visvapadma designs. In the Siva one standing in profile have been depicted in temples of the 9th century like Siddhesvara the middle band of the scrollwork, i.e. Gelaba. temple at Gandharadi in Baud district, Kosalesvara temple at Daspur Surda and A peculiar Sivalinga installed in a Somesvara temple at Ranipur Jharial, both in yonipatta is kept amidst loose sculptures in Balangir district, front of the brick-built Jagamohana hall of the akasalinga is adorning Kosalesvara temple at on the top portion of the Vaidyanath in Sonepur crowning mastaka of district. Peculiarly the deul, which is enough the figure of a representing the Saivacharya seated in extension of the padmasana is carved Sivalinga enshrined in in a rectangular niche the garbhagrha. In only on the body of this one place, i.e. Dadpur Sivalinga. in Kalahandi district In the top-most portion caturmukha Sivalinga of a doorjamb at is kept in the Sivalinga in stellate pitha, Baud town present fitted to the Jagamohana of the Nilakanthesvara temple. entrance of the Chandi temple at Saintala, the In the right upper corner of the back-slab scene of Sivalinga worship is depicted, on which a standing image of tapasvini Parvati followed in succession by a secularized is carved, a Sivalinga installed in a yonipata version of the Bhiksatanamurti of Siva and is depicted, while the seated figure of Ganesa two females playing with a monkey.

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In a niche of the is worshipping the Sivalinga with folded hands tala-garbhika in obeisance (Anjalimudra). In another place design of the named Deuli in Kantamal block area of Baud pabhaga of the district we find a sculptured panel depicting brick-built worship of Sivalinga. Indralath temple Sati stones memorising the performance at Ranipur of sati during the mediaeval period are found Jharial in in many places of western and south-western Balangir Orissa like Sukhabandh-Junagarh in Sundargarh district, the district; Champamal in Survarnapur district; worship of Sivalinga, Lalei, Dist. Sundargarh Balangir town, Chandotara, Titilagarh town, Sivalinga by a Ranipur Jharial in Balangir district; Junagarh male seated in kneeled down position is town in Kalahandi district; Khariar town in depicted in the south-west corner. Nuapada district, Papadahandi and Podagad Jagamohana pillars of the temple of an in Nawarangpur district. The number of persons early period are found in an open field in front worshipping the Sivalinga in the sati stones of the Sauntei temple at Sauntpur in Balangir varies. There are depictions of one male and district. The base of this pillar is square, having one female seated in profile on the Sati stones three moulding courses with a small kirtimukha found in an open field to the south of Somesvara head inside a caitya window motif, carved in temple at Ranipur Jharial and Kansil village, the middle of these mouldings. Just above this where as on the sati stone found in the Rajendra design, four roaring lions, all standing in their College campus besides the male and female hind legs, the fore-legs raised and holding seated in profile, a lady attendant with cauri garlands which are coming out of their mouths (fly-whisk) in hand is seated in profile behind in both sides are carved in all four corners of the queen. A front-faced male seated in the pillars. These garlands are joined padmasana facing the Sivalinga flanked in both alternately and put into the mouths of the roaring sides by two females in profile is seen on the lions (Vyalas) and a bell is hanging in floral sati stone at present kept in the Samia bandh chain in the middle portion. Below these tank embankment at Junagad. The sati stones designs, in all four sides of the pillars square at Podagad depict one male and two females niches are carved where various scenes are pose, all depicted. In one such niche, the scene of a male seated in seated in kneeled down position worshipping profiled a Sivalinga with hands folded in obeisance worshipping (Anjalimudra) is depicted. the Sivalinga in Anjalimudra. In a carved niche near the kanika of the Another sati tala-vandhana of one of the three temples of stone at the Ramesvara group at Baud town, the scene Ranipur Jharial of Sivalinga worship by a lady in profile and depicts the seated in kneeled down position is carved. She seen of both the Sivalinga in stucco, Ranipur Jharial

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females with their hands folded in obeisance (Anjalimudra) are standing, two in each sides. It is apparent from the depictions of Sivalinga worship in such a large number of sati stones that most of the kings, generals and vassals (Samantas) once upon a time ruling both small and large principalities in the upper Mahanadi valley were devout worshippers of Lord Siva. Selected References : Sivalinga worship, Deheli, Dist. Baud 1. Thomas E. Donaldson, Hindu Temple Art of male and female seated in the frontal posture Orissa, Vol.I, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985. worshipping the Sivalinga. In the 2. Ibid, Vol.III, Leiden, 1987. Nilakanthesvara temple complex at 3. Orissa Historical Research Journal, Vol.L, Papadahandi front-faced male and female are No.1-4, 1995. worshipping the Sivalinga. The male is seated 4. Ibid, Vol.XLVI, No.1, January 2003 in padmasana, both his hands folded in 5. Orissa Review, Vol.LX, No.1, August 2003. obeisance, while the female is putting 6. Ibid, Vol. LX, No.7, February-March 2004. something (Bel leaves or flowers) on the 7. Ibid, Vol.LX, No.10, May 2004. Sivalinga by extending her right hand on the Sivalinga. One interesting sati stone is found at Khariar in which one front-faced male seated in padmasana is in the centre worshipping Sasanka Sekhar Panda lives at VR-23, Unit-6, the Sivalinga, while four standing front-faced Bhubaneswar.

Nabagraha (top), Sivalinga (left) and Ganesa (right) on top portion of Parvati image, Kosalesvara temple, Patnagarh, Dist. Balangir.

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Biju Patnaik : A Profile

Dr. Pabak Kanungo

Perhaps no other leader occupied the Bijoyananda (Biju) Patnaik was born imagination of the people of Orissa like Biju in Cuttak, Orissa, on 5th March, 1916 to Patnaik : freedom fighter, pilot, industrialist, Laxminarayan Patnaik and Ashalata Devi. politician and philanthrophist. He was Orissa's Although he was in judicial service, restless son and became a legendary hero. His laxminarayan was a great nationalist and a ability to create confidence among people and prominent leader of the Oriya Movement. He inspire them was phenomenal. He had a was closely associated with two architects of modern Orissa - Utkal Gourav Madhusudan remarkable capacity to transmit his cheerful Das and Utkalmani Gopabandhu Das. He was strength to others. Biju was basically a secular taking great pride in Orissa's cultural heritage. man and was an instinctively nationalist as his Biju inherited the qualities of fearlessness and hero Nepoleon. Like Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, love of Orissa right from his parents. he navigated by the four immutably fixed stars of his convictions - national unity, democracy, Biju had two brothers and one sister. secularism and the end of imperialism. Sir His elder brother Saradhanada (Dr. George Patnaik) was a renowned dentist and his Julian Huxley had described Biju Patnaik as a younger borther Jayananda (Siju) was a pilot "remarkable Indian whose adventures would and the only sister was Sukruti Patnaik. Biju, fill a book". In an obituary reference the who was married to Gyan, has two sons and prestigious magazine The Economist says, "It one daughter. His elder son Preme is an is worth writing about Biju Patnaik for at least industrialist and second son Naveen is a two reasons. His long life can be read as writer-turned politician. His daughter Gita something of a history of India back to the time Mehta, who lives in New York, is admired as when the country was run by the British. And a novelist and as an author of books on the he gave Indian politics a rare fresh of colour". westernisation of India. The Encyclopedia Britannica described Biju Biju had his early education in Mission as "Indian Politician; who parlayed his fame Primary School and Mission (Christ Collegiate) as a World War-II aviator, anti-British freedom School of Cuttack. In 1927 he joined the famous fighter and commercial airline entrepreneur into Ravenshaw Collegiate School, where Netaji a political career, notably as Chief Minister of Subhash Chandra Bose was once a student. In Orissa State, 1961-63 and 1990-95". 1932 he passed matriculation with a first

86 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 division and got admitted into the intermediate When the Second World War broke out science class of the famous Ravenshaw Biju Patnaik joined the Royal Indian Air Force College, Cuttack. From his days at the and alongwith British friends who, like him, Ravenshaw Collegiate School, he was an had learnt the rudiments of flying at the Delhi accomplished sportsman and led the university Flying club. When Japan entered the war in teams in football, cricket,athletics and hockey. 1941, Biju Patnaik evacuated British families For three consecutive years he was the sports from the advancing invaders. He flew supplies champion of Ravenshaw College. to China and the Soviet Union. He pioneered Biju first saw Mahatma Gandhi in 1927 risky operations across the Himalayas to help during the latter's 'Khadi Tour' of Orissa and the Chinese revolutionaries in Chiang Kai came under his spell. The desire to defy British Shek's China. He once flew all the way to rule first awakened in him from his school days. Stalingrad on yet another mission. The British He was assaulted by a British police officer Government particularly appreciated his efforts as he tried to get a glimpse of the Mahatma, to evacuate British families from Rangoon who was visiting Cuttack. He showed his (Yangon) when the Japanese invaded Myanmar penchant for the extraordinary at a very young during World War-II. age. Like his role model Napoleon, he seemed As 'The Economist' says - Biju Patnaik to have deleted the word 'impossible' from his had a second loyalty. When he was 13, Biju dictionary. had met and come under the spell of Mahatma Biju discontinued studies for a B.Sc. Gandhi, the proponent of passive resistance to degree to undergo training as a pilot at the British rule. In the War he sought to satisfy both Aeronautic Training Institute of India and Delhi of his strongly held beliefs : the need to defeat Flying Club. In fact, as a child Biju was Japan and to give India Independence. While fascinated by aeroplanes and from his school flying over Indian soldiers under the British days, he had decided to make a career in flying. Command he dropped bags of Gandhi's "Quit A small aeroplane had landed at Cuttack's India" leaflets to them. But though he served Killa Fort, when he was a student of Mission the British, Biju Patnaik's loyalty was with the School. Biju ran away from school to touch Indian freedom struggle. While on leave, he his dream object. But he was chased away by ferried freedom fighters to secret meetings with the security police. "At that time I had only their supporters. As head of the Air Transport seen pictures of aeroplanes in books" - He Command of the RIAF, he sheltered in his house recalled later. His great pleasure was flying prominent fighters like Jaya Prakash Narayan, and his exploits as a pilot provided his career Ram Manohar Lohia and Aruna Asaf Ali. with a metaphor that endured from the frolics While flying the British to safety from Yangon, of his youth to his ambition to be a politician he also air-dropped leaflets supporting the and industrialist. He was, everyone said, a high cause of Netaji's Indian National Army. "When flyer. It is said that at his wedding to Gyan in the British authority found out, they nearly got 1939, guests arrived in Tiger Moths. me shot for subversive activities. That was the time I was put behind bars during the Quit India Bijubabu was very fond of reading. But he was equally unwilling to write anything. Even he was very reluctant to write letters. I have failed to make him write down his adventures that could inspire the posterity. Prof. Samar Guha, Writer and Parliamentarian

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Movement, "Patnaik said later. Some of the fashioned Dakota with wife Gyan for Jakarta hazardous flying missions that he undertook (leaving behind their 14 day old son), where first with the RIAF and later with Indian the rebel's headquarters was located. In National Airways earned him the sobriquet of Singapore, he received a message from the a "daredevil". Dutch threatening to shoot down his aircraft if Aruna Asaf Ali, who was one of the it entered Indonesian airspace. "Resurgent India prominent fighters of the Quit India Movement does not recognise Dutch colonial sovereignty has said - "Among the thousands who came over the Indonesian people. If my aircraft is forward to take up the challenge, Biju Patnaik shot down, every Dutch plane flying across the was one of the most fearless, who mobilised Indian skies will be shot down in retaliation" his fellow pilots and inspired them to help the was Biju's reply. He also dashed off a message "Underground Directorate". But for their to Prime Minister Nehru - "Take necessary courage and fearlessness, we could never have steps should my aircraft be shot down". As the succeeded in linking up with our comrades in world watched him with admiration, the 32 Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and New Delhi. We year old ace pilot, landing on an improvised also used the airlines for travelling incognito airstrip and using left over petrol from sometime". abandoned Japanese military dumps, eluded the But Biju Patnaik's scarcely concealed Dutch to land in Jakarta and flew back to Delhi double-life could not last. Arrested on January with Indonesian leaders Mohammad Hatta and 13, 1943, he was sentenced to two years Sultan Shariar for holding confabulations with imprisonment and lodged in Firozpur Fort Jail. Pandit Nehru and Sardar Patel. After his release from jail in 1945, Biju thereafter became a focal point of Biju was elected to Orissa Assembly in 1946 all activities relating to Indian support to the from North Cuttack Constituency. Though more Indonesian freedom struggle. The wide recognised as a politician, once he reminisced publicity given to the exploit gave a boost to - "Flying is my first love and though it has the cause of Indonesian independence. A dimmed with age, it still remains so". While grateful Indonesia twice decorated Biju Patnaik his love for the country had his opposition to with its highest civilian honour 'Bhumi Putra' British rule made him plunge into Indian in return for the bravery the Indian leader had freedom struggle in a daring manner as a young displayed at its hour of crisis. Biju Patnaik man, Biju played a significant role in the Indonesian freedom movement. The same liked to tell the story of how he persuaded indomitable spirit had him fly to India the Sukarno to call his daughter, Meghawati leaders of the Indonesian freedom struggle, (Goddess of the Clouds). In 1996, on the despite the threat of his plane being shot down occasion of that country's 50th Independence by the Dutch Colonial rulers. He became day, Biju received, the "Bintang Jasu Utama" - internationally known, when, under Nehru's Indonesia's highest national award. instructions, he conducted sorties to Indonesia Biju's daring-do continued even after against Dutch threats. Indian independence. He started his own In what can be aptly described as a airline, the Kalinga Airways and in 1947 drama in real life, Biju took off in an old carried soldiers into Kashmir, when it was

88 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 threatened from across the newly created Therefore for him any plan for the development border sky. At great risk, he landed the first of these vast natural resources, which shall help platoon of troops in Srinagar. transform poverty into plenty may well serve as a model for other similarly situated areas in Biju Patnaik is considered as a pioneer India. of the industrial growth of Orissa and established a string of industries in mission. Within that short period during which He set up the Kalinga Tubes, the first modern he took the stewardship of the state Textiles Mills at Choudwar, Orissa, the first administration, Biju Patnaik laid the blue print Refrigerator factory at Jobra, Cuttack and a low for Orissa's development and the State was on shaft Furnace at Barbil. In 1951 he established the threshold of a new era of industrial the Kalinga Prize for the popularisation of revolution. He not only accelerated the process science and entrusted the responsibility to the of development but was able to locate a number UNESCO. of new industries in the State - the MIG factory at Sunabeda, Balimela Dam, Public Like a colossus, Biju strode Orissa's Corporations, Panchayat Industries, the political arena for more than four decades. Express High Way and a lot many. His Whether in power or in the opposition, he was ambitious projects, which he named as one of the most influential politicians of the "Decade of Destiny" was meant to elevate the country. It was while trying to build an State to a new height. industrial empire at Choudwar, just across River Mahanadi from Cuttack that he forayed A towering personality and into electoral politics. He won an Assembly administrator, who meant business all the time, election from North Cuttack Sadar seat in 1946 Biju could not tolerate red-tapisms. He would and set up Kalinga Tubes at Choudwar, his have a thing done immediately and not suffer flagship industry and at one time Asia's largest any delay. Result - he was charged with pipe manufacturing plant. The resounding administrative impropriety. To the officials his success in 1961 midterm poll established him advice was, "be loyal to me not to the as a superb party organiser and the brief period government but to the destinies of this State, to of his administrative stewardship built his the prosperity of the people." There is a story image of a dynamic man who could electrify that once when a speeding motor truck carrying the people of the State with a sense of urgency stones for the Paradeep Port was stopped by a and keep bureaucrats on their tiptoes. traffic policeman, the driver humorously replied that the speed suggested by the Biju Patnaik had a brief tenure in office policeman would delay the port work by as he was 'Kamarajed' out in October 1963. several years, when Biju Patnaik wanted But during this period he injected a rare everybody to work at top gear. dynamism into the administration and lifted the "featureless and futureless" people of Orissa The importance that Biju attached to out of despondency. He acutely felt that Orissa Orissa's industrial development was reflected mirrors the paradox of all backward areas - in his speech which he delivered at the poverty amidst potential plenty. Orissa has a inauguration of the Orissa Planning Board on wealth of natural resources and yet it is the June 15, 1962. He had said - "A people cannot poorest and most backward state of India. grow unless the industries were developed and

89 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 established here". Calling upon the bureaucrats education in Orissa. When Biju was in the to change their work-style, Patnaik said, "In Congress, his courage and defiance of the the new set-up in the new adventure which we Central Government during the Nehru era built are going to embark upon, I would expect my his image among the people. When the Union officials to become thinkers and administrators government refused to construct the Paradeep in turn. I would expect them to collectively and Port, as the Chief Minister of Orissa he took willingly push the State towards the goal of upon himself to mobilise resources from within prosperity. I would expect them to become the State and built the Rs.14 crore Port when leaders of men and not leaders of the longest the Centre did not show much interest in the notes on the files". project. Patnaik's strong stand on the issue was At the invitation of Biju Patnaik, vindicated when the Centre took over the Port internationally known Biologist, Scientist and after some years. Biju Patnaik proved his Philosopher Prof. J.B.S. Haldane accepted the extraordinary organising ability by successfully post of the Director of the Biomety and holding the Congress Session in 1964 at Genetics Laboratory at Bhubaneswar, which Bhubaneswar. His dream was fulfilled when was set up by the Government of Orissa. Prof. on 12th March 1966, the Paradeep Port was Haldane, who imparted to the Indian scientific commissioned. scene a certain colour and character, became Biju Babu was all along trying to an Indian citizen in 1960 and devoted himself spread science education in the state and was to assisting development of science in this of the view that the common man, with little or rapidly developing country. He accepted Biju's no education should have access to the latest offer because he (Biju) was 'capable of scientific developments. In the Oriya daily 'The displaying great respect towards individuals Kalinga' which he had started, there was a whom he considered to be performing separate science section and he encouraged worthwhile work'. This genius died in many eminent Oriya scientists or science Bhubaneswar on 1st December, 1964. popularisers to regularly write for common After Biju Patnaik took the rein of the men. State administration, Orissa witnessed rapid A close confidant of Pandit Nehru, Biju strides in education. The period between 1961- enjoyed free access to Teen Murti Bhawan, the 67 is aptly described as the golden era in the P.M's official residence. Nehru had entrusted history of education of the State. At his him with the additional responsibilities of initiative the Regional College of Education advising him on defence matters during the was set up at Bhubaneswar. The Regional Chinese aggression and Patnaik was allotted Engineering College at Rourkela was an office near the P.M.'s office in North Block. established. In 1961, the Orissa University of Pandit Nehru had asked him to visit the United Agriculture and Technology was set up and States as an Advisor to the Ministry of External during the Chief Ministership of Biren Mitra Affairs and discuss sensitive defence issues (when Biju was the Chairman of the State with the U.S. administration. During his stay Planning Board). Universities were established in Washington Biju gave interviews to in Berhampur and Sambalpur. Thus Biju is 'Baltimore Sun' and 'Washington Post', in which responsible for the giant leap forward of he said that he had come to seek both ground-

90 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 to-ground and air-to-air missiles alongwith "scrappy and disconnected informations" radars, which could conceivably be tied to a furnished to them. He said, "where corruption network of the South East Asian Treaty charges are not established, the next handle Organisation (SEATO). US newspapers also would be administrative impropriety, portrayed the Orissa Chief Minister as the irregularity or indiscretion and would even be coming Defence Minister, who will replace stretched to lack of judgement, wisdom, Y.B. Chouhan. The opposition charged Biju prudence, each succeeding one made to appear Patnaik with 'impropriety of revealing defence more heinous than the previous one". secrets, including details of the strength of the Appealing to P.M. to consider the reality, Biju Indian Army'. There was a furore in Parliament Patnaik said - "As one who has the pride to and even the Lok Sabha Speaker Sardar Hukum serve the party and the people with some Singh ruled that - 'it is not proper to disclose dedication, I can assure the P.M. that I don't such information which is denied here'. But the seek any special consideration except common Prime Minister strongly supported Biju and justice to uphold individual dignity and honour. declared in the Parliament that whatever has If a combination of events and circumstances been said by him to American newspapers 'did is deliberately created by a determined few, not harm us in any way'. This controversy then the prospects of a fearless, free and highlighted how close Biju was to Pt. Nehru. democratic India are bleak indeed ! After Indira During the time Biren Mitra was Chief Gandhi took over as Prime Minister in 1966, Minister, a memorandum was submitted to the Biju realised that he is not very comfortable in President of India by opposition parties making the Congress Party. In 1967 general election, allegations of impropriety and abuse of office the Congress Party suffered humiliating defeat against Biju Patnaik, Biren Mitra and other in Orissa, as elsewhere and Patnaik was also ministers of Orissa. The Home Ministry defeated from a number of Assembly seats. referred the matter to the Central Bureau of After the 1967 general elections the Investigations for a preliminary enquiry. After Congress government was replaced by the the receipt of the report of the CBI, the Prime Swatantra-Jana Congress coalition and the new Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri constituted a Sub government set up the Khanna Commission to Committee of the Union Cabinet, which studied enquire into the charges of corruption and various allegations. In a letter to Biju Patnaik administrative impropriety levelled against dated January 15, 1965 the Prime Minister Biju Patnaik and others. To the pleasant said : surprise of many Patnaik-admirers, although the "The Sub-Committee has given the finding that in the commission found the charges of administrative various transactions in which you were concerned, you impropriety true in some respects it made it had not personally derived any pecuniary benefits...". clear that none was meant for individual However, Shastriji pointed out, there benefit. It paid Biju Patnaik rich compliments. still remains the question of improprieties to The Commission said : which the sub-committee has drawn attention. "The need of Orissa is of a leader of great calibre, In reply to Shastri's letter Biju Patnaik drew inspired by the cause, dedicated, devoted and his attention to the fact that the sub-committee determined, who may arouse the enthusiasm which is so far dormant, of the masses, harness it to fruitful have arrived at their conclusions based on activity and thus pave the way to economic betterment

91 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 and future prosperity. Biju Patnaik gave hope of that Narayan and organised the Orissa visit of J.P. calibre. He had the halo of an adventurous past. He had in 1975. When Indira Gandhi declared daring, dash, doggedness and the advantage of youth, emergency on 25-26 June, 1975, Biju was one good physique and a tall imposing personality. To all these may be added a touch of flambuoyance. Biju of the first to be arrested under MISA and Patnaik did commendable job in certain spheres by lodged in Rohtak Jail in Haryana. In the 1977 introducing an element of dynamism in the election, he was elected from Kendrapara to administration and the work he did by translating the Lok Sabha and was inducted into the Morarji idea of a Port at Paradeep into a living reality is bound Desai government as Minister of Steel and to make an impact on the history of Orissa and its Mines. In the 1980 election, he was again future development". elected to the Lok Sabha. In 1985 he resigned More than two decades later, when he from Parliament retaining his Assembly seat returned for a five year rule as the Janata Dal and became the leader of the opposition in the C.M. in March 1990, Biju Patnaik would often Orissa Assembly. recall the Khanna Commission's findings and Biju's illustrious political career said, "I will commit such improprieties even culminated in his party's resounding victory in today if it helped Orissa to progress". the 1990 Assembly polls and he returned as The Indian National Congress had split Chief Minister for the second time on March in 1969. In May 1970 Biju Patnaik and his 5, 1990. For the first time he completed the followers left the Congress (R) in protest full term (1990-95). A Biju critic says that he against "naked bossism" and central imposition functioned in an arbitrary and autocratic manner after he had been denied a ticket to Rajya Sabha "I am the party and I am the government" - he by the Congress High Command; although his used to say "Am I not enough ?" what was his case was sponsored by the Provincial reaction when immediately after being sworn Congress Committee. In 1970 he resigned from in as Chief Minister in 1990 he was asked, the Congress Party and subsequently formed a how long it would take for him to choose other regional party Utkal Congress. In the 1971 members of the Cabinet. Biju had a painful election, no party came out with a clear feeling that in spite of being so rich in natural majority. Biju Patnaik and the Swatantra leader resources, Orissa has remained one of the R.N. Singh Deo joined hands. This came as a poorest and most backward states in India. The surprise to political observers, as Singh Deo quality of its administration has steadily was a bitter critic of Biju. And with the support deteriorated, to the disgust of the voters. Since of the Jharkhand Party, they formed a United bureaucrats are virtually unshakable in India, Front. Biju successfully persuaded the 82 years he suggested in a speech that disgruntled old veteran politican Biswanath Das to become citizens should assault them. Biju was never the Chief Minister, after his long spell of comfortable with the Mandal Commission political retirement. recommendation and did not hesitate to publicly air his stand against V.P. Singh's decision to Utkal Congress and Swatantra parties implement the Mandal Commission. Although fought election under the banner of Pragati many pro-Mandal leaders of the Janata Dal Party and the political combine fared well in were never happy with Patnaik for his views the election. Biju was closely associated with and style of functioning, they did not dare to the Lok Sangarsha Samiti of Jaya Prakash do anything to displease the Grand Old Man

92 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 of Orissa politics. Another point on which his Biju Patnaik was disillusioned over the critics find fault with him is that when he lost brand of politics going on at the centre. He power in 1995 as in 1967 in the election that was also unhappy over the constant bickering followed, he never attempted to build a second within his party. As a matter of fact, he was line of command in his party. never comfortable with the Mandalisation of the Janata Dal and thought that the Dal claim During the final term as Chief Minister about introducing social justice were suspect. (1990-95), he acted more as a statesman than Towards the end, he had become a convert to the head of the government. He caused a turmoil the ideas of having a broad-based, democratic when he threatened that Orissa would secede coalition, which included the Congress. from the Indian Union if the Centre continued to neglect it. Prime Minister Chandra Sekhar A long, illustrious career came to an took serious exception and demanded that Biju end on 17th April, 1997 when Biju Patnaik should clarify his passed away at Delhi. position. Patnaik His death was one of explained that Orissa the worst tragedies that should be given fiscal had ever happened to autonomy in a true the State of Orissa and federal structure to removed the greatest script its own economic figure of our time at the development. He also very climax of his floated the demand for career. Grief and shock full convertibility of the swept across Orissa as rupee. news of his death spread. It was perhaps The final phase a tryst with destiny that Patnaik was cremated of Biju's political career was perhaps an at Swargadwara, Puri. He was to rest in peace unhappy chapter to his long, chequered political close to the abode of his Kalia (Lord career. Having been voted out of power from Jagannath). Though he was not religious in the the State in 1995, he contested two Lok Sabha traditional sense, he had a sentimental seats - Aska in Ganjam district and Cuttack attachment to Lord Jagannath. While addressing Sadar. He won both the seats at a time when public meetings in front of the Puri Jagannath the Congress had swept the election in the State. Temple, he used to enter into a monologue with People naturally expected that he would hold the Lord. a centre-stage at the national politics. But to Adventure indeed ! It is in his blood their dismay, they found that lesser elements from bodyhood. It is this love of adventure that within the party, including some who owed goaded him to have a bicycle ride from Cuttack their political existence to him, were out to to Peshawar when he was a student and to undermine his importance and every possible change his profession of an aeronautical method to undermine their leader was adopted. engineer to that of a pilot. It is this call of To prevent him from joining the Union Cabinet, adventure that inspired him to undertake the even graft cases were slapped on him. risky jobs of flying the stranded Britishers in

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Burma to safety during the Second World War its peak, Biju startled people by talking about days and to carry on at the same time anti- liberalisation. He remained a votary of British subversive activities which ultimately economic reform till the very end and had the landed him into jail. In providing indispensable courage of conviction to take on those who leadership, he emerged as the greatest political blindly aped this model or that. He was so clear figure of his age. The story of his adventurous about basic issues because he was not just a life still inspires the youth of Orissa. politician - an industrialist and a dare-devil Biju never flinched in his determination that he was, he invested his life with an all-too to develop the country and uplift the poor. rare elan. "Never despair" was what he used to say to According to a veteran journalist, there his supporters. Always he exhorted the people is no epithet that is not used about him. "Wily, of the state to emulate the ideals of Kharavela. volatile, flamboyant, dynamic, reckless, dare- Timeless fortitude, persistence and respect for devil, damn efficient" and what not ? Perhaps the common man made him a unique all these suit him in one context or the other. personality. He devoted his life to build a new But in the jungle of attributes his essential era of progress and did it with a combination human qualities, his deep love for his people, of skilled statesmanship and innovative spirit. are often missed. Once Patnaik is deeply He touched millions of Oriyas in a very moved by the peoples' distress, he will move personal way and earned his place in the home mountains to give succour. In October 1971, and hearts of a whole generation. when the entire administration was benumbed As the 'Hindustan Times' editorially by the rude shock of the killer cyclone and tidal commented after his death - "It may not be an wave that had flattened the coastal Orissa, it exaggeration to say that Biju Patnaik was the was Biju Patnaik who rose to the occasion. tallest among all the leaders from Orissa, who When Governments at the State and the centre made their mark in national politics. A major were busy doing maths on relief expenditure, reason why he acquired his status was Biju pressed into service a private aircraft and undoubtedly his romantic, impulsive nature, himself started dropping food packets to the which made him stand out even at a time when, marooned thousands who would have perished, with Nehru and J.P. at the height of their power but for this prompt step. and there was no dearth of colourful politicians This stalwart was endowed with in India". exceptional talent and courage. He had great People were fascinated by the interest in literature and was a voracious reader. considerable charm and the range of Biju's life was one of the commanding events accomplishments of this Grand Old Man of in the history of modern Orissa. He had an Orissa, who led a full life. No matter what the innate grasp of the Oriya temper and devoted challenges, he believed that the facts were only his entire life in restoring optimism among one part of reality - the other part was how people. Perhaps that is why he enjoyed a long you react to them and change them for the and largely unquestioned popularity among his better. That he was a visionary can be people. underscored by an illustration - Way back in Biju was the architect of grand designs. the sixties, when the licence raj permit was at Delivering Binod Kanungo Memorial Lecture

94 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 on 'Orissa of my dream' on 27th January, 1992 painted as arrogant, but in reality at times his at Bhubaneswar, instituted in memory of his confidence merged into arrogance. dearest friend, encyclopaedist and freedom Despite being a big name in Indian fighter Binod Kanungo, he had said : politics, Biju Patnaik had seen hunger and "In my dream of the 21st century for the State, I would poverty from close quarters in the mid-forties. have young men and women who put the interest of He had once said - "I stayed in my father's house the State before them. They will have pride in in Cuttack after being released from jail in themselves, confidence, in themselves. They will not 1945. I did not even have Rs.2 to purchase be at anybody's mercy, except their own selves. By milk for my children", he said. Biju, who was their brain, intelligence and capacity, they will a chain smoker then, had to quit cigarette- recapture the history of Kalinga. I would like my Orissa smoking because of this. of the 21st century to have excellent artisans, superb A giant transference of energy had taken craftsmen and sculptors, greatest musicians and poets". place between him and his people. He Tales and anecdotes about him are a delighted the people by his youthfulness of legion. There is a story that Pt. Nehru once spirit and body and the people were attracted asked Dr. B.C. Roy - 'Have you met a young to his spontaneity and utter freedom from man called Biju Patnaik'. "I have heard about pompousness. In the end, his great strength far him; but not yet met him", was the reply of the outweighed his weakness. Therefore when he Bengal Chief Minister. Nehru said, "meet him died, even his most partisan adversaries felt sometime. I like such forward-looking, brave compelled to acknowledge the immensity of people. The only difficulty is that sometimes the man they had opposed. you don't know where he will land you". Biju was known for his curt and sometimes self-defeating, off-the-cuff statements. He did not help his cause with impulsive comments about the need to beat up corrupt officials or about Orissa being forced to secede, if the Centre continued to neglect it. During his first tenure as Chief Minister (1961- 63) he had told a public meeting - I spent rupees one crore to become Chief Minister. I will have to spend rupees ten crores to become Prime Minister. This statement created controversy. Similar were the remarks that he helped his party colleague, friend and former Chief Minister Biren Mitra earn Rs.6 lakhs in a single year through his Orissa Agency, which was Shri Naveen Patnaik, Hon'ble Chief Minister of doing business with the State Government. Orissa inaugurating the Annual Day celebration Some of maverick Patnaik's utterances and of Balaswar Press Club on 7.2.2005. Shri Surjya actions during his second Chief Ministership Narayan Patro, Minister, Energy, Tourism, were also typical of him. Sometimes he is Information Technology is also present.

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Biju and the Media

Guru Kalyan Mohapatra

The Indian press has a long history of more When I entered into journalism in that than two hundred years. Look at the history : critical phase, the Congress was ruling both at an Anglo Indian James Augustus Hicky brought the centre and the state. I vividly marked during out the first newspaper in India in 1780, known the Congress regime that slanderous stories, as 'Bengal Gazette', also known as 'Hicky's suspecting Biju Patnaik's loyalty to Orissa Gazette'. The history of journalism in Orissa were sent to the press. He seemed never puzzled at it. In 1980, I joined the 'Eastern has also got a glorious and meaningful past. Times', an English Weekly at the behest of The Christian missionaries have been bragging Bhartruhari Mahatab and Dr. Harekrushna as they launched the first Oriya 'Gyanaruna' in Mahatab. No doubt, I was a student leader, 1849. In the year 1837, the missionaries known for my writings during those days. established the 'Mission Press' (first printing Dr. Mahatab's literary personality and Biju press) in Balasore and Cuttack. Really, Babu's invincible spirit inspired me to choose Reverend Laccy brought out this first magazine the profession, inevitably the source of my 'Gyanaruna' for propagating Christian ideas, bread and butter now. but this could not survive long. Again Laccy In an article Dr. Mahatab once wrote : brought out another Oriya magazine 'Prabodh "I mention all these factors which are Chandrika' in 1856. Of course, the Oriya overlooked when comparison is made between stalwarts like Biswanath Kar (the editor of Orissa and other states on an all-India level 'Utkal Dipika'), Nilamani Bidyaratna (the not only with regard to the profession of editor of 'Sambalpur Hetaisaani'), Brajabandhu journalism, but to other professions as well. Mishra, Damodar Mishra Padyalankar took the The scope of journalism as a profession is reins and played the meaningful role in limited in Orissa. Even then news papers have nourishing and nurturing the press during its to be run as they are now a part of the life of infancy. Raja Sudhala Deb and Krishna the society. All the limitations of the economic and social conditions have to be overcome. In Chandra Gajapati also proved to be zealous fact, they are being overcome by those who patrons during that period. After enjoying a are on the field. But it is gradually becoming halcyon period since independence, journalism difficult to overcome the difficulties created in Orissa had to pass through a critical juncture by political considerations of the ruling in the eighties in the last century. authorities."

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The aforesaid statement of Dr.Mahatab premature end, in spite of the fact that it was in enthused me. I was equally curious to see popular demand. Many eminent persons of the through the slanderous stories against Biju. state insisted upon him not to discontinue the Dr. Mahatab's words and Biju's enigmatic and newspaper, but he never listened to them and adventurous spirit influenced me a lot and I stood firm in his own decision. jumped at the offer from 'Eastern Times'. I I take this opportunity to corroborate came to the limelight when one of my some interesting facts that I have heard from investigative news stories appeared in the my uncle Nityananda Mohapatra. In 1961 Biju 'Eastern Times'. This front-page story : "Untold headed the state of Orissa as the Chief Minister story of Indira Gram, Is Prime Minister Taking and at that time, he had some misgivings against for a Ride ?" attracted everyone's attention. Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister and she the then newspapers. It was because he had was coming to Orissa to inaugurate the Indira the feeling that some newspapers of the state Gram near Ollatpur in Cuttack district. were misusing their power and freedom. Thus, J.B. Patnaik was then the Chief Minister who the 'Press Bill' (1962) was tabled in the was looking after the Prime Minister's Legislative Assembly. Nityananda Mohapatra programme in Orissa. The Chief Minister (an independent member of Orissa Legislative seemed flummoxed in my story, but, on the Assembly, then and a minister, later) objected contrary, as heard from others, Biju Patnaik to the Bill with the argument that the Bill once spoke highly of my attempt. made an Act would be misused and it would also snatch away the freedom of the press. The By and by I came in contact with Biju Bill was, of course, passed smoothly because Babu, who was a towering personality in of the majority game on the floors of the opposition in the State. I observed him Assembly. But one thing to be noted is that Biju thoroughly from close quarters. His style of had duly honoured the opinion of the functioning was intriguing : he would ask you opposition and he had never applied such an the news first, if the news annoys him he would act against anybody; no news paper had been rebuke you. I was well aware of his approach penalised so far on the basis of such an act. and, therefore, never took his spankings This is, perhaps, Biju's philosophy of life. He seriously. Those were rather blessings in my had stood non-commital; accolades and long way to journalism. slanders could not affect his long innings in My close observation of Biju Babu puts public life. He was a man of action-a 'Karma me in a fix, whether he was a friend or a foe to Yogi'. In his obsession for a clean, responsive the press. We all know that he had established polity tuned towards rapid development, he had one Oriya news paper called 'Kalinga'. Rebel given many remarks, unpalatable and also, at poet late Manmohan Mishra was its first editor times, funny. The press was always after him, and the writer late Surendra Mohanty was his but he was not. It has been observed for long successor. Surendra Mohanty admitted time and that the leaders across the world have remained again (I have heard him speaking many a time) very cautious, measured and, at times, tight- that Biju had never interfered in editorial lipped in their interaction with the press. On freedom. However, he was reluctant to the contrary, Biju had always been his natural patronise the said newspaper, which met a self all through his public life, spanning almost

97 Orissa Review # February-March - 2005 six decades. When the newspapers had come Anyone, who has an opportunity to view the forward to write about him or about his style programme, must be forced to enjoy the of functioning, he had shown no inclination to programme vicariously. go through and record his reaction. To sum up, In fine, Biju's relationship with the press he was never publicity-conscious. is typical, which owes our interest. It is to be In our quantum jump from print media to analysed with care. Biju has remained the electronic media, there had been a sea- enigmatic, and so is his relationship with change in our modes and manners. But Biju others, especially with the media. has remained undeterred - as if the earlier conviction predominated in his psyche. I vividly recollect a TV programme that came my way a few years back. Biju was found narrating his life-story to a group of young school-going Gurukalyan Mohapatra, a veteran columnist and former kids. In the said programme he was found to Chief Editor of Utkal Prasanga presently lives at be very humorous, vivacious and lively. D-10/5, Unit-8, Bhubaneswar.

Shri Naveen Patnaik, Hon'ble Chief Minister of Orissa interacting with Women Self Helf Group at Tambakhuri, Balaswar on 6.2.2005.

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Biju with his father Biju with wife Gyan

Biju's cycle expedition to Peshwar

Young Biju as a cricketeer

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BIJU SHARING MOMENTS WITH PANDIT NEHRU

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Biju, administered the Oath of Office as Chief Minister by H.E. the Governor of Orissa, Dr. A.N. Khosla in 1961.

Biju with Shri Morarji Desai, the former Prime Minister of India

Biju with Mm. Indira Gandhi, the former Prime Minister of India

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H.E. the Governor of Orissa Biju with film star Shri Satrughan Sinha Dr. Jagnyadutt Sharma administering Oath of Office to Biju as Chief Minister of Orissa in 1990

Biju with Shri V.P. Singh, the former Prime Minister of India

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Biju sharing a happy moment with Biju going to the State Secretariat wife Mrs.Gyan Patnaik riding a bicycle

Biju with former Vice-President of Biju in Indonesia India Late Dr. Shanker Dayal Sharma, releasing the Orissa Day, 1992 issue of Orissa Review at Bhubaneswar

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STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP AND OTHER PARTICULARS ABOUT ORISSA REVIEW FORM-IV (See Rule -8 )

1. Place of publication : Bhubaneswar 2. Periodicity of its publication : Monthly 3. Printer’s Name : Shri K.C. Mohanty for and on behalf of Government of Orissa. Nationality : Indian Address : Director, Printing, Stationery and Publication, Orissa, Madhupatana, Cuttack -753010. 4. Publisher’s Name : Shri B.P. Mohanty Director lnformation and Public Relations Department, Bhubaneswar-1. 5. Editor’s Name : Shri Sasanka Sekhar Panda Nationality : Indian Address : Editor, Orissa Review Information and Public Relations Department, Government of Orissa, Bhubaneswar. Name & Address of Individuals who own newspaper and partners or, shareholders holding more than one percent of the total capital. : Government of Orissa, Bhubaneswar

I, Shri B.P. Mohanty, Director, Information & Public Relations Department, Bhubaneswar, do hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Sd/- B.P. Mohanty Signature of Publisher

104 ORISSA REVIEW

VOL. LXI NO.7 & 8 FEBRUARY-MARCH 2005

DIGAMBAR MOHANTY, I.A.S. Commissioner-cum-Secretary

BAISHNAB PRASAD MOHANTY Director-cum-Joint Secretary

SASANKA SEKHAR PANDA Joint Director-cum-Deputy Secretary Editor

BIBEKANANDA BISWAL Associate Editor

Debasis Pattnaik Sadhana Mishra Editorial Assistance

Manas R. Nayak Cover Design & Illustration

Hemanta Kumar Sahoo Manoj Kumar Patro D.T.P. & Design

The Orissa Review aims at disseminating knowledge and information concerning Orissa’s socio-economic development, art and culture. Views, records, statistics and information published in the Orissa Review are not necessarily those of the Government of Orissa. Published by Information & Public Relations Department, Government of Orissa, Bhubaneswar - 751001 and Printed at Orissa Government Press, Cuttack - 753010. For subscription and trade inquiry, please contact : Manager, Publications, Information & Public Relations Department, Loksampark Bhawan, Bhubaneswar - 751001.

Five Rupees / Copy Fifty Rupees / Yearly CONTENTS

Editorial

Biju Patnaik : A Tribute B.C. Rout ... 1

Sarasvati : The Goddess of Learning Pradeep Kumar Gan Dr. Sanjeeb Kumar Mohanty... 4

Light a Lamp and Remove the Darkness Biju Patnaik ... 7

Lokanath Temple at Puri Ratnakar Mohapatra ... 10

Panchayati Raj : People's Parallel Executive Apparatus ... 18

Myth, Reality and Social Formation Dr. Chitrasen Pasayat ... 20

Brain Storming Deliberations of Biju Patnaik ... 26

History of Press in Orissa R.P. Shastry ... 43

A Divine Mission Achieved Biju Patnaik ... 50

AIDS : The Most Dreadful Disease Rabindra Kumar Behuria ... 51

Biju Patnaik : The Vision of a Patriot D.C. Das ... 54

Place of Fowl in Kui Culture Anuja Mohan Pradhan ... 59

Biju Patnaik - "Builder of Modern Orissa" Dr. L. Mishra ... 62

Birupakshya Kar : Life and Works Dr. R.C. Misro ... 64

Biju Baboo : The Pride of Modern Orissa Dr. C.B. Patel ... 68

Tribal Development in India - A Study in Human Development Kulamani Padhi ... 71

The Portrait of a Symbol Called Biju Pattanaik Sidhartha Dash ... 79

Worship of Sivalinga Sasanka Sekhar Panda ... 82

Biju Patnaik : A Profile Dr. Pabak Kanungo ... 86

Biju and the Media Guru Kalyana Mohapatra ... 96 EDITORIAL Orissa Review

The concept of modern Orissa is completely inconceivable barring the undaunted spirit of a true Oriya who emerged as a fearless fighter amidst adversaries of unprecedented order. Applying technology for development and putting man at the centre he had always achieved success in term of sustainable progress. He is no other than Biju Patnaik, an able ambassador of Kalingan glory and heritage. An astounding statesman and a popular leader Biju Babu had a vision to transform the condition of common man into a prospering state of joy and happiness. He left no attempt unturned to empower the common people. Empowerment of women of course, was an area which received utmost priority coupled with the decentralisation of power. Rural Orissa was always within his mind and all his missions were directed for all round development of the people living in the remotest corner of the state. His spirit of adventure termed him as an entirely different vista of legendary lore. His pragmatic vision was always backed by thorough planning and the shortest route to achieve the goal. The first part of 21st century is presently witnessing the reflection of that great personality with the honest attempt made to boost the state's economy. Exploiting mineral resources and forging ahead with Information Technology the people of the State have aptly preferred a system that hinges on improving service delivery mechanism leading to speedy progress and prosperity. Orissa Review has tried to capture some of these indelible imprints which we hope will have an appeal for the readers.