Diets of North American Falconiformes*

Home , Bird of prey, Bronzed cowbird, Caracara (genus), Cathartes, Cyrtonyx, Falconiformes

DIETS OF NORTH AMERICAN FALCONIFORMES*

Steve K. Sherrod Laboratoryof Ornithology CornellUniversity Ithaca, New York 14850

Introduction Most birds are predatorysometime during their lives whether we considera hum- mingbirdsuch as the Purple-MountainGem (Lamporniscalolaema) hawking insects in the forestsof CostaRica (Snow1977) or the giant Monkey-eatingEagle (Pithecophaga iefferyi)killing a primatein the Philippinejungles (Kennedy 1977). Generally, however, one thinksof membersof the ordersFalconiformes and Strigiformesas birds of prey, and occasionally,certain other species,such as membersof the Corvidae,are included within this classification in the functional sense. For the purposeof this discussion,only the Falconiformes,or the vultures,kites, hawks,eagles, and falcons of NorthAmerica, are considered.Evidence presented by Sib- ley and Ahlquist(1972) indicatesthat this order is polyphyleticin origin,and its mem- bers may representanalogous solutions by severalgroups to fill certain similar voids within the myriadof ecologicalniches. Nevertheless, the physicalcharacteristics com- monto thesebirds usually include a sharphooked beak for tearingflesh, strong grasping feet with largesharp talons for holdingor killing prey (vulturesexcluded), and particu- larly keen eyesight.Other adaptationsvary widely and may directly influencethe diet of a raptorby facilitatingthe captureof prey,or moreindirectly, may assista particular predatorybird in penetratingan environmentless crowded with competitors. Someraptors, such as the EvergladeKite (Rostrhamussociabilis) with its long and pointed,hooked beak adaptedfor manipulatingand removingthe soft bodiesof the Apple Snail (Pomacea)from its shell (Snyderand Snyder1969), are highly specialized for predationupon a singleanimal. Consequently the rangeof the predatoris limitedby the rangeof the prey, and any declinein the prey populationinfluences that of the predator.Other raptorssuch as the BaldEagle (Haliaeetusleucocephalus) are more ver- satileand feed on a wide varietyof prey,often utilizing for the mostpart differentclass- esof foodsin differentparts of their range(Herrick 1924;Sherrod, White, and William- son1977). Changes in diet accordingto the seasonand the availabilityof certainprey species,as duringmigration, are alsocommon, exemplified by the switchfrom verte-' brate to invertebrateprey in the springby AmericanKestrels (Falco sparverius) in certain localities(Breckenridge and Errington1938). Both of the last two mentionedrap- torsare examplesof generalists.As a rule they are muchmore widely distributedthan specialists,and, althoughdeclines in one prey speciesmay affect the predatorpopu- lations,these raptors can rely more heavily on other prey speciesduring periodsof

*Ed. Note:This paper was adapted from Rechcigl,M., CRC Handbookin Nutritionand Food,in press.Many membersof RRF may be unawareof CRC series,and thus it is reproducedhere for yourbenefit and by permissionof the publisher.

49 Raptor Research12(3/4):49 50 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4 hardship.Most birds of prey are closerto beinggeneralists but canbe classifiedas inter- mediatebetween these two extremes.Overall, raptors are opportunistsand givencer- tain circumstances(prey abundance, vulnerability of prey,hunger of hawk)will attacka widevariety of preywithin their general capabilities.

The Diet of Raptorsin the Wild There are roughlyfive methodsof determiningthe diet of wild raptors.Each method seemsto have advantagesand disadvantagesas discussed,in part, in the literature(Err- ington1930, 1932; Bond 1936; Hartley 1948). The first is simplyto collectthe raptorand examinethe contentsof its cropand stom- ach. This methodyields a higherpercentage of smalleror invertebrateitems in raptor dietsthan othermethods, but someprey in the stomachwill be unidentifiable.In addi- tion to the fact that somestomachs will be empty, this techniqueyields a minimum amountof dataper bird whencompared with mostof the otherprocedures used. More importantly,since the existenceof a numberof raptorsis threatened,this procedureis rarely acceptabletoday. It wasprincipally used by early governmentbiologists (Fisher 1893,McAtee 1935)to determinewhich species of raptorswere "good"and which were "harmful."If stomachcontents are deemedessential, emetic techniquds such as those discussedby Tomback(1975) might be adaptedto raptorswithout sacrificing the bird. A secondmethod is to examinenests or pluckingperches near the nestfor remainsof prey animalswhich adults have been eating or feedingto the young.This technique may favor largerprey speciessince smaller specimens may be swallowedwhole or in a few biteswith little plucking,while feathers,fur, and bonesare nearlyalways left from larger items. Examinationof regurgitatedpellets comprises a third methodof prey identification. The pelletscan be pickedup regularlyunder roosts or nestsand analyzedfor content. The valueof pellet examinationvaries, and sincebones can be digestedto differentde- greesand fur or featherslikewise destroyed, these castings can sometimesreveal qual- itativelybut not quantitativelythe specieseaten. Certain foods, such as fish or insects, may leavelittle castingmaterial that canlater be foundwhen regurgitated since a pellet formedof scalesor exoskeletonsquickly flakes apart and is lost. A fourth techniqueis to squeezethe food in the nestlings'crops out throughthe mouthand examinethe contents.As the fledglingsgrow older,they are tetheredat the baseof the nest tree to facilitate their examination.This givesan accurateaccount of the itemswhich the adultsare catchingduring the breedingseason, and hasbeen used successfullyby someexperienced raptor biologists. However, there are fourreasons why inexperiencedworkers should avoid this technique.Firstly, nestlingsare fed certain amountsof roughage,including bones, and to force this massback up the throatmay tear esophagealtissue. Secondly, it subjectsthe youngto an obviousdecrease in nutri- tion, unlessthe sampleis replacedor substitutedwith otherfood. Thirdly, young raptors in nestsare frequentlydepredated by mammalsfollowing human scent up the trees,and to placethese birds on the groundincreases depredation. Peterson and Keir (1976)pre- sentsuggestions for constructingplatforms which should reduce such losses. Lastly,to holdfledglings in thismanner "far pastthe time that the youngwould have left their nests,until the adultsno longerbrought food" as suggestedby Erringtonand Breckenridge(1936) prescribes an uncertainfuture for theseoffspring. Most raptorsun- dergo an extensivepost-nest departure dependency period during which the family Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Diets of Falconiformes 51 grouptravels and may even hunt together as do the PeregrineFalcon (Falco peregrinus; Sherrod,in prep.).Preventing this family groupassociation up to the time when the adultdeserts the tetheredyoung may delaythe developmentof normalhunting behavior until after offspringcan no longerreceive additional food from the parents,thus in- creasingthe chanceof mortalityfor suchindividuals. The lastmethod is by observationof raptorswith prey.This may be accomplishedby constructinga blind near the nestand observingthe prey that the adultsbring in. In somecases, birds may be observedhunting in the field or frightenedoff kills. Prey broughtto the nestis often pluckedthoroughly and may be difficult to identify. This methodalso employs a considerableamount of time.To witnessa raptorkill in the field is rare for the proportionof time spent,and giveslittle quantitativelyconcerning overall diet. Whatever the methodused, data collectedfrom only one bird or one nest can be highlymisleading as to diet of the speciessince certain individuals may tend to prey on a particularanimal which is plentifulin their huntingarea or which they havebecome very adeptat catching.The materialavailable for analysisof the diet of wild Falconi- formeshas been collected by all of the techniquesdiscussed above and is explainedfor eachaccount under "Methods Information" in the tables.It is presentedin the literature in a numberof differentmanners. For somespecies the materialis voluminous,and for otherslittle data exists.In the latter case,I have askedbiologists who are workingwith the speciesfor unpublisheddata which they havecollected. This collectionof diet data is presentedmerely as being representative, but by no meansis it inclusiveof all infor- mationavailable in the literature.! have generallyused the followingformat in treat- ment of eachspecies, but have foundit necessaryto divergein certaincases. To give someidea of the overall diet, ! have consultedcollective references (Bent 1937, Brown and Amadon1968). Accountsrelated by Bent (1937) are referencedas Bent (1937 or 1938)only. This and other collective references allow the possibilityof someduplication of materials.I havethen included the percentagesof broadclasses presented by Snyder andWiley (1976). Next I have taken the extensivestomach content records collected throughout the UnitedStates and published by Fisher(1893), and recalculated them as percentage diets by numbers.This accountis oftenvague and in somecases expressed in plurals(e.g., insects).In sucha caseI have calculatedthese entries to mean two specimensof the speciesin question.This liberty undoubtedlywill resultin error sincethere may have beentwenty insects instead of two. However,these samples are usuallytaken throughout the year and throughoutthe range of the bird in North America and, I feel, are extremelyvaluable even with errorsincluded. Considering the opportunisticnature of birdsof prey discussedearlier, we may assume,if an item occursmore oftenthan "ex- tremelyrarely" in a givensample, that a raptorwill feedon it if it is available.In other words,the exactpercentages of certainprey speciesin the diet are withoutdoubt not of an absolutenature. ! haveclassified each item of Fisher'sas closely as possible from the materialgiven in hisaccounts. Other comprehensiveaccounts of raptorstomach analyses may be lessdetailed, cover a lessergeographic range and therefore fewer species, or may presentformats which are difficultto integratewith the materialpresented in thissummary. Therefore, the reader is advisedto examinethe following:Warren 1890, especiallyBailey 1918, Hausman 1928,Snyder 1932, May 1935,and McAtee 1935. 52 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

Lastly,several specific studies on the bird concerned,preferably from differentparts of the range,are given.These are the only accounts,in additionto Fisher(1893) and a few other exceptions,to includethe scientificnames of prey species.All presentations are made on the basis of numbers and not biomass. Should the reader desire information of the latter nature,he needsimply acquire sample weights from museumspecimens andmake the appropriatecalculations. A percentagein parenthesesincluded in the ta- blesgives the proportionwhich that generalclass (mammal, bird, reptile and amphibi- an, fish,invertebrate, other) comprises. The scientificnames of the speciesare givenal- phabeticallyby commonname in AppendixI. The nomenclatureused in thesetables is from the followingsources: Mammals-Jones,Carter, and Genoways1975 Birds--Monrony,Bock, and Farrand 1975; Robbins, Bruun, Zim, and Singer1966 Reptilesand Amphibians--Conant 1975; Stebbins 1966 Fishes-Bailey,Fitch, Herald, Lachner,Lindsey, Robins, and Scott1970 Invertebrates-Borror and White 1970 and other various sources In some caseswhere the old nomenclature is unclear, it has been retained.

Bird of PreyDiet Tables

KEY TO METHODS INFORMATION ABBREVIATIONS

C-Account from pelletor castingexamination D--Observationsmade throughout area of distribution F--Fall G-General reference I--Account from individual bird or individual nest O--Accountfrom observationof adultsbringing in foodto youngor observationsof predation in field M--Miscellaneous P--Accountfrom at leasttwo birdsor nests(group or population) R--Accountfrom examinationof prey remainsat nest,in crop of young,or at plucking perches S--Accountfrom stomachanalysis Sp--Spring Su--Summer ui-Unidentified W-Winter Y-Year round

North AmericanVultures (Cathartidae) Observationof vulturesfeeding on carrion rarely seemsto be worthy of note since this is their presumedfood. As a resultof this fact and the difficulty of identification, little is publishedon thistype of foodsource. The Cathartidsdo take somelive prey as severalof the followingobservations suggest, but to what extentis not known.It is these presumableexceptions to the diet that are currentlymost frequently published. Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod-Diets of Falconiformes 53

Table 1. TurkeyVulture (Cathartesaura) Diet.

Reference / Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Garbage, offal, dead animals including domestic G stock,small mammals, skunks, birds, alligators, snakes, turtles,tadpoles. Newly born pigs,nestling herons and ibises,young and weakly chickens,fish, grasshoppers, rottingpumpkins. Brown and Amadon 1968 Carrion and offal of all sorts, road kills, remains G around mammal dens,sea lion dung, exceptionally rotting fruit and vegetablesincluding pumpkins and oil palm nuts.Young live animalsincluding nestling ibises,herons, and eggs. Muellerand Berger1967 Live, tetheredhouse sparrow O,I,F Wisconsin Temple 1969 Fishregurgitated by piratedheron, and carrion. O, I, Su Ohio Rea 1973 Mammalsto include4 or moreyoung White-throated S, C, P, Sp, Su Woodrats,2 ui rodents(Rodentia), sheep remains, 2 ui Arizona, New Mexico mammals.Birds to includeI mourningdove, I imma- ture bank swallow,and 1 ui bird (Aves). 2 ui snakes(Serpentes). 3 massesputrid flesh. (Sampletoo smallfor percentages.)

Table 2. BlackVulture (Coragypsatratus) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Chiefly carrionfrom dumpheaps, sewers, and butch- G er shops;dead domesticanimals; animal excrement. Youngpigs, lambs, kids, eyes of newborncalves or la- boringcattle. Domesticchicks, and heronand cormo- rant nestlings. Brown and Amadon 1968 Garbage,offal, carrion,excrement, carcasses of dead G animals.Skunks. Live helplessanimals such as new- born pigletsand calves,birds to includeherons and youngseabirds, baby seaturtles and turtle eggs.Pun- gent vegetablematter suchas avocadosand oil palm fruit. 54 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

Steirly 1966 Newborndomestic pigs O, P, Sp Virginia Stewart 1974 Animalintestine or placenta O, I, Sp Virginia

Table3. CaliforniaCondor (Gymnogyps californianus) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Dead animals such as deer, bear, and salmon. G Brown and Amadon 1968 Entirely carrion-chiefly of large mammals,small G mammals where large numbers have been killed. Dead domestic animals to include cattle, calves, sheep,horses, and deer.Ground squirrels. Koford 1953 Prehistorically,animals trapped in tar pits and large G,O carnivorekills. Dead whaleson coasts,bison (Bison), dwarf elk, and pronghorns. Carcassesof domesticstock and poisonedground squirrels(Spermophilus), and trappedcarnivores (Car- nivora).

Kites(Accipitridae)

Table 4. White-tailed Kite (Elanus leucurus)Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Many smallmammals to includeshrews, ground squir- G rels,pocket gophers, field mice, and wood rats.Few larger mammals and small birds. Lizards, small snakes,and insectsto includecrickets, grasshoppers, and beetles. Brown and Amadon 1968 Chiefly mice (Microtusspp., Mus spp.) and other G smallmammals and insects.Occasionally small birds, lizards,and amphibians. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(100%). G,M Bond, 1940 Mammals(100%) to include26 Californiavoles. C, I, Su California Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Diets of Falconiformes 55

Hawbecker 1942 Mammals (100%) to include 2 ui harvest mice C, P, Sp-Su (Reithrodontomyssp.) and 95 ui voles(Microtus sp.). California Dixon, Dixon, and Dixon Mammalsto includei ui shrew(Sorex sp.), i ui goph- 1957 er (Thomomyssp.), 13 westernharvest mice, i deer C, P, Y, Sp mouse,i ui small mouse(Rodentia), i ui woodrat California (Neotoma),134 Californiavoles, and 48 housemice. (Total mammals99%.) Birdsto include2 ui small specimens(Aves). (Total birds 1%.) Stendelland Myers 1973 Mammalsto include ui pocket gophers(Thomomys C, P, Su sp., 6.3%),California pocket mice (.7%),ui kangaroo California rat (Dipodomyssp., 1.3%),western harvest mice (5%), and Californiavole (85.3%). Birds(Aves). (Total birds.3%.) Insects(Insecta). (Total invertebrates1%.)

Table 5. MississippiKite (Ictinia misisippiensis)Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Mice, youngrabbits, lizards, small snakes, toads, frogs, G and insectsto include dragonflies,locusts, cicadas, grasshoppers,crickets, katydids, and large beetles. Brown and Amadon 1968 Bats,possibly swallows, lizards, frogs, fish. G Flyinginsects including dragonflies. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(0), birds (0), vertebrates(.2%), lower verte- G,M brates(.2%), invertebrates (99.8%)* *% unclearin originalpublication. Sutton 1939 Fishesto includei ui specimen(Pisces). (Total fishes S, P, Sp-Su .3%.) Oklahoma Almosttotally insectsto include4 ui hymenopterans (Hymenoptera), 10 ui short-horned grasshoppers (Acrididae),5 ui band-wingedgrasshoppers (Oedipo- dinae),3 ui band-wingedgrasshoppers (Hippiscus sp.), 2 ui short-hornedgrasshoppers (Trimerotropis sp.), 128 ui grasshoppers(Melanoplus sp.), 60 camelcrickets, 1 bill bug, 1 plantbug, 1 ui chinchbug (Geocorissp.), 1 ui Coreidae,21 ui leaf-leggedbugs (Leptoglossus sp.), 3 ui Pentatomidae,1 stink bug (Euschistusvatjoia- flus), 9 ui stink bugs (Euschistussp.), 1 stink bug (Chlorochoraligata), 1 stink bug (Periballuslimbo- larius),6 ui stinkbugs (Nezara sp.), 4 ui tiger beetles (Cincindelasp.), 6 ui groundbeetles (Carabidae), 2 56 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

groundbeetle (Geopoinusincrassatus), 13 ui ground beetles(Selenophorus sp.), 9 ui groundbeetles (Tr/- plectussp.), 2 ui groundbeetles (Harpalus sp.), 1 ui groundbeetle (Amarasp.), 3 ui groundbeetles (Calo- somasp.), 2 groundbeetle (Calosomaobsoletum), 5 ui groundbeetles (Platynus sp.), 2 ui divingbeetles (Dys- ticidac), 1 ui scavengerbeetle (Hister sp.), 1 water scavengerbeetle, 4 ui carrion beetles (Necrophorus sp.), 1 ui rove beetle (Staphylinidae),1 ui scarab beetle(Scarabaeidae), 6 dung beetles, 1 ui tumblebug (Scarabaeinae),3 ui scarabbeetles (Canthon sp.), 1 ui dungbeetle (Coprissp.), 1 ui skin beetle (Dermestes sp.),1 ui May beetle (Phyllophagasp.), 2 ui long-horned beetles (Cerambycidae),1 ui snout beetle (Cur- culionidae),1 ui weevil (Lixussp.), 1 ui lepidopteran (Lepidoptera),2 ui sphinxmoths (Sphingidae), 1 ui fly (Diptera),2 ui robberflies (Asilidae), 3 ui assassinflies (Dasyllussp.), 2 wasps,1 ui ant (Formicidac),1 ui spider wasp(Pompilidae), 1 ui vespidwasp (Vespidae), 1 ui paperwasp (Polistes sp.), 2 ui sphecidwasps (Sphe- cidae),2 solitarywasps, 1 ui solitarywasp (Odynerus sp.), 1 ui bee (Halicitidae),and 2 ui bees (probably Andrena).(Total invertebrates99.7%.) Skinner 1962 Insectsto includeui May beetles(Phyllophaga sp.), O, P, Su Carolinalocusts, ui grasshoppers(Orthoptera), and ui Alabama dragonflies(Odonata). Fitch 1963 Invertebratesto include3 gay-wingedlocust, 2 short- C, P, Su hornedgrasshoppers, 1 bird locust,34 ui short-horned Kansas grasshoppers(Acrididac), 1 long-hornedgrasshopper (Daihiniasp.), 3 ui long-hornedgrasshoppers (Tettigo- niidae), 120 ui orthopterans(Orthoptera), 1 cicada, and 15 ui cicadas(Cicadidae), 39 ui groundbeetles (Carabidae),2 tiger beetles (Cicindelidae),1 water scavengerbeetle (Hydroussp.), 18 ui water scavenger beetles(Hydrophilidae), 3 tumblebugs(Canthon sp.), 1 ui scarabbeetle (Scarabaeidae),1 carrion beetle (Necrophorussp.), 187 ui beetles(Coleoptera), and 3 ui moths(Lepidoptera). (Total insects100%.) Parker 1975 Mammalsto includeat least 9 specimenssuch as ui R, C, P, Su bats (Chiroptera),ui kangaroorat (Dipodomyssp.), Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas deer mouse(Peromyscus sp.), and ui cottontail(Syl- vilagussp.). Birds to total 15 specimensbetween yellow-billed cuckoo, cliff swallow, and ui meadowlark (Sturnella sp.). Reptilesand amphibiansto includeat least59 speci- Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod-Dietsof Falconiformes 57

menssuch as ui box turtle (Terrapenesp.), ui horned lizard (Phrynosomasp.), ui fence lizard (Sceloporous sp.),ui toad and frog (Anura). Invertebratesto includeui crayfish(Crustacea) and ui insects(Insecta). Carrion. Percentagenot applicable. Glinski,unpublished Reptilesto includeui lizards(Cnemidophorus sp.) (To- O, I, Sp-Su tal reptiles1%.) Arizona Amphibiansto includeleopard frogs (Total amphibians 1%.) Insectsto includeui assassinbugs (Reduviid sp.), ui cicada (Tibicensp.), ui Junebeetles (Cotinus sp.), and others.(Total insects87%.) Other nonidentifiableprey (probablymostly insects). (Total other 11%.)

Table 6. Swallow-tailedKite (Elanoidesforficatus) Diet.

Reference / Methods Information Food Bent 1937 An occasionalmouse or bird. Mainly smallreptiles to G include lizards and snakes,amphibians to include frogs and tree toads, and insectsto include dragonflies,grasshoppers, locusts, cicadas, crickets, bee- ties, waspsand bees, and their larva, and cotton- worms. Brown and Amadon 1968 Bird nestlingsand eggs,small lizards and snakes,pos- G sibly small minnows.Generally insectsto include waspgrubs and possibly honeycomb. SnyderandWiley 1976 Mammals (.2%), birds (4.6%), vertebrates(35.5%), G, M lower vertebrates(30.7%), invertebrates (64.5%). Sutton 1955 Mammalsto includei ui specimen(Mammalia). (To- O, I, Sp-Su tal mammals2.1%.) Florida Birds to include 5 ui nestlings(Aves). (Total birds 10.6%.) Smallreptiles to include19 ui lizards(Anolis sp.) and amphibiansto include14 ui frogs(Anura). (Total reptilesand amphibians 70.2%.) Invertebratesto include 5 ui insects(Inseeta). (Total invertebrates10.6%.) Other to include3 ui items.(Total other 6.4%.) Snyder1974 Birdsto include 17 nestlings(Aves) including i red- O, P, Sp-Su belliedwoodpecker. (Total birds 13.2%.) Florida Reptilesto include38 ui lizards(Anolis sp.) and i ui 58 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

snake(Serpentes) and amphibiansto include58 frogs. (Total reptilesand amphibians 75.2%.) Invertebratesto include6 insectssuch as 2 dragonflies (Odonata),2 tabanid flies (Tabanidae),and I paper wasp (Polistinae)nest for larvae. (Total invertebrates 4.7%.) Other to include9 ui items.(Total other 7%.)

Table 7. EvergladeKite (Rostrhamussociabilis) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Fisher 1893 Exclusivelyfreshwater univalve mollusks; in Florida G Bent 1937 Exclusivelythe snail(Pomacea) G Brown and Amadon 1968 Entirely freshwatersnails of genusPomacea G Snyderand Wiley 1976 Invertebrates(100%). G,M Murphy 1955 Freshwatersnail (Ampullaria sp.) O,P,W Buenos Aires Sykes1974 Apple snails,ui small mammal (Mammalia), and ui O, I, Sp, W turtle (Testudines)during drought.

Accipiters(Accipitridae)

Table 8. Goshawk(Accipiter gentills) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Mammalsto includesmall rodents such as chipmunks, G squirrelsand lemmings,hares and rabbits.Birds to include ducks such as mallards, black ducks, teals, domestic chickens,ruffed grouse,ptarmigan, wild pigeons,hairy woodpeckers,blue jays, crows, robins, blackbirds, and finches. Brown and Amadon 1968 More mammalsthan most Accipitersto includetree G squirrels,lemmings, and thoseup to the sizeof young hares. Birdsto includenestlings, ducklings, crows, and those up to the sizeof largegrouse. Rarely carrion. Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Dietsof Falconiformes 59

Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(37%), birds (53.8%), vertebrates(90.9%), G,M lowervertebrates (O), invertebrates(9.1%). Fisher, 1893 Mammalsto include i ui weasel(Mustelidae), i gray S, P, late Su, F, W, D squirrel,4 red squirrels,i ui squirrel(Sciuridae), at least 3 ui mice (Rodentia),and 3 ui rabbits (Lepo- ridae).(Total mammals21.3%.) Birds to include3 ruffed grouse,i ui quail (Phasia- nidae),i domesticchicken, 5 ui galliformes,and 1 mourningdove. (Total birds 18%.) Invertebratesto include3 ui centipedes(Chilopoda), 2 ui locusts(Acrididac), 2 ui beetles(Coleoptera), and 30 sphinx moth (Sphingidae)larvae. (Total invertebrates 60.7%.)

Sutton 1927 Mammalsto include i ui chipmunk(Sciuridae), 10 S,P,W easterngray squirrels,5 red squirrels,3 ui voles Pennsylvania (Cricetidae),7 white-lootedmice, and 63 easterncottontails.(Total mammals37.2%.) Birds to include i blue-wingedteal, i ui domestic duck (Anatidae),55 ruffed grouse,15 bobwhite,8' ring-neckedpheasants, 36 domesticchickens, i guinea fowl, 3 rockdoves, 1 hairy woodpecker,2 bluejays, 1 robin,2 housesparrows, i easternmeadowlark, 1 song sparrow,19 ui sparrowlikebirds (Aves). (Total birds 6•.5%.) 2 ui snakes(Serpentes). (Total reptiles .8%.) Carrion to include 1 domesticsheep. (Total carrion .4%.)

Schnell 1958 Mammals to include 1 broad-looted mole, i ui weasel R, C, I, Sp-Su (Mustelidae),3 Belding'sground squirrels, 6 golden- California mantiedground squirrels, 5 ui chipmunks(Eutamias sp.),5 Douglas'squirrels, i snowshoehare, and 5 ui mammals(Total mammals30.7%.) Birdsto include3 mallardducklings, i mountainquail, i rock dove, i Williamsonsapsucker, 22 Steller's jays,27 robins,i Audubon'swarbler, i ui tanager (Emberizidae),1 ui bird.(Total birds 69.3%.) Meng 1959 Mammalsto include 3 easternchipmunks, 4 eastern R, C, P, Sp-Su graysquirrels, 58 red squirrels,and 7 ui cottontails New York, Pennsylvania (Sylvilagussp.). (Total mammals 38.9%.) Birdsto include3 Americankestrels, 5 ruffed grouse, 7 blue jays,83 commoncrows, 15 blackbirds(Eu- phagus,Quiscalus, Agelaius spp.). (Total birds 61.1%.) Grzybowskiand Eaton Mammalsto include 12 easternchipmunks, 5 gray 1976 squirrels,9 red squirrels,i deermouse, i easterncot- 60 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

R, P, Sp-Su tontail,and 2 ui mammals.(Total mammals39%.) New York Birdsto include14 ruffed grouse,3 Americanwood- cock,i commonsnipe, 4 commonflicker, 9 blueiay, 4 commoncrow, 2 robin,2 ui thrushes(Catharus sp.), i starling,i ui warbler (Parulidae),3 easternmeadowlark, i ui blackbird(Icteridae), i scarlettanager, and i ui bird (Totalbirds 61%.) Root and De Simone Mammalsto include i hairy-tailedmole, i ui small 1978 mammal(Insectivora), 22 easternchipmunk, 7 gray R, C, O, P, Sp-Su squirrel,3 red squirreis,3 easterncottontails, and i ui Connecticut specimen(Mammalia). (Total mammals59%.) Birdsto includei woodduck, 4 ruffedgrouse, 2 rock dove,6 mourningdove, 6 blueiay, i commoncrow, 2 gray catbirds,and 4 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds

Reptilesto includei ui snake(Serpentes). (Total reptiles 2%.)

Table9. Cooper'sHawk (Accipiter cooperi) Diet.

Reference / Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Mostlybirds to includeyoung ducks, young domestic G chickens,and rock doves.Rarely minnowsin dessi- catedpools. Brown and Amadon 1968 Mammalsto include chipmunksand red squirrels. G Medium-sizedbirds to includeruffed grouse, flickers, robins,starlings, meadowlarks, and blackbirds. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(22.2%), birds (66.8%), vertebrates (97.9%), G, M lowervertebrates (8.9%), invertebrates (2.1%). Fisher, 1893 Mammalsto include i Californiaground squirrel, 1 S, P, Y, D "RockyMountain Chipmunk" (Sciuridae), 2 ui chipmunks(Sciuridae), i gray squirrel,i red squirrel,4 ui mice (Rodentia),i cottonrat (Sigmodonsp.), and i ui rabbit(Leporidae). (Total mammals12.1%.) Birdsto includei ruffedgrouse, 3 Gambel'squail, 4 ui quail (Phasianidae),21 domesticchickens, 5 rock doves,1 mourningdove, i ui dove(Columbidae), 3 ui flickers(Picidae), 1 ui nuthatch(Sittidae), 1 robin, 1 hermit thrust, 1 ui thrush(Muscicapidae), 3 house sparrows,2 ui meadowlarks(Sturnella sp.), i common grackle,i orange-crownedwarbler, i goldfinch(Car- duelis sp.), 2 ui towhees(Emberizidae), 1 Savannah sparrow,2 iuncos(]unco sp.), 1 tree sparrow,1 field sparrow,7 songsparrows, i snowbunting, 4 ui spar- Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod-Diets of Falconiformes 61

rows (Passeriformes),and 17 ui birds. (Total birds 87.9%.) McDowell 1941 Mammals to include 2 eastern chipmunks,4 gray S,P,Y squirrels,12 red squirrels,8 ui mice (Microtussp. and Massachusetts Peromyscussp.), i Norway rat, 2 ui cottontails(Syl- vilagussp.), and 3 ui specimens(Mammalia). (Total mammals71.4%.) Birdsto include2 ruffed grouse,i bobwhite,4 ring- necked pheasants,2 gray partridge, 11 domestic chickens, 2 rock doves, 44 ui passerines(Passe- riformes),and 14 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds 28.6%.) Fitch, Glading, House Mammalsto includei ui groundsquirrel (Sciuridae), 1946 and 2 ui cottontails(Sylvilagus sp.) (Total mammals O, R, P, Sp-Su 7.3%.) California Birds to include 7 California quail, 2 acorn woodpeckers,1 browntowbee, 1 lark sparrow,1 ui specimen (Aves).(Total birds29.3%.) Reptilesto include2 fencelizards, 19 ui whiptail lizards(Cnemidophorus sp.), 1 ui skink(Seineidac), and 4 ui lizards(Lacertilia). (Total reptiles 63.4%.) Hamerstrom and Mammals to include 1 eastern mole, 2 thirteen-lined Hamerstrom 1951 groundsquirrels, 24 easternchipmunks, 2 gray squir- R, P, Sp-Su rels, i fox squirrel,2 red squirrels,i southernflying Michigan squirrel,4 ui squirrels(Sciuridae), i southernbog lemming, i meadow jumping mouse,i ui mouse(Ro- dentia),2 easterncottontails. (Total mammals15.7%.) Birdsto include4 ruffedgrouse, i bobwhite,12 ring- neckedpheasants, i killdeer, 12 mourningdoves, 3 yellow-billedcuckoos, i screechowl, 15 common flickers,3 hairy woodpeckers,2 downywoodpeckers, i easternkingbird, i bank swallow,i purple martin, 16 blue jays, i tufted titmouse,i white-breastednuthatch, 3 catbirds, 1 brown thrasher, 10 robins, i wood thrush, 5 cedar waxwings,16 starlings,4 yellow- throated vireos,25 housesparrows, 4 easternmeadowlarks, 19 red-winged blackbirds, i common grackle,4 brown-headedcowbirds, 9 Baltimoreori- oles,3 scarlettanagers, 2 cardinals,2 rose-breasted grosbeaks,1 rufous-sidedtowhee, 3 vespersparrows, 1 songsparrow, and 36 ui birds.(Total birds 84.3%.) Meng 1959 Mammalsto include109 easternchipmunks, 4 eastern R, C, P, Sp-Su gray squirrels,and 36 red squirrels.(Total mammals New York 18.2%.) Birds to include4 ring-neckedpheasants, 1 spotted sandpiper, 13 rock doves, 5 mourning doves, 1 62 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

screechowl, 134 commonflickers, 1 pileatedwoodpecker, i red-headedwoodpecker, i yellow-bellied sapsucker,5 hairy woodpeckers,11 blue iays, i catbird, 79 robins,7 woodthrushes, 241 starlings,5 ovenbirds, i bobolink, 118 eastern meadowlarks, 3 red- winged blackbirds,37 commongrackles, 17 brown- headedcowbirds, 9 scarlettanagers, i rose-breasted grosbeak,and 2 rufous-sidedtowhees. (Total birds Sl.S%.) Duncan 1966 Mammalspresent in 35% of stomachsto include2 ui S, P,Y, D ground squirrels(Spermophilus sp.), 2 chipmunks (Tamiassp., Eutamias sp.), 3 ui squirrels(Sc/urus sp.), 5 ui mice (Peromyscussp., Microtussp.), and 5 ui specimens(Mammalia). Birds were presentin 68.5% of the stomachsto include 2 bobwhites, 8 ui Galliformes, 13 ui Passe- riformes,and 14 ui specimens(Aves). Reptilesand amphibianswere presentin 11.1%of the stomachsto include2 ui anoles(Anolis sp.), 2 ui fence lizards(Sceloporus sp.), 2 five-linedskinks and i ui tree frog (Hyla sp.). Invertebrateswere presentin 11.1% of the stomachs to includeui grasshoppers(Orthoptera), ui scarabbeetles(Scarabaeidae) and ui beetles(Coleoptera).

Table 10. Sharp-shinnedHawk (Accipiterstriatus) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Few mammals to include shrews, bats, mice, and G youngrabbits. Birdsto includebobwhites, young domestic chickens, sandpipers,young pigeons, doves, swifts, woodpeckers,flycatchers, horned larks, jays, chickadees, nuthatches,creepers, wrens, mockingbirds,catbirds, thrashers,robins, thrushes, veery nestlings,bluebirds, kinglets,vireos, warblers, meadowlarks, orioles, blackbirds, grackles,cowbirds, towhees, and many sparrows. Reptilesand amphibians to includelizards and frogs. Invertebratesto include grasshoppers,locusts, crickets,large moths, butterflies, caterpillars, and beetles. Brownand Amadon 1968 Occasionallysmall mammals,almost entirely small G birds,occasionally lizards or insects. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals (2%), birds (93.1%), vertebrates(95.8%), G, M lower vertebrates(.6%), and invertebrates(4.2%). Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod-Diets of Falconiformes 63

Fisher 1893 Mammals to include 1 white-looted mouse, and 8 ui S, P, Y, D mice (Rodentia).(Total mammals6.2%.) Birdsto include3 Gambel'squail, 1 ui quail (Phasia- nidae),2 domesticchickens, i mourningdove, 1 ui dove (Columbidae),1 ui swift (Apodidae),2 common flickers,1 downywoodpecker, 3 ui chickadees(Pa- ridae), 1 red-breastednuthatch, 1 Carolina wren, a cactuswren, 1 mockingbird,1 catbird,1 crissalthrasher, 6 robins, i hermit thrush, 1 ui bluebird (Sialia sp.),1 ui thrush(Muscicapidae), 1 ui kinglet(Regulus sp.), 1 ui vireo (Vireonidae),1 yellow warbler, 2 black-pollwarblers, 1 pine warbler, 1 ovenbird, 1 hooded warbler, 1 Wilson's warbler, 1 "yellow- rumped warbler" (Parulidae),11 ui warblers (Paruo lidae),7 housesparrows, 1 commongrackle, 1 brown- headed cowbird, 1 ui oriole (Icterus sp.), 1 house finch, 4 ui goldfinches(Fringillidae), 1 Abert'stow- hee, 2 Savannahsparrows, 2 ui juncos(Junco sp.), 1 tree sparrow,2 chippingsparrows, 6 field sparrows,2 white-throatedsparrows, 2 fox sparrows,6 songsparrows, 1 snowbunting, 12 ui sparrows(Passeriformes), and24 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds 87.7%.) Invertebratesto include2 ui dragonflies(Odonata), 3 ui grasshoppers(Orthoptera), 2 ui beetles (Coleop- tera), and 2 ui insects(Insecta). (Total invertebrates 6.2%.)

Craigheadand Craighead Mammals to include 3 meadow voles. (Total mam- 1956 mals6.5%.) R, C, P, Sp-Su Birdsto include43 smallto medium-sizedspecimens. Wyoming (Total birds93.5%.)

Storer 1966 Mammalsto include27 ui squirrels(Sciurus sp.), and S,M 12 ui mice (Peromyscussp.). (Total mammals of knowngenera 6.2%.) Birdsto include20 ui swallows(Tachycineta sp.), 16 ui mimids(Dumetella sp.), 54 ui thrushes(Turdus sp.), 43 ui thrushes(Catharus sp.), 12 ui bluebirds(Sialia sp.), 39 ui vireos (Vireo sp.), 153 ui warblers (Den- droicasp.), 15 ui warblers(Geothlypis sp.), 33 house sparrows,12 ui finches(Carpodacus sp.), 35 ui towhees(Pipilo sp.), 14 ui sparrows(Pooecetes sp.), 17 ui juncos(Junco sp.), 41 ui sparrows(Spizella sp.), and 91 ui sparrows(Zonotrichia sp.). (Total birds of known genera93.8%.) Otherto include199 miscellaneousunknown genera. 64 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

Harriers(Accipitridae)

Table 11. Harrier (Circuscyaneus) Diet.

Reference / Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Large numbersof mammalsto includeshrews, moles, G young skunks,ground squirrels, squirrels, pocket gophers,mice, voles,cotton rats, rats, young rabbits, and other small mammals. Birdsto includebitterns, green herons, teals and other ducksand ducklings,Sparrow Hawks, grouse, domestic chickens,quail, pheasants,partridge, rails, coots, plovers,woodcock, snipe, sandpipers, doves, Screech Owls, flickers,wrens, mockingbirds, catbirds, thrashers,robins, thrushes, bluebirds, starlings, warblers, bobolinks,meadowlarks, blackbirds, grackles, cardinals, towhees,and sparrows. Reptiles and amphibiansto include lizards, small snakes,and frogs. Invertebratesto include grasshoppers,locusts, and crickets. Brown and Amadon 1968 Mainly smallmammals such as meadow voles and oc- G casionallyrabbits but also many birds (up to size of bitternsand ducks),small reptiles, frogs, crustaceans, and insects. Mammals55%; birds 25%; snakes, frogs, insects 20%. During nestingseason mammals, 69%; birds 31%.

Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals (34.8%),birds (47.7%), vertebrates(85%), G,M lower vertebrates(2.5%), invertebrates (15%). Fisher 1893 Mammalsto include2 ui shrews(Soricidae), i water S, P, Y, D shrew (Soricidae),2 ui moles(Talpidae), 1 ui skunk (Mustelidae),8 ui ground squirrels(Sciuridae), 1 ui chipmunk(Sciuridae), i red squirrel,i ui squirrel (Sciuridae),2 ui pocket gophers(Geomyidae), 1 ui gopher(Rodentia), 1 ui kangaroorat (Dipodomyssp.), 25 ui mice (Rodentia),2 cottonrats (Sigmodon sp.), 77 ui voles(Cricetidae), 3 woodlandvoles, 4 ui rabbits (Leporidae),and i ui smallmammal. (Total mammals 21.3%.) Birds to include 2 ui ducks (Anatidae), i ui young hawk (Falconiformes),1 ui quail (Phasianidae),1 domestic chicken, 2 ui fowl (Galliformes),i Virginia rail, i clapperrail, i Americanwoodcock, i mockingbird,i robin, i ui thrush(Muscicapidae), 2 ui war- Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Diets of Falconiformes 65

blers(Parulidae), 1 housesparrow, I commongrackle, i indigobunting, 4 Savannahsparrows, I grasshopper sparrow,I LeConte'ssparrow, 2 vespersparrows, I ui iunco(]unco sp.), I tree sparrow,2 chippingsparrows, 3 field sparrows,3 swampsparrows, 2 songsparrows, I ui sparrow (Passeriformes),and 12 ui specimens (Aves).(Total birds 8.2%.) Reptilesand amphibiansto include 2 six-linedrace- runners, 3 ui lizards (Lacertilia), 3 ui snakes(Ser- pentes),2 ui specimens(Reptilia), 3 ui frogs(Anura). (Total reptilesand amphibians2.1%.) Invertebratesto include 5 ui grasshoppers(Orthop- tera), 249 ui locusts(Orthoptera), 11 ui crickets(Or- thoptera),5 ui beetles(Coleoptera), and 158 ui specimens (Insecta). (Total invertebrates 68.5%.) Errington1933 Mammalsto include1 ui shrew(Sorex sp.), 2 ui shrews R, C, O, P, Sp-Su (Blarinasp.), 128 thirteen-linedground squirrels, 3 ui Wisconsin chipmunks(Sciuridae), I iuvenileui squirrel(Sciurus sp.), I deer mouse,125 ui voles (Microtussp.), I ui iumping mouse(Zapus sp.), and 33 iuvenile cottontails(Sylvilagus sp.). (Total mammals81.9%.) Birds to include I domestic chicken, i common flicker, i house wren, I catbird, 2 robins, i ui bluebird (Sialia sp.), 11 ui meadowlarks(Sturnella sp.), 5 red- wingedblackbirds, i brown-headedcowbird, I grasshoppersparrow, I vespersparrow, I field sparrow,22 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds 13.6%.) Amphibiansto include15 ui frogs(Anura). (Total am- phibians4.2%.) Other to include i carrion ui cottontail (Sylvilagus sp.).(Total carrion .3%.) Erringtonand Mammalsto include 177 thirteen-linedground squir- Breckenridge1936 rels, 25 Franklin'sground squirrel, 8 ui groundsquir- P, R, Su rels (Spermophilussp.), i ui mouse(Peromyscus sp.), 14 ui voles (Microtussp.), I housemouse, 7 white- tailed iackrabbits,22 easterncottontails, 11 ui rabbits (Leporidae)and 3 ui specimens(Mammalia). (Total mammals48%.) Birdsto includeI ui grebe(Podicipedidae), I ui duck- ling (Anatidae),24 ring-neckedpheasants, 9 gray partridge, 13 domesticchickens, 2 ui gallinaceousbirds (Galliformes),8 Virginia rails,3 soras,i king rail, I ui rail (Railidac), i ui shorebird(Charadriidae), 2 For- ster's tern, 2 black tern, I ui tern (Sternidac), 3 ScreechOwls, 11 mourningdoves, 19 commonflickers, 5 red-headedwoodpeckers, I easternkingbird, 4 66 RAPTORRESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

hornedlarks, i barnswallow, i bankswallow, 2 long- billedmarsh wrens, i ui wren(Troglodytidae), i robin, i yellowthroat,i ui warbler(Parulidae), i house sparrow,i bobolink,28 ui meadowlarks(Sturnella sp.), 27 yellow-headedblackbirds, 16 red-winged blackbirds,11 common grackles, 8 ui blackbirds(Icte- ridae), i rose-breastedgrosbeak, 4 dickcissels,1 Savannahsparrow, 3 grasshoppersparrows, i Le- Conte'ssparrow, 4 vespersparrows, 3 swampsparrows,19 ui finches(Fringillidae), 2 ui passerines (Passeriformes),and 22 ui birds(Aves). (Total birds 48.8%.) Amphibiansto include16 ui frogs(liana sp.).(Total amphibians9..9%.) Otherto include9. ui specimens(Vertebrata). (Total other .4%.) Selleckand Glading 1943 Mammalsto include1 ui mole(Talpidae), 1 u• pocket R, P, Su gopher(Geomyidae), 23 ui vole (Microtussp.), 4 ui California kangaroorat (Dipodomys),49 brushrabbits, i ui jack- rabbit(Lepus sp.). (Total mammals 18%.) Birdsto include52 Californiaquail, 2 ui rails (Ral- lidae), 14 ui doves (Columbidae),i killdeer, i ui woodpecker(Picidae), 6 commonbushtits, 2 wrentits, 4 long-billedmarsh wrens, 5 California thrashers,14 westernmeadowlarks, 100 ui blackbirds(Icteridae), 1 Bullock'soriole, 44 housefinches, 17 ui goldfinches (Carduelissp.), 4 rufous-sidedtowhees, 9 brown towhees,3 lark sparrows,3 ui sparrows(Zonotrichia sp.), 71 ui passerines(Passeriformes). (Total birds80.6%.) Reptilesto includei ui hornedlizard (Phrynosoma sp.)and 5 fencelizards. (Total reptiles 1.4%.) Wilhelm 1960 Mammals to include 9 eastern cottontails. (Total C, I, Sp mammals14.3%.) Arkansas Birdsto include16 youngred-winged blackbirds, and 2 ui passerines(Passeriformes). (Total birds28.6%.) Reptilesand amphibiansto include14 plainsgarter snakes,7 ui snakes(Serpentes), 3 leopardfrogs, and 1 ui specimen(Amphibia). (Total reptilesand amphibi- ans39.7%.) Invertebrates to include 11 crayfish. (Total in- vertebrates17.5%.) Weller, Adams, and Rose Mammalsto includeui mice (Peromyscussp.; 3.6%), 1967 southernbog lemming (8.1%), prairie vole (84.8%), C,P,W and easterncottontail (11.6%). Missouri Birds(ui; 15.8%). Reptilesto includeui snake(Serpentes) (.4%). Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Diets of Falconiformes 67

Smithand Murphy 1973 Mammalsto include6 Townsend'sground squirrels, 2 R, C, P, Sp-Su western harvest mice, 22 deer mice, and 17 blacktail Utah jackrabbits.(Total mammals62.7%.) Birds to include i mourningdove, 11 horned larks, and4 vespersparrows. (Total birds 21.3%.) Reptilesto include i collaredlizard. (Total reptiles 1.3%.) Invertebratesto include 6 ui groundbeetles (Cara- bidae)and 5 ui dermestidbeetles (Dermestidae). (To- tal invertebrates14.7%.)

Buteos(Accipitridae)

Table 12. Rough-leggedHawk (Buteolagopus) Diet.

Reference / Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Mainly rodentsand insects.Seldom birds. G Mammals to include prairie dogs, pocket gophers, lemmings,voles, rats, and young rabbits. Birds to include shot-woundedducks, game birds, westernmeadowlarks, and snowbuntings. Insectsto includegrasshoppers. Carrion to include that of mammals, birds, and fish. Brownand Amadon1968 Largely small mammalsespecially lemmings, voles, G youngrabbits, etc. Rarely gameand smallbirds. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(61.8%), birds (2.8%),vertebrates (65.4%), G, M lower vertebrates(1.3%), invertebrates (34.6%). Fisher 1893 Mammals to include 1 short-tailed shrew, 1 ui weasel S, P, F-W (Mustelidae),i ui gopher (Rodentia),4 white-looted Eastern U.S. mice, 85 ui voles(Cricetidae), 19 ui mice (Rodentia), 4 housemice, 2 ui rabbits(Leporidae). (Total mam- mals62.2%.) Reptilesto includei ui lizard (Lacertilia).(Total reptiles .5%.) Invertebratesto include70 ui insects(Insecta). (Total insects37.2%.) Erringtonand Mammalsto include 1 ui shrew(Sorex sp.), i Frank- Breckenridge1938 lin's groundsquirrel, i ui groundsquirrel (Sciuridae), S, D, Sp, F, W 8 ui mice (Peromyscussp.), 50 ui vole (Microtussp.), 5 housemouse, 2 ui mouse(Rodentia), i ui carrionjack- rabbit (Lepussp.), 8 ui cottontail(Sylvilagus sp.), and 3 ui young rabbits (Leporidae). (Total mammals 84.2%.) Birdsto include7 ring-neckedpheasants, 3 domestic 68 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

chickens,and I ui small bird (Aves). (Total birds 11.6%.) Insectsto includemainly ui crickets(Gryllus sp.), and ui grasshoppers(Orthoptera). (Total insects4.2%.)

Craigheadand Craighead Mammals to include 10 short-tailed shrews, 11 ui 1956 shrews(Soricidae), 170 ui voles(Cricetidae), 6 white- C,P,W lootedmice, 2 Norway rats.(Total mammals98%.) Michigan Birdsto include4 ui passerines(Passeriformes). (Total Wyoming birds 2%.)

Sealy1966 Mammals to include arctic ground squirrel, ui lem- R, P, Su ming (Dicrostonyxsp.), brown lemming (83.3% of all Northwest Territories mammals),northern redback vole, and arctic hare. Birdsto includeLapland longspur.

Schnell 1967 Mammals to include 9 short-tailed shrews, I mink, C, O, P, Sp,W 109 ui mice (Peromyscusspp.), 114 meadowvoles, 45 Illinois housemice, 2 ui mice (Rodentia),and 4 easterncottontails.(Total mammals91.9%.) Birdsto include I ring-neckedpheasant and I gray partridge,but mostlypasserines (Passeriformes) to total 24 specimens.(Total birds 7.8%.) Invertebratesto include1 ui beetle (Coleoptera).(To- tal invertebrates.3%.)

White and Cade 1971 Mammalsto include6 arctic groundsquirrels, 24 ui R, C, P, Sp-Su lemmings(Dicrostonyx sp.), 37 brown lemmings,7 Alaska northern redback voles, 30 tundra voles, 21 ui voles (Microtussp.), 23 ui voles(Cricetidae). (Total mam- mals86.5%.) Birdsto includeI ui loon (Gaviidae),I greaterscaup, I ui duck (Anatidae),2 Rough-leggedHawks, I willow ptarmigan,2 ui ptarmigan(Lagopus sp.), I northern phalarope,I Say'sphoebe, 2 bluethroats,3 yellow wagtails,4 tree sparrows,I Lapland longspur,3 ui birds(Aves). (Total birds 13.5%.)

Springer1975 Mammals to include 2 ermine, I least weasel, 14 arc- R, C, P, Su tic groundsquirrels, 23 ui lemmings(Dicrostonyx sp.), Alaska 19 brown lemmings,10 northern redback voles, 99 tundravoles, 68 ui voles(Microtus sp.), and 2 ui hares (Lepussp.). (Total mammals79.1%.) Birds to include 14 ui ptarmigan (Lagopussp.), 2 American golden plovers, I robin, 1 water pipit, 1 yellow wagtail, 1 fox sparrow,and 43 ui passerines (Passeriformes).(Total birds20.9%.) Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Diets of Falconiformes 69

Table13. FerruginousHawk (Buteoregalis) Diet.

Reference / Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Mammals to include skunks,prairie dogs, pocket G gophers,voles, jack rabbits,and cottontailrabbits. Few birdsto includesharp-tailed grouse, young magpies,and meadowlarks. Lizards and some snakes. Invertebratessuch as grasshoppers,crickets, and bee- ties. Brown and Amadon 1968 Chiefly small- and medium-sizedmammals such as G prairiedogs, ground squirrels, mice, and rabbits. Some birds such as meadowlarks. Snakes,swarming locusts, and crickets. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(84.6%), birds (4.2%), vertebrates(90.2%), G, M lowervertebrates (1.4%), invertebrates (9.8%). Smithand Murphy 1970 Mammalsto include2 Townsend'sground squirrels, R, C, P, Sp-Su 26 white-tailed antelope squirrels, 4 Great Basin Utah pocketmice, 42 Ord'skangaroo rats, 8 chisel-toothed kangaroorats, 13 deer mice, 1 northerngrasshopper mouse,202 black-tailedjackrabbits, and 19 ui rabbits (Sylvilagussp.). (Total mammals89.5%.) Birdsto include1 mourningdove, 23 hornedlarks, 1 sagethrasher, 3 lark buntings,and 3 vespersparrows. (Total birds8.8%.) Reptilesto includei westernwhiptail, and 5 gopher snakes.(Total reptiles1.7%.) Platt 1971 Mammalsto include 2 ui weasels(Mustela sp.), i ui R, C, P, Sp-Su pocket gopher (Thomomyssp.), 1 ui kangaroorat (Dipodomyssp.), 10 ui rabbits(Lagamorpha sp.), and 3 ui specimens(Mammalia). Birds to include ring-neckedpheasant, Short-eared Owl, and western meadowlark(Percent not applicable.) Lokemoen and Duebbert Mammalsto include75 Richardson'sground squirrels, 1976 4 northernpocket gophers, 2 westernharvest mice, 8 R, C, P, Su meadowvoles, 1 prairie vole, 1 muskrat,2 white- South Dakota tailed jackrabbits,and 1 easterncottontail. (Total mammals72.3%.) Birdsto include i ui duck (Anas sp.), 1 ring-necked pheasant,4 western meadowlarks, 1 ui passerine (Passeriformes),and 1 ui eggshell(Aves). (Total birds 6.2o.) Invertebrates to include 28 ui scarabbeetles (Scara- 70 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

bidae).(Total invertebrates21.5%.) Voelker,unpublished Mammalsto include 2 black-tailedprairie dogs,57 R, P, Sp-Su thirteen-linedground squirrels,13 spotted ground Oklahoma squirrels,21 hispid cottonrats, 19 black-tailedjackrabbits, and 8 eastern cottontails.(Total mammals 91.6%.) Birds to include 1 mallard, 1 juvenile Swainson's Hawk, and2 BurrowingOwls. (Total birds 3.1%.) Reptilesto include7 bullsnakes.(Total reptiles5.3%.)

Table 14. Red-tailedHawk (Buteoiamaicensis) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Mammals to include shrews, moles, bats, raccoons, G weasels,skunks, feral cats, marmots,prairie dogs, groundsquirrels, squirrels, gophers, wood mice, voles, housemice, rats, muskrats, porcupines, and rabbits. Birdsto includepintails, teals, other wild ducks,Red- tailed Hawks,Red-shouldered Hawks, young turkeys, ruffed grouse,various quail, ring-neckedpheasants, gray partridge, domesticpoultry, rails, gallinules, doves,Screech Owls, kingfishers,woodpeckers, horned larks, crows,robins, thrushes, bluebirds, starlings, meadowlarks,orioles, grackles, various sparrows and juneos, Reptilesand amphibiansto includeturtles, lizards, bullsnakes, rattlesnakes, smaller snakes, salamanders, toads,and frogs. Fishto includecarp and catfish. Invertebratesto include centipedes,grasshoppers, crickets,caterpillars, fly larvae,beetles, crayfish, spiders, earthworms. Carrion. Brown and Amadon 1968 Extremely varied. Mammals such as shrews,bats, groundsquirrels, chipmunks, voles, and rabbits. Many birdsincluding quail, pheasants,and meadowlarks. Lizards and snakes. Land crabs,grasshoppers, crickets, giant water bee- ties,and otherlarge insects. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(50.5%), birds (8.5%),vertebrates (63.2%), G, M lower vertebrates(4.2%), and invertebrates(36.8%). Fisher 1893 Mammals to include 12 short-tailed shrews, 35 ui S, P, Y, D shrews(Soricidae), 7 ui moles(Talpidae), I ui skunk (Mustelidae),I rock squirrel,2 thirteen-linedground Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod-Diets of Falconiformes 71

squirrels,i Franklin'sground squirrel, 14 ui chipmunks(Sciuridae), 13 ui gray squirrels(Sciurus sp.), 2 Abert'ssquirrel, i Arizonagray squirrel,14 red squirrels,5 ui pocketgophers (Geomyidae), i ui kangaroo rat (Dipodomyssp.), i harvest mouse (Reithrodon- tomyssp.), 18 white-lootedmice, i Mexicanwoodrat, 2 ui woodrats(Neotoma sp.), 3 ui cottonrats (Sigmo- don sp.),277 ui voles(Cricetidae), 14 woodlandvoles, 45 housemice, i ui jumpingmouse (Zapodidae), 3 ui gopher(Rodentia), 157 ui mice (Rodentia),7 ui rats (Rodentia),i porcupine,3 ui jackrabbits(Lepus sp.), and 28 ui rabbits (Leporidae), and i ui specimen (Mammalia).(Total mammals62.2%.) Birdsto include i pintail, i ui teal (Anas sp.), i ui wild duck (Anatidae),2 ruffed grouse,2 Gambel's quail, 6 ui quail (Phasianidae),8 domesticchickens, 33 ui fowl (Galliformes),i king rail, 2 mourningdoves, 1 ScreechOwl, i red-headedwoodpecker, 6 ui crows (Corvidae),2 robins, i ui bluebird (Sialia sp.), i ui meadowlark(Sturnella sp.), 2 ui orioles(Icterus sp.), 1 ui grackle (Quiscalussp.), 6 ui juneos(Junco sp.), 5 tree sparrows,15 songsparrows, 4 ui sparrows(Passe- fifofmcs),14 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds 10.8%.) Reptilesand amphibiansto include4 ui lizards(Lac- eftilia), 4 ui garter snakes(Thamnophis sp.), i ui ribbon snake(Thamnophis sp.), i bull snake,2 ui dia- mondbackrattlesnakes (Crotalus sp.), 15 ui snakes (Serpentes),5 ui toads(Anura), 3 wood frogs,and 16 ui frogs(Anura). (Total reptilesand amphibians4.7%.) Invertebratesto include5 ui centipedes(Chilopoda), 121 ui grasshoppers(Orthoptera), i ui mole cricket (Gryllotalpinae),10 ui crickets(Gryllidae), i ui stag beetle (Luconidae),2 bot flies (Cuterebridae),i ui May beetle (Melolonthinae),i potato beetle, 13 ui beetles(Coleoptera), 51 ui insects(Insecta), 7 ui insect larvae (Insecta),and 13 ui crayfish(Crustacea). (Total invertebrates21.1%.) Carrionto include13 examples.(Total carrion 1.2%.) Sutton 1928 Mammals to include 4 short-tailed shrews, i ui bat S,P,F (Chiroptera),3 ui chipmunks(Sciuridae), i ui gray Pennsylvania squirrel (Sciurussp.), 2 red squirrels,3 ui redback voles (Clethrionomyssp.), 11 ui voles (Microtussp.). (Total mammals69.4%.) Birds to include i domestic chicken, i winter wren, 1 hermitthrush, i songsparrow. (Total birds 11.1%.) Reptilesto include3 ui garter snakes(Thamnophis sp.).(Total reptiles8.3%.) 72 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

Invertebratesto include i ui grasshopper(Orthop- tera),2 ui crickets(Orthoptera), and i ui click beetle (Elateridae).(Total invertebrates11.1%.) Errington 1933 Mammalsto includei ui shrew(Sorex sp.), 5 ui shrews R, O, S, P,Y (Blarina sp.), i ui weasel(Mustelidae), 49 thirteen- Wisconsin linedground squirrels, 3 Franklin'sground squirrels, 3 ui chipmunks(Sciuridae), 11 ui tree squirrels(Sciu- ridae),4 deermice, 42 ui voles(Microtus sp.), i house mouse,i Norwayrat, and 18 ui cottontails(Sylvilagus sp.).(Total mammals84.2%.) Birdsto include18 domesticchickens, i ui gallinule (Railidac),i rockdove, and i hornedlark. (Totalbirds 12.7%.) Reptilesand amphibiansto include4 ui snakes(Ser- pentes)and i ui frog (Anura).(Total reptilesand am- phibians3%.) English1934' Mammalsto include7 ui moles(Talpidae), 5 ui wea- R, I, Sp-Su sels(Mustelidae), i ui groundsquirrel (Spermophilus Michigan sp.),5 easternfox squirrels,i red squirrel,69 ui voles (Microtussp.), and 5 ui cottontails(Sylvilagus sp.). (Total mammals72.7%.) Birdsto include2 ui quail (Phasianidae),7 ring-necked pheasants,3 gray partridge,3 commonflickers, 2 starlings,2 ui sparrows(Fringillidae), and 15 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds26.6%.) Reptilesto includei milk snake.(Total reptiles.8%.)

*totalsunclear in originalpublication Fitch, Swenson, Tillotson Mammalsto include380 Californiaground squirrels, 1946 8 Merriam'schipmunks, 2 westerngray squirrels,79 R, O, P, Sp-Su Botta'spocket gophers, 10 Heerman'skangaroo rats, California i brushmouse, 3 pinonmice, 13 dusky-lootedwoodrats, i Californiavole, and 62 desertcottontails. (To- tal mammals89.4%.) Birdsto include 11 Californiaquail, i roadrunner,1 ScreechOwl, i westernkingbird, 4 scrubiays, 3 brown towhees,i lark sparrow,and 1 ui specimen (Aves).(Total birds3.7%.) Reptilesto includei westernfence lizard, 8 Gilbert's skinks,17 checkeredwhiptails, 14 gophersnakes, 1 long-nosedsnake, and 2 westernrattlesnakes. (Total reptiles6.9%.) Seidensticker 1970 Mammalsto include 105 Richardson'sground squir- R, C, P, Sp-Su rels, 1 red squirrel,3 northernpocket gophers, 2 deer Montana mice, 20 ui voles(Microtus sp.), i muskrat,i western iumpingmouse, i white-tailediackrabbit, and 46 Nut- Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Diets of Falconiformes 73

tall'sand desertcottontails. (Total mammals68%.) Birds to include 3 ui ducks (Anatidae), I ruffed grouse,i sage grouse,4 gray partridge, i ui grouse (Tetraonidae),i domesticchicken, i Wilson'sphalarope, 3 common flickers, 4 eastern kingbirds, 20 black-billedmagpies, 5 commoncrows, 2 robins,10 starlings,6 westernmeadowlarks, 3 Brewer'sblackbirds, i westerntanager, and 8 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds27%.) Reptilesto include 2 ui garter snakes(Thamnophis sp.).(Total reptiles1%.) Fish to include2 suckers(Catostomus sp.), 2 carp, and 1 ui specimen(Pisces). (Total fish2%.) Gates 1972 Mammalsto include8 thirteen-linedground squirrels, R, P, Sp-Su 4 foxsquirrels, 29 ui voles(Microtus sp.), 4 muskrats,2 Wisconsin Norway rats,and 19 easterncottontails. (Total mam- mals37.5%.) Birdsto include40 ring-neckedpheasants, 5 gray partridge,9 domesticchickens, 3 mourningdoves, 4 common flickers,2 blue iays,5 commoncrows, 2 catbirds, i housesparrow, 14 red-wingedblackbirds, 3 common grackles,and 14 ui passerines(Passeriformes). (Total birds58%.) Invertebratesto include3 ui beetles(Coleoptera) and 5 ui crayfish(Crustacea). (Total invertebrates4.5%.) Smithand Murphy 1973 Mammalsto include5 Townsend'sground squirrels, 9 R, C, P, Sp-Su white-tailedantelope squirrels, 2 least chipmunks,2 Utah Botta'spocket gophers, 39 deer mice, 23 ui voles(Mi- crotussp.), 182 blacktailedjackrabbits, 32 ui rabbits (Sylvilagussp.). (Total mammals89.1%.) Birdsto includei westernkingbird, 9 hornedlarks, 7 pinyon jays, i mountainbluebird, and 12 starlings. (Total birds9.1%.) Reptilesto includei collaredlizard, 3 stripedwhips- nakes,and 2 gophersnakes. (Total reptiles1.8%.) Knight and Erickson Mammalsto include 16 northernpocket gophers,8 1976 Great Basinpocket mice, i westernharvest mouse, 1 R, P, Su deer mouse,14 sagebrushvoles, 4 Montanavoles, 1 Washington housemouse, 14 Nuttall's cottontails,and 2 ui specimens(Mammalia). (Total mammals40.6%.) Birdsto include3 Californiaquail, 4 chukar,i ring- neckedpheasant, 2 commonflickers, 2 cliff swallows, 4 black-billedmagpies, 4 westernmeadowlarks, i vesper sparrow,and 6 ui specimens.(Total birds 18.1%.) Reptilesto include32 yellow-belliedracers, 27 gopher snakes,I garter snake(Thamnophis sp.), 2 western rattlesnakes.(Total reptiles41.3%.) 74 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

Voelker,unpublished Mammalsto include2 Virginia opossums,16 short- R, P, Sp-Su tailed shrews,34 easternmoles, 17 black-tailedprairie Oklahoma dogs,212 thirteen-linedground squirrels, 64 plains pocketgophers, 10rd's kangaroorat, 12 plainshar- vest mice, 7 northern grasshoppermice, I eastern woodrat,5 southernplains woodrats, 163 hispidcotton rats, 28 prairie voles,9 Norway rats, 9 blacktailed iackrabbits,253 easterncottontails, 11 desert cottontails,1 domesticcat. (Total mammals88.2%.) Birdsto include13 bobwhites,2 scaledquail, 1 Frank- lin'sgull, 1 BurrowingOwl, 2 commoncrows, 48 eastern meadowlarks,and 2 brown-headedcowbirds. (To- tal birds7.2%.) Reptilesto include29 bullsnakes,2 great plainsrat snakes,12 prairie kingsnakes,and 1 prairie rattlesnake.(Total reptiles4.6%.)

Table 15. Red-shoulderedHawk (Buteo lineatus) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1938 Varied diet of mammals,birds, reptiles,amphibians, G fish, and invertebrates. Mammalssuch as opossums,shrews, moles, skunks, ground squirrels,chipmunks, tree squirrels,voles, muskrats, and rabbits. Birdssuch as SparrowHawks, bobwhites, pheasants, chickens,soras, woodcocks, mourning doves, Screech Owls, flickers, crows, robins,meadowlarks, blackbirds, and varioussparrows. Turtles, lizards, snakes,salamanders, toads, and vari- ousfrogs. Centipedes, grasshoppers,cicadas, crickets, mole crickets,katydids, Lepidoptera larvae, beetles, wasps, crayfish,spiders, earthworms, and snails. Brown and Amadon 1968 Small mammalssuch as voles, small and/or young G birds,and birds to sizeof ruffedgrouse. Baby turtles,lizards, snakes, toads, frogs, large insects suchas grasshoppers, and crayfish. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(20.2%), birds (2.8%),vertebrates (44.4%), G, M lowervertebrates (21.2%), invertebrates (55.6%). Fisher 1893 Mammalsto include 1 Virginia opossum,11 short- S, P,Y, D tailed shrews,27 ui shrews(Soricidae), 4 ui moles (Talpidae), 1 ui skunk (Mustelidae),1 ui chipmunk (Sciuridae),1 white-lootedmouse, 1 ui red-backvole (Clethrionomyssp.), 82 ui voles (Microtus sp.), 6 Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod-Diets of Falconiformes 75

woodland voles, i muskrat, 18 house mice, 58 ui mice (Rodentia),3 ui rabbits (Leporidae),and 3 ui mammals(Mammalia). (Total mammals24.4%.) Birdsto include i ui quail (Phasianidae),2 domestic chickens,i sora, i ui dove (Columbidae),i Screech Owl, i commonflicker, i ui crow (Corvidae),i robin, 1 ui meadowlark(Sturnella sp.), 1 ui junco(]unco sp.), i field sparrow,i fox sparrow,i songsparrow, i ui sparrow (Fringillidae),2 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds 1.9%.) Reptilesand amphibiansto include2 ui turtles(Test- udines),6 ui lizards (Lacertilia), i ui water snake (Natrix sp.),3 ui garter snakes(Thamnophis sp.), 5 ui ribbon snakes(Serpentes), i ui ringnecksnake (Dia- dophissp.), i ui green snake(Opheodrys sp.), 6 ui snakes(Serpentes), 10 ui salamanders(Caudata), 8 ui toads(Anura), 13 ui tree frogs(Hyla sp.),1 bullfrog,3 leopardfrogs (Rana sp.),and 38 ui frogs(Anura). (To- tal reptilesand amphibians11%.) Fishesto include2 pickerelsand 1 ui catfish(Cyprini- formes).(Total fish .3%.) Invertebratesto include4 ui dragonflies(Odonata), 1 cockroach(Orthoptera), 228 ui grasshoppers(Orthop- tera), 7 ui cicadas(Homoptera), 10 ui katydids(Or- thoptera),81 ui crickets(Orthoptera), 7 ui molecrick- ets (Orthoptera),i ui mantis (Orthoptera),i squash bug, 31 moth and butterfly larvae (Lepidoptera),2 ui dung beetles (Scarabaeinae),i May beetle (Melo- lonthinae),81 ui beetles(Coleoptera), 3 ui beetle larvae (Coleoptera),2 ui ants(Hymenoptera), i ui wasp (Hymenoptera),24 ui insects(Insecta), 38 ui insect larvae (Insecta),9 ui crayfish (Crustacea),22 ui spiders(Araneae), and 1 ui earthworm(Annelida). (Total invertebrates62.2%.) Carrionto include2 specimens.(Total carrion.2%.)

Root and DeSimone 1978 Mammals to include 4 ui shrews(Insectivora), 8 ui R, C, O, P, Sp-Su smallmammals (Insectivora and Rodentia),17 eastern Connecticut chipmunks,2 gray squirrels, 3 southern redback voles, i meadowvole, i ui lagamorph(Lagamorpha). (Total mammals53%.) Birdsto include i wood thrush,and 7 ui specimens (Aves)(total birds 12%.) Reptilesand amphibiansto include 4 easterngarter snakes,i northernring-neck snake, 3 Americantoads, 3 bullfrogs,and 13 ui frogs (Anura). (Total reptiles and amphibians35%.) 76 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

Errington 1933 Mammalsto include I ui vole (Microtussp.), much R, C, I, Sp mousefur in pellets(Rodentia), I red-wingedblack- Wisconsin bird, I ui snake and additional snake scales(Ser- pentes), I ui frog (Anura), and crayfish fragments (Crustacea). Ernst 1945 Mice and rats (principallyMicrotus sp.) 58%. R, C, O, S, P, Sp-Su Small birds to include downy woodpecker,horned New York lark, ui chickadee(Parus sp.), and songsparrow 8%. Reptiles,largely ui water snakes(Natfix sp.) and garter snakes(Thamnophis sp.) 3%; amphibians,princi- pally salamanders(Caudata) and northern leopard frogs18%. Insects,mostly ui grasshoppers(Orthoptera), ui caterpillars(Lepidoptera), and ui beetles(Coleoptera), spiders(Araneae) also included 10%. Miscellaneousto includeui minnows(Cyprinidae), ui crayfish(Crustacea), and carrion3%. Stewart 1949 Mammals to include I short-tailed shrew, 2 star-nosed R, C, P, Sp-Su moles,I easternmole, 4 meadowvoles, 2 ui mice (Ro- Maryland dentia),4 easterncottontails. (Total mammals 32%.) Birdsto includeI bobwhite,I mourningdove, I ui bloodstainedwarbler nest (Parulidae), 2 indigobun- tings,3 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds 19%.) Reptilesand amphibians to include2 snappingturtles, 3 race runners,I blue-tailedskink, I ui skink (Eu- mecessp.), I ui lizard (Scincidae),3 ui snakes(Colu- bridae),1 ui watersnake (Natfix sp.), 3 ui snakes(Nat- ricinae), I smoothearth snake,2 American toads, 1 wood frog, I ui frog (Anura).(Total reptilesand am- phibians47%.) Invertebratesto include1 ui beetle(Coleoptera). (To- tal invertebrates2%.) Craigheadand Craighead Mammalsto include 12 ui shrewsand moles (In- 1956 sectivora),22 foxsquirrels, 496 ui voles(Microtus sp.), R, C, P, Sp-Su 6 muskrats,32 ui rats (Rodentia),and 15 ui rabbits Michigan (Leporidae).(Total mammals 40.8%.) Birds to include 5 ring-neckedpheasants, 223 ui small- and medium-sizedspecimens (Aves). (Total birds16%.) Reptilesand amphibians to include311 ui snakes(Ser- pentes)and 68 ui frogs(Anura). (Total reptilesand amphibians26.5%.) Invertebratesto include110 ui insects(Insecta) and 128 ui crayfish (Crustacea). (Total invertebrates 16.7%.) Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Diets of Falconiformes 77

Table 16. Swainson'sHawk (Buteo swainsoni) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Almost entirely rodentsand insects.Mammals to in- G clude bats, rodents such as the California ground squirrel,mice, volesand rats. Rarely small birds in- cludinglongspurs and grousechicks. Small amounts of reptilesand amphibians.Primarily large insectswhen available such as Dobson flies, grasshoppers,and crickets. Brown and Amadon 1968 Small amountsof bats, rodents,young or disabled G birds,reptiles and amphibians.Primarily large insects whenavailable, especially Orthoptera. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(3.9%), birds (.9%), vertebrates (6.3%), lower G, M vertebrates(1.5%), and invertebrates(93.6%). Fisher 1893 Mammals to include i ui ground squirrel (Spermo- S, P, Su, F, D philus sp.), i ui mouse(Rodentia), 3 ui gophers(Ro- dentia), 3 ui rabbits (Leporidae). (Total mammals 2.4%.) Reptilesand amphibiansto include2 ui horned lizards(Phrynosoma sp.), 5 ui lizards(Lacertilia), and 3 ui frogs(Anura). (Total reptilesand amphibians 3%.) Invertebratesto include56 ui grasshoppers(Orthop- tera), 129 ui locusts(Orthoptera), 2 ui beetles(Coo leoptera) and 123 ui insects (Insecta). (Total in- vertebrates94.5%.) Cameron 1913 Prefermice, frogs,and grasshoppers.Mammals to in- R, O, P, Sp-Su clude ui rabbits(Leporidae) and ui mice (Rodentia). Montana Smallbirds including lark buntings. Invertebratesincluding ui grasshoppers(Orthoptera). Smithand Murphy 1973 Mammalsto includei Townsend'sground squirrel, 9 R, C, P, Sp-Su deer mice, 4 ui voles (Microtussp.), 57 blacktailed Utah jack rabbits,9 desertcottontails, and 4 ui rabbits(Syl- vilagussp.). (Total mammals52.2%.) Birdsto include2 Say'sphoebes, 11 hornedlarks, 1 sagethrasher, 3 lark buntings,1 loggerheadshrike, 1 white-crowned sparrow, 8 ui passerines(Passer- iformes).(Total birds 16.8%.) Reptilesto includei constrictor.(Total reptiles .6%.) Invertebratesto include32 short-hornedgrasshoppers (Acrididae),9 ui crickets(Gryllidae), 6 ui groundbeetles (Carabidae),and 2 ui darklingbeetles (Tenebrio- nidae).(Total invertebrates30.4%.) 78 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

Dunkle 1977 115 small mammalsto include long-tailedweasels, R, C, O, P, Sp-Su white-tailedprairie dogs,Richardson's ground squir- Wyoming rels, thirteen-linedground squirrels, northern pocket gophers,and desert cottontails. (Total mammals 68%.) 42 birds to includeui ducks(Anatidae), sage grouse, hornedlarks, ui crows(Corvidae), western meadowlarks, ui blackbirds (Icteridae), and ui sparrows (Passeriformes).(Total birds25%.) Reptilesand amphibiansto include i ui snake(Ser- pentes)and 4 tiger salamanders. Fish to include 5 white suckers. Invertebratesto includeui grasshoppers(Orthoptera) andJerusalem crickets (Stenopalmatus sp.).

Fitzner 1978 Mammals to include 11 black-tailed jackrabbits,8 R, C, O, P, Sp-Su Nuttall'scottontails, 8 Townsend'sground squirrels, 3 Washington pocketgophers, 5 pocketmice and 2 ui smallmammals.(T.otal mammals 21.8%.) Birdsto include4 black-billedmagpies, 4 mallards,5 meadowlarks,2 pheasants,2 sagesparrows, 6 ring- billedgulls, i long-billedcurlew and i starling.(Total birds 14.6%.) Reptilesand amphibiansto include86 westernyel- low-belliedracers, 18 gophersnakes, 2 stripedwhip- snakesand 2 westerntoads. (Total reptiles63.6%.) Mammalsto include 96 ui meadow voles (Microtus spp.),5 deermice, 8 groundsquirrels, 8 pocketgoph- ersand 1 cottontailrabbit. (Total mammals 79.3%.) Birdsto include7 meadowlarks, 3 pheasants,3 gray partridges,2 magpies,and 2 starlings.(Total birds 11.3%.) Reptilesand amphibiansto include13 gartersnakes. (Total reptiles8.7%.) Insectsto includei Orthoptera.(Total insects0.7%.)

Voelker,unpublished Mammalsto include 24 thirteen-linedground squir- R, P, Sp-Su rels, 6 plainspocket gophers,32 hispidcotton rats, 3 Oklahoma prairie voles,2 Norway rats, and 11 young eastern cottontails.(Total mammals62.4%.) Birdsto include3 ring-neckedpheasants, 2 long-billed curlews,i Americanavocet, 1 black-billedmagpie, 12 ui meadowlarks(Sturnella sp.), and i yellow-headed blackbird.(Total birds 16%.) Reptilesto include 19 texashorned lizards, 5 bullsnakes,and 3 prairie kingsnakes.(Total reptiles 21.6%.) Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod-Diets of Falconiformes 79

Table 17. Broad-wingedHawk (Buteoplatypterus) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Small mammalssuch as shrews,weasels, chipmunks, G red squirrels,mice, hares, and rabbits. Birds including flickers, phoebes,brown thrashers, wood thrushes,bluebirds, ovenbirds, and sparrows. Reptilesand amphibiansto include lizards, snakes, toads,and frogs. Fish such as minnows. Invertebratesto includemillipedes, dragonflies, grasshoppers,locusts, moth larvae,beetles, ants, crayfish, fiddlercrabs, spiders, and earthworms. Brown and Amadon 1968 Smallmammals, few birds,some nestlings. G Snakes,toads, frogs. Large insectsand caterpillars,crustaceans. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals (6.9%), birds (2.3%), vertebrates(22.3%), G, M lower vertebrates(13.1%), invertebrates (77.7%). Burns 1911 Mammalsto include i ui field mouse(Microtus sp.), 3 S, P, Sp-Su-F ui mice (Rodentia),i ui rat (Rodentia),and I ui speci- Eastern U.S. men (Mammalia).(Total mammals12.2%.) Birdsto includei ui phoebe(Sayornis sp.), i robin, 1 ui warbler (Parulidae),and i ui sparrow(Fringillidae). (Total birds8.2%.) Reptilesand amphibiansto include5 ui garter snakes (Thamnophissp.), 2 ui toads (Anura), I ui treefrog (Hyla sp.),2 bullfrogs,and 2 greenfrogs. (Total reptilesand amphibians24.5%.) Invertebratesto include4 ui crayfish(Crustacea), i ui fiddler crab (Crustacea),4 ui grasshoppers(Orthop- tera), i ui katydid (Tetigoniidae),5 ui locusts(Acri- didae),2 May beetle larvae (Melolonthinae),8 ui beetles (Coleoptera),i ui caterpillar(Lepidoptera), and 1 ui centipede(Chilopoda). (Total invertebrates55.1%.) Fisher 1893 Mammals to include 8 short-tailed shrews, 9 ui shrews S, P, Y, D (Soricidae),i ui mole (Talpidae),i ui weasel(Muste- lidae),3 ui chipmtmks(Sciuridae), i red squirrel,12 ui voles (Cricetidae), i woodlandvole, 6 ui mice (Ro- dentia), i ui rat (Rodentia),and i ui specimen(Mamo malia).(Total mammals11.5%.) Birdsto include3 ovenbirds;and i ui specimen(Aves). (Total birds 1.2%.) Reptilesand amphibiansto include2 ui lizards(Lac- 8O RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

ertilia), I ui water snake (Natrix sp.), I red-bellied snake,6 ui gartersnakes (Thamnophis sp.), i ui snake (Serpentes),4 ui salamanders(Urodela), 6 ui toads (Anura),2 ui tree frogs(Hylidae), 5 ui frogs(Anura). (Total reptilesand amphibians 8.1%.) Invertebratesto includei ui dragonfly(Odonata), 50 ui grasshoppers(Orthoptera), 22 ui crickets(Orthop- tera), 34 ui katydids(Orthoptera), 12 ui cicadas(Ho- moptera), 1 ui moth (Lepidoptera),25 ui moth and butterfly larvae (Lepidoptera), i ui dung beetle (Scarabaeidae),5 ui May beetles(Melolonthinae), 21 ui beetles(Coleoptera), 87 ui insectlarvae (Insecta), 2 ui insects(Insecta), 4 ui crayfish(Crustacea), 2 ui spiders(Araneae), and 3 ui earthworms(Annelida). (To- tal invertebrates77.8%.)

Rusch and Doerr 1972 Mammals to include maskedshrew 5%, least chip- R, C, P, Sp-Su munk 1%, red squirrel1%, deer mouse6%, meadow Alberta vole 19%,ui vole (Microtussp.) 24%, ui jumpingmice (Zapodidae)4%, snowshoehare 5%. (Total mammals 62%.) Birdsto includeruffed grouse 4%, blue jay 1%, ovenbird 1%, ui warblers (Parulidae)2%, rose-breasted grosbeak1%, white-throated sparrow g%, fox sparrow 1%, and ui specimens(Aves) 15%. (Total birds27%.) Amphibiansto includeui toads(Anura) 6%, wood frog 2%, andui leopardfrog (Ranasp.) 1%. (Total amphib- ians9%.) Invertebratesto includeui grasshoppers(Orthoptera) 2%. (Total invertebrates 2%.)

Fitch 1974 Mammalsto include 4 red bats, 9 ui shrews(Blarina R, C, O, P, Sp-Su sp.),3 ui moles(Talpidae), 2 ui harvestmice (Reithro- Kansas dontomyssp.), 9 prairie voles,2 woodlandvoles, and 7 ui cottontails (Sylvilagussp.). (Total mammals 26.1%.) Birdsto include6 yellow-billedcuckoos, I tuftedtit- mouse,2 Kentuckywarblers, 2 brown-headedcowbirds, 7 cardinals,and 17 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds25.4%.) Reptilesand amphibians to include2 collaredlizards, i ui racerunner(Cnemidophorus sp.), 13 five-lined skinks,2 ui glasslizards, 6 great plainsskinks, 13 ui ringnecksnakes, 7 blue racers,2 black rat snakes,1 prairiekingsnake, 3 Americantoads, and ! bullfrog. (Totalreptiles and amphibians 37%.) Invertebratesto include 2 ui grasshoppers(Orthop- Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod-Diets of Falconiformes 81

tera), 2 ui cicadas(Cicadidae), 2 ui caterpillars(In- secta), and 6 ui beetles (Coleoptera). (Total in- vertebrates8.7%.) Other 4. (Total other2.9%.) Voelker,unpublished Mammalsto include I easternmole, 3 Norway rats, 4 R, I, Sp-Su youngui cottontails(Sylvilagus sp.). (Total mammals Oklahoma 20%./ Birdsto include2 youngkilldeer. (Total birds 5%.) Reptilesto include29 youngsnapping turtles and 1 roughgreen snake. (Total reptiles 75%.)

Table 18. Harris Hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Mammalssuch as Mexican ground squirrels,mice, G wood rats, and cottontails. Birds to include night herons,green-winged teals, soras,gallinules, and flickers. Reptilesto includelizards. Brown and Amadon 1968 Rodentsincluding woodrats, also rabbits. Teal, rails, G gallinules,and flickers. Reptilesto includelizards. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(52.6%), birds (39.5%),vertebrates (98.7%), G, M lowervertebrates (6.6%), and invertebrates(1.3%). Fisher 1893 Mammalsto include2 ui groundsquirrels (Spermo- S,P, Su philussp.), 2 ui smallmammals (Rodentia), and 1 ui Arizona rabbit(Leporidae). Invertebratesto include i ui robustbot fly (Cute- rebridae).(Sample too smallfor percentages.) Pache 1974 Mammalsto include 1 ui groundsquirrel (Spermo- C, R, O, P, Su, F philussp.), 2 ui mice (Peromyscussp.), 13 southern New Mexico plainswoodrats, 4 white-throatedwoodrats, 10 hispid cotton rats, and 14 easterncottontails. (Total mam- mals12.6%.) Birdsto include I ui quail (Phasianidae)and 3 roadrunners.(Total birds 1.1%.) Reptilesto includeI Texashorned lizard. (Total reptiles .3%.) Invertebrates to include 8 ui centipedes (Scolo- pendra),32 ui grasshoppers(Orthoptera), I ui bee (Hymenoptera),95 ui ants (Hymenoptera:Formi- cidae), 130 ui beetles(Coleoptera), and 34 ui wood ticks(Acarina: Ixodidae). (Total invertebrates86%.) 82 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

Mader 1975 Mammalsto include20 Harris' antelopesquirrels, 3 R, O, P, W, Sp-Su round-tailedground squirrels, 20 desertwoodrats, 1 ui Arizona mouse(Rodentia), 3 black-tailedjackrabbits, 67 desert cottontails,4 ui haresand rabbits(Leporidae). (Total mammals73.8%.) Birdsto include8 Gambel'squail, 2 mourningdoves, 1 roadrunner,1 gildedflicker, 1 Bendire'sthrasher, 7 ui thrashers(Toxostoma sp.), 4 cactuswrens, and 4 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds 1.8%.) Reptiles to include 1 zebra-tailedlizard, 9 desert spinylizards, and 4 ui lizards(Lacertilia). (Total reptiles 8.8%.) Whaleyunpublished Mammalsto include27 Harris' antelopesquirrels, 4 1976-77 round-tailedground squirrels,3 ui groundsquirrels C, R, P, O,Y (Sciuridae),65 desertwoodrats, 2 ui mice (Rodentia), Arizona 4 kangaroorats (Dipodomysspp.), 4 black-tailedjackrabbits, 93 desert cottontails, 10 ui hare and rabbits (Leporidae).(Total mammals87.6%.) Birdsto include1 Cooper'sHawk, 10 Gambel'squail, 1 gilded flicker, 2 curve-billed thrashers,1 cactus wren.(Total birds6.2%.) Reptilesto include15 desertspiny lizards. (Total rep- tiles6.2%.)

Table 19. BlackHawk (Buteogallusanthracinus) Diet.

Reference / Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Smallquadrupeds. G Youngbirds such as green-tailedtowhees, reptiles, small fish, insects,and crustaceanssuch as land crabs. Brownand Amadon 1968 Rodents,rarely birds,snakes, frogs, fish, insectsand G crabs. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals (0%), birds (6.1%), vertebrates (21.3%), G, M lowervertebrates (15.2%), and invertebrates(78.7%). Fisher 1893 Reptilesand amphibiansto includeI ui snake(Ser- S, P, Su, F pentes),and 6 ui frogs(Anura). Arizona Fishesto include3 ui fishes(Pisces). (Sample too small for percentages.) Glinski,unpublished Mammalsto includeui bat (Chiroptera),ui chip- O, I, Sp-Su munks(Eutamias sp.), ui mouse(Peromyscus sp.), ui Arizona woodrat(Neotoma sp.), ui rat (Rattussp.) and ui rabbits(Sylvilagus spp.). (Total mammals 3%.) Birds to include ui quail (Phasianidae),ui nestling Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod-Diets of Falconiformes 83

doves(Columbidae), and ui passerines(Passeriformes). (Total birds3%.) Reptilesand amphibiansto includeui earlesslizards (Holbrookiasp.), spiny lizards (Sceloporus spp.), ui lizards (Urosaurussp.), ui whiptails (Cnemidophorus spp.), gopher snakes,ui garter snakes(Thamnophis spp.),ui toads(Bufo sp.), leopard frogs, and bullfrogs. (Total reptilesand amphibians37%.) Fish to include rainbow trout, roundtail chub, desert sucker,Sonora sucker, yellow bullhead, ui sunfish(Le- pomisspp.), and ui perch(Perca sp.). (Total fish 40%.) Invertebratesto include ui insects(Insecta) and ui crayfish(Crustacea). (Total invertebrates12%.) Other 5%.

Table 20. Zone-tailedHawk (Buteo albonotatus) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Few smallmammals such as chipmunksand occasion- G al birdssuch as the desertquail and nestlings,lizards, frogs,small fish. Brownand Amadon1937 Seeentry for Bent 1937. G Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(20%), birds (46.7%),vertebrates (100%), G, M lower vertebrates(33.3%), invertebrates (0). Fisher 1893 Reptilesand amphibiansto include4 ui lizards(Lac- S, P, Sp ertilia), 2 ui tree frogs (Hyla sp.), and 4 ui frogs Arizona (Anura). Fish to includei hump-backedsucker. (Percentages not applicable.) Glinski,unpublished Birdsto include16 specimenssuch as Gambel's quail, O,P,Y mourningdove, horned lark, curve-billedthrasher, Arizona and brown towhee.(Total birds 80%.) Reptilesto include4 lizardssuch as chuckwalla,co- laredlizard, and ui spinylizards. (Scleoporus sp.). (To- tal reptiles20%.) Matteson, Riley, and Mammalsto includei white-tailedantelope squirrel, Harris,unpublished and1 spottedground squirrel. (Total mammals 1.5%.) R, O, P, Sp, Su Birds to include i harlequin quail, 4 poor wills, 1 Texas commonnighthawk, i commonflicker, i acornwoodpecker,i Cassin'skingbird, i westernwood pewee, 3 hornedlarks, 4 scrubjays, 2 cactuswrens, 6 mockingbirds,i brownthrasher, 2 westernbluebirds, 3 ui meadowlarks(Sturnella sp.), i brown-headedcowbird, 84 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

i summertanager, i black-headedgrosbeak, 2 brown towhees,and 2 rufous-crownedsparrows. (Total birds 27.5%./ Reptilesto include97 crevicespiny lizards and i ui snake(Serpentes). (Total reptiles71%.) Snyderand Snyder, Birdsto includeui quail (Phasianidae),canyon wren, unpublished Audubon'swarbler, housesparrow, ui meadowlark O, I, Sp-Su (Sturnellasp.), and 3 ui specimens(Aves). Arizona Reptilesto includeui spiny lizards (Sceloporussp.) and4 ui lizards(Lacertilia). Table 21. White-tailed Hawk (Buteo albicaudatus)Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Fisher1893 Squirrels,rabbits, snakes, and frogs. G Bent 1937 Wood rats, cotton rats, rabbits,quail, lizard, snakes, G frogs,grasshoppers, and beetles. Brownand Amadon 1968 Seeentry for Bent 1937 G Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals (9.8%), birds (2%), vertebrates (19.6%), G, M lower vertebrates(7.8%), and invertebrates(80.4%). Table22. Short-tailedHawk (Buteobrachyurus) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Probablysmall mammals,birds, lizards,snakes, and G frogs. Brownand Amadon1968 Rodents,birds, lizards, and insectsto include grass- G hoppersand wasps. Ogden1974 Mammalsto include i hispidcotton rat', and 2 ui ro- O, R, C, P dents(Rodentia). (Total mammals3.8%.) Florida Birdsto include3 bobwhites,i killdeer, i mourning dove,i grounddove, 3 yellow-billedcuckoos, i common flicker, 3 tree swallows, i tufted titmouse, i robin, i blue-gray gnatcatcher, i cedar waxwing, 2 white-eyedvireos, i black-whiskeredvireo, i black- poll warbler, 2 American redstarts,2 easternmeadowlarks, 23 red-winged blackbirds,3 cardinals,4 Americangoldfinches, 2 rufous-sidedtowhees, 2 sea- sidesparrows, i Bachman'ssparrow and 17 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds96.3%.) Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Diets of Falconiformes 85

Ogden1974 Mammalsto include I ui cotton rat (Sigmodonsp.) G,M and 1 ui rodent(Rodentia). Birdsto include I Sharp-shinnedHawk, I American redstart,i ui warbler, 1 red-wingedblackbird and 1 ui specimen(Aves). Reptilesto include1 ui smallsnake (Serpentes). (Percentagesnot applicable.)

Table23. Gray Hawk (Buteonitidus) Diet.

Reference / Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Mammalssuch as squirrels,mice, other rodents,and G rabbits. Birdsincluding young chacalacas, quail, young chickens,and youngdoves. Lizards, small snakes,and fish. Largegrasshoppers, beetles, and otherinsects. Fisher 1893 Small rodentsto include ground squirrelsand mice; G birds;small reptiles such as lizards;fish; insects to include beetles. Brown and Amadon 1968 Mammals to include rodents and cottontails. G Birdsto includeparakeets. Lizardsand smallsnakes, large grasshoppers and bee- ties. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(5%), birds (20%), vertebrates (100%), lower G, M vertebrates(75%), and invertebrates(0%). Amadon and Phillips Reptilesto include4 desertspiny lizards. 1939 S, P, Su Arizona Stensrude 1965 Rodentsthird in preference. O, I, W, Sp Birds secondin preferenceincluding adult brown Arizona towheesand fledglingsof otherspecies. Clark'sspiny lizards were first in preference. Glinski,unpublished Mammals to include ui mice (Peromyscussp.), ui woodrats(Neotoma sp.), and ui rabbits (Sylvilagus sp.).(Total mammals10%.) Birds to include adult and nestlingGambel's quail, white-wingeddoves, mourning doves, and ui kingbirds(Tyrannus sp.). (Total birds 11%.) Reptilesto includeui earlesslizards (Holbrookia spp.), ui spinylizards (sceloporus spp.), ui lizards(Urosaurus sp.), whiptails(Cnemidophorus spp.), ui whipsnakes 86 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

(Masticophissp.), and ui gartersnakes (Thamnophis spp.).(Total reptiles79%.)

Eagles(Accipitridae)

Table 24. GoldenEagle (Aquila chrysaetos) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Mammalsto includeopossums, moles, raccoons, mar- G tens, weasels,skunks, foxes, dogs, cats, prairie dogs, marmots, ground squirrels, tree squirrels, pocket gophers,mice, rats,porcupines, rabbits, hares, young pigs,deer and their fawns,antelopes, goats and kids, domesticcalves, lambs of mountainsheep, and domestic lambs. Birdsto includegreat blue herons,geese, ducks, gos- hawks,red-tailed hawks, turkeys, quail, grouse including sagegrouse and ptarmigan,domestic poultry, plovers, curlews,short-cared owls, band-tailed pigeons, kingfishers,crows, thrushes, and meadowlarks. Reptilesto includean occasionaltortoise and many snakes: Also carrion. Brown and Amadon 1968 Strongpreference for' mammals to includeodd items G suchas weasels,mink, foxes,deer, fawns, pronghorns, andrarely domestic kids and lambs. Alsostrong preference for gamebirds, but otherbirds includedsuch as jays and crows. Lizards, snakes,fish, and carrion also eaten. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(72.3%), birds (27.7%),vertebrates (100%), G, M lower vertebrates(0%), invertebrates (0%). Fisher 1893 Mammalsto includeI Abert'ssquirrel, and I ui rabbit S, P, W, D (Leporidae). Birdsto include1 ui specimen(Aves). Carrionin 2 cases(1 of pig, Suidae).(Sample not large enoughfor percentages.) Carnie 1954 Mammalsto include2 Virginia opossums,I broad- R, P, Sp-Su looted mole, 2 raccoons,3 long-tailed weasels,17 California stripedskunks, I gray fox, 4 domesticcats, 133 Cali- fornia ground squirrels,7 gray squirrels,3 Botta's pocketgophers, 4 dusky-lootedwoodrats, 3 California voles,144 black-tailedjackrabbits, i desertcottontail, and64 mule deerfawns. (Total mammals77.3%.) Birdsto includeI greatblue heron,3 turkeyvultures, Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Diets of Falconiformes 87

i red-tailed hawk, i American kestrel, 2 mallards, 4 California quail, 2 roadrunners,i barn owl, 7 great hornedowls, i commonflicker, i Lewis' woodpecker, 2 Steller'sjays, i scrubjay, 30 yellow-billedmagpies, 3 commoncrows, and 8 westernmeadowlarks. (Total birds 13.5%.) Reptilesto include26 gophersnakes, i commonking- snakeand 1 westernrattlesnake. (Total reptiles5.6%.) Fish to include i Sacramento sucker and 17 Sacra- mentoperch. (Total fish3.6%.) McGahan 1968 Mammalsto include10 long-tailedweasels, i striped P, R, C, Sp-Su skunk,5 black-tailedprairie dogs,70 yellow-bellied Montana marmots,44 Richardson'sground squirrels, i bushy- tailedwoodrat, 9 ui voles(Microtus spp.), i muskrat,1 porcupine,319 Nuttal's and desert cottontails,24 mule deer fawns,3 pronghornfawns, and i domestic sheeplamb. (Total mammals87.1%.) Birds to include i marsh hawk, I American kestrel, 1 ui hawk nestling(Falconiformes), 19 blue grouse,1 sharp-tailedgrouse, 10 sage grouse,4 ring-necked pheasants,26 gray partridge, i long-billedcurlew, 1 rock dove, 6 Great Horned Owls, i Long-earedOwl, 2 Short-eared Owls, 4 common flickers, and 44 black- billed magpies.(Total birds 12.5%.) Reptiles to include 2 prairie rattlesnakesand 2 ui snakes(Serpentes). (Total reptiles.4%.) Smithand Murphy 1973 Mammalsto include2 long-tailedweasels, 12 white- R, C, P, Sp-Su tailed antelopesquirrels, i long-tailedpocket mouse, Utah 223 black-tailedjackrabbits, 78 ui rabbits(Sylvilagus sp.).(Total mammals96.9%.) 3 Swainson'sHawks, i Short-earedOwl, 2 mourning doves,3 hornedlarks, and i lark sparrow.(Total birds 3.1%.) Olendorff 1976 Mammalsto include 3 Virginia opossums,i broad- M,D looted mole, 3 raccoons,13 ringtails, i ermine, 22 long-tailedweasels, i badger,25 stripedskunks, 2 easternhognosed skunks, 3 ui skunks(Mustelidae), 4 coyotes,i kit fox,2 grayfoxes, 2 bobcats,8 domestic cats,3 woodchucks,261 yellow-belliedmarmots, 37 hoarymarmots, 42 black-tailedprairie dogs, 54 Gun- nison'sprairie dogs,87 ui prairie dogs(Cynomys sp.), 159 Californiaground squirrels, 101 rock squirrels,55 Townsend'sground squirrels, 132 Richardson'sground squirrels,544 Arctic groundsquirrels, 5 thirteen-lined groundsquirrels, 12 white-tailedantelope squirrels, 1 Texasantelope squirrel, 59 ui groundsquirrels (Sciu- 88 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

ridae), i ui chipmunk(Sciuridae), 10 westerngray squirrels,6 fox squirrels,3 Botta'spocket gophers, 1 northernpocket gopher, 2 Townsend'spocket gophers,i yellow-facedpocket gopher, 2 ui pocketgophers(Geomyidae), i long-tailedpocket mouse, 50rd's kangaroorats, 7 ui mice (Peromyscussp.), 5 desert woodrats,5 dusky-lootedwoodrats, 7 bushy-tailed woodrats,8 ui woodrats(Neotoma sp.), 3 California voles,41 ui voles (Microtussp.), 6 ui voles (Crice- tidae), 17 muskrats,2 porcupines,13 ui rodents(Ro- dentia), 542 white-tailed jackrabbits, 6 snowshoe hares, 1,736 black-tailediackrabbits, 126 ui hares (Lopussp.), 338 desertcottontails, 805 ui cottontails (Sylvilagussp.), 275 ui rabbits(Leporidae), 127 mule deer, 2 white-taileddeer, 24 caribou,7 ui deer (Cer- vidae), 21 pronghorns,4 domesticcattle calves,18 mountainsheep, 15 Dall's sheep,13 domesticsheep, 84 ui domesticsheep and goats(Bovidae) and 21 ui specimens(Mammalia). (Total mammals83.9%.) Birds to include 6 great blue herons,3 trumpeter swans,14 mallards,4 pintails,i ui green-wingedteal, i cinnamonteal, 16 ui waterfowl (Anseriformes),5 turkeyvultures, i Cooper'shawk, 2 red-tailedhawks, i red-shoulderedhawk, 2 Swainson'shawks, 2 prairie falcons,7 American kestrels,2 ui hawks (Falconi- formes),3 turkeys,32 blue grouse,7 ruffedgrouse, 11 sharp-tailedgrouse, 177 sagegrouse, 21 ui ptarmigan (Lagopussp.), 18 ui grouse(Tetraonidae), 6 California quail, 29 chukar,219 ring-neckedpheasants, 46 gray partridge,5 domesticchickens, 3 Americancoots, 1 willet, 49 rock doves,4 mourningdoves, 2 roadrunners,10 barnowls, 27 greathorned owls, 2 long-cared owls, 5 short-caredowls, 2 commonnighthawks, 8 common flickers, 2 Lewis' woodpeckers,3 horned larks, 2 Stellar'sjays, i scrubiay, 141 black-billed magpies,30 yellow-billedmagpies, 2 CommonRav- ens, 18 common crows, 5 robins, i varied thrush, 1 Townsend'ssolitaire, 2 starlings,14 westernmeadowlarks, i lark sparrow,6 ui passerines(Passeriformes), and58 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds 14.7%.) Reptilesto include i ui horned lizard (Phrynosoma sp.),2 racers,i coachwhip,52 gophersnakes, i commonkingsnake, i westernrattlesnake, 1 ui rattlesnake (Crotalinae),and 13 ui snakes(Serpentes.) (Total reptiles 1%.) Fish to include i Sacramento sucker, 17 Sacramento perch,i ui perch (Percidae),and 7 ui specimens(Pis- ces).(Total fish .4%.) Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod-Diets of Falconiformes 89

Voelker,unpublished Mammalsto include 5 black-tailedprairie dogs,31 R, P, Sp-Su black-tailedjackrabbits, 46 ui cottontails(Sylvilagus Oklahoma and sp.),and I mule deer fawn. (Total mammals78.3%.) New Mexico Birdsto include2 shovelers,I mallard, i turkey, and I commonraven. (Total birds 4.7%.) Reptilesto include 17 bullsnakesand I westernbox turtle. (Total reptiles17%.) Voelker,unpublished Mammalsto include 2 black-tailedprairie dogs, 7 R, P, Sp-Su white-tailedprairie dogs,4 Richardson'sground squir- Wyoming rels,87 white-tailedjackrabbits, 29 ui cottontails(Syl- vilagussp.), I badger,and 52 pronghornfawns. (Total mammals83.5%.) Birdsto include26 sagegrouse. (Total birds 11.9%.) Reptiles to include 10 bullsnakes.(Total reptiles 4.6%.)

Table 25. Bald Eagle(Haliaeetus leucocephalus) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Mammals to include opossums,raccoons, weasels, G foxes,prairie dogs,ground squirrels,tree squirrels, mice, rats, porcupines,rabbits, piglets, fawns, and lambs. Birds to include horned grebes,pied-billed grebes, cormorants,snowy egrets, little blue herons,brant, other geese,black ducks,pintails, lesser scaup, other ducks,ptarmigan, grouse, chickens, coots, killdeer, waders,gulls, terns, murres, guillemots, puffins, auklets, murrelets,other alcids,crows, rosy finches,fox sparrows,longspurs, and savannahsparrows. Reptilesto includeturtles. Fish to include herring, salmon,pike, carp, catfish, blackbass, crevalle, pompano, sheepshead, mullet. Invertebrates such as crabs. Carrion. Brown and Amadon 1968 Mammals to include Arctic fox kits and domestic and G mountainsheep lamps. Birdsto includegeese and other waterfowl. Fish such as salmon. Carrion. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals (4.5%), birds (18.8%), vertebrates(98%), lower vertebrates(74.7%), and invertebrates(2%). Fisher 1893 Mammalsto include2 ui prairie dogs(Cynomys sp.), S, P, F, W,D 2 ui mice (Rodentia),2 ui rats(Rodentia), I mule deer, 90 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

and i ui specimen(Mammalia). (Total mammals 36.4%.) Birds to include I ui duck (Anatidae).(Total birds 4.5%.) Fish to include2 eels (Auguilliformes),2 goldfish,1 white catfish,1 stripedbass, 1 sunfish(Centrarchidae), and4 ui specimens(Pisces). (Total fish 50%.) Other to include 2 carrion specimens.(Total carrion 9%.) Herrick 1924 Birds to include 12 domesticchickens. (Total birds O, R, Sp-Su 11.9%.) Ohio Fish to include 87 ui specimens(Pisces). (Total fish 86.1%.) , Other to include2 ui specimens.(Total other2%.) Wright 1953 Mammalsto include i snowshoehare. (Total mam- R,O,P mals .7%.) New Brunswick Birdsto include6 black ducks,3 ui ducks(Anatidae), i ui crow (Corvussp.), and 2 ui birds (Aves).(Total birds8.7%.) Fish to include 18 alewife, 16 ui pickerel (Esoxsp.), 12 ui chub (Cyprinidae),12 white suckers,23 brown bullheads,30 ui perch(Percidae), and 11 ui fish (Pis- ces).(Total fish88.4%.) Carrion to include i beaver, 1 sealamprey, and i ui sturgeon(Acipenseridae). (Total carrion2.2%.) Imler and Kalmbach Mammals to include 3 muskrats.(Total mammals 1955 4.7%.) R, P, Sp-Su Birdsto include2 hornedgrebes, i great blue heron, Marylandand Virginia 2 mallards,4 black ducks,i pintail, 2 ring-necked ducks,2 lesserscaups, 1 ui duck (Anatidae),2 Bald Eagles,i ui gallinaceousbird (Galliformes),1 Ameri- can coot, 1 rock dove, and i long-caredowl. (Total birds33.3%.) Reptiles to include'3 mud turtles, and i painted turtle. (Total reptiles6.3%.) Fish to include i ui herring (Clupediae),3 carp, 1 cyprinidae(other than carp),6 channelcat, 19 ui catfish(lctalurus sp.), 1 ui bass(Centrarchidae), 2 ui fish (Pisces).(Total fish 52.4%.) Other items2. (Total other3.3%.) Retfalvi 1970 Mammalsto include13 ui rabbits(Leporidae). (Total R,P,Y mammals21.3%.) Washington Birdsto include2 surf scoters,2 ui gulls(Laridae), 2 commonmurres, and 11 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds27.9%.) Fishto include17 stripedbass, 8 lingcod,3 giantscul- Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Diets of Falconiformes 91

pin (Cottidae),1 red Irish lord, 2 arrowtoothflounder. (Total fish50.8%.)

Dunstan and Harper Mammalsto include 4 muskrats.(Total mammals 1975 1.3%.) R,P, Su Birdsto include14 ducks(Anatidae) such as mallards, Minnesota woodducks, ring-necked ducks, and lesser scaup, and 6 gullssuch as herring gulls, and ring-billed gulls and 4 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds 7.9%.) Fish to include42 northernpike, 88 suckerssuch as white suckersand shortheadredhorses, 106 bullheads, suchas black bullheads, yellow bullheads, and brown bullheads,12 rock bass,15 largemouthbass, and 9 other specimenssuch as bowfins,ciscos, ui whitefish (Coregonussp.), black crappie, white crappie, yellow perch,and walleye. (Total fish90.1%.) Invertebratesto include1 ui clam(Lampsilis sp.) and 1 ui crayfish(Cambarus sp.). (Total invertebrates .7%.)

Platt 1976 Mammals to include road-killed and hunter-shot ui C,P,W cottontails(Sylvilagus sp.) and black-tailedjack rab- Utah bits.

Sherrod, White, and Mammalsto include 31 Norway rats, 80 sea otter Williamson 1977 pups.(Total mammals23.3%.) R,P,Y Birds to include 58 northern fulmars, 10 short-tailed Aleutian Islands shearwaters,2 fork-tailedpetrels, 4 pelagiccormo- rants,9 ui cormorants(Phalacrocorax sp.), 4 Canada geese, 4 emperor geese, 4 mallards, 3 pintails, 3 green-wingedteal, 1 harlequinduck, 8 commonei- ders, 3 ui ducks(Anatidae), 2 bald eagle chicks,17 rock ptarmigan, 2 rock sandpipers,26 glaucous- wingedgulls, 3 black-leggedkittiwakes, 12 common murres,1 pigeon guillemot,27 ancientmurrelets, 1 parakeetauklet, 35 crestedauklets, 12 leastauklets, 6 ui auklets(Alcidae), 5 hornedpuffins, 16 tufted puffins, 8 ui puffins (Alcididae),I ui cuckoo(Cuculus sp.),3 ui birds(Aves). (Total birds60.9%.) Fish to includei dolly vardentrout, 5 longnoselancetfish,3 Pacific cod, 2 Pacific oceanperch, 36 rock greenling,1 red Irish lord, 1 armorheadsculpin, 6 smoothlumpsuckers, 15 ui fish (Pisces),2 massesof fisheggs (Pisces). (Total fish 15.1%.) Invertebratesto include 3 ui octopi (Octopussp.). (Total invertebrates.6%.)

Osprey(Pandionidae) 92 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

Table 26. Osprey(Pandion haliaeetus) Diet.

Reference / Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Possiblydomestic piglets, young ducks, and chickens, G turtles,snakes, frogs, and beetles. Fish almostexclusively to includebowfin, eels,herring, shad,menhaden, salmon, trout, pickerel,pike, goldfish,carp, suckers,brown bullheads, other catfish, tomcod, flying fish, sunfish,perch, bluefish,sque- teague,mullet, whitefish,bonito, flounder,and other fish. Brown and Amadon 1968 Rarelybirds to includestorm petrdls, ducks, and sand- G pipers. Alsofrogs, but almostentirely fish. Occasional crustacean. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(0%), birds (0%),vertebrates (98.4%), lower G, M vertebrates(98.4%), invertebrates (1.6%). Fisher 1893 Fish to include i goldfish,2 bonytails,i humpback S, P, Y, D sucker,2 ui suckers(Catostomidae), I ui tomcod(Uro- phycis sp.), 3 ui sunfish(Centrarchidae), i yellow perch, i ui mullet (Mugilidae),and 6 ui specimens (Pisces).(Total fish 100%.) Koplin 1971 Fish to includeui salmon(Salmonidac, 37%), moun- Oregon tain whitefish (6%), and tui chub (57%). (Total fish lOO%.) Garber 1971-1972 Fish to include Eagle Lake trout (34%), Tui chub R,P (48%),and Tahoesuckers (18%). (Total fish 100%.) California French1972 Fish to includesurf smeltand night smelt(98%), and California ui surfperches(Embiotocidae, 2%). (Total fish 100%.) MacCarter 1972 Fish to include ui salmon (Oncorhynchusspp.), O,P peamouths,pumpkinseeds, and yellow perch (14.5%); Montana ui whitefish(Coregonus and Prosopiumspp., 26.1%), andlargescale suckers (59.4%). Ureokaand Koplin 1973 Fish to includeui herring (Clupeidae,2%), ui an- O, P, Sp-Su chovies(Engraulidae, 3%), ui silversides(Atherinidae, California 2%), ui surfperch(Embiotocidae, 63%), ui sculpins (Cottidae,1%), and ui fish (Pisces,29%). (Total fish 100%.) Wiley and Lohrer 1973 In additionto fish, 3 hispidcotton rats, 5 ui small R,O,P mammals(Mammalia), i wood duck, i ui passerinc Florida (Passeriformes),and 1 Floridared-bellied turtle. Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod-Diets of Falconiformes 93

Caracara(Falconidae)

Table 27. Caracara(Polyborus plancus) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Mainly carrion to includedead mammals,birds, and G reptiles. Also kills opossums,skunks, prairie dogs,squirrels, mice, rats and other rodents,rabbits, birds, young alligators,turtles, lizards, snakes, frogs, and fish. Alsograsshoppers, beetles, insect larvae and other insects,crayfish, crabs, and worms. Brown and Amadon 1968 All sortsof animaland perhapsvegetable matter. G All classesof vertebrates and also beetle larvae, other insects, and worms. Fisher 1893 Mammalsto include1 ui specimen(Mammalia). S,I,W i specimenof carrionand maggots. Mexico (Percentagesnot applicable.) Arizona Sprunt 1946 Reptilesto include ui turtles (Testudines),ui turtle O,P eggs(Testudines), ui lizards(Lacertilia), and ui snakes Florida (Serpentes). Carrion.(Percentages not applicable.) Haverschmidt 1947 Coconuts. O, P, Su, F (Percentagesnot applicable.) Dutch Guiana Glazener 1964 Road kills to includeVirginia opossums,raccoons, ui O,P,Y skunks(Mustelidae), coyotes, ui rodents(Rodentia), ui Texas rabbits (Leporidae),armadillos, a variety of birds (Aves),and snakes(Serpentes). Also disgorged food of vultures.(Percentages not applicable.) Richmond 1976 Mammalsto include i hispid cotton rat, i peccary. O,I,W (Total mammals9.5%.) Costa Rica Birdsto include3 jacanas,and i ui smallbirds (Aves). (Total birds 19%.) Reptilesto include2 tailsof blackiguanas, 2 tailsof commoniguanas, and 4 ui ameivaslizards (Ameivas sp.).(Total reptiles38.1%.) Amphibiansto include i large frog (Anura). (Total amphibians4.8%.) Fishto include2 ui specimens(Eleotridae). (Total fish 9.5%.) Invertebratesto include 1 ui specimen(probably ta- 94 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

rantula or large insect (Arthropoda). (Total in- vertebrates4.8%.) Carrionin 3 instances.(Total carrion14.3%.)

Falcons(Falconidac)

Table 28. Gyrfalcon(Falco rusticolus) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Mammalsto includeweasels, squirrels, lemmings, rats, G snowshoehares, arctic hares, and rabbits. Birds to include geese,eiders, other ducks, spruce grouse,prairie chickens,ptarmigan, poultry, Ameri- can goldenplovers, ringed plovers, ruddy turnstones, purple sandpipers, dunlins, phalaropes, common snipe, seabirds,kittiwakes, murres, dovekies,guillemots,puffins, pigeons, and snowbuntings. Brown and Amadon 1968 Mammalsincluding lemmings. G Chiefly birds includingthose from large ducksand even geese down to passerines,grouse, and arctic ptarmigan,and many sea birds. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(40.9%), birds (59.1%),vertebrates (100%), G, M lower vertebrates(0%), invertebrates(0%). Cade 1960 Mammalsto include263 arctic groundsquirrels, 3 ui R, C, D, Su redbacked voles (Clethrionomyssp.), 70 ui voles Alaska (Cricetidae),and 2 brown lemmings.(Total mammals 58.2%.) Birdsto include5 ui scaup(Aythya sp.), 3 oldsquaws, 2 ui ducks(Anatidae), 161 ui ptarmigan(Lagopus sp.), I Americangolden plover, I Hudsoniangodwit, 1 upland plover, 3 pectoral sandpipers,I western sandpiper, 2 parasiticjaegars, 18 Lapland longspurs,and 45 ui passerines(Passeriformes). (Total birds 41.8%.) Cade 1960 Mammalsto include 6 arctic groundsquirrels and 8 R, C, P, Su brownlemmings. (Total mammals13.6%.) Colville River Birds to include 6 pintails, I oldsquaw,3 harriers,2 rough-leggedhawks, 51 ui ptarmigan(Lagopus spp.), 2 Americangolden plovers, 3 long-tailediaegars, 20 short-caredowls, and I ui passerinc(Passeriformes). (Total birds 86.4%.) White and Springer1965 Birdsto includeI Americangreen-winged teal, I red- R, I, Su breasted merganser, 3 ui ducks (Anatidae), 9 ui Coastal Alaska ptarmigan(Lagopus sp.), 1 pectoralsandpiper, 1 dunlin, 2 western sandpipers,I northern phalarope, I Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod-Diets of Falconiformes 95

commonsnipe, 5 ui shorebirds(Charadriiformes), 1 long-tailedjaeger, i mew gull,2 Sabine'sgull, i arctic tern, 2 ui gulls(Laridae), i ui redpoll(Carduelis sp.), 1 Savannahsparrow, and 4 ui passerines(Passeriformes). (Total birds 100%.) Platt, unpublished Mammalsto include14 arctic groundsquirrels, and 6 O,I, Su ui voles(Microtus sp.). (Total mammals37%.) YukonTerritory Birdsto include21 ui ptarmigan(Lagopus sp.), 2 ui sandpipers(Scolopacidae), and 7 ui passerines(Passe- riformes).(Total birds55.6%.) Other to include4 specimens.(Total other7.4%.) Roseneau,unpublished Mammals to include i ermine, i mink, 170 arctic R, C, P, Sp-Su groundsquirrels, 24 collaredlemmings, 6 brownlem- Alaska mings,8 ui lemmings(Cricetidae), 44 northernred- backed voles, i tundra vole, 5 ui voles (Cricetidae), and 2 ui microtines (Microtinae). (Total mammals 17.2%.) Birdsto include i black brant, 7 pintails, i ui green- winged teal, 5 oldsquaw,8 ui waterfowl (Anseri- formes),876 willow and rock ptarmigan,30 American goldenplovers, i semipalmatedplover, 11 whimbrels, 6 bar-tailedgodwits, i wanderingtattler, i lesseryellowlegs,2 ruddy turnstones,13 commonsnipe, i ui sandpiper(Scolopacidae), i parasitic jaeger, 155 long- tailed jaegars,3 ui jaegars(Stercorariidae), 14 black- leggedkittiwakes, 14 ui shorebirds(Charadriiformes), 4 pigeonguillemots, 7 tufted puffins,i parakeetauklet, 4 ui alcids(Alcidae), 12 short-caredowls, i Say's phoebe,11 robins,i varied thrush,3 gray-cheeked thrushes,i water pipit, 2 ui redpolls(Carduelis spp.), 2 tree sparrows,i fox sparrow,5 Laplandlongspurs, 2 snowbuntings, 29 ui passerines(Passeriformes), and 23 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds 82.7%.) Other 1. (Total other .1%.)

Table 29. Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus)Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Mammalsto include prairie dogs,ground squirrels, G tree squirrels,pocket gophers,mice and other rodents,jack rabbits, and other rabbits. Birds to include mallards, teals, and other ducks, sharp-tailedgrouse, prairie chickens,Gambel's and other quail, ring-neckedpheasants, gray partridge, domesticpoultry, coots, waders, gulls, band-tailed pi- 96 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

geons,rock doves,mourning doves, iays, house sparrows, meadowlarks,yellow-headed blackbirds, Bre- wer's blackbirds, white-crowned sparrows, other sparrows,and chestnut-collared longspurs. Reptilesto includelizards. Invertebratesto include grasshoppers,crickets, and other insects. Brown and Amadon 1968 Mammals and birds of small and medium size. G Rarelylizards and large insects. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(21.6%), birds (33.3%),vertebrates (54.9%), G, M lower vertebrates(0%), invertebrates (45.1%). Enderson 1964 Mammalsto include Richardson'sground squirrels R, P, Sp-Su andthirteen-lined ground squirrels. Colorado Birds to include white-throated swift, black-billed magpie,loggerhead shrike, western meadowlark, vesper sparrow,and McCown'slongspur. Leedy 1972 Mammalsto includeRichardson's ground squirrel and Sp-Su mountain cottontail rabbit. Montana Birds to include horned lark, western meadowlark, vesper sparrow,black-billed magpie, and Brewer's blackbird. Ogden1973 Mammals to include Townsend'sground squirrel, R, P, Su white-tailedantelope squirrel, ui kangaroorats (Dipo- Idaho domyssp.), ui woodrats(Neotoma sp.), and desertcottontail. Birdsto includeCalifornia quail, chukar,ring-necked pheasant,rock dove, mourning dove, Burrowing Owl, ui nighthawk(Chordeiles sp.), horned lark, cliff swallow, rock wren, starling,western meadowlark, red- wingedblackbird, and western tanager. Reptilesto includecollared lizard, leopardlizard, ui hornedlizard (Phrynosomasp.), and spottedwhiptail. Invertebratesto includeui grasshoppers(Orthoptera) andui scorpions(Scorpionida). Porter and White 1973 Mammalsto include2 Uinta groundsquirrels, 2 rock R, C, P, Su squirrels,i ui groundsquirrel (Spermophilus sp.), and Utah 1 ui vole (Microtussp.). (Total mammals7.9%.) Birds to include 2 ui ducks(Anatidae), i California quail, 2 ring-neckedphasants, 6 Americanavocets, 9 killdeer,5 willets,i sanderling,i rock dove,2 mourning doves,i commonflicker, i westernkingbird, 1 hornedlark, 7 robins,9 housesparrows, 18 western meadowlarks,1 Brewer'sblackbird, i ui blackbird(Ic- teridae), and 2 rufous-sidedtowhees. (Total birds Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Diets of Falconiformes 97

Smithand Murphy 1973 Mammalsto include 5 white-tailedAntelope squir- R,C,P rels, i deer mouse,and 2 youngblack-tailed iackrab- Utah bits. (Total mammals30.8%.) Birdsto include7 hornedlarks, 3 starlings,i western meadowlark,i green-tailedtowhee, and i vesper sparrow.(Total birds50%.) Invertebratesto include5 ui locusts(Acrididae). (To- tal invertebrates19.2%.)

Denton 1975 Mammalsto includeTownsend's ground squirrel, Bel- R, P, Su ding'sground squirrel, goiden-mantled ground squir- Oregon rel, andleast chipmunk. Birdsto includemourning dove, horned lark, starling, westernmeadowlark, and red-wingedblackbird.

Marti and Brown 1975 Mammalsto includei yellow-belliedmarmot, 2 gold- C, R, I, Su en-mantledground squirrels, 4 northernpocket goph- Colorado ers, 2 deer mice, 3 long-tailedvoles, and 23 pikas. (Total mammals39.3%.) Birds to include3 white-tailedptarmigan, 8 horned larks, 5 mountainbluebirds, 3 water pipits, 19 rosy finches, and 16 ui small birds (Aves). (Total birds 60.7%.) Platt, unpublished Mammalsto include 18 thirteen-linedground squir- C, P, Sp-Su rels, 21 spottedground squirrels, 38 plainspocket New Mexico gophers,30rd's kangaroorats, and 6 desertcottontails. (Total mammals65.6%.) Birdsto include2 scaledquail, 4 mourningdoves, 1 Lewis's woodpecker,20 horned larks, 3 western meadowlarks,and 13 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds 32.8%.) Invertebrates to include 2 ui beetles (Coleoptera). (Total invertebrates 1.5%.) Voelker,unpublished Mammalsto include7 rock squirrels.(Total mammals R, C, P, Sp-Su 8.4%.) Oklahoma Birdsto include4 sealedquail, 25 mourningdoves, 9 black-billedmagpies, and 38 ui meadowlarks(Stur- nella sp.).(Total birds91.6%.) McKinley,unpublished Mammalsto include36 thirteen-linedground squir- R, P, Su rels, 11 Richardson'sground squirrels. (Total mam- Colorado mals55.3%.) Birds to include 12 horned larks, 5 western meadowlarks,5 mourningdoves, i lark sparrow,i blue jay, 2 Brewer'sblackbirds, i commonnighthawk. (Total birds44.7%.) 98 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

Table 30. PeregrineFalcon (Falco peregrinus) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Minimally mammalsto include marmots,squirrels, G mice, hares, and rabbits. Primarily birds to includegrebes, petrels, small herons, ducks from mallards to teals, harriers, American kestrels,grouse, ptarmigan, pheasants, quail, poultry, rails, coots,plovers, killdeer, woodcock,snipe, sandpipers, gulls, terns, auklets, murrelets,rock doves, mourning doves, cuckoos,whip-poor-wills, night hawks,chimney swifts, kingfishers, flickers and other woodpeckers,kingbirds, phoebes, swallows, purple martins,jays, crows,nuthatches, catbirds, thrashers, robins,bluebirds, thrushes, starlings, warblers, bobolinks,meadowlarks, blackbirds, orioles, grackles, tan- agers,grosbeaks, goldfinches, crossbills, juncos, and othersparrows. Rarelyfish, dragonflies, and beetles. Brown and Amadon 1968 Few smallmammals to sizeof youngrabbit. G Mainly birdsfrom smallwild geeseand ducksto finches.Grouse, rarely poultry; waders,small seabirds, and nestlings.Pigeons are favorites. Odd frog and evenlive fishand insects. Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(3.4%), birds (76.7%),vertebrates (80.2%), G, M lower vertebrates(0%), invertebrates (19.8 %). Fisher 1893 Mammals to include 2 ui mice (Rodentia).(Total S,P,Y mammals6.9%.) Eastern and Birds to include i cinnamonteal, 2 ui ducks(Ana- Southwestern U.S. tidae), i Gambersquail, 2 domesticchickens, i ui fowl (Galliformes),2 mourningdoves, i catbird, 1 crissalthrasher, i robin, i gray-cheekedthrush, i ui warbler(Parulidae), 1 ui meadowlark(Sturnella sp.), 1 ui sparrow(Passeriformes), and 7 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds79.3%.) Invertebratesto include 2 ui dragonflies(Odonata) and 2 ui beetles (Coleoptera).(Total invertebrates 13.8%.) Errington 1933 Birds to include 1 horned grebe, 1 green heron, 1 R, P, Sp-Su green-wingedteal, 1 American kestrel, 4 domestic Wisconsin chickens, i killdeer, i black tern, 74 rock doves and mourningdoves, i whip-poor-will,i ui nighthawk (Chordeilessp.), 1 chimneyswift, 3 commonflickers, 1 red-headedwoodpecker, i yellow-belliedsapsucker, 1 Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod-Diets of Falconiformes 99

hairy woodpecker,i purplemartin, 10 blue iays,2 robins, i ui bluebird (Sialia sp.), i bobolink, I ui meadowlark(Sturnella sp.), 2 red-wingedblackbirds, and 7 ui smallbirds (Aves). (Total birds 100%.) Bond 1936 Pelletsor castingsof the followingnumbers: R, C, O, I, W Mammals to include i brush rabbit. California Birdsto include13 eared grebes(probably), i ruddy duck,11 Americancoots, 1 killeer, and i of ui yellow- legs(Tringa sp.) /n ...... 1.' __1-1_ \ •rei-ceiitagea not app•lcaue.] Cade,White, and Haugh Mammalsto include5 duskyshrews, i arctic ground 1968 squirrel, 8 ui voles (Cricetidae),2 ui redback voles R, P, Sp-Su (Clethrionomyssp.), and 3 snowshowhares. (Total mammals5.8%.) Birdsto include2 red-neckedgrebes, 3 hornedgrebes, i black brant, 8 pintails, 16 green-wingedteals, 2 blue-wingedteals, 2 ui teal (Anas sp.), 2 American widgeons, 7 shovelers,I canvasback,4 ui scaup (Aythya sp.), i harlequinduck, I white-wingedscoter, 3 surf scoters,21 ui ducks(Anatidae), i American kestrel,2 sprucegrouse, I ruffed grouse,40 common snipes,33 spottedsandpipers, I upland plover, 32 lesseryellowlegs, 9 solitary sandpipers,I pectoral sandpiper,2 semipalmatedsandpipers, 4 northern phalaropes,10 ui shorebirds(Charadriiformes), 14 mew gulls,7 Bonaparte'sgulls, I Sabine'sgull, I arctic tern, 4 ui larids (Laridae),I hawk-owl, i boreal owl, 24 commonflickers, 2 ui woodpeckers(Picidae), 8 ui flycatchers(Empidonax sp.), I olive-sidedflycatcher,I Say'sphoebe, 2 bank swallow,i cliff swallow, 87 grayjays, i black-cappedchickadee, 1 boreal chickadee, 17 robins, 26 varied thrushes, I hermit thrush, 3 Swainson'sthrushes, 23 ui thrushes(Cath- arus sp.), I Townsend'ssolitaire, 12 Bohemianwax- wings,2 orange-crownedwarblers, 3 yellowwarblers, 2 ui warblers(Parulidae), 8 rustyblackbirds, I ui redpoll (Carduelissp.), 2 pine grosbeaks,5 white-winged crossbills,8 dark-eyedjuncos, 17 fox sparrows,2 white-crownedsparrows, and 13 ui passerines(Passe- riformes).(Total birds94.2%.) Cade 1960 Mammalsto include2 arctic groundsquirrels and 3 ui R, P, Sp-Su voles(Cricetidae). (Total mammals 4.2%.) Alaskan Tundra Birdsto include5 pintails,i oldsquaw,19 ui ptarmigan (Lagopusspp.), 7 commonsnipes, 2 pectoral sandpipers,3 Americangolden plovers, i blackobel- lied plover, 6 semipalmatedsandpipers, 2 northern lOO RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

phalaropes,9 red phalaropes,6 ui sandpipers(Sco- lopacidae),1 parasiticjaeger, i long-tailedjaeger, 2 robins,3 gray-cheekedthrushes, 1 arctic warbler, 2 yellow wagtails,7 tree sparrows,4 fox sparrows,30 Lapland longspurs, and 2 ui passerines(Passe- riformes).(Total birds 95.8%.)

White and Cade 1971 Mammalsto include1 arctic groundsquirrel, 1 tundra R, P, Sp-Su vole, 2 ui microtines(Microtinae). (Total mammals Colville River .9%.) Birdsto include1 youngarctic loon, 4 Canadageese goslings,3 pintails,2 green-wingedteals, 1 American widgeon,2 greaterscaups, 4 red-breastedmergansers, 1 ui scorer(Melanitta sp.), 3 ui ducks(Anatidae), 4 rough-legged hawks, 2 peregrine falcons, 14 ui ptarmigan(Lagopus sp.), 9 semipalmatedplovers, 30 American golden plovers, 37 common snipes, 3 spotted sandpipers,2 lesseryellowlegs, 4 pectoral sandpipers,9 long-billeddowitchers, i semipalmated sandpiper,1 bar-tailed godwit, 12 northern phalaropes,18 ui shorebirds(Charadriiformes), 42 parasitic jaegers,9 long-tailedjaegers, 1 pomarinejaeger, 17 ui jaegers(Stercorarius sp.), 2 Sabine'sgulls, 3 ui gulls (Laridae),2 arctic terns, 7 short-earedowls, 3 Say's phoebes,2 gray jays, 20 gray-cheekedthrushes, 1 blue-throat,6 arctic warblers,34 yellow wagtails,1 water pipit, 2 northernshrikes, 4 yellow warblers,2 ui redpolls(Carduelis sp.), 22 tree sparrows,4 white- crownedsparrows, 20 fox sparrows,22 Laplandlong- spurs,40 ui passerines(Passeriformes) (Total birds 99.1%.) Porter and White 1973 Mammalsto include I big brown bat and 2 ui bats R, C, P, Su (Chiroptera).(Total mammals 2.8%.) Utah marshes Birdsto include3 ui youngducks (Anatidae), 2 killdeer, 10 willets, 3 greateryellowlegs, 2 long-billed dowitchers, 22 American avocets, 1 black-necked stilt, 6 Wilson'sphalaropes, i Franklin'sgull, 13 mourning doves,5 rock doves,8 commonflickers, 1 scrubjay, 2 robins, 2 Bohemianwaxwings, 9 western meadowlarks,4 red-wingedblackbirds, 3 Brewer'sblackbirds, 5 ui blackbirds(Icteridae), and 2 green-tailedtowhees.(Total birds 97.2%.)

Porter and White 1973 Birds to include 1 Chukar, 1 American coot, 2 mourn- R, C, P, Su ing doves,1 commonnighthawk, 2 ash-throatedfly- Utah deserts catchers,i Say'sphoebe, 3 hornedlarks, i pinyonjay, 1 westernmeadowlark, 3 yellow-headedblackbirds, 2 Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod-Diets of Falconiformes 101

red-wingedblackbirds, and I lark sparrow. (Total birds 100%.) White, Emison, and Mammalsto include5 Norway Rats.(Total mammals Williamson 1973 0.91%.) R, O, P,Y Birdsto includeI scaledpetrel, 19 fork-tailedpetrels, Alaskan Aleutian Islands 20 Leach'spetrels, 2 ui petrels(Oceanodroma sp.), 3 mallards,I pintail,28 commonteals, I commongoldeneye,1 harlequinduck, I red-breastedmerganser, 22 rock ptarmigan,2 Americangolden plover, I ruddy turnstone,I wanderingtattler, I wood sandpiper,8 rock sandpipers,4 red phalaropes,I black-headed gull, 2 black-leggedkittiwake, 12 arctic terns,7 Aleu- tian terns, 2 pigeon guillemots,2 horned puffins,2 tuftedpuffins, 85 ancientmurrelets, 17 parakeetauk- lets, 131 crested auklets, 105 least auklets, 7 whiskered auklets,32 ui auklets (Aethia sp.), 7 gray- crownedrosy finches,13 Lapland longspursand 7 snowbuntings. (99.1%) Endersonand Craig 1974 Birdsto includerocks dove, mourningdoves, white- R,O,P throatedswifts, pinyon jays, Clark's nutcracker, Bre- RockyMountains wer'sblackbirds, and otherui smallbirds (Aves). (Per- centagesnot applicable.) Hunt, Rogers,and Slowe Mammalsto include2 ui specimens(Mammalia). (To- 1975 tal mammals2.2%.) R, O, P,F Birds to include 2 snowyegrets, I cattle egret, 2 Texas greenherons, I black-crownednight heron,4 shovelers,I green-wingedteal, I redhead,I lesserscaup, 1 ui duck (Anatidae),I Americankestrel, I king rail, 1 Americancoot, I Americangolden plover, 3 willets, 1 herringgull, I ring-billedgull, I laughinggull, 2 ui gulls(Larus spp.), 2 royal terns,7 ui smallshorebirds (seereference), I rock dove,I white-wingeddove, 12 mourningdoves, 2 commonflickers, 2 hornedlarks, 1 gray catbird,4 easternmeadowlarks, I rusty blackbird, I great-tailedgrackle, 4 brown-headedcowbirds, 11 ui sparrows(Passeriformes), and 12 ui passerines (Passeriformes).(Total birds97.8%.)

Table 31. Merlin (Falco columbarius) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Few mammalsto includebats, squirrels, pocket goph- G ers and mice. Mainly birdsto includeLeach's petrel, green-winged teal, ptarmigan, California quail, small domestic 102 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

chickens,woodcock, snipe, plovers, Eskimo curlews, sandpipers,pigeons, doves, black swifts, chimney swifts, flickers, swallows,iays, nuthatches,brown creepers,robins, thrushes,gnatcatchers, waxwings, vireos,kinglets, pipits, warblers,bobolinks, meadowlarks,blackbirds, grackles, and various sparrows. Lizards, snakes,toads, dragonflies, grasshoppers, crickets,butterflies, moths, caterpillars, beetles, crayfish,spiders, and scorpions.

Brown and Amadon 1968 Somesmall mammals even up to sizeof smallrabbits. G Chieflysmall birds, especially those of groundor low vegetation.Rarely larger birds such as teal or ptarmigan. Somesmaller waders. More often larks, pipits, and small finches. Few small lizards, snakes,toads, frogs, dragonflies, and other insects.

Fox 1964 Birds to includespotted sandpiper, common flicker, M, P,W,F, D horned lark, starling, western meadowlark, red- winged blackbird, house sparrow, house finch, ui goldfinch(Carduelis sp.), dickcissel,Savannah sparrow, tree sparrow,Lincoln's sparrow, and snowbunting. Invertebratesto includeui grasshoppers(Orthoptera), ui crickets(Orthoptera), ui caterpillars(Insecta), and ui beetles(Coleoptera). Snyderand Wiley 1976 Mammals(.5%), birds (25.2%),vertebrates (25.9), G,M lowervertebrates (.2%), and invertebrates (74.1%). Fisher 1893 Mammalsto include 4 ui voles (Cricetidae).(Total S, P,Y, D mammals3.4%.) Birds to include i young domesticchicken, i ui poultry(Galliformes), 1 rock dove, i ui swift (Apo- didae), i commonflicker, i ui swallow (Hirundi- nidae),I browncreeper, i ui thrush(Muscicapidae), 3 red-eyedvireos, i ui vireo(Vireonidae), 4 ui warblers (Parulidae),7 housesparrows, i bobolink, i indigo bunting,2 ui goldfinches(Carduelis sp.), 3 chipping sparrows,i field sparrow,3 swampsparrows, 2 song sparrows,i snow bunting, 10 ui sparrows(Passe- riformes),and 14 ui birds(Aves). (Total birds 43.2%.) Invertebratesto include19 ui dragonflies(Odonata), 8 ui grasshoppers(Orthoptera), 25 ui crickets(Orthop- tera), i ui caterpillar(Insecta), 6 ui beetles(Coleop- tera), and 4 ui insects(Insecta). (Total invertebrates 53.4%.) Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Diets of Falconiformes 103

McLean 1928 Birdsto include1 commonflicker, 1 scrubjay, 4 rob- S,P,W ins, 4 ui pipits (Motacillidae), 1 ui bird (probably California Audubon'swarbler, 1 ui meadowlark(Sturnella sp.), and 2 ui juncos(Junco sp.). (Total birds 100%.) Breckenridgeand Birdsto includecommon flickers, ui smallflycatcher Errington1938 (probablyEmpidonax sp.), tree swallows,ui thrushes C, O, S, Sp-Su (Muscicapidae),house sparrows, and ui finches(Passe- Minnesota riformes). Invertebratesto includeui dragonflies(Odonata). Fox 1964 Birds to include horned lark 53.5%, brown-headed R, I, Sp-Su cowbird13.3%, Baird's sparrow 6.2%, vespersparrow Saskatchewan 6.7%, songsparrow 6.7%, chestnut-collaredlongspur 13.6%. (Total birds 100%.) Also starling,red-winged blackbird, ui fringillid sparrows(Passeriformes), and ui dragonflies(Odonata). Johnsonand Coble1967 Mammalsto include 1 ui bat (Myotis sp.),and 1 red R, C, I, Su bat. (Total mammals6.7%.) Michigan Birdsto include2 ui rails (Railidac),i commonnighthawk, 2 commonflickers, 3 ui woodpeckers(Picidae), I red-breastednuthatch, I yellowthroat,i ui warbler (Parulidae),i red crossbill,and i ui sparrow(Passe- riformes).(Total birds43.3%.) Invertebratesto include 15 ui dragonflies(Odonata). (Total invertebrates50%.) Oliphantand Birds to include 1 ui flycatcher (Empidonaxsp.), 10 McTaggart1977 horned larks, 2 tree swallows, 6 robins, i hermit R, O, P, Su thrush,2 Swainson'sthrushes, 2 ruby-crownedking- Saskatchewan lets, 7 Bohemianwaxwings, 4 cedar waxwings,2 red- eyed vireos,112 housesparrows, i westernmeadowlark, i Savannahsparrow, 3 slate-coloredjuncos, 1 white-throatedsparrow, i Lincoln'ssparrow, 2 song sparrows,2 chesnut-collaredlongspurs, 2 lapland longspursand 14 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds 100%.)

Table32. AmericanKestrel (Sparrow Hawk) (Falcosparverius) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Bent 1937 Mammals to include small bats, white-looted mice, G and other mice. Birds such as domestic chicks, nesting swallows, youngrobins, and housesparrows. Reptilessuch as small snakes and amphibians. Insectsto include grasshoppers,crickets, Jerusalem 104 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

crickets, and ants. Brown and Amadon 1968 Mice and smallbirds including sandpiper chicks. G Reptilesincluding lizards and amphibians. Mostlyinsects, especially grasshoppers. Alsoscorpions. Heintzelman 1964 Mammalsto include big brown bats, Brazilian free- G,M tailed bat, short-tailedshrews, ui shrews(Soricidae), thirteen-lined ground squirrels, ui gophers (Geo- myidae),deer mice, white-lootedmice, ui cottonrats (Sigmodonsp.), ui woodrats(Neotoma sp.), meadow voles,prairie voles,ui voles(Microtus sp.), ui voles (Cricetidae),house mice, meadowjumping mice, and ui rabbit(Leporidae). Birds to include ground doves,horned larks, cliff swallows, winter wrens, Carolina wrens, robins, eastern bluebird, ui vireo (Vireonidae),hermit warblers, ui warblers (Parulidae), English sparrows,eastern meadowlarks,ui meadowlarks(Sturnella sp.), red- winged blackbird, commongrackle, brown-headed cowbird,ui blackbirds(Icteridae), cardinals, grasshopper sparrows,vesper sparrows, ui juneos(Junco sp.), tree sparrows,chipping sparrows, field sparrows,ui sparrows(Spizella sp.), Gambel's sparrow, song sparrows,and ui sparrows(Zonotrichia sp.). Reptilesto include ui anoles(Anolis sp.), six-lined racerunner, and five-lined skinks. Invertebratesto includeui aeshnicdragonflies (Libel- lulidae),ui Libellulid dragonflies(Libellulidae), lesser migratory grasshoppers,grasshoppers, ui crickets (Gryllussp.), Jerusalem crickets, periodical cicada, ui bugs (Hemiptera),acraea moths, ui lepidopterans (Lepidoptera),ui fly larvae(Diptera), ui groundbeetles (Carabidae),ui click beetles(Elateridae), ui beetles(Coleoptera), and ui ants(Hymenoptera). Other to include bread. Snyderand.Wiley1976 Mammals(2.4%), birds (1.2%), vertebrates(4.3%), G, M lower vertebrates(.7%) and invertebrates(95.7%). Fisher 1893 Mammalsto include i ui bat (Chiroptera),7 short- S, P,Y, D tailed shrews,4 ui shrews(Soricidae), 2 ui gophers (Rodentia),5 white-lootedmice, i ui cottonrat (Sig- modonsp.), 42 ui voles(Cricetidae), 24 housemice, 37 ui mice (Rodentia),i ui rabbit (Leporidae),and i ui specimen(Mammalia). (Total mammals 6.7%.) Birds to include i ui quail (Phasianidae),i ground dove, I Carolina wren, i ui vireo (Vireonidae),4 ui warblers(Parulidae), 3 ui meadowlarks(Sturnella sp.), Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Diets of Falconiformes 105

I red-wingedblackbird, 3 housesparrows, i vesper sparrow,5 ui juncos(Junco sp.), 5 tree sparrows,1 field sparrow,7 songsparrows, 13 ui sparrows(Passe- riformes),and 14 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds 3.3%.) Reptilesand amphibiansto include11 ui lizards(Lac- eftilia), 7 ui snakes(Serpentes), and 2 ui frogs(Anura). (Total reptilesand amphibians 1.1%.) Other to includeI specimen.(Total other .1%.) Invertebratesto includei ui centipede(Chilopoda), 7 ui dragonflies(Odonata), 525 ui grasshoppers(Or- thoptera), 351 ui crickets (Orthoptera),8 ui locusts (Orthoptera),14 ui katydids(Orthoptera), 1 ui moth (Lepidoptera),I ui butterfly (Lepidoptera),54 lepi- dopterouslarvae (Lepidoptera),2 ui flies (Diptera), 2 ui dungbeetles (Scarabaeidae), 8 ui dung beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae),92 ui beetles(Coleoptera), 429 ui insects(Insecta), 99 ui insectlarva (Insecta),52 ui spiders(Araneae). (Total invertebrates88.8%.)

Errington1933 Mammalsto include 10 ui young groundsquirrels R, I, Sp-Su (Sciuridae),4 ui voles(Cricetidae), and 7 deer mice. Wisconsin Birdsto include5 housesparrows. Invertebrates to include an incalculable number of ui grasshoppers(Orthoptera), ui June beetles (Melo- lonthinae),etc. (Percentagesnot applicable.) Knowlton and Mammalsto include11 mice (Rodentia).(Total mam- Telford 1947 mals1%.) S, P, Su-F Reptilesto includeI sagebrushlizard. (Total reptiles Utah .1%.) Invertebratesto include1 ui dragonfly(Odonata), 479 ui grasshoppers(Orthoptera), 291 crickets(Orthop- tera), 169 ui Orthopterans(Orthoptera), 5 ui stink bugs(Pentatomidae), 4 ui bugs(Hemiptera), 23 Lepi- dopteranlarvae (Lepidoptera)), I ui cranefly (Tipu- lidae),4 Dipteranlarvae (Diptera), 10 groundbeetles (Carabidae),4 ui click beetles(Elateridae), I ui borer (Coleoptera),8 June beetles(Melolonthinae), 41 ui beetles(Coleoptera) and 2 ui spiders(Araneae). (Total invertebrates(98.9%.)

Heintzelman 1964 Mammals to include i short-tailed shrew, 14 meadow R, C, P, Sp-Su voles, 118 ui voles (Microtussp.), and 2 meadow Pennsylvania jumpingmice. (Total mammals54%.) Birds to include I eastern meadowlark, 8 common grackles,7 ui blackbirds(Icteridae), 3 brown-headed 106 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

cowbirds,i cardinal,i grasshoppersparrow, 2 ui finches (Fringillidae), and 12 ui passerines(Passe- riformes).(Total birds 14%.) Reptilesto includei five-linedskink. (Total reptiles .4%.) Invertebratesto include3 Libelluliddragonflies (Li- bellulidae),6 short-hornedgrasshoppers (Acrididae), l l periodicalcicadas, 54 ui groundbeetles (Cara- bidae), and 5 ui beetles (Coleoptera). (Total in- vertebrates31.6%.)

Smithand Murphy 1973 Mammalsto include25 deermice and 5 ui voles(Mi- R, C, P, Sp-Su crotussp.). (Total mammals 27.3%.) Utah Birdsto include 6 horned larks, 2 mountainbluebirds, 5 starlings,and 5 housesparrows. (Total birds 16.4%.) Reptiles to include 4 side-blotched lizards and 1 deserthorned lizard. (Total reptiles 4.5%.) Invertebratesto include42 ui short-hornedgrasshoppers(Acrididae), 2 ui beetles(Coleoptera), 11 ui snout weevils(Curculionidae), and 2 ui spiders(Araneae). (Total invertebrates51.8%.)

Youngand Blome 1975 Mammalsto includei big brownbat, i easternchip- R, P, Sp-Su munk, i least chipmunk, i red squirrel,3 meadow Ontario voles,and 2 meadowjumping mice. (Total mammals 2.6%.) Birdsto include2 Americankestrel, 1 commonsnipe, 2 commonflickers, 2 catbirds,4 starlings,i yellowthroat, 1 red-wingedblackbird, 6 commongrackles, 15 brown-headedcowbirds, 1 swampsparrow, and 36 ui specimens(Aves). (Total birds20.5%.) Reptilesand amphibiansto include1 easterngarter snake,and 1 ui leopardfrog. (Total reptilesand amphibians.6%.) Invertebratesto include 18 ui dragonflies(Cordu- liidae), 68 red-leggedgrasshopers, 1 band-winged grasshopper,15 ui crickets(Gryllidae), 12 ui cicadas (Cicadidae),5 ui tiger beetles(Cicindelidae), 107 ui groundbeetles (Carabidae), 2 ui click beetles(Elate- ridae), 2 ui metallic wood-boringbeetles (Bupres- tidae), 1 ui ladybirdbeetle (Coccinellidae),1 ui dark- ling beetle (Tenebrionidae), 5 ui scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae),13 ui Junebeetles (Phyllophaga sp.), 1 poplar borer, 5 ui long-horned beetles (Ceram- bycidae),6 ui smallbeetles (Coleoptera), i ui spider (Araneae),and 1 ui snail (Gastropoda).(Total in- vertebrates76.3%.) Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Diets of Falconiformes 107

Table33. AplomadoFalcon (Falco femoralis) Diet.

Reference/Methods Information Food Fisher 1893 Mammals, small birds, and insects. G

Bent 1937 Mammals to include mice and other rodents. Occasionallybirds such as quail, ground doves, hornedlarks, lark buntingsand lark sparrows. Small reptilesand insectsof variouskinds suchas dragonflies,grasshoppers, and crickets. Brown and Amadon 1968 Few small mammals and lizards. G Chieflybirds and large insects. Hectorand Langford, Birdsto includei killdeer, 6 white-wingeddoves, 28 unpublished mourningdoves, 6 grounddoves, i red-billedpigeon, R,O,P 7 yellow-billed cuckoos,3 squirrel cuckoos,19 Mexico groove-billedanis, 2 ui caprimulgids(Caprimulgidae), i green kingfisher,8 ui woodpeckers(Picidae), 2 great kiskadees,3 ui flycatchers(Tyrannidae), 2 ui wrens(Troglodytidae), 2 robins,i Swainson'sthrush, 6 ui meadowlarks(Sturnella sp.), 3 melodiousblack- birds,2 bronzedcowbirds, i giant cowbird,10 great- tailed grackles,2 ui orioles(Icteridae) i indigobunting,2 Aztecparakeets, and 22 ui specimens(Aves). Alsoa high percentageof insectsto includeui locusts (Acrididac),ui butterflies(Lepidoptera), and ui beetles (Coleoptera). (Percentagesnot applicable.)

Acknowledgments I thankDr. Tom J. Cade,Mr. JamesD. Weaver,Mr. RollinBauer, Dr. ClaytonM. White, and Mr. StephenW. Platt for their critiqueof the manuscriptand for help in gatheringsome of thematerial. Elise Schmidt helped in typingand organizing material. Additionally,I thank my wife, Linda,for her dedicatedassistance in the preparationof thismanuscript.

AppendixI

MAMMALS

Abert'sSquirrel Armadillo(Nine banded) Badger Sciurusaberti Dasypusnovemcinctus Taxideataxus ArcticGround Squirrel ArizonaGray Squirrel Beaver Spermophilusparryii Sciurusarizonensis Castorcanadensis ArcticHare Belding'sGround Squirrel Lepusarcticus Spermophilusbeldingi 108 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

Belding'sGround Squirrel DuskyShrew Long-tailedPocket Mouse Spermophilusbeldingi Sorex obscurus Perognathusformosus Big Brown Bat Dwarf Elk Long-tailedVole Eptesicusfuscus Cervus nannodes Microtuslongicaudus Black-tailedJackrabbit Long-tailedWeasel Lepuscalifornicus EasternChipmunk Mustelafrenata Black-tailedPrairie Dog Tamias striatus Cynomysludovicianus Eastern Cottontail MeadowJumping Mouse Bobcat Sylvilagusfloridanus Zapushudsonius Felisrufus EasternGray Squirrel Meadow Vole Botta'sPocket Gopher Sciurus carolinensis Microtuspennsylvanicus Thomomysbottae EasternHog-nosed Skunk Brazilian Free-tailed Bat Merriam'sChipmunk Conepatusleuconotus Eutamias merriami Tadarida brasilensis Eastem Mole Mexican Woodrat Broad-looted Mole Scalopusaquaticus Neotoma mexicana Eastern Woodrat Scapanuslatimanus Mink BrownLemming Neotomafloridana Mustela vison Lemus sibiricus Ermine Montane Vole Brush Mouse Mustela erminea Microtus montanus Peromyscusboylii Brush Rabbit MountainSheep Fox Squirrel Ovis canadensis Sylvilagusbachmani Sciurusniger Mule Deer Bushy-tailedWoodrat Odocoileus hemionus Neotoma cinerea Franklin'sGround Squirrel Spernu•hilusfranklinii Muskrat CaliforniaGround Squirrel Ondatra zibethicus Spernu•hilusbeecheyi California Pocket Mouse Golden-mantledGround Squirrel Spermophiluslateralis NorthernGrasshopper Mouse Perognathuscalifornicus Onychomysleucogaster California Vole Gray Fox Urocyoncynereoargenteus NorthernPocket Gopher Microtuscalifornicus Great Basin Pocket Mouse Thomomystalpoides Caribou Perognathusparvus Northern Red-backed Vole Rangifertarandrus GroundSquirrel Clethrionomysrutilus Chisel-toothedKangaroo Rat Spermophiluscolumbianus Norway Rat Dipodomysmicrops Gunnison'sPrairie Dog Rattusnorvegicus CollaredLemming Cynomysgunnisoni Nuttall's Cottontail Dicrostonyxtorquatus Sylvilagusnuttalli Coyote Canis latrans Hairy-tailedMole Parascalopsbreweri Ord'sKangaroo Rat Dipodomysordii Dall'sSheep Harris'Antelope Squirrel Ovus dalli Ammospermophilusharrisii Deer Mouse Heerman'sKangaroo Rat Peccary Peromyscusmaniculatus Dipodomysheermanni Tayassiipecari Desert Cottontail HispidCotton Rat Pika Sylvilagusaudobonii Sigmodonhispidus Ochotonaprinceps Desert Woodrat Hoary Marmot Pinon Mouse Neotomalepida Marmotacaligata Peromyscustruei DomesticPig House Mouse Plains Harvest Mouse Susscrofa Mus musculus Reithrodontomysmontanus Domestic Cat PlainsPocket Gopher Felis domesticus Kit Fox Geomysbursarius Domestic Cattle Vulpesmacrotis Porcupine Bos taurus Erethizon dotsaturn DouglasSquirrel LeastChipmunk Prairie Vole Tamiasciurusdouglasii Eutamias minimus Microtusochrogaster Dusky-lootedWoodrat Last Weasel Pronghorn Neotomafuscipes Mustela nivalis Antilocapraamericana Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod-Diets of Falconiformes 109

Raccoon WesternGray Squirrel Arctic Tern Procyonlotor Sciurusgriseus Sternaparadisaea Red Bat Western Harvest Mouse Arctic Warbler Lasiurus borealis Reithrodontomysmegalotis Phylloscopusborealis Red Squirrel WesternJumping Mouse Ash-throatedFlycatcher Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Zapusprinceps Myiarchuscinerascens Richardson'sGround Squirrel White-looted Mouse Audubon's Warbler Spermophilusrichardsonii Peromyscusleocopus Dendroica auduboni Ringtail White-tailedAntelope squirrel Aztec Parakeet Bassariscus astutus Ammospermophilusleucurus Aratingaastec RockSquirrel White-tailed Deer Spermophilusvariegatus Odocoileusvirginianus Bachman'sSparrow Round-tailedGround Squirrel White-tailedJackrabbit Aimophilaaestivalis Spermophilustereticaudus Lepustownsendii Baird'sSparrow White-tailedPrairie Dog Ammodramus bairdii SagebrushVole Cynomysleucurus BaldEagle White-throated Woodrat Laguruscurtatus Haliaeetusleucocephalus Sea Otter Neotomaalbigula Baltimore Oriole Woodchuck Enhydralutris Icterusgalbula Marmota monax Sheep Bank Swallow Woodland Vole Ovus aries Riparia riparia Short-tailed Shrew Microtuspinetorum Barn Owl Blarina brevicauda Tyto alba Yellow-bellied Marmot Snowshoe Hare Barn Swallow Lepusamericanus Marmotaflaviventris Hirundo rustica SouthernBog Lemming Yellow-facedPocket Gopher Bar-tailed Godwit Synaptomyscooperi Pappogeomyscastanops Limosalapponica SouthernFlying Squirrel Bendire's Thrasher Glaucomysvolans Toxostoma bendirei Southeru Plains Woodrat BIRDS Black-bellied Plover Neotomamicropus Pluvialissquatarola Southern Red-backed Vole Abert's Towhee Black-billedMagpie Clethrionomysgapperi Picapica Pipiloaberti Black Brant SpottedGround Squirrel AcornWoodpecker Spermophilusspilosoma Melanerpesformicivorus Branta bernicla Star-nosed Mole Aleutian Tern Black-crownedNight Heron Condyluracristata Sterna aleutica Nycticoraxnycticorax StripedSkunk American Avocet Black Duck Mephistismephitis Recurvirostra americana Anasrubripes American Coot Black-headed Grosbeak TexasAntelope Squirrel Fulica americana Pheucticusmelanocephalus Black-headed Gull Ammospermophilusinterpres American Golden Plover Larus ridibundus Thirteen-linedGround Squirrel Pluvialis dominica Spermophilustridecemlineatus American Goldfinch Black-leggedKittiwake Townsend'sGround Squirrel Carduelis tristis Larus tridactyla Black-necked Stilt Spermophilustownsendii American Kestrel Townsend'sPocket Gopher Falcosparverius Himantopusmexicanus Thomomystownsendii American Redstart Black-pollWarbler Dendroica striata Tundra Vole Septophagaruticilla Black Tern Microtus oeconomus AmericanWidgeon Anas americana Chlidoniasniger American Woodcock Black-whiskered Vireo Uinta GroundSquirrel Scolopaxminor Vireoaltiloquus Spermophilusarmatus Ancient Murrelet Blue-grayGnatcatcher Synthliboramphusantiquus Polioptilacaerulea Virginia Opossum Arctic Loon Blue Grouse Didelphisvirginiana Gavia arctica Dendragapusobscurus 110 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

BlueJay CedarWaxwing Dunlin Cyanocittacristata Bombycillacedrorum Calidrisalpina Blue Throat Chesnut-collaredLongspur Erithacus svecica Calcarius ornatus Eared Grebe Blue-wingedTeal ChimneySwift Podicepscaspicus Anas discors Chaeturapelagica Eastern Bluebird Bobolink ChippingSparrow Sialia sialis Dolichonyxoryzivorus Spizellapasserina EasternKingbird Bobwhite Chukar Tyrannustyrannus Colinusvirginianus Alectoris chukar Eastern Meadowlark BohemianWaxwing Cinnamon Teal Sturnellamagna Bombycillagarrulus Anascyanoptera EmperorGoose Bonaparte'sGull ClapperRail Ansercanagica Larusphiladelphia Ralluslongirostris Boreal Chickadee Clark's Nutcracker Field Sparrow Parus hudsonicus Nucifragacolumbiana Spizellapusilla Boreal Owl Cliff Swallow Fork-tailed Petrel Aegoliusfunereus Hirundopyrrhonota Oceanodromafurcata Brewers Blackbird Common Bushtit Forster's tern Euphaguscyanocephalus Psaltr,parusminimus Sternaforsteri Bronzed Cowbird Common Crow Fox Sparrow Molothrus aeneus Corvusbrachyrhynchos Zonotrichia iliaca BrownCreeper Common Eider Franklin's Gull Certhis f amiliaris Somateria mollissima Laruspipixcan Brown-headed Cowbird Common Flicker Molothrus ater Colaptesauratus Gambel'sQuail Brown Thrasher CommonGoldeneye Lophortyxgambelii Toxostomarufum Bucephalaclangula Brown Towhee Common Grackle Gambel'sSparrow Zonotrichialeucophyrs gambelli Pipiliofuscus Quiscalusquiscula Gilded Flicker Bullock's Oriole Common Murre Colaptesauratus chrysoides Icterusgalbula Uria aalge Giant Cowbird BurrowingOwl CommonNighthawk Athene cunicularia Chordeiles minor Scaphiduraoryzivora Common Raven Glaucous-wingedGull Cactus Wren Corvus corvax Larusglaucescens GrasshopperSparrow Campylorhynchusbruinneicapillus CommonSnipe Ammodramus savannarum CaliforniaQuail Gallingogallinago Common Teal Gray Catbird Lophortyscalifornicus Dumetella carolinensis California Thrasher Anas crecca Toxostoma redivivum Gray-cheekedThrush Cooper'sHawk Catharus minima Canada Goose Acciptercooperi Branta canadensis Crested Auklet Gray-crownedRosy Finch Leucosticte arctoa Canvasback Aethia cristatella Crissal Thrasher Gray Jay Aythya valisineria Perisoreus canadensis CanyonWren Toxostoma dorsale Gray Partridge Salpinctesmexicanus Curve-billed Thrasher Cardinal Toxostoma curvirostre Perdixperdix Great Blue Heron Cardinalis cardinalis Ardea herodias Carolina Wren Dark-eyedJunco GreaterScaup Thryothorusludovicianus Juncohyemalis Aythya marila Cassin'sKingbird Dickcissel GreaterYellowlegs Tyrannusvociferans Catbird Spizaamericana Tringamelanoleucus Domestic Chicken Great Horned Owl Dumetella carolinensis Gallusgallus Bubovirginianus CattleEgret Great Kiskadee Bulbulcus ibis DownyWoodpecker Picoidespubescens Pitangussulphuratus Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Diets of Falconiformes 111

Great-tailed Grackle KentuckyWarbler MountainQuail Quiscalusmexicanus Geothlypisformosus Oreortyxpictus Green Heron Killdeer Mourning Dove Butorides striatus Charadriusvociferus Zenaida macroura GreenKingfisher King Rail Chloroceryleamericana Ralluselegans Northern Fulmar Green-tailed Towhee Fulmarusglacialis Pipilochlorura Green-wingedTeal LaplandLongspur NorthernPhalarope Anas crecca Calcariuslapponicus Lobipeslobatus Northern Shrike Ground Dove Lark Bunting Lanius excubitor Columbinapasserina Calamospizamelanocorys Groove-billed Anis Lark Sparrow Crotophagasulcirostris Chondestesgrammacus Oldsquaw Guinea Fowl LaughingGull Clangulahyemalis Numidameleagris Larus atricilla Olive-sidedFlycatcher Least Auklet Contopusborealis Aethiapusilla Orange-crownedWarbler Hairy Woodpecker LeConte'sSparrow Vermivora celata Picoides villosus Ammodramus leconteii Ovenbird HarlequinDuck Leach's Petrel Seiurusaurocapillus Histrionicus histrionicus Oceanodroma leucorhoa HarlequinQuail LesserScaup Parakeet Auklet Cyrtonyxmontezumae Aythya affinis Harrier LesserYellowlegs Cyclorrhynchuspsittacula Circuscyaneus Tringaflavipes ParasiticJaeger Hawk Owl Lewis'Woodpecker Stercorariusparasiticus Surnia ulula PectoralSandpiper Melanerpeslewis Calidris melanotos Hermit Thrush Lincoln'sSparrow Catharusguttata Zonotrichia lincolnii PelagicCormorant Hermit Warbler LoggerheadShrike Phalacrocoraxpelagicus Dendroica occidentalis Lanius ludovicianus PeregrineFalcon HerringGull Falcoperegrinus Long-billedCurlew Pied-billed Grebe Larus argentatus Numenius americanus Hooded Warbler Long-billedDowitcher Podilymbuspodiceps Wilsonia citrina PigeonGuillemot Limnodromusscolopaceus Horned Grebe Long-billedMarsh Wren Cepphuscolumba Podicepsauritus Cistothoruspalustris PileatedWoodpecker Horned Lark Dryocopuspileatus Long-earedOwl Pine Grosbeak Eremophilaalpestris Asio otus Horned Puffin Pinicola enucleator Long-tailedJaegar Pine Warbler Fratercula corniculata Stercorariuslongicaudus House Finch Dendroicapinus Carpodacusmexicanus PinyonJay HouseSparrow Mallard Gymnorhinuscyanocephalus Passer domesticus Anasplatyrhynchos Pintail House Wren Marsh Hawk (SeeHarrier) Anas acuta Troglodytesaedon Circuscyaneus PomarineJaegar Hudsonian Godwit McCown'sLongspur Stercorariuspomarinus Limosa haemastica Calcarius mccownii Poor-Will Melodius Blackbird Phalaenoptilusnuttalli Dives dives Prairie Falcon IndigoBunting Mew Gull Falco mexicanus Passerinacyanea Larus canus PurpleMartin Mockingbird Prognesubis Mimuspolyglottos Jacana Mountain Bluebird Red-belliedWoodpecker ]acana spinosa Sialia currucoides Melanerpescarolinus 112 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

Red-billedPigeon Ruffed Grouse Sora Columbaflavirostris Bonasa umbellus Porzana carolina Red-breastedMerganser Rufous-crownedSparrow SpottedSandpiper Actitis macularia Mergusserrator Aimophilaruficeps Rufous-sided Towhee Red-breasted Nuthatch SpruceGrouse Sitta canadensis Pipiloerythrophthalmus Dendragapuscanadensis RustyBlackbird SquirrelCuckoo Red Crossbill Euphaguscarolinus Piaya cayana Loxia curvirostra Starling Red-eyedVireo Sturnusvulgaris Vireo olivaceous Sabine's Gull Stellar'sJay Larus sabini Redhead Cyanocittastelleri SageGrouse Aythya americana SummerTanager Centrocercusurophasianus Pirangarubra Red-headedWoodpecker SageSparrow Surf Scoter Melanerpeserythrocephalus Amphispizabelli Red-necked Grebe Melanittaperspicillata SageThrasher Swainson's Hawk Podicepsgrisegna Oreoscoptesmontanus Buteo swainsoni Red Phalarope Sanderling Swainson's Thrush Phalaropusfulicarius Calidris alba Cathams ustulata Red-shouldered Hawk SavannahSparrow Buteo lineatus SwampSparrow Ammodramus sandwichensis Zonotrichiageorgiana Red-tailed Hawk Say'sPhoebe Buteo•amaicensis Sayornissaya Townsend's Solitaire Red-wingedBlackbird Scaled Petrel Myadestestownsendi Agelaiusphoeniceus Pterodramainexpectata Tree Sparrow Ring-billedGull ScaledQuail Larus delawarensis Spizellaarborea Callipeplasquamata Tree Swallow Ring-neckedDuck ScarletTanager Tachycinetabicolor Aythya collaris Pirangaolivacea TrumpeterSwan Ring-neckedPheasant Screech Owl Cygnusbuccinator Phasianus colchicus Otus asio Tufted Puffin Roadrunner ScrubJay Lunda cirrhata Geococcyxcalifornianus Aphelocomacoerulescens Tufted Titmouse Robin SeasideSparrow Parus bicolor Turdusmigratorius Ammodramus maritimus Turkey Rock Dove SemipalmatedPlover Meleagrisgallopavo Columba livia Charadriussemipalmatus TurkeyVulture RockPtarmigan SemipalmatedSandpiper Cathartes aura Lagopusmutus Calidrispusillus RockSandpiper Sharp-shinnedHawk Calidrisptilocnemis Accipiterstriatus UplandPlover Rock Wren Sharp-tailedGrouse Bartramialongicauda Salpinctesobsoletus Tympanuchusphasianellus Rose-breasted Grosbeak Short-eared Owl Pheuticus ludovicianus Varied Thrush Asioflammeus Zoothera naevius RosyFinch Short-tailed Shearwater VesperSparrow Leucosticte arcota Puffinustenuirostris Rough-leggedHawk Shoveler Pooecetesgramineus Buteolagopus VirginiaRail Anasclypeata Rallus limicola RoyalTern SnowBunting Sterna maximus Plectrophenaxnivalis Ruby-crownedKinglet SnowyEgret WanderingTattler Reguluscalendula Egrettathula Heteroscelus icanus RuddyDuck SolitarySandpiper Water Pipet Oxyura•'amaicensis Tringasolitaria Antbusspinoletta RuddyTurnstone SongSparrow Western Bluebird Arenaria interpres Zonotrichia melodia Sialia mexicana Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Diets of Falconiformes 113

WesternKingbird Yellow-belliedSapsucker DesertSpiny Lizard Tyrannusverticalis Sphyrapicusvarius Sceloporusmagister Western Meadowlark Yellow-billed Cuckoo Eastern Garter Snake Sturnellaneglecta Coccyzusamericanus Yellow-billedMagpie Thamnophissirtalis sirtalis WesternSandpiper Pica nutalli Fence Lizard Calidris mauri Yellow-headed Blackbird Scloporusundulatus WesternTanager Xanthocephalusxanthocephalus Five-lined Skink Pirangaludoviciana Yellowthroat Eumecesfasciatus Western Wood Pewee Geothlypistrichas Florida Red-bellied Turtle Contopussordidulus Yellow-throated Vireo Chrysemysnelsoni Whimbrel Vireoflavifrons Frog (GreenTreefrog, Squirrel Tree- YellowWagtail frog)Hyla cinerea Numeniusphaeopus Motacillaflava H. squirella Whip-poor-will Yellow Warbler Caprimulgusvociferus Dendroicapetechia Gilbert's Skink Whiskered Auklet Eumecesgilberti Glass Lizard Aethispygmaea Ophisaurusattenuatus White-breasted Nuthatch REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS GopherSnake Sitta carolinensis Pituophismelanoleucus catenifer White-crownedSparrow Great Plains Rat Snake Zonotrichialeucophrys American Toad Elapheguttata emoryi Great Plains Skink White-eyedVireo Bufoamericanus Vireo griseus Eumeces obsoletus GreenFrog White-tailedPtarmigan BlackIguana Rana clamitans Lagopusleucurus Ctenosaura similis Black Rat Snake White-throatedSparrow LeopardFrog Zonotrichia albicollis Elapheobsoleta obsoleta Rana pipiens White-throated Swift Blue Racer LeopardLizard Aeronautes saxatalis Coluberconstrictor foxi Crotaphytuswislezeni White-wingedCrossbill Blue-tailed Skink Long-nosedSnake Loxialeucoptera Eumecesfasciatus Rhinocheilus lecontei White-wingedDove Bullfrog Zenaida asiatica Rana catesbiana Milksnake White-wingedScoter Bullsnake Lampropeltistriangulum Melanittadeglandi Pituophismelanoleucus sayi Mud Turtle Willet Kinosternon subrubrum Catoptrophorussemipalmatus CheckeredWhiptail Williamson'sSapsucker Cnemidophorustesselatus Sphyrapicusthyroideus Chuckwalla Painted Turtle Willow Ptarmigan Sauromalus obesus Chrysemyspicta Lagopuslagopus Coachwhip Plains Garter Snake Wilson'sPhalarope Masticophisflagellum Thamnophisradix Stenganopistricolor Collared Lizard Prairie Kingsnake Wilson's Warbler Crotaphytuscollaris Lampropeltiscalligaster calligaster Wilsoniapusilia CommonIguana Prairie Rattlesnake Crotalis viridus viridus Winter Wren Iguana iguana Troglodytestroglodytes CommonKingsnake Racer Wood Duck Lampropeltisgetulus A ix sponsa Constrictor Coluber constrictor Wood Sandpiper Pituophismelanoleucus Race Runner Tringaglareola CreviceSpiny Lizard Cnemidophorussexlineatus Wood Thrush Sceloporuspoinsetti Red-bellied Snake Catharus mustelina Storeriaoccipitomaculata Wrentit Desert Horned Lizard Ringnecked Snake Chamaeafasciata Phrynosomaplatyrhinos Diadophispunctatus 114 RAPTOR RESEARCH Vol. 12, No. 3/4

RoughGreen Snake Bonytail Rainbow Trout Opheodrysaestivus Gila elegans Salmogairdneri Bowfin Red Irish Lord SagebrushLizard Amia calva Hemilepidotushemilepidotus Sceloporusgraciosus Brown Bullhead Rock Bass Side-blotched Lizard Ictalurus nebulosus Ambloplitesrupestris Uta stansburiana RockGreenling Six-lined Racerunner Carp ttexagrammoslagocephalus Cnemidophorussexlineatus Cyprinuscarpio Roundtail Chub Smooth Earth Snake Channel Catfish Gila robusta Virginiavaleriae Ictaluruspunctatus Cisco SnappingTurtle Sacramento Perch Chelydraserpentina Coregonusartedii Archoplitesinterruptus SpottedWhiptail Sacramento Sucker Desert Sucker Cnemidophorusgularis Catostomus occidentalis Catostomus clarkii StripedWhipsnake SeaLamprey Masticophistaeniatus Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma Petromyzonmarinus Shorthead Redhorse Texas Horned Lizard Moxostomamacrolepidotum Phrynosomacornutum Eagle Lake Trout SmoothLumpsucker Tiger Salamander Salmogairdneri aquilarium Aptocyclusventricosus Arabystomatigrinum Sonora Sucker Goldfish Western Box Turtle Catastomusinsignis Carassius auratus StripedBass Terrapeneornata Morone saxatilis Western Fence Lizard Surf Smelt Hump-backedSucker Sceloporusoccidentalis Hypomesuspretiosus Western Rattlesnake Xyrauchentexanus Crotalus viridis Western Toad Tahoe Sucker LargemouthBass Catostomus tahoensis Bufo boreas Micropterussalmoides WesternWhiptail Tui Chub LargescaleSucker Gila bicolor Cnemidophorustigris Catostomus machrocheilus Wood Frog Lingcod Rana sylvatica Ophiodonelongatus Walleye LongnoseLancetfish Stizostedion vitreum vitreum Yellow-bellied racer Alepisaurusferox White Catfish Coluber constrictor Ictalurus catus White Crappie Zebra-tailed Lizard Mountain Whitefish Pomoxis annularis Callisaurus draconoides Prosopiumwilliamsoni White Sucker Catostomus commersoni Night Smelt FISH Spirinchusstarski Northern Pike Yellow Bullhead Esox lucius Ictalurus natalis Alewife Yellow Perch

Alosapseudoharengus Pacific Cod Percaflavescens ArmorheadSculpin Gadusmacrocephalus Gymnocanthusgaleatus Pacific Ocean Perch Arrowtooth Flounder Sebastes alutus INVERTEBRATES Atheresthes stomias Pickerel Esox lucius Black Bullhead Peamouth Acraea Moth Ictalurus melas Mylocheiluscaurinus Estigmeneacraea BlackCrappie Pumpkinseed AppleSnail Ponwxisnigromaculatus Lepomisgibbosus Pomaceapaludosa Fall/Winter 1978 Sherrod--Diets of Falconiformes 115

Band-wingedGrasshopper Gay-wingedLocust Potato Beetle Circotettix verruculatus Arphia crassa Chrysomelaloidea Bill Bug Xanthippuscorallipes Rhodobaenustridecompunctatus Grasshopper Red-leggedGrasshopper Bird Locust M elanoplus,devastator Melanoplusfemurubrum Shistocerca lineata Ground Beetle Geopoinusincrassatus Cabsoma obsoletum Short-hornedGrasshopper Camel Cricket Melanoplusdifferentialis Dait•iniabrevipes JapaneseMystery Snail SolitaryWasp Carolina Locust Viviparusjaponica Stizus unicinctus Dissosteira carolina JerusalemCricket SquashBug Cicada Stenopelmatusirregularis Anasa tristis Tibicenpruinosa StinkBug Crayfish LesserMigratory Grasshopper Euschistus variolarius Cambarusdiogenes M elanoplusatlantis Chlorochroaligata Peribalus limbolarius Periodical Cicada Dung Beetle Magicicadaseptendecim Phanaeusdifformis Plant Bug Wasp Thyantacustator Elis quincquecincta Freshwater Univalve Mollusc PoplarBorer Water ScavengerBeetle Ampullariadepressa Saperdacalcarata Tropisternuslateralis

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