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Invasive Plant Management Research & Outreach Newsletter Invasive Plant Management Research & Outreach Newsletter Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) Division of Habitat and Species Conservation Invasive Plant Management Section September 2011 Volume 3, Number 1 New this year – Because of restricted travel budgets to scientific Newsletter Index conferences due to the bad economy, this newsletter has been Aquatic Plants expanded and now includes summaries of non-FWC funded invasive Hydrilla 1 plant management research in Florida to help keep you apprised of Waterhyacinth 5 the latest findings. In addition, because there is no current venue, or Waterlettuce 5 portal, for invasive animal management research in Florida, the latest Eurasian watermilfoil 5 research for this topic is now included in the newsletter and located West Indian marsh grass 6 on page 16. We hope to have additional summaries of invasive Wetland nightshade 6 animal research in next year’s newsletter. Crested floating heart 7 Phragmites 7 The following information summarizes year end reports for invasive plant management research and outreach projects and studies during Upland Plants the state fiscal year 2010-11 (July through June). All FWC funded Brazilian pepper 7 research and outreach projects are designated as (FWC-Funded). Chinese tallow 9 Air potato 9 Some of these studies are completed and others are multi-year in Downy Rose Myrtle 10 nature and are continuing. Because these studies have not gone Old World climbing fern 10 through the scientific peer-review process, and many are not Japanese climbing fern 13 complete, please consider this information to be preliminary. The Para grass 13 researcher’s name, affiliation(s), and location are located at the end of each research summary. Outreach Projects 14 Please forward this newsletter to ensure a wide distribution of this Invasive Animal information. Questions? Please contact Don C. Schmitz, Editor (see Species Research 16 page 16 for contact information). available for use in aquatics, ranging from shorter Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) half-life contact herbicides, such as endothall, to the Herbicide Release and Plant Uptake Dynamics of longer half-life systemic herbicides like fluridone. Selected Granular Aquatic Herbicides - Granular Many studies have been performed on herbicide formulations of herbicides have been utilized in dissipation, from granular and liquid formulations aquatics for many years and have been an essential alike, but little work has been done to determine the part of many management strategies. There are factors that affect the release of the herbicide from approximately ten different granular formulations the granule. Factors such as temperature, sediment 1 FWC Invasive Plant Management Research Newsletter Volume 3 (1) September 2011 type, and water movement potentially influence the native plant biomass, changing water conditions and release of herbicide from a granule. levels, low stocking rates of grass carp, and different Under static conditions, in the laboratory, the expectations from managers all work to confound amount of time required for 50% of the herbicide to the ability to provide a standard assessment of release from the granule (ET50) ranged from rapid, efficacy and selectivity. Moreover, the herbicides 12 h for Renovate OTF, to slow, 72 d for Sonar SRP. have very different activity and use patterns with The four fluridone formulations tested varied some working very quickly and others acting quite significantly from each other requiring from 27 d to slow and taking several months to provide results. 72 d to release 50% of the herbicide, for Sonar Q and As of 2007, there have been four new products SRP respectively. Preliminary studies were registered for hydrilla control in Florida, and several conducted similar to the static studies, but with the recent strategies involve combining different addition of gentle aeration to mix the water, yielded products. This project is focused on large-scale much different results. The addition of aeration management efforts as well as small treatments that (slight water movement) increased the ET50 of both employ novel control strategies. Monitoring efforts Renovate OTF and Sonar SRP by >10x, and the other have been conducted in the following areas: 1) formulations to a lesser but still significant degree. collection of water samples to link hydrilla control Quantification of this water movement was achieved and selectivity to herbicide residuals; 2) collection of by exposing granules to flow rates of 0.00001 MPH water quality data in conjunction with certain and 0.001 MPH and comparing the release to static treatments and sampling events 3) collection of experiments. Triclopyr had increased release at hydrilla and native plant biomass data over time to 0.001 MPH requiring 3 h for 50% release, compared assess changes following operational and evaluation to 12 h under static conditions. The slowest flow treatments; 4) development and use of Lowrance was similar to static conditions, therefore greater fathometers to record short and long-term response than 0.00001 MPH is required to alter release from of hydrilla to large-scale management efforts; 5) static conditions. temporal sampling of hydrilla from the Kissimmee Sediment interaction was also evaluated by Chain of Lakes to determine response to fluridone, repeating the procedures of the static experiments, penoxsulam, and endothall using newly developed but with the addition of a sediment layer. Although laboratory assays 6) sampling of sediment no binding to the sediment was identified, the porewater in the Kissimmee Chain of Lakes following addition of soil slowed the release of triclopyr from heavy endothall use over the past several seasons; granules to 60 h for 50% release compared to 12 h and 7) direct interaction with FWC Regional under static conditions. Fluridone release on non- Biologists to discuss treatment strategies and sterilized sediments was very minimal, with only 24% strengths and weaknesses of different management and 7% of the applied concentration, Sonar Q and approaches and participation in numerous public SRP respectively, ever detected in the water column. and professional meetings to discuss results of our Experiments with sterilized soil will be required to ongoing research efforts. Research and rule out degradation. Herbicide, granule type, water demonstration efforts for the past fiscal year have movement, and sediment all affected the release of focused on Osceola County (Lakes Tohopekaliga, herbicide from aquatic granules, and at the very Cypress, Hatchineha, and Kissimmee), Orange least these results demonstrate a few of the factors County (Butler, Blanche, Chase, Down, Louise, that could impact herbicide availability for Isleworth, Pocket, Sheen, and Tibet), Lake County management purposes under field conditions. (FWC (Harris, Johns ), Highlands County (Istokpoga), and Funded) Bultemeier, B.W. Center for Aquatic and Alachua County (Orange Lake). (FWC Funded) Invasive Plants, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Netherland, M. US Army ERDC, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Technical Support for Evaluating Large-scale and Experimental Hydrilla Management Projects - Cricotopus lebetis (Diptera: Chironomini), a Evaluating large-scale operational herbicide fortuitous biological control agent of Hydrilla applications for selective control of hydrilla is a verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae) - A chironomid multifaceted challenge, as new products, new use midge, Cricotopus lebetis Sublette (Diptera: patterns, different timing and levels of hydrilla and Chironomidae), was discovered attacking hydrilla in Crystal River, Citrus Co., Florida in the 1990s and 2 FWC Invasive Plant Management Research Newsletter Volume 3 (1) September 2011 may be a recent introduction into Florida. Larvae of widely disparate histories of supporting dense the midge mine in the apical meristems of hydrilla hydrilla growth. Sediment sampling from littoral and causing basal branching and stunting of the plant. open water sites was initiated in March 2011 and The midge has been found in other Florida water these growth trials are currently ongoing. bodies, but is not often abundant. We are particularly interested in the contrast Water temperature and quality are important between East Lake Tohopekaliga that currently environmental indicators and may influence the supports large stands of Illinois pondweed and distribution and density of this midge. Survey work vallisneria, and the Goblit’s Cove area of West Lake has been conducted around the state to correlate Tohopekaliga where dense hydrilla growth has been water quality, including temperature, to the sustained for several years. The close proximity, presence or absence of C. lebetis. The upper and direct hydraulic connection between E. Lake and lower temperature thresholds for development of C. Goblit’s, and the historical differences in the ability lebetis were determined by exposing neonate larvae to support prolific hydrilla growth suggest this may to hydrilla tips in growth chambers. Results indicate be a good model system for evaluating factors that that larval development was highest at temper- limit hydrilla growth (East Lake Toho) and factors atures between 20 and 30°C. In addition, the host that support dense growth (West Lake Toho). range of C. lebetis is being evaluated as this Lastly, we completed a research paper that information will be crucial in determining whether C. describes rates of hydrilla
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