(034) References

l�«d*«

”«u� œuL�� s�b�« w��Ë UMN*« sL�d�«b�� ¨qO)« U�√ Æ÷U�d�« ä�d*« —«œ ÆÊU��ù«Ë WO�O��« rEM�« ≤∞∞µ U�d�“ ¨rO�«d�≈ ÆdB� W��J� ÆWOM��« WKJA� ±π∑∂ „—U�� rFM*«b��Ë VO$ tK�« WLF� ¨rO�«d�≈ ÆWF�U'« »U�� W��R� ÆwKOK��« œUB��ô« w� W�bI� ±π∏≤ ©Ò�� bL�� Æ?�® bOH�œ ¨w��Ëd�d�« ÆW�uH�� l�D�« ‚uI� ÆÂUF�« «u_« rK� ∆œU�� ±π∏∏ ÊUL�� `�H�« u�√ ¨wM� s�« Æ…d�UI�« Æ©—U�M�« wK� bL�� oOI%® hzUB)« ±πµ∂≠±πµ≤ Íd�� sL�d�«b�� ¨bL�√ ÆW�—bMJ�ô« ¨W�dB*« UF�U'« —«œ ÆÍœUB��ô« dJH�« —uD� ±π∏∑ n�d� dOL� ¨WO�O��≈ ÆÊUL�Ò ¨dAMK� qz«Ë —«œ ÆWOzU�eO�Ë WOID�Ë W�uC� W�ƒ— ∫W�uGK�« «u_« ≤∞∞≤ ?�« ÃdH�« u�√ ¨w�UNH√ Æ ËdO� ¨W�UI��« —«œ © µ◊® w�U�_« »U�� ±π∏± w�O�u��« œU%ô« w� ÂuKF�« WO1œU�√ ¨‚ËdA�« —«œ Æ©»u�√ œ«R� WL�d�® WO�UL��ô« ÂuKF�« qO�œ ∫w�UO��« œUB��ô« ±π∏∂≠±π∏µ ÆoA�œ ”bI*« »U�JK� wIO�D��« dO�H��« Æ…d�UI�« Ü�bO� d��U� W�d� Æ”bI*« »U�JK� wIO�D��« dO�H��« ≤∞∞≤ …dB��*« WOH�KH�« W�u�u*« Æ ËdO� ¨rKI�« —«œ ©‚œUB�« bO�d�«b�� ¨ÍdAF�« ‰ö� ¨q�U� œ«R� Æ?�® Æ?� Æœ ?�« ÍdJ� œuL�� ¨w�u�√ Æ ËdO� ¨w�dF�« ‚dA�« —«œ «—uAM� Æ»dF�« ‰«u�√ W�dF� w� »—_« ⁄uK� ±≥±¥ rO�«d�« ¨fO�√ Æ…d�UI�« ¨W�dB*« uK$_« W��J� Æ©¥◊® W�uGK�« «u_« ±π∑± sL�d�«b�� ¨»u�√ Æw�öOJ�« WF�D� ÆWGK�« «u√ ±π∂∏ l�«d*« Ø ±∞≤¥

ÆX�uJ�« WF�U� U�u�D� ÆtKOK%Ë t�U��≈ ∫ÂöJ�« ±π∏¥ t� ¨d�U� Æœ«bG� .©≤◊® W1bI�« «—UC(« a�—U� w� W�bI� ±πµ∂ ÆÊbM� ¨‚«—u�« ÆW1bI�« «—UC(« a�—U� w� W�bI� ≤∞∞π ©dL� —U�� bL�√ Æ?�® u�—U� ¨ÍU� Æ…d�UI�« ¨V�J�« r�U� ÆWGK�« rK� f�√ ±π∏∑ ?�« Â“U� ¨ÍËö�� Æ…d�UI�« ¨‚ËdA�« —«œ ÆÍœUB��ô« dJH�« a�—U� v�≈ ÍœUF�« q�d�« qO�œ ±ππµ sL�d�«b�� ¨ÍËb� Æ ËdO� ¨dAM�«Ë U�«—bK� WO�dF�« W��R*« ÆWH�KH�« W�u�u� ±π∏¥ ?�« b�«— ¨ÍË«d� Æ…d�UI�« ¨WO�dF�« WCNM�« —«œ ÆÍœUB��ô« dJH�« —uD� ±π∑∂ bL�� ‰UL� ¨dA� ÆdB0 ·—UF*« —«œ Æ© «u_« ∫w�U��« r�I�«® ÂUF�« WGK�« rK� ±π∑µ ?�« bL�√ f�u� ¨o�dD� ÆWOF�U'« —«b�« ÆÍœUB��ô« —uD��« w� WO�Ozd�« À«b�_« ±π∏µ Ã œu� ¨e�uN�u� …e�Ë ÍbM�_« …d�e� Æ?�® Y�b(« ÍœUB��ô« dJHK� W�bI� ∫5K�«— 5�œUB��« s� …b�b� —UJ�√ ±ππ∂ Æ…d�UI�« ¨WO1œU�_« W��J*« Æ©wMO�(« Êœ—u� Æ · ¨bK�UA� Æ…d�UI�« ¨»dF�« q�� W��R� ©rOD� wHD� WL�d�® w�UL��ù« —uD��« ±π∏¥ ·ö�Ë—U� ¨w�dA� WzU*« ŸËd??????A� ¨WO��—U��«Ë W�d�_« W�UI��« WK??????�K� Æ©Í—b� bL�√ Æ?�® W1bI�« W�dB*« W??????�U�b�« ±πµ≤ Æ»U�� ÂuF� ¨wJ��uA� ¨dAMK� ‰UI�u� —«œ ©wM�e*« Êö�� s� …eL� WL�d�® «u�U�U� «d{U�� ∫W�dF*« öJA�Ë WGK�« ±ππ∞ Æ»dG*« ¨¡UCO��« —«b�« –U��M� d�O� Ë Ã ÊËb�≈ ¨d�œ—U� ¨l�“u��«Ë d??????AMK� WO�dF�« —«b�« Æ©ÊËd??????�¬Ë s??????�� w�u??????� bL�√ WL�d�® W�«—u�« r????K� ∆œU????�� ±πππ Æ…d�UI�« ?�« Íb�� ¨Íd�e� ¨d??????AM�«Ë W??????�U�D�« U??????O�b� ¡U??????�u�« —«œ ¨”Ë«d�????� w????HO� œu????K�Ë Íd????A��« Ÿu????M��«Ë W????�uOM��« ≤∞∞≤ ÆW�—bMJ�ù« ±∞≤µ Ø l�«d*«

»U�u�«b�� ¨dHF� Æ…d�UI�« ¨·—UF*« —«œ ÆUNM� d�—U� n�u�Ë UO�u�u�Ëd��_« w� W�uOM��« ±π∏∞ bO�� Ãd� œUO�Ë ?�« wK� bL�� ¨w�U� Æ…d�UI�« ¨l�“u��«Ë dAMK� WO�dF�« —«b�« Æ©±Ã® W�«—u�« rK� ±ππ≤ wLN� œuL�� ¨Í“U�� Æ‰Ë_« œbF�« ¨dJH�« r�U� Æ¢WO�u�uM�ô« U�«—b�«Ë WGK�« rK� w� W�uOM��« ‰u√¢ ±π∑≤ vHDB� ¨ U�d� Æ ËdO� ¨W�dBF�« W��J*« ÆUO�u�u�uH�«Ë UO�uB�«±ππ∏ ÂU9 ¨ÊU�� Æ¡UCO��« —«b�« ¨W�UI��« —«œ ÆWGK�« w� Y��« Z�UM� ±π∏µ Õö ¨5M�� ÆY�b(« »U�J�« —«œ ÆWO�U��ù« ÂuKF�U� t��ö�Ë dUF*« WGK�« rK�Ë UO�U�K�« ≤∞∞∏ d�U� bF� ¨ÁeL� ÆdB0 ·—UF*« —«œ ÆœUB��ô« rK� ±π∂∑ w��«d�« s�b�« ·d�Ë œUO� w�U� ÜM� ÆW�—bMJ�ô« ¨WOF�U'« W�dF*« —«œ ÆY�b(« UO�U�K�« rK� ∆œU�� ±ππ± ?�« rMFM*«b�� ¨wMH� Æ…d�UI�« ¨w�u�b� W��J� ÆWOH�KH�« W�u�u*« Æ?� Æœ n�U� Ü�d� ÆX�uJ�« ¨W�dF*« r�U� Æ…dUF*« W�uGK�« U�«—b�« vK� ¡«u{√ ±π∑∏ bL�� ¨—«b�Ëœ ÆW�—bMJ�ô« ¨WOF�U'« W�dF*« —«œ Æw�UO��« œUB��ô« ∆œU�� ±π∏∏ ÊUM�œd� ¨dO�u� Íœ ¨WO�u� ¨W�UI�K� ÊULF� —«œ Æ©dBM�« bO��Ë Í“U� n�u� WL�d�® W�UF�« WOM��_« w� «d{U�� ±π¥∏ ÆÊUM�� —«b�« ©WMO�� bL��Ë ‘ËU??????A�« bL��Ë ÍœU�dI�« `�U WL�d�® W�UF�« WOM????��_« w� ”Ë—œ √Ø±π∏µ ÆUO�O� ¨fK�«d�Ë f�u� ¨»U�JK� WO�dF�« ÆW�—bMJ�_« ¨WOF�U'« W�dF*« —«œ ©5�«dJ�« rOF� bL�√ WL�d�® ÂUF�« WGK�« rK� w� ‰uB� ?�Ø±π∏µ Æqu*« ¨qu*« XO� ©e�e� n�u� qOzu� WL�d�® ÂUF�« WGK�« rK� ±π∏∏ bL�√ rO�«d�≈ ¨W�U�“— ÆdB� ëO�UL'« ÜN�F�D�Ë »«œü« W��J� ÆUN�UJ�√Ë UN��UM ∫ W�d�(« «Ëœ_« ±πµ≤ œ«R� Ü�d�“ ÆX�uJ�« WF�U� ¨v�Ëü« WO�u(« ¨»«œü« WOK� UO�u� ÆWOzUM�K� WOH�KH�« —Ëc'« √Ø±π∏∞ l�«d*« Ø ±∞≤∂

‰UAO� ¨U�d�“ ¨l�“u��«Ë dAM�«Ë U�«—bK� WOF�U'« W��R*« ÆÂö�_«Ë ∆œU�*« ∫©Y�b(« WGK�« rK�® WOM��_« √√Ø±π∏∞Ø±π∏∞ Æ ËdO� ¨l�“u��«Ë dAM�«Ë U�«—bK� WOF�U'« W��R*« ÆW�bON9 «¡«d� ¨Y�b(« WGK�« rK� ∫WOM��_« Æ?�Ø±π∏µ Æ ËdO� ÍdH� ¨Êu��U� Æ÷U�d�« ¨œuF� pK*« WF�U� ©W�� œU�“ bL�� Æœ WL�d�® —uD��«Ë ‚U��« ∫ UO�U�K�« ”—«b� ±¥±∑ ZO� ” ”ö�œË œ œdH�« ¨dO�u�� ÆW�—bMJ�_« ¨WK�*« WF�D� Æ©w�dOB�« s�b�« Õö Æ?�® W�œUB��ô« W�dEM�« ±π∂≤ ?�« œuL�� ¨Ê«dF� Æ ËdO� ¨WO�dF�« WCNM�« —«œ Æw�dF�« ∆—UIK� W�bI� ∫WGK�« rK� Æ?� Æœ nODK�«b�� ”U�� Ê«“u�Ë 5�√ bL�√ ¨rOK� ÆWOF�U'« W�dF*« —«œ ÆWO�u�dH�« dB� w� wM�b�« dJH�« w� W�«—œ ≤∞∞∏ vHDB� d�U� ¨rOK� ÆX�uJ�« WF�U� Æw�d�≠ÍeOKJ�≈ ∫UO�u�u�Ëd��_« ”u�U� ±π∏± —u�B�«b�� ¨5�U� Æ ËdO� ¨W�U�d�« W��R� ÆÂUF�« WGK�« rK� w� ±π∏∞ VO�� ¨dOI� …d�UI�« ¨dB� WCN� ÆÍœUB��ô« dJH�« a�—U� ±π∏∏ „U� ÊU� ¨tOO�U�u� W��R*« Æ©öOU »d� bL�� Æ?�® WO�uI�« W�Ëb�« v�≈ W�Ëb�« WM�b*« s� w�UO��« dJH�« a�—U� ±π∏µ Æ ËdO� ¨l�“u��«Ë dAM�«Ë U�«—bK� WOF�U'« e�eF�«b�� ¨`�U ÆW�dB*« uK$_« W��J� Æ‚«dF�«Ë dB� ∫.bI�« v�œ_« ‚dA�« ≤∞∞¥ ?�« sL�d�«b�� s� e�eF�«b�� ¨`�U Æ÷U�d�« ¨l�“u��«Ë dAMK� w��d)« —«œ ÆWOK)« rK� ±ππ∏ ?�« tK�«b�F�« bF� ¨ÊU�u ÀU��ú� WO�dF�« WJ�A�« ÆWO�u�u�Ëd��√ …¡«d� ∫—uBF�« d�� U�dF�Ë UN��UI� ªWO�dF�« ¡«d�B�« √Ø≤∞±∞ Æ ËdO� ¨dAM�«Ë l� WO�dF�« …d�e'« ‰UL� s� »œ_«Ë a�—U��« w� WONH� U�d�Ë dO�U�√ ∫d�«Ë_« »dF�« ÂU�√ ?�Ø≤∞±∞ Æ ËdO� ¨dAM�«Ë ÀU��ú� WO�dF�« WJ�A�« ÆlO��Ë …d� ‰¬ WKO�� s� …—U�� «—c� ?�« bL�� s� qCH�« ¨w�{ Æ ËdO� ¨w�dF�« bz«d�« —«œ Æ©”U�� ÊU��≈ Æœ oOI%® »dF�« ‰U��√ ±π∏± ±∞≤∑ Ø l�«d*«

s�� Ü�U� Æ ËdO� ¨WO�dF�« WCNM�« —«œ ÆWO�dF�« WGK�« U�UC� s� ∫»dF�« Âö� ±π∑∂ ?�« s�� ¨d�U� Æ…d�UI�« ¨W�dB*« uK$_« W��J� ÆÍœUB��ô« dJH�« —uD� w� U�«—œ ±π∏µ ÊUC�— ¨»«u��«b�� Æ÷U�d�« ¨w�U�d�« —«œ ÆÍuGK�« —uD��« ±π∏± Æ…d�UI�U� w$U)« W��J� ÆÍuGK�« Y��« Z�UM�Ë WGK�« rK� v�≈ q�b*« ±π∏≤ s�� bL�� ë�eF�« b�� Æ…d�UI�« ¨w�dF�« dJH�« —«œ ÆY�b(« WGK�« rK� bz«— ¨dO�u� ±π∏π ?�« ‰UL� bL�� ¨d�� ÆdB0 ·—UF*« —«œ ÆœUB��ô« ∆œU�� ±π∑∞ ?�« œuL�� ”U�� ¨œUI� ÆdB0 ·—UF*« —«œ ©≤◊® »œ_«Ë WGK�« w� UFL�� U��√ Æ?� Æœ œ«u� ¨wK� ÆÁdA� vK� œ«bG� WF�U� b�U� Æ©¡«e�√ ±∞® Âö�ù« q�� »dF�« a�—U� w� qBH*« Æ±ππ≥ bL�√ nODK�«b�� ¨wK� Æ ËdO� ¨WO�dF�« WCNM�« —«œ Æ©ÍœöON�« dBF�«® w�U�uO�« a�—U��« Æ±π∑± ”U�� ÊU�b� ¨wK� ÆUO�O� ¨f�u�—U� WF�U� ÆÍœUB��ô« dJH�« a�—U� ±ππ± —U�� bL�√ ¨dL� Æ…d�UI�« ¨V�J�« r�U� ÆÍuGK�« uB�« W�«—œ ±π∏± œuL�� ¨Áœu� Æ ËdO� ¨dAM�«Ë W�U�DK� WO�dF�« WCNM�« —«œ Æ©œ«Ëd�« WK�d�® ŸUL��ô« rK� a�—U� Æ?� Æœ Æ ËdO� ¨dAM�«Ë W�U�DK� WO�dF�« WCNM�« —«œ ÆŸUL��ô« rK� f�√ Æ?� Æœ s�b�« wH bL�√ ¨÷u� Æ÷U�d�« ¨dAM�«Ë W�U�DK� ÂuKF�« —«œ Æwze'« œUB��ô« w� W�bI� ±π∏≥ v�O� ÍdO� œuL��Ë ”dD� ”dD� ¨w�U� Æ…d�UI�« ¨W�dB*« uK$_« W��J� ÆW�UO��« rK� w� q�b*« ±π∏¥ ÊU�dH�« w��Ë `�U� ¨W��«d� ÆÊœ—_« ¨ÊUL� ¨l�“u��«Ë dAMK� ‚ËdA�« —«œ ÆWO�O��« ÂuKF�« v�≈ q�b*« ±ππ∂ w�uO� bL�√ bL��Ë bL�√ bO� bL�� V�d�Ë n�U� bL�� ŸO� ÆW�—bMJ�ô« ¨WOF�U'« W�dF*« —«œ Æw�UL��ô« dOJH��« a�—U� ±π∏∑ l�«d*« Ø ±∞≤∏

—u� bL�� ¨ U�d� W�UI��« —«œ Æw�UL��ô« l�«u�«Ë w�u�UI�« dJH�« ±π∏± VOKO� ¨ÊU�d�O� ©wM�e*« Êö�� s� …eL� WL�d�® ¢ÂöJ�« vK� …—bI�« ÊU��ù« V??????��« nO� ∫¡ö)« w� u¢ ±ππ± ÆdAMK� a�d*« —«œ ¨w�U��« ¡e'« ¨—uBF�« d�O� ¨b�u�œô ÆÊULÒ �Ó ¨l�“u��«Ë dAMK� d�d� —«œ Æ©w�UMF�« bL�� Æ?�® ÂöJ�« U�u� UO�u dUM� ≤∞∞π b�u�œ≈ ¨g�O� W�—uNL'« w� W�UI��« …—«“Ë «—u??????AM� Æ©V�œ dzU� Æ???????�® W????�dJ� W????�«—œ ∫”Ë«d�????�≠wHO�≠œuK� ≤∞∞± ÆW�—u��« WO�dF�« d�O� ¨b�u�bO� ÆÊ Æœ Æ©s�b�« fL� ‰ö� Æ?�® wJO��u�_« ÂöJ�« «u√ rK� ∆œU�� ±ππ≤ œuK� ¨”Ë«d�� wHO� Æ ËdO� ¨dAM�«Ë W�U�DK� d�uM��« —«œ—«œ Æ©w�O�� s�� Æ?�® W�U�_« w� ôUI� ±π∏≥ Êu� ¨e�uO� pK*« WF�U� ¨»«œü« WOK� WK�� © wM�e*« Êö�� s� …eL� WL�d�® ¢ UO�U?????¢ UO�U??????�K�«Ë?�K�«Ë WGK�« v�≈ q�b�¢ ±π∏∑ Æ‰Ë_« œbF�« ¨dA� l�«d�« bK�*« ¨œuF� qO�d� ¨Ãd�*U� Æ…dOM*« ¨»U�A�« W��J� Æ©5�U� —u�B�«b�� Æ?�® «u_« rK� √Ø±π∏µ ÆÂuKF�«Ë W�UI��«Ë WO�d�K� WO�dF�« WLEM*« ©qOK�Ò wLK� bL�� Æ?�® UO�uB�« Æ?�Ø±π∏µ ?�« bL�� ¨„—U�� Æ ËdO� ¨dJH�« —«œ Æ©¥◊® WO�dF�« hzUB�Ë WGK�« tI� ±π∑∞ ÊU��≈ ¨WM�U�� ÆÊœ—_« ¨ÊUL� ¨l�“u��«Ë dAMK� ‚ËdA�« —«œ Æ©Ê«¡e�® WO�UO(« ÂuKF�« ±ππ∑ wK� bL�� ¨bL�� ÆW�—bMJ�ô« ¨WOF�U'« W�dF*« —«œ ÆŸUL��ô« rK� a�—U� ±π∏∂ bL�� wDF*«b�� wK�Ë wK� bL�� ¨bL�� Æ ËdO� ¨WO�dF�« WCNM�« —«œ ÆoO�D��«Ë W�dEM�« 5� W�UO��« ±π∏µ ?�« Êö�� s� …eL� ¨wM�e� Æ÷U�d�« ¨w�œ_« ÍœUM�« ÆWO�U�� UF�«d� Æ¢dO�u� Íœ «d{U; UL�d� Àö�¢ ±ππ∞ e�eF�«b�� bF� ¨ÕuKB� Æ…d�UI�« ¨V�J�« r�U� Æ„«—œù« v�≈ ÃU��ù« s� WGK�« UO�u ∫ÂöJ�«Ë lL��« W�«—œ ≤∞∞∞ ±∞≤π Ø l�«d*«

?�« bOF� ¨—U$ Æ…d�UI�« ¨WO�dF�« WCNM�« —«œ Æ5�bOKI��« W�UN� v�≈ 5�—U��« s� ÍœUB��ô« dJH�« a�—U� ±π∑≥ eF*«b�� bL�� ¨dB� Æ ËdO� ¨WO�dF�« WCNM�« —«œ ÆWO�UO��« rEM�«Ë U�dEM�« w� ±π∏± bL�� qO�UL�≈ ¨r�U� ÆW�dB*« UF�U'« —«œ ÆœUB��ô« rK� v�≈ q�b*« ±π∏± ÂUOK�Ë ¨e�ËU� Æ ËdO� ¨WO�dF�« WCNM�« —«œ Æ©b�“ u�√ bL�√ —u��b�« WL�d�® a�—U��« ¡«—ËU� ±π∏¥ ©ÍdO�� s�� bOF� Æ?�® œ—U�d� ¨g�K� Æ…d�UI�« ¨‚dA�« ¡«d�“ W��J� ÆY�b(« WGK�« rK� a�—U� ≤∞∞≥ Æ…d�UI�« ¨‚dA�« ¡«d�“ W��J� ÆÂ±π∑∞ cM� WGK�« rK� —uD� ≤∞∞∑ d�Ë— ¨d�Ëd�KO� Æ…d�UI�« ¨W�dB*« WCNM�« W��J� Æ©ÍË«d��« b�«— Æ?�® ÍœUB��ô« dJH�« …œU� ±π∑π ÊU�Ë— ¨Êu��u�U� ¨w�dF�« w�UI��« e�d*« Æ©`�U r�U� wK�Ë r�U� s�� Æ?�® vMF*«Ë uB�« w� «d{U�� X� ±ππ¥ Æ ËdO� ¨w�dF�« w�UI��« e�d*« Æ©r�U� s��Ë `�U r�U� wK� Æ?�® WGK�« rK� w� WO�U�_« U�U&ô« ≤∞∞≤ Æ¡UCO��« —«b�« Æ¡UCO��« —«b�« ¨w�dF�« w�UI��« e�d*« Æ©w/UG�« bOF� Æ?�® WGK�« UO�U�√ ≤∞∞∏ s�� w�M�«b�� ¨n�u� ÆfL� 5� W��J� ÆœUB��ô« ‰u√ ±π∏±

Aberle, David F., Urie Bronfenbrenner, Eckhard H. Hess, Daniel R. Miller, David M. Schneider & James N. Spuhler 1963 “The Incest Taboo and the Mating Patterns of Animals” American Anthropologist 65 (2) Ackerman, Robert 1991 The Myth and Ritual School. Routledge, New York. Adams, Robert McCormick 1955 “Developmental Stages in Ancient Mesopotamia” Irrigation Civilizations: A Comparative Study (Julian H. Steward, ed.) Social Science Monographs, Pan American Union, Washington D. C. 1960 “Early Civilizations, Subsistance and Environment” City Invincible: An Oriental Institute Symposium (Carl H. Kraeling & Robert McCormick Adams, eds.) U. of Chicago Press. 1962 “Agricultural and Urban Life in Early Southwestern Iran” Science 136 (13). 1964 “The Origins of Agriculture” Horizons of Anthropology (Sol Tax, ed.) Aldine Publishing Co., l�«d*« Ø ±∞≥∞

Chicago. 1965 Land Behind Baghdad: A History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains. U. of Chicago Press. 1966 The Evolution of Urban Society: Early Mesopotamia and Prehispanic Mexico. Aldine Publishing Co., Chicago. 1968 “Urban Revolution: Introduction” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 15. The Macmillan Co. & The Free Press, New York. 1981 Heartland of Cities. U. of Chicago Press. Adda, John, Erica Larkcon & Ruth Miller 2004 Genetics, Evolution and Biodiversity. Nelson Thornes. Cheltenham, United Kingdom. Adler, I. 1957 How Life Began. New American Library of World Literature, Inc., New York. Alexander, Hubert G. 1969 Meaning in Language. Scott, Foresman & Co., Glenview, Illinois. Alexander, Jeffrey & Philip Smith 2005 The Cambridge Companion to Durkheim. U. of Cambridge Press, Cambridge. Algaze, G. 1993 The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization. U. of Chicago Press. 2001 “Initial Social Complexity in Southwestern Asia” Current Anthropology 42 (2). Alland, Alexander Jr. & B. McCay 1973 “The Concept of Adaptation in Biological and Cultural Evolution” Handbook of Social and Cultural Anthropology (John Honigman, ed.) Rand McNally, Chicago. Allen, N. J., W. S. F. Pickering & W. Watts Miller 1998 On Durkheim’s Elementary Forms of religious Life. Routledge, New York. Armillas, Pedro 1968 “Urban Revolution: The Concept of Civilization” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 15. The Macmillan Co. & The Free Press, New York. Ardrey, Robert 1971 The Social Contract. Dell, New York. Armstrong, Daniel & C. H. Van Schooneveld (eds.) 1977 Roman Jakobson: Echoes of His Scholarship. The Peter De Ridder Press. Asad, Talal 1970 The Kababish Arabs. C. Hurst & Co., London. Ashley-Montagu, M. F. 1976 Coming into Being Among the Australian Aborigines. George Routledge & Sons, Ltd., London. Bachofen, J. J. 1861 Das Mutterrecht. Krais & Hoffmann, Stuttgart, Germany. Bacon, E. E. ±∞≥± Ø l�«d*«

1954 “Types of Pastoral Nomadism in Central and Southwest Asia” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 10. Badcock, C. R. 1976 Levi-Strauss: Structuralism and Sociological Theory. Holmes & Meier Publishers, New York. Bairoch, B. 1988 Cities and Economic Development. U. of Chicago Press. Balandier, George 1970 Political Anthropology (A. M. Sheridan Smith, trans.) Vintage Books. New York. 1971 Political Anthropology. Pantheon, New York. Banning, E. B. 1992 “1992 Excavations at Wadi Ziqlab, al_Kura, Jordan” Canadian Archaeological Association Newsletter 12 (2). 1998 “The Neolithic Period: Triumphs of Architecture, Agriculture and Art” Near Eastern Archaeology 61 (4). Barbeau, C. M. 1917 “Iroquois clans and Phratries” American Anthropologist 19. Barnard, Alan 2000 History and Theory in Anthropology. Cambridge U. Press. Barnes, Harry Elmer 1948 An Introduction to the History of Sociology. The U. of Chicago Press. Barnes, J. A. 1961 “Physical and Social Kinship” Philisophy of Science 28. 1964 “Physical and Social Facts in Anthropology” Philisophy of Science 31. 1971 Three Styles in the Study of Kinship. U. of California Press. Barnes, R. H. 1975 “Introduction” On the Prehistory of Marriage: Totemism, Group Marriage, Mother Right (by Kohler, Josef; R. H. Barnes & Ruth Barnes, trans.) U. of Chicago Press, Chicago. Barnett, H. G. 1938 “The Nature of the Potlatch” American Anthropologist 11.11. Barrett, Stanley R. 1996 Anthropology: A Student Guide to Theory and Method. U. of Toronto Press. Barth, Frederick 1954 “Father’s Brother’s Daughter Marriage in Kurdistan” Southwestern Journal of Anthropolgy 10. 1960 “Nomadism in the Mountain and Plateau Areas of South West Asia” The Problems of the Arid Zones. UNESCO. Bar-Yosef, Ofer & A. Belfer-Cohen 1992 “From Foraging to Farming in the Mediterranean Levant” Transitions to Agriculture in l�«d*« Ø ±∞≥≤

Prehistory (A. B. Gebauer & T. D. Price, eds.) Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin. Bar-Yosef, Ofer & Richard H. Meadow 1995 “The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East” Last Hunters, First Farmers: New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture (T. D. Price & A. B. Gebauer, eds.) School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Bates, D. G. 1971 “The Role of the State in Peasant-Nomad Mutualism” Anthropological Quarterly 44. 1972 “Differential Access to Pasture in a Nomadic Society: The Yoruk of South-eastern Turkey” Journal of Asian and African Studies 7. Bates, Marston 1953 “Human Ecology” Anthropology Today: An Encyclopedic Inventory. (A. L. Kroeber, ed.). U. of Chicago Press. Beals, Ralph L. & Harry Hoijer 1965 An Introduction to Anthropology (3rd ed.) The Macmillan Co., New York. Beattie, John 1964 Other Cultures: Aims Methods and Achievements in Social Anthropology. The Free Press, New York. Behnke Jr., Roy H. 1980 The Herders of Cyrenaica. U. of Illinois Press, Urbana. Beidelman, T. O. 1974 W. Robertson Smith and Sociological Study of Religion. The U. of Chicago Press, Chicago & London. Benco, N. 1992 “Manufacture and Use of Clay Sicles from the Uruk Mound, Abu Salabikh” Paleorient 18. Bennett, John W. 1976 The Ecological Transition. Pergamon Press, London. Bennett, John W. & Kurt Wolff 1955 “Toward Communication between Sociology and Anthropology” Yearbook of Anthropology. Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Inc., New York. Benoist, Jean Marie 1978 The Structural Revolution. St. Martin’s Press, New York. Bergson, H. 1958 Les Deux Sources de la morale et de la religion. Paris. Berreman, G. 1975 “Himalayan Polyandry and the Domestic Cycle” American Ethnologist 2. Berndt, Ronald M. 1959 “The Concept of ‘the Tribe’ in the Western Desert of Australia” Oceania XXX(2). Betts, A. & K. Russell 2000 “Prehistoric and Historic Pastoral Strategies in the Syrian Steppe” The Transformation ±∞≥≥ Ø l�«d*«

of Nomadic Society in the Arab East (Martha Mundy & Basim Musallam, eds.) Oriental Publications, U. of Cambridge. Bhattacharya, D. K. 1979 Old Stone Age Tools. K. P. Bagchi & Co., Calcutta. Bigongiari, Dino 1966 The Political ideas of St.Thomas Aquinas. Hafner Publishing Co., New York. Binford, Lewis R. 1968 “Post-Pleistocene Adaptations” New Perspective in Archaeology (S. R. Binford & L. R. Binford, eds.) Aldine Publishing Co., Chicago. Bixby, William 1963 Waves: Pathways of Energy. David McKay & Co., Inc., New York. Blache, Stephen E. 1974 From Adam Smith to Maynard Keynes: The Heritage of Political Economy. U. of Toronto Press. 1978 The Aquisition of Distinctive Features. U. Park Press, Baltimore. Bloch, Marc 1961 Feudal Society: The Growth of Ties of Dependence, vol. 1, (L A Manyon, trans.) Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London & New York. Blumer, Herbert 1969 Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Boas, F. 1896 “The Limitation of the Comparative Method on Anthropology” Science (new series) 4. Bohannan, Laura 1952 “A Genealogical Charter” Africa 22 (4). Bohannan, Paul J. 1963 Social Anthropology. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. Bohannan, Paul J. & George Dalton (eds.) 1962 Markets in Africa. Northwestern U. Press. Bohannan Paul J. & John Middleton (eds.) 1968 Kinship and Social Organization. The Natural History Press, Garden City, New York. Bordaz, Jack 1970 Tools of the Old and New Stone Age. The Natural History Press, Garden City, New York. Bordes, François. 1961 (September) “Mousterian Culture in France” Science 134. 1968 The Old Stone Age. McGraw Hill, New York. Boserup, Ester 1965 The Conditions of Agricultural Growth. Aldine, Chicago. Boughy, A. S. l�«d*« Ø ±∞≥¥

1971 Fundamental Ecology. Intertext, London. Bradfield, Stillman 1968 “Economic Anthropology” Introduction to Cultural Anthropology (James A. Clifton, ed.) Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. Braidwood, Robert J. 1960 (September) “The Agricultural Revolution” Scientific American. 1967 Prehistoric Men (7th ed.) Scott, Foresman & Co., Glenview, Illinois. 1972a “From Cave to Village” Old World Archaeology: Foundations of Civilization (C. C. Lamberg- Karlovsky, ed.) W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco. 1972b “The Agricultural Revolutione” Old World Archaeology: Foundations of Civilization (C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, ed.) W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco. Brauer, Philip R. 2003 Human Embryology. Hanley & Belfus, Pennsylvania. Brosnahan, L. F. & Bertil Malmberg 1970 Introduction to Phonetics. Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge. Brown, Cecil & Saad A. Sowayan 1977 “Desccnt and Alliancc in an Endogamous Socicty: A Structural Analysis of Arab Kinship” Social Science Information 16 (5). Brown, Charles T. & Charles Van Riper 1966 Speech and Man. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Brown, Robert 1898 Semitic Influences in Hellenic Mythology. Edinburgh and Oxford, London. Buchler, Ira R. & Henry A Selby 1968 Kinship and Social Organization: An Introduction to Theory and Method. The Macmillan Co., London. Burling, Robbins 1962 “Maximization Theories and the Study of Economic Anthropology” American Anthropologist 64. Butzer, K. W. 1971 Environment and Archaeology: An Ecological Approach in Prehistory (2nd ed.) Aldine, Chicago. Byrd, B. F. 1994 “Late Quaternary Hunter-gatherers in the Levant between 20,000 and 10,000 BP” Late Quaternary Chronology and Paleoclimates of the Eastern Medi-terranean (Ofer Bar-Yosef & R. Kra, eds.) Radiocarbon and the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, MA. Campbell, Bernard G. 1970 Human Evolution: An Introduction to Man’s Adaptation (4th printing). Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago. ±∞≥µ Ø l�«d*«

1979 Humankind Emerging (2nd ed.) Little, Brown, & Co., Boston. Carmichael, Leonard 1964 “The Early Growth of Language Capacity in the Individual” New Directions in the Study of Language (Eric H. Lenneberg, ed.) The M.l.T. Press. Carneiro, Robert L. 1970 “A Theory of the Origin of the State” Science 169. 1981 “The Chiefdome: Precursor of the State” The Transition to Statehood in the New World (G. R. Jones & R. R. Kauts, eds.) Cambridge U. Press. Catford, J. C. 1977 Fundamental Problems in Phonetics. Indiana U. Press, Bloomington, Indiana. Caws, Peter 1970 "What is Structuralism?" Claude Levi-Strauss: The Anthropologist as Hero (E. Nelson Hayes & Tanya Hayes, eds.) The M. I. T. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 2000 Structuralism: A Philosophy of the Human Sciences. Humanity Books, Amherst, New York. Cauvin, J. 2000 “The emergence of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Pastoral Nomadism in the Near East” The Transformation of Nomadic Society in the Arab East (Martha(Martha MMundyundy & BBasimasim MMusallam,usallam, eds.) Oriental Publications, U. of Cambridge. Chafe, Wallace 1967 “Language as Symbolization” Language 43. 1970 Meaning and the Structure of Language. U. of Chicago Press. Childe, V. Gordon 1934 New Light on the Most Ancient East: The Oriental Prelude to European Prehistory. D. Appleton- Century Company Inc., New York. 1950 “The Urban Revolution” The Town Planning Review 21. 1951 Social Evolution. Meridian Books, Cleveland and New York. 1957 “Civilization, Cities, and Towns” Antiquity 31. 1960 What happened in History (rev. ed.) Penguine Books, Baltimore. 1962 A Short Introduction to Archaeology. Collier Books, New York. Chomsky, Noam 1964 “A Review of B. F. Skinner’s Verbal Behavior” The Structure of Language: Readings in the Philosophy of Language (Jerry A. Fodor & Jerrold J. Katz, eds.) Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Originally Published in Language 35 (1). 1968 (February) “Language and the Mind” Psychology Today Magazine. 1972 Essay on Form and Interpretation. Elsevier North Holland, New York. 1977 Syntactic Structures. Mouton, The Hague. 1978 “On the Biological Basis of Language Capacities” Psychology and Biology oF Language and Thought: Essays in Honor of Eric Lenneberg (George Miller & Elizabeth Lenneberg, eds.) l�«d*« Ø ±∞≥∂

Academic Press, New York Claessen, Henri J. M. & Pieter van de Velde (eds.) 1991 Early State Economics. Political and Legal Anthropology Series 8. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick & London. Clapham, Jr. W. B. 1973 Natural Ecosystems. The Macmillan Co., New York. Clark, Colin & Margaret Haswell 1964 The Economics of Subsistence Agriculture. Macmillan, London 3. Clark, Grahame & Stuart Piggott 1965 Prehistoric Societies. Alfred A Knopf, New York. Clark, Sir Wilfrid E. le Gros 1967 Man-Apes or Ape-Men?The Story of Discoveries in Africa. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., New York. Codere, Helen 1957 “Kwakiutle Socity: Rank without Class” American Anthropologist 59. Codrington, R. H. 1891 The Melanesians. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Cohen, Percy 1967 “Economic Analysis and Economic Man: Some Comments on a Controversy” Themes in Economic Anthropology (Raymond Firth, ed.) Tavistock Publications, London. 1969 “Theories of Myth” Man 4. Cohen, Ronald 1978 State Origins: A Reappraisal. The Early State (H. Glaessen & P. Skalnik, eds.) Mouton, The Hague. Cole, Sonia 1967 The Neolithic Revolution (4th ed.) British Museum, Natural History, London. Conklin, Harold C. 1954 “An Ethnoecological Approach to Shifting Agriculture” Transaction of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2nd series 17. Cook, Scott 1966 “The Obsolete ‘Anti-Market’ Mentality” American Anthropologist 68. 1973 “Economic Anthropology: Problems in Theory, Method, and Analysis” Handbook of Social and Cultural Anthropology (J. J. Honigmann, ed.) Rand McNally, Skokie, Illinois. Coon, Carleton S. 1967 The History of Man. Penguin Books, Baltimore. Cottrell, Fred 1955 Energy and Society. McGraw-Hill, New York. Cox, Barry ±∞≥∑ Ø l�«d*«

1970 Prehistoric Animal. Grosset and Dunlap, New York. Cox, George W. 1861 Talesfrom Greek Mythology. London. 1882 The Mythology of the Aryan Nations (2 vols.) London. Cullen, H. M. & P. B. deMenocal 2000 “North Atlantic Inﬂuence on Tigris-Euphrates Streamﬂow” International Journal of Climatology 20. Culler, Jonathan 1973 “The Linguistic Basis of Structuralism” Structuralism: An Introduction. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1975 Structuralist Poetics. Cornell U. Press. 1986 Saussure. Fontana Press. Culliver, P. H. 1955 The Family Herds. Routledge, London. Cunnison, Ian 1966 Baggara Arabs. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Curwen, E. Cecil & Gudmund Hat 1953 Plough and Pasture: The Early History of Farming. Henry Schuman, New York. Dalton, George 1961 “Economic Theory and Primitive Society” American Anthropologist 63. 1965 “Primitive Money” American Anthropologist 67. 1967 Tribal and Peasant Economics: Readings in Economic Anthropology (ed.) Natural History, Garden City, New York. 1968 Primitive, Archaic, and Modern Economies: Essays of Karl Polanyi (ed.) Doubleday, New York. 1969 “Theoritical Issues in Economic Anthropology” Current Anthropology 10. 1971 Economic Anthropology and Development: Essays on Tribal and Peasant Economics. Basic Books, New York. 1972 “Peasantries in Anthropology and History” Current Anthropology 13. 1974 “How Exactly Are Peasants Exploited” American Anthropologist 76. Darling, Frank F. 1951 “The Ecological Approach to the Social Sciences” American Scientist 39. Darwin, Charles 1859 Origin of Species. John Murray, London. 2004 The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. J. Murray, London. Davenport, Mike & S. J. Hannahs 2005 Introducing Phonetics & Phonology. Oxford U. Press. Davenport, W. 1959 “Nonunilinear Descent and Descent Groups.” American Anthropologist 61. l�«d*« Ø ±∞≥∏

Davis, Kingsley 1955 “The Origin and Growth of Urbanization in the World” The American Journal of sociology LX. Day, Michael H. 1970 Fossil Man. Grosset and Dunlap, New York. De Coulanges, Fustel Numa Denis The Ancient City. The John Hopkins U. Press, Baltimore, Maryland.

1967 Invitation to Archaeology. The Natural History Press, Garden City, New York. Deevey Jr, Edward 1972 “Radiocarbon Dating (C. C. Lamberg- Karlovsky, ed.) W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco.

2004 . Berg, New York. De Moulins, Dominique 2000 “Abu Hureyra 2: Plant Remains from the Neolithic” Village on the Euphrates (A.M.T. Moore, G. C. Hillman & A. J. Legge, eds.) Oxford U. Press. Denes, Peter B. & Elliot N. Pinson 1973 The Speech Chain: The Physics and Biology of Spoken Language. Anchor Books, Garden City, New York. DeVore, Irven & Sherwood L. Washburn 1967 “Baboon Ecology and Human Evolution” Human Evolution: Readings in Physical Anthropology (2nd ed., Noel Korn & Fred Thompson, eds.) Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., New York. Dinneen, Francis P. 1967 An Introduction to General Lingusistics. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., New York. Dixon J. E., J. R. Cann, & Colin Renfrew 1972 “Obsidian and the Origins of Trade” Old World Archaeology: Foundations of Civilization (C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, ed.) W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco. Dole, G. E. & R. L. Carneiro 1960 Essays in the Science of Culture (in Honor of Leslie A. White, eds.) Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York. Dolhinow, Phyllis 1971 “The Living Nonhuman Primates” Background for Man: Readings in Physical Anthropology (Phyllis Dolhinow & Vincent M. Sarich, eds.) Little, Brown & Co., Boston. Dolhinow, Phyllis & Vincent M. Sarich (eds). 1971 Background for Man: Readings in Physical Anthropology. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. Dorson, Richard 1968a The British Folklorists: A History. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London 1968b Peasant Customs and Savage Myths: Selections from The British Folklorists (2 vols., ed.) ±∞≥π Ø l�«d*«

U. of Chicago Press. Dosse, Francois 1998 History of Structuralism (Deborah Glassman, trans.) U. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Drucker, Philip & Robert F. Heizer 1967 To Make My Name Good: A Reexamination of the southern Kwakiutl Potlatch. U. Of California Press, Berkeley & Los Angeles. Dudek, Ronald W. & James D. Fix 2008 Embryology. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. Dumont, Louis 1968 “Marriage Alliance” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences vol. 10. The Macmillan Co. & The Free Press, New York. Durkheim, Emile 1898 “La prohibition de l’inceste et ses origines” L’Annee sociologique vol. 1. 1965 The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (Joseph Ward Swain, trans.) The Free Press, New York. Durkheim, Emile & Marcel Mauss 1963 Primitive Classiﬁcation (Rodney Needham, trans.) The U. of Chicago Press. Dyson-Hudson, R. 1972 Pastoralism: Self Image and Behavioral Reality. Perspectives on Nomadism (W. G. Lions and N. Dyson-Hudson, ed.) E. J. Brill, Long Island City, New York. Dyson-Hudson, R. & N. Dyson-Hudson 220.

1970 . Anchor Books, Garden City, New York. Eimerl, Sarel en De Vore 1965 . Time-Life Books, New York. Ekeh, P. 1974 Social Exchange Theory. Heinemann, London. Ekval, R. B. 1964 “Peace and War Among the Tibetan Nomads” American Anthropologist 66. Elgin, Suzette Haden 1973 What is Linguistics? Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Elkin, A. P. 1933a “Studies in Australian Totemism: Sub-Sections, Sections and Moity Totemism” Oceania 4(1). 1933b “Studies in Australian Totemism: The Nature of Australian Totemism” Oceania 4(2). 1933c Studies in Australian Totemism. The Oceania Monographs No. 2. The Australian National Research Council, Sydney. 1964 The Austrlian Aborigines. Doubleday & Co., Inc., Garden City, New York. l�«d*« Ø ±∞¥∞

Emberlin, G. C. 1983 Introduction to Ecology. Macdonald and Evans, Estover, Plymouth. Encyclopedia Britannica 1982a “Copper Products and Production” vol. 5. 1982b “Hand Tools” vol. 8. 1982c “Metallurgy” vol. 11. Engels, Frederick 1973 The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. International Publishers, New York. Englund, R. K. 1998 “Texts from the Late Uruk Period” Mesopotamien: Spaturuk-Zeit und Fruhdynastische Zeit ((P.P. Attinger & M. Waﬂer, eds.) Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Universitatsverlag and Gottingen. Evans, David M. 1984 “Energy: 1. Needs and Resources” The Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 10 (The International Edition). Grollier Incorporated. Evans-Pritchard, Edward E. 1940 The Nuer. The Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1951 Kinship and Marriage Among the Nuer. The Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1954 The Sanusi of Cyrenaica. Oxford U. Press, Oxford. 1962 Social Anthropology and Other Essays. Free Press, New York. 1965 Theories of Primitive Religion. The Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1970 The Nuer: A Description of the Mode of Livelihood and Political Institution of a Nilotic People. Oxford U. Press, New York & Oxford. 1981 A History of Anthropological Thought. Faber & Faber, London. Falkenberg, Johannes 1962 Kin and Totem: Group Relations of Australian Aborigines in the Port Keats District. Oslo U. Press. Fant, Gunnar 1973 Speech Sounds and Features. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Ferdon, Edwin N. Jr. 1959 “Agricultural Potential and the Development of Cultures” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 15. Fink, Hans 1981 Social Philosophy. Methuen, London. Firth, Raymond 1929 Primitive Economics of the New Zealand Maori. Dutton, New York. 1939 Primitive Polynesian Economy. Routledge, London. 1951 Elements of Social Organization. Watts, London. 1957 Man and Culture: An Evaluation of Bronislaw Malinowski. Routledge, London. ±∞¥± Ø l�«d*«

1965 Primitive Polynesian Economy (2nd ed.) Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. 1967 Themes in Economic Anthropology (ed.) Tavistock, New York. Firth, Raymond & B. S. Yamey (eds.) 1951 Elements of Social Organization. Watts, London. 1964 Capital Saving and Credit in Peasant Society. Aldine, Chjcago. Fisher, B. 1928 “Irrigation System of Persia” Geographical Review 18. Fison, Lorimer & A. W. Howitt 1880 Kamilaroi and Kurnai. George Robertson, Melbourne. Fitt, R. L. 1953 “Irrigation Development in Central Persia” Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 40. Flannery, Kent V. 1965 (March 12) “The Ecology of Early Food Production in Mesopotamia” Science 147. 1968 “Archaeological Systems Theory and Early Mesopotamia” Anthropological Archaeology in the Americas (Betty J. Meggers, ed.). Anthropological Society of Washington, Washington D.C. 1969 Origin and Ecological Effects of Early Domistication in Iran and the Near East. Prehistoric Agriculture (Stuart Struever, ed.) Natural History Press, Garden City, N. Y. 1972 “The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations” The Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3. Forbes, R. J. 1968 The Conquest of Nature: Technology and Its Consequences. Praeger, New York & London. Forde, C. Daryll 1946 Beyond Supply and Demand, a Reappraisal of Institutional Economics. New York. 1949 Habitat, Economy, and Society. Methuen & Co., London. 1956 “Primitive Economics” Man, Culture, and Society (Harry l. Shapiro, ed.) Oxford U. Press. 1963 Habitat, Economy and Society. E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., New York. 1967 “Double Descent Among the Yako” African Systems of Kinship and Marriage (A. R. Radcliffe- Brown & Daryll Forde, eds.) Forde, Daryll & Mary Douglas 1967 “Primitive Economics” Tribal and Peasant Economics (Gorge Dalton, ed.) U. of Texas Press. Fortes, Meyer 1950 “Kinship and Marriage Among the Ashanti” African Systems of Kinship and Marriage (A. R. Radcliffe-Brown & Cyril Daryll Forde, eds.) 1953 “The Structure of Unilineal Descent Groups” American Anthropologist 55. 1969 Kinship and Social Order: The Legacy of Lewis Henry Morgan. Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago. Fortes, Meyer & E. E. Evans-Pritchard (ed.) 1970 African Political Systems. Oxford U. Press. Fox, Robin l�«d*« Ø ±∞¥≤

1971 Kinship and Marriage: An Anthropological Perspective. Penguin Books, Baltimore. Frake, Charles O. 1962 “Cultural Ecology and Ethnography” American Anthropologist 64. Frankenberg, Ronald 1967 “Economic Anthropology: One Anthropologist’s View” Themes in Economic Anthropology (Raymond Firth, ed.) Tavistock Publications, London. Frankfort, Henri 1956 The Birth of Civilization in the Near East. Doubleday Anchor Books, Garden City, New York. Frazer, Sir James George 1887 Totemism. Edinburgh. 1894 The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion. Macmillan & Co., New York. 1899 (April & May) “The Origin of Totemism” The Fortnightly Review. 1905 (July & September) “The Beginnings of Religion and Totemism Among the Australian Aborigines” The Fortnightly Review. 1910 Totemism and Exogamy: A Treatise on Certain Early Forms of Superstition and Society (4 vols.) Macmillan & Co. Ltd., London. 1922 The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1923 Folklore in the Old Testament (Abridged Edition). Tudor Publishing Co., New York. 1971 The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. The Macmillan Co., New York. Freud, Sigmund 1946 Totem and Taboo. Vintage Books, New York. Freeman, J. D. 1961 “On the Concept of the Kindred” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 91. Fried, Morton H. 1967 The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology. Random House, New York. 1975 The Notion of TribeTribe. Cummings, Menlo Park, California Fry, D. B. 1979 The Physics of Speech. Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge. Fusfeld, Daniel R. 1977 The Age of the Economists (3rd ed.) Scott, Foresman & Co., Glenview, Illinois. Gaffron, H. 1960 “The Origin of Life” Evolution after Darwin (Sol Tax, ed.) vol. 1. U. of Chicago Press. Gardner, Howard 1981 The Quest for Mind. The U. of Chicago Press, Chicago. ±∞¥≥ Ø l�«d*«

Gehlke, Charles Elmer 1915 Emile Durkheim’s Contribution to Sociological Theory. Columbia U., New York. Geerts, Clifford 1963 Agricultural Involution. U. of California Press. 1968 “The Cerebral Savage: On the Work of Claude Levi-Strauss.” Theory in Anthropology: A Sourcebook (Robert A. Manners & David Kaplan, eds.) Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago.. Gide, Charles & Charles Rist 1948 A History of Economic Doctorine from the Time of the Physiocrats to the Present Day (2nd ed., R. Richards, trans.) George G. Harper & Co. Ltd., London. Gies, Joseph & Francis 1979 Life in a Medieval Castle. Harper & Row Publishers, New York. Glacken, Clarence 1967 Traces on the Rhodesian Shore. U. of California Press. Gleeson, Patrick & Nancy Wakeﬁeld 1968 Language & Culture: A Reader. Charles E. Merril Publishing Co., Columbus, Ohio. Gluckman, Max 1965 Politics, Law and Ritual in Tribal Society. The New American Library, New York. Glucksmann, Miriam 1974 The Structralist Analysis in Contemporary Social Thought: A Comparison of the Theories of Claude Levi-Strauss and Louis Althusser. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London & Boston. Goddard, D. 1965 “Conceptions of Structure in Levi-Strauss and in British Anthropology” Social Researcch 32 (4). Godelier, Maurice 1999 The Enigma of the Gift (Nora Scott, trans.). The U. of Chicago Press. Goldenweiser, Alexander A 1910 “Totemism: an Analytical Study” Journal of American Folklore 23. 1911 “Exogamy and Totemism Deﬁned; A Rejoinder” American Anthropologist n. s. 13 (4). 1912a “The Origin of Totemism” American Anthropologist n. s. 14. 1912b “Andrew Lang on Method in the Study of Totemism” American Anthropologist n. s. 14. 1913 “The Principle of Limited Possibilities” Journal of American Folklore 26. 1915 “Review of Les Formes elementaires de la vie religieuse. Le systeme totemique en Australia” American Anthropologist, n. s. 17. 1915-16a “The Method of Investigating Totemism” Anthropos 10-11. 1915-16b “The Views of Andrew Lang and J. G. Frazer and E. Durkheim on Totemism” Anthropos 10-11. 1917 “Religion and Society: a Critique of Emile Durkheim’s Theory of the Origin and Nature of Religion” The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Religion 14 (5). l�«d*« Ø ±∞¥¥

1918 “Form and Content in Totemism” American Anthropologist, n. s. 20. Goodall, Jane 1967 “Chimpanzees of the Gombe Stream Reserve” Human Evolution: Readings in Physical Anthropology (2nd ed., Noel Korn & Fred Thompson, eds.) Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., New York. Goodenough, Ward H. 1981 Culture, Language and Society (2nd ed.) The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., Inc., Menlo Park, California. Goodfellow, D. M. 1939 Principles of Economic Sociology. London. Goody, Jack (ed.) 1959 “The Mother’s Brother and the Sister’s Son in West Africa” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 89. 1971a “The Analysis of Kin Terms” Kinship. Penguin Books, Baltimore. 1971b Kinship. Penguin Books, Baltimore. Gordon, Scott 2003 The History and Philosophy of Social Science. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London & New York. Goring-Morris, A. N. 1995 “Complex Hunter-gatherers at the end of the Palaeolithic (20,000-10,000 B. P.).)” The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land (T.(T. E. Levy,Levy, ed.) Leicester U. Press. Gough, E. Kathleen 1959 “The Nayars and the Deﬁnition of Marriage” Journal of The Royal Anthropological Institute 89. Granovetter, Mark 1992 “The Nature of Economic Relations” Understanding Economic Process (Sutti Ortiz & Susan Lee, eds.). London. Gras, N. S. B. 1927 Anthropology and Economics. The Social Sciences and their Interrelations (W. F. Ogburn & A. A. Goldenweiser, eds.) Boston. Gray, Alexander 1948 The Development of Economic Doctrine: An Introductory Survey. Longmans, Green & Co., London. Gray, Alexander & A. E. Thompson 1980 The Development of Economic Doctorine (2nd ed.) Longman Group Ltd., London & New York. Green, Judith 1974 Psycholinguistics: Chomsky and Psychology. Penguin Education, Harmondsworth, Middlessex, ±∞¥µ Ø l�«d*«

England. Greenbeg, Joseph H. 1968 New Invitation to Linguistics. Anchor Books, Garden City, New York. Grey, Sir George 1841 Journals of Two Expeditions in North-West and Western Australia (2 vols.) T. & W. Boone, London. Guirand, Pierre 1975 Semiology (George Gross, trans.) Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. Gulliver, P. H. 1955 Family Herd: A Study of Two Pastoral Tribes in East Africa, the Jie and Turkana. Negro U. Press. Guthrie, W. K. C. 1955 The Greeks and their Gods. Beacon Press, Boston. Haas, Johnathan 1982 The Evolution of the Prehistoric State. Columbia U. Press. Haas, W. S. 1944 Irrigation Problems and Settlement Problems in Persia, Studies of Migration and Settlement. Memorandum Series M-94, Library of Congress, Washington D.C. Hadary, G. 1951 “The Agrarian Problems in Iran” Middle East Journal 5. Hall, K. R. L. 1967 “Tool-using Performances as Indicators of Behavioral Adaptability” Human Evolution: Readings in Physical Anthropology (2nd ed., Noel Korn & Fred Thompson, eds.) Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., New York. Halle, Morris 1977 “Roman Jakobson’s Contribution to the Modern Study of Speech Sounds” Roman Jakobson: Echoes of His Scholarship (Daniel Armstrong & C. H. Van Schooneveld, eds.) The Peter De Ridder Press. Hallo, William W. & William Kelly Simpson 1971 The Ancient Near East: A History. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York. Hammond, Peter P. 1971a An Introduction to Cultural and Social Anthropology. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1971b Culture, Man, and Nature: An Introduction to General Anthropology. Thomas Y Crowell Co., New York. Haney, Lewis H. 1938 History of Economic Thought (3rd ed.) The Macmillan Co., New York.York. Hardesty, Donald L. 1977 Ecological Anthropology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Harlan, Jack R. l�«d*« Ø ±∞¥∂

1967 “A Wild Wheet Harvest in Turkey” Archaeology 20 (3). Harms, Robert T. 1968 Introduction to Phonological Theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Harris, Marvin 1968 The Rise of Anthropological Theory. Thomas Y Crowell Co., New York. 1971 Culture, Man and Nature: An Introduction to General Anthropology. Thomas Y Crowell Co., New York. 1977 Canibals and Kings: The Origin of Cultures. Random House, New York. 1987 Cultural Anthropology (2nd ed.) Harper & Row Publisher, New York. Harris, Roy 1968 Introduction to Theoritical Linguisties. Cambridge U. Press. 1987 Reading Saussure. Duckworth, London. 1988 Language, Saussure and Wittgenstein. Routledge, London. Hartl, Daniel L. 1983 Human Genetics. Harper & Row, New York Hartland, Edwin Sidney 1969 Primitive Society. Harper & Row, New York. Hawkes, Terence 1911 Structuralism and Semiotics. U. of California Press, Berkeley & Los Angeles. Hawley, Amos H. 1950 Human Ecology: A Theory of Community Structure. The Ronald Press, New York. 1973 “Ecology and Population” Science 179. Hayes, E. Nelson & Tanya Hayes 1970 Claude Levi-Strauss: The Anthropologist as Hero. The MIT Press, Cambridge. Heer, Friedrich 1962 The Medieval World: Europe 1100-1350 (Janet Sondheimer, trans.) The New American Library, New York. Heffner, Roe-Merrill S. 1969 General Phonetics. The U. of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Milwaukee, and London. Heichel, G. H. 1967 “Agricultural production and Energy Resources” American Scientist 64. Heilbroner, Robert L. 1972 The Making of Economic Society (4th ed.) Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Helbaek, H. 1959 “Domistication of Food Plants in the Old World” Science. Helm, June 1962 “The Ecological Approach in Anthropology” American Journal of Sociology 67. Helm, June, P. Bohannan, & M. D. Sahlin (eds.) ±∞¥∑ Ø l�«d*«

1965 Essays in Economic Anthropology. Washington U. Press.

Herskovits, Melville J. 1938 Dahomey (2 vols.) J. J. Augustin, New York. 1940 “Economics and Anthropology: A Rejoinder” The Journal of Political Economy 49 (2). 1952 Economic Anthropology. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. Hiatt, L. R. 1996 Arguments About Origins: Australia and the Evolution of Social Anthropology. Cambridge U. Press. Hicks, David 1999 Ritual and Belief: Readings in the Anthropology of Religion. McGraw-Hill College, Boston. Higham, Charles 1974 The Earliest Farmers and the First Cities. Cambridge U. Press. Hill, Jane H. 1972 “On the Evolutionary Foundations of Language” American Anthropologist 74. Hillman, Gordon C. 2000 “Abu Hureyra 1: The Epipaleolithic” Village on the Euphrates (A. M. T. Moore, G. C. Hillman, & A. J. Legge, eds.) Oxford U. Press. Hillman, Gordon C., S. Colledge & D. R. Harris 1989 “Plant Food Economy During the Epi-Palaeolithic Period at Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria: Dietary Diversity, Seasonality and Modes of Exploitation” Foraging and Farm-ing: The Evolution of Plant Exploitation (G. C. Hillman & D. R. Harris, eds.) Unwin Hyman, London. Hobbs, Thomas 1970 Leviathan, or the Matter, Form and Power of a Commonwealth; Ecclesiasticall and Civil. Collier Books, London. Hockett, C. F. 1958 A Course in Modern Linguistics. The Macmillan Co. 1960 “The Origin of Speech” Scientiﬁc American 203 (3). 1970 The State of the Art. Mouton, The Hague. 1977 Logical Considerations in the Study of Animal Communication. The View from Language. U. of Georgia Press. Hockett, C. F. & Robert Ascher 1964 “The Human Revolution” Current Anthropology 5 (3). Hockett, C. F. & S. A. Altmann 1968 “A Note on Design Features” Animal Communication (T. A. Sebeok, ed.) Indiana U. Press. Hoebel, E. Adamson l�«d*« Ø ±∞¥∏

1954 The Law of Primitive Man: A Study in Comparative Legal Dynamics. Harvard U. Press. Holdcroft, David 1991 Saussure: Signs, System, and Arbtrariness. Cambridge U. Press. Hole, F. 1994 “Environmental instabilities and Urban Origins” Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East (G. Stein & M. S. Rothman, eds.) Prehistory Press, Madison. Holenstein, Elmar 1974 Roman Jakobson’s Appproach to Language: Phenomenological Structuralism. Indiana U. Press, Bloomington. Hollingshead, A. B. 1940 “Human Ecology and Human Society” Ecological Monographs 10. Hollister, C. Warren 1978 Medieval Europe: A Short History. John Wiley & Son, New York. Holloway, Ralph L. 1967 “Tools and Teeth: Some Speculations Regarding Canine Reduction” American Anthropologist 69. 1970 “Australopethecine Endocast (Taung Specimen, 1924): A New Volume Determination” Science 168. Holmes, Willium H. 1919 Handbook of Aboriginal American Antiquities. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 60, Part l, Washington D. C. Holy, Ladislav 1989 Kinship, Honor and Solidarity: Cousin Marriage in the Middle East. Manchester U. Press, Manchester. Howell, F. Clark & the editors of Time-Life Books 1965 Early Man. Time-Life Books, New York. 1969 “Observations on the earlier phases of the European Paleolithic” Recent Studies in Paleoanthropology, American Anthropologist 68, Special Publication. Howells, William 1973 Evolution of the Genus Homo. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, Massachusetts. Howitt, A. W. 1883 “Notes on the Australian Class Systems” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 12. 1904 The Native Tribes of South-East Australia. Macmillan & Co. Ltd., London. Howitt, A. W. & Lorimer Fison 1889 “Further Notes on the Australian Class Systems” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 18. Hoyt, Robert S. ±∞¥π Ø l�«d*«

1967 Life and Thought in the Early Middle Ages. The U. of Minnesota Press. Hughes, H. S. 1968 The Obstructed Path. Harper & Row, New York. Hume, David 1966 Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Hafner Publishing Co., London & New York. Hunsaker, Philip L. & Anthony J. Alessandra 1980 The Art of Managing People. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Huntington, Ellsworth 1915 Civilization and Climate. Yale U. Press. 1945 Mainsprings of Civilization. Wiley, New York. Hyman, Larry M. 1975 Phonology: Theory and Analysisa. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Jakobson, Roman 1968 Child Language, Aphasia and Phonological Universals. Mouton, The Hague. 1970 Main Trends in the Science of Language. Harper & Row, New York. 1971 “Language in Relation to Other Communication Systems” Selected Writings 2. Mouton, The Hague. 1978 Six Lectures on Sound and Meaning (John Mepham, trans.) The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Jakobson, Roman, C. Gunner, M. Fant & Morris Halle 1972 Priliminaries to Speech Analysis: The Distinctive Features and their Correlates. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Jakobson, Roman & Morris Halle 1971 Fundamentals of Language. Mouton, The Hague. Jakobson, Roman & Linda Waugh 1979 The Sound Shape of Language. Harvester Press, Sussex. Jacobsen, Thorkild 1943 “Primitive Democracy in Ancient Mesopotamia” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2 (3).

Johnson, Allen W. & Timothy Earle 1987 The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian Society. Stanford U. Press. Johnson, D. L. 1969 The Nature of Nomadism. U. of Chicago Press, Chicago. Johnson, Keith 1997 Acoustic & Auditory Phonetics. Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, Massachusettes. Jolly, A. l�«d*« Ø ±∞µ∞

1966a Lemur Behavior. U. of Chicago Press, Chicago. 1966b “Lemur Social Behavior and Primate Intellgence” Science 153. Jolly, Clifford J. 1970 “The Seed-eaters: A New Model of Hominid Behavioral Differentiation Based on a Baboon Analogy” Man 5. Jones, Robert Alun 1977 “On Understanding a Sociological Classic” American Journal of Sociology 83 (2). 1981 “Robertson Smith, Durkheim, and Sacriﬁce: An Historical Context for The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life” Journal of the History of the Behavioral sciences 17. 1993 "Durkheim and la Cite Antique: An Essay on the Origin of Durkheim's Sociology of Religion" Emile Durkheim: Socioligist and Moralist (Stephen P.P. Turner,Turner, ed.) Routledge, New York. 2005 The Secret of the Totem: Religion and Society from McLennan to Freud. Columbia U. Press, New York. Josselin de Jong, J. P. B، de 1970 Levi-Strauss Theory on Kinship and Marriage. E. J. Brill, Leiden. Joy, Leonard 1967 “One Economist’s View of the Relationship between Economics and Anthropology” Themes in Economic Anthropology (Raymond Firth, ed.) Tavistock Publications, London. Kahzanov, A. M. 1984 Nomads and the Outside World. U. of Cambridge Press. Kaufman, D. 1992 “Hunter-gatherers of the Levantine Epipalaeolithic: Thee Socioecological Origins of Sedentism” Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 5. Kawai, M. 1965 “Newly Acquired Precultural Behavior of the Natural Troop of Japanese Monkeys on Koshima Islet” Primate 6. Kay, Paul & W. Kempton 1984 “What is the Sapir Whorf Hypothesis” American Anthropologist 86. Kelly, Walter Keating 1863 Curiosities of Indo-European Tradition and Folk-lore. London. Kelso, A. J. 1970 Physical Anthropology. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadephia. Kenyon, Kathleen M. 1972 “Ancient Jericho” Old World Archaeology: Foundations of Civilization (C. C. Lamberg- Karlovsky, ed.) W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco. Keosian, J. 1964 The Origin of Life. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York. Kettlewell, H B D ±∞µ± Ø l�«d*«

1967 “Darwin’s Missing Evidence” Human Evolution: Readings in Physical Anthropology (Noel Korn & Fred W Thompson, eds.) Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., New York. Kirk, G. S. 1974 Myth: Its Meaning & Function in Ancient & Other Cultures. Cambridge U. Press. Kirchhoff, Paul 1955 “The Principles of Clanship in Human Society” Davidson Journal of Anthropology 1. Klug William S. & Michael R. Cummings 2005 Essential of Genetics. Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Knight, Chris 1991 Blood Relations: Mensturation and the Origin of Culture. Yale U. Press, New Haven & London. Knight, Frank H. 1941 “Anthropology and Economics” Journal of Political Economy 49 (2). Kohler, Josef 1975 On the Prehistory of Marriage: Totemism, Group Marriage, Mother Right (R. H. Barnes & Ruth Barnes, trans.) U. of Chicago Press, Chicago. Kohlmeyer, K. 1997 “Habuba Kabira” The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (E. Meyers, ed.) Oxford U. Press. Korn, Francis 1973 Elementary Structure Reconsidered. Tavistock Publications, London. Korn, Noel & Fred Thompson (eds.) 1967 Human Evolution: Readings in Physical Anthropology (2nd ed.) Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., New York. Kormondy, Edward J. 1976 Concepts of Ecology. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Krader, Lawrence 1955a “Principles and Structures in the Organization of the Asiatic Steppe Pastoralists” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 11. 1955b “The Ecology of Central Asian Pastoralism” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 11. 1968 Formation of the State. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Kramer, Samuel Noah 1963 The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. U. of Chicago Press. Kroeber, Alfred Louis 1909 “Classiﬁcatory Systems of Relatioships” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 39. 1923 Anthropology. Harcourt & Brace, New York. 1939 Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America. U. of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 38. 1955 “History of Anthropological Thought” Yearbook of Anthropology. Wenner-Gren Foundation l�«d*« Ø ±∞µ≤

for Anthropological Research, Inc., New York. Kuhn, Adelbert 1859 Die Herabkunft des Feuers und des Göttertranks. Berlin. Kuhn, Thomas S. 1970 The Structure of Scientiﬁc Revolution. The U. of Chicago Press. Kuhrt, A. 1995 The Ancient Near East. London. Kummer, Hans 1971a Primate Societies: Group Techniques of Ecological Adaptation. Aldine Publishing Co., Chicago. 1971b “Dimensions of a comparative Biology of Primate Groups” Background for Man: Readings in Physical Anthropology (Phyllis Dolhinow & Vincent M. Sarich, eds.) Little, Brown & Co., Boston. Kuper, Adam 1977 The Social Anthropology of Radcliffe-Brown. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London 1988 The Invention of Primitive Society: Transformation of an Illusion. Routledge, London. Kuper, Hilda 1963 The Swazi, a South African Kingdom. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. Kurtz, Donald V. 2001 Political Anthropology: Paradigm and Power. Wesview Press, Cambridge. Ladefoged, Peter 1962 Elements of Acoustic Phonetics. The U. of Chicago Press, Chicago. 1967 Three Areas of Experimental Phonetics. Oxford U. Press. 1971 Priliminaries to Linguistic Analysis. The U. of Chicago Press, Chicago. 1975 A Course in Phonetics. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. New York. Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. 1972 Old World Archaeology: Foundations of Civilization. W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco. Lambton, A. K. 1953 Landlord and Peasant in Persia. Oxford U. Press. Lancaster, Jane B. 1975 Primate Behaviour and the Emergence of Human Culture. Basic Anthropology Units, Stanford U. Landreth, Harry 1976 History of Economic Theory: Scope, Method, and Content. Houghton Mifﬂin Co., Boston. Lane, Michael. 1970 Introduction to Structuralism. Basic Books, Inc., New York. Lane, Robert B. 1962 “Patrilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage: Structural Analysis and Ethnographic Cases” Ethnology 1. ±∞µ≥ Ø l�«d*«

Lang, Andrew 1884 Custom and Myth. Longmans & Green, London. 1898 The Making of Religion. Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd., London. 1903 Social Origins & Primal Law. Longmans, Green & Co., London. 1912 “Methods in the Study of Totemism” American Anthropologist n. s. 14. 1915/16 “The Origin of Exogomy and Totemism” Anthropos 10-11. 1970 The Secret of the Totem. AMS Press, London. Larsen, M. T. 1987 “Commercial Networks in the Ancient Near East” Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World (M. Rowlands, M. T. Larsen & K. Kristiansen, eds.) Cambridge U. Press. Lasker, G. 1969 “Human Biological Adaptability” Science 166. Laver, J. D. M. 1970 “The Production of Speech” New Horizons in Linguistics (J. Lyons, ed.) Penguin. Layton, Robert 1998 An Introduction to Theory in Anthropology. Cambridge U. Press. Leach, Edmund R. 1951 “The Structural Implications of Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 81. 1954 Political Systems of Highland Burma. Beacon Press, Boston. 1955 “Polyandry, Inheritance and the deﬁnition of Marriage” Man 55. 1965 “Review of Le Cru et le cuit” American Anthropologist 67. 1967 The Structural Study of Myth and Totemism. Tavistock Publications, London. 1968 “Claude Levi-Strauss -Anthropologist and Philosopher.” Theory in Anthropology: A Sourcebook (Robert A. Manners & David Kaplan, eds.) Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago.. 1973 “Structuralism in Social Anthropology” Structuralism: An Introduction. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1974 Claude Levi-Strauss. The Viking Press, New York. Leakey, Richard E. & Roger Lewin 1977 Origin: The Emergence and Evolution of Our Species and Its Possible Future. E. P. Dutton, New York. LeClair, Edward E., Jr. & Harold K. Schneider (eds.) 1968 Economic Anthropology: Readings in Theory and Analysis. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York. Lee, D. H. K. 1969 “Variability in Human Response to Arid Environment” Arid Lands in Perspective (W. McGinnics & B. Goodman, eds.) American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington D. C. l�«d*« Ø ±∞µ¥

Leeds, Anthony & Andrew Vayda (eds.) 1965 Man, Culture and Animals: The Role of Animals in Human Ecological Adjustments. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington. Lee, Susan H. & D. G. Bates 1974 “The Origins of Specialized Nomadic Pastoralism: A System Model” American Antiquity 39. Lenneberg, Eric H. 1964a “A Biological Perspective of Language” New Directions in the Study of Language (Eric H. Lenneberg, ed.) The M.l.T. Press. 1964b “The Capacity for Language Acquisition” The Structure of Language: Readings in the Philosophy of Language. (Jerry A. Fodors & Jerrold J. Katz, ed.) Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 1969 (May 9) “On Explaining Language” Science 164. 1970 “The Biological Foundations of Language” Readings in Applied Transhrmational Grammar (Mark Lester, ed.) Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., (Originally published in Hospital Practice. December 1967:59-67). 1973 “The Neurology of Language” Ianguage as a Human Problem (Einar Haugen & Morton Bloomﬁeld, eds.). W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., New York. Lesa, William & Evon Z. Vogt 1972 Reader in Comparative Religion: An Anthropological Approach. Harper & Row Publishers, New York. Leroi-Gourhan, Andre 1968 (February) “The Evolution of Paleolithic Art” Scientiﬁc American. Levi-Strauss, Claude 1944 “On Dual Organization in South America” American Indegina 4. 1955 “The Structural Study of Myth” Journal of American Folklore 78. 1963a Totemism (Rodney Needham, trans.) Beacon Press, Boston. 1963b “Social Structure” Anthropology Today: An Encyclopedic Inventory (A. L. Kroeber, ed.) U. of Chicago Press, Chicago. 1963c Triste Tropiques (John Russell, trans.) Atheneum Paperback, New York. 1963d Structural Anthropology (Claire Jacobson & Brook Grundfest Schoepf, trans.) Anchor Books, Garden City, New York. 1966 The Savage Mind. U. of Chicago Press, Chicago. 1969 The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Beacon Press, Boston. 1987 Introduction to the Work of MarcelMarcel Mauss (Felicity Baker, trans.) Routledge, London. Levy-Bruhl, Lucien ans.) Beacon Press, Boston. ±∞µµ Ø l�«d*«

1983 Political Anthropology: An Introduction. Bergin & Garvey Publishing, Inc., Massachusetts. Lewis, G. E. 1934 “Priliminary Notice of New Manlike Apes from India” American journal of Science 27. Lewis, I. M. 1963 A Pastoral Democracy. Oxford U. Press. 1976 Social Anthropology in Perspective. Penguin Books, Baltimore. Lieberman D. E. 1993 “The Rise and Fall of Seasonal Mobility among Hunter-gatherers: The Case of the Southern Levant” Current Anthropology 34. Lieberman, Philip 1967 Intonation, Perception, and Language. MIT Research Monograph No. 38. Lightfoot, David 1982 The Language Lottery: Toward a Biology of Grammar. M. 1. T. Linton, Ralph 1939 “Marquesan Culture” The Individual and His Society (Abram Kardiner, ed.) Coumbia U. Press. 1955 The Tree of Culture. Vintage Books, New York. Long, John K. 1791 Voyages and Travels of an Indian Interpreter and Trader. London. Lopez, Robert S. 1976 The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages, 950-1350. Cambridge U. Press. Lowie, Robert H. 1912 “The Principle of Convergence in Ethnology” Journal of American Folklore, vol. 25. 1930 “The Omaha and Crow Kinship Terminologies” Proceedings of the International Congress of Americanists 24. 1937 The History of Ethnological Theory (ed.) Farrar & Rinehart, New York. 1952 Primitive Religion. Liveright, New York. 1960 Social Organization. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. 1968 “Relationship Terms” Kinship and Social Organization (Paul Bohannan & John Middleton, eds.) The Natural History Press, Garden City, New York. 1970 Primitive Society. Liveright, New York. Lubbock, John 1870 Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social Conditions of Savages (2nd ed.) Longmans, Green & Co., London. Lukes, Steven 1973 Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work. Penguin Books, New York. Lyons, John 1968 Introduction to Theoritical Linguistics. Cambridge U. Press. 1970 New Horizons in Linguistics (ed.) Penguin Books. l�«d*« Ø ±∞µ∂

1972 “Human Language” Non-verbal Communication (R. A. Hinde, ed.) Cambridge U. Press. 1973 “Structuralism and Linguistics” Structuralism: An Introduction. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1977 Noam Chomsky. Penguin Books, New York. MacCurdy, George Grant. 1924 Human Origins: A Manual of Prehistory. D. Appleton & Co. Macintyre, Alasdair 1970 “Noam Chomsky’s View of Language” Readings in Applied Transformational Grammar (Mark(Mark Lester, ed.) Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc. McLennan, J. F. 1869-70 “The Worship of Animals and Plants” Fortnightly Review, vols. 6 & 7 Macneish, Richard S. 1992 The Origins of Agriculture and a settled Way of Life. U. of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma. Maddock, Kenneth 1971 The Australian Aborigines: A Portrait of their Society. Allen Lane, The Penguin Press. Mader, Sylvia S 2004 Human Biology. McGraw Hill Higher Education. Boston. Maine, Sir Henry 1861 Ancient Law. John Murray, London. Mair, Lucy 1962 Primitive Government. Baltimore, Penguin. 1972 An Introduction to Social Anthropolgy. Oxford U. Press. Maisels, Charles Keith 1993 The Emergence of Civilization. London. 1999 Early Civilization of the Old World. Routledge, London. Malinowski, Bronislaw 1921 “The Primitive Economics of the Trobriand Islanders” Economic Journal 31. 1922 Argonauts of the Western Paciﬁc. Routledge, London. 1929 The Sexual Life of Savages. George Routledge, London. 1930 “Culture” Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences IV. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1954 Magic Science and Religion and Other Essays. Garden City, New York Mallowan, M. E. L. 1965 Early Mesopotamia and Iran. McGraw-Hill, New York. Malmberg, Bertil 1963 Phonetics (Maranda M., ed.) Dover Publications, Inc., New York. 1972 Mythology. Penguin, Harmondsworth. Margalef, R. 1968 Perspectives in Ecological Theory. U. of Chicago Press. Marshall, J. C. ±∞µ∑ Ø l�«d*«

1970 “The Biology of Communication in Man and Animals” New Horizons in Linguistics (J. Lyons, ed.). Penguin. Marx, Emanuel 1967 Bedouin of the Negev. Manchester U. Press, Manchester. 1977 “The Tribe as a Unit of Subsistance: Nomadic Pastoralism in the Middle East” American Anthropologist 79. 1992 “Are There Pastoral Nomads in the Middle East?” Pastoralism in the Levant: Archaeological Materials in Anthropoligical Perspectives (Ofer Bar-Yosef & Anatoly Khazanove, eds.) Monographs in World Archaeology No. 10. Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin. Marx, Karl 1930 Capital (Everyman Edition) Dent, London. Mathews, R. H. 1900 “The Origin, Organization and Ceremonies of the Australian Aborigines” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Socity 39 (164). Mauss, Marcel 1967 The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies (Ian Cunnison, trans.) W. W. Norton Co., Inc., New York. Maybury-Lewis, D. 1965 “Prescriptive Marriage Systems” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 21. McLennan, John F. 1869-70 (October & November - February) “The Worship of Animals and Plants” The Fortnightly Review. 1970 Primitive Marriage: An Inquiry into the Origin of the Form of Capture in Marriage Ceremo- nies. The U. of Chicago Press, Chicago & London. Mead, George Herbert 1934 Mind, Self and Society. U. of Chicago Press. Meggit, M. J. 1962 Desert People. U. of Chicago Press. Mellaart, James 1967 Catal Huyuk: a Neolithic Town in Anatolia. McGraw-Hill, New York. 1970 Earliest Civilizations of the Near East. McGraw-Hill, New York. 1975 The Neolithic of the Near East. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. Meltzer, Bernard N. 1972 The Social Psychology of George Herbert Mead. Center for Sociological Research, Western Michigan U. Middleton, John & David Tait (eds.) 1958 Tribes without Rulers: A Study in African Segmentary Societies. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. l�«d*« Ø ±∞µ∏

Miller, George A. 1967 “The Psycholinguists” The Psychology of Communication: Seven Essays. Penguin Books. Miller, Robert L. 1968 The Linguistic Relativity Principle and Humboldtian Ethnolinguistics: A Historyistory andand appraisalappraisal. Mouton, The Hague. Milner, Richard B. & Jack H. Prost 1967 “The Significance of Primate Behavior for Anthropology” Human Evolution: Readings in Physical Anthropology (2nd ed., Noel Korn & Fred Thompson, eds.) Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., New York. Montagu, M. F. Ashley 1937 “Physiological paternity in Australia” American Anthropologist 39. Moore, Sally Falk 1963 “Oblique and Asymmetrical Cross-Cousin Marriage and Crow-Omaha Terminology” American Anthropologist 65. Moorey, P. R. S. 1994 Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Moran, Emilio F. 1979 Human Adaptability: An Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. Duxbury Press, North Scituate, Mass. Morgan, Lewis Henry 1985 Ancient Society. U. of Arizona press, Tucson, Arizona. 1997 Systems of Consanguinity & Affinity of the Human Family. U. of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska. Morris, Charles William 1938 “Foundations of the Theory of Signs” International Encyclopedia of Unified Science 1 (2) U. of Chicago Press. 1946 Signs, Language and Behavior: Writings on the General Theory of Signs. Mouton, The Hague. Mulder, J. W. F. & S. G. J. Hervey 1972 Theory of the Linguistic Sign. Mouton, The Hague. Muller, Friedrich Max 1856 Oxford Essays. Oxford. 1870 Lectures on the Science of Language. C. Scribner & Co., New York. 1881 Selected Essays on Language Mythology and Religion. London Murdock, George Peter 1940 “Double Descent” American Anthropologist 42. 1947 “Bifurcate Merging: A Test of Five Theories” American Anthropologist 49. 1949 Social Structure. The Free Press, New York. ±∞µπ Ø l�«d*«

1954 “Sociology and Anthropology” For a Science of Social Man (John Gillin, ed.). The Macmillan Co., New York. 1960 “Cognatic Forms of Social Organization” Social Structure in Southeast Asia. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, 29. 1968 “Cognatic Forms of Social Organization” Kinship and Social Organization (Paul Bohannan &John Middleton, eds.) The Natural History Press, Garden City, New York. Murdoch, William 1971 “Ecological Systems” Environment: Resources, Pollution, and Society (William Murdoch, ed.) Sinauer Association, Stamford, Connecticut. Murphy, Robert E. 1979 An Overture to Social Anthropology. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Murphy, Robert & Leonard Kasdan 1959 “The Structure of Parallel Cousin Marriage” American Anthropologist 61. Nadel, Siegfried Frederick 1951 The Foundations of Social Anthropology. Cohen & West, Ltd. London. 1957 The Theory of Social Structure. Free Press, Glencoe. Napier, John 1993 Hands. Princeton U. Press. Narotzky, Susana 1997 New Directions in Economic Anthropology. Pluto Press, London & Chicago. Nash, M. 1961 “The Social Context of Economic Choice in a small Society” Man 219. 1964 “The Organization of Economic Life” Horizons of Anthropology (Sol Tax, ed.) Aldine, Chicago. 1965 “Economic Anthropology” Biennial Review of Anthropology. Stanford U. press. 1966 “Primitive and Peasant Economic Systems” Chandler Publications in Anthropology and Sociology (Leonard Bloom, ed.) Chandler Publishing Co., Scranton, Pennsylvania. 1968 “Economic Anthropology” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 4. The Macmillan Co. & The Free Press, New York. 1977 “The Organization of Economic Life” Horizon of Anthropology (2nd ed., S. Tax & L. G. Freeman, eds.) Aldine, Chicago. Needham, R. 1958 “The Formal Analysis of Prescriptive Patrilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 14. 1962 Structure and sentiment. The U. of Chicago Press. 1967a “Review of The Savage Mind” Man 2. 1967b Introduction to The Development of Marriage and Kinship by C. Staniland Wake. The U. of Chicago Press, Chicago & London. l�«d*« Ø ±∞∂∞

1974 Remarks and Inventions. Tavistock Publications, London. Netting, Robert M. 1968 Hill Farmers of Nigeria. Washington U. Press. 1971 “The Ecological Approach in Cultural Study” Addisson-Wesley Modules in Anthropology 6. Reading, Mass. 1977 Cultural Ecology. Cummings, Menlo Park, California. Newman, Philip Charles 1952 The Development of Economic Thought. Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Newman, Russell 1975 “Adaptation to Heat” Physiological Anthropology (Albert Damon, ed.) Oxford U. Press. Nicolaisen, J. 1963 Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg. National Museum of Copenhagen, Copenhagen. Nida, Eugene A 1964 Toward a Science of Translating. E. J. Brill, Leiden. Nissen, H. J. 1988 The Early History of the Ancient Near East. Chicago U. Press Noel, E. 1944 “Qanats” Journal of the Royal Central Asiatic Society 31. Nos, John B. 1963 Man’s Religions. Macmillan, New York. Noth, Winfried 1990 Handbook of Semiotics. Indiana U. Press, Bloomington & Indianapolis, Indiana. Oakley, Kenneth P. 1968 Man the Tool Maker. U. of Chicago Press. Oats, Joan 1993 “Trade and Power in the Fifth and Fourth Millennia BC: New Evidence from Northern Mesopotamia” World Archaeology 24 (3). O’Conner, J. D. 1973 Phonetics. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middlessex, England. Odum, Eugene P. 1966 Ecology. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York. 1983 Basic Ecology. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia. Oler Jr., John W. 1971 Coding Information in Natural Languages. Mouton, The Hague. Olson, E. C. 1965 The Evolution of Life. The New American Library, New York & Toronto. Ong, Walter ±∞∂± Ø l�«d*«

1977 Interface of the Word. Cornell U. Press. Oparin, A. I. 1957 The Origin of Life on the Earth (3rd ed., translated from Russian). Academic Press, New York. Ortiz, Sutti 1983 Economic Anthropology: Topics and Theories. U. Press of America, London. O’Sullivan, Jeremiah & John F Burns 1943 Medieval Europe. Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., New York. Oswalt, Wendell H. 1965 “The Potlatch System of the Southern Kwakiutl: A New Perspective” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 21. 1972 Habitat and Technology. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York. Pace, David 1986 Claude Levi-Strauss: The Bearer of Ashes. ARK Paperbacks, London. Palmer, Abram Smythe 1913 The Samson-Saga and its Place in Comparative Religion. London. Palmer, Leonard R. 1972 Descriptive and Comparative Linguistics: A Critical Introduction. Faber & Faber, London. Pals, Daniel L. 2006 Eight Theories of Religion (2nd ed.) Oxford U. Press. Panikkar, K. M. 1918 “Some Aspects of Nayar Life” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Society xlviii. Parkin, Robert 1997 Kinship: An Introduction to the Basic Concepts. Blackwell Publishers Ltd., Oxford. Pasternak, Burton 1976 Introduction to Kinship and Social Organization. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Pasternak, Burton, Carol R. Ember & Melvin Ember 1997 Sex, Gender and Kinship. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Patai, Raphael 1951 “Nomadism: Middle Eastern and Central Asian” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 7. Pehrson, Robert N 1954 “Bilateral Kin Groupings as a Structural Type” The U. of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies 3. Penn, Julia M. 1972 Linguistic Relativity versus Innate Ideas. Mouton, The Hague. Perrot, J. 1969 “La Prehistoire Palestiniene” Dictionaire Supplement de la Bible 8. Letouyeg & Ave, Paris. Peterson, Nicolas l�«d*« Ø ±∞∂≤

1972 “Totemism Yesterday: Sentiment and Social Organization Among The Australian Aborigines” Man 7(1). Peters, Emrys L. 1960 “The Proliferation of Segments in the Lineage of the Bedouin of Cyrenaica” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 90. 1963 “Some Structural Aspects of the Feud among the Bedouin of Cyrenaica” Contributions to Mediterranean Sociology (J. G. Peristiany, ed.) Mouton, The Hague. 1990 The Bedouin of Cyrenaica: Studies in Personal and Corporate Power. Cabbridge U. Press, Cambridge. Petit, Philip 1975 The Concept of Structuralism: A Critical Analysis. U. of California Press. Phenice, T. W. 1972 Hominid Fossils: An Illustrated Key. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. Phillips, E. D. 1965 The Royal Hordes: Nomad Peoples of the Steppes. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. Phillpotts, Bertha S. 1913 Kindred and Clan. Cambridge. Piaget, Jean 1971 Structuralism (Maschler Chaninah, trans.) Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London. Pickering, W. S. F. 1993 “The Origin of Conceptual Thinking in Durkheim: Social Or Religious?” Columbia U., New York. Pickett, J. M. 1980 The Sounds of Speech Comunication: A Primer of Acoustics and Speech perception. U. Park Press, Baltimore. Piddocke, Stuart 1965 “The Potlatch System of the Southern Kwakiutl: A New Perspective” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 21. Pierce, John R. 1967 Waves & Messages. Anchor Books, Garden City, New York. Pilbeam, David R. 1968 “The Earliest Hominid” Nature 2. 1970 The Evolution of Man. Funk and Wagnalls, New York. 1972 The Ascent of Man: An Introduction to Human Evolution. The Macmillan Series in Physical Anthropology, New York. Pilgrim, G. E. 1910 “Notice of New Mammalian Genere and Species from the Tertiaries of India” Rec. Geol. Surv. India 40, 63. ±∞∂≥ Ø l�«d*«

Pirenne, Henri 1970 Medieval Cities: Their Origin and the Revival of Trade (Frank D. Halsey, trans.) Princeton U. Press. Poirier, Frank E. 1973 Fossil Man: An Evolutionary Journey. The C. V. Mosby Company, Saint Louis. Polanyi, Karl 1944 The Great Transformation. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. New york. 1953 “Anthropology and Economic Theory” Readings in Anthropology II (Morton H. Fried, ed.) Thomas Y. Crowell, New York. 1957 “The Economy as Instituted Process” Trade and Market in the Early Empires, Economies in History and Theory (Karl Polanyi, Conrad M. Arensberg & Harry W. Pearson, eds.) Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois. 1959 “Anthropology and Economic Theory” Readings in Anthropology 2 (Morton H. Fried, ed.) Thomas Y. Crowell, New York. 1968 Primitive, Archaic, and Modern Economies, Essays of Karl Polanyi (G. Dalton, ed.) Doubleday, Garden City, New York. Polanyi, Karl, Conrad M. Arrensberg, & Harry W. Pearson (eds.) 1957 Trade and Markets in the Early Empires: Economies in History and Theory. Free Press, Glencoe. Pollock, S. 1999 Ancient Mesopotamia. Cambridge U. Press. Postgate, J. N. 1994 Early Mesopotamia. London. Potts, D. T. 1997 Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations. Cornell U. Press. Pressman, Steven 2006 Fifty Major Economists. Routledge, London & New York. Pulgram, Ernst 1959 Introduction to the Spectrography of Spech. Mouton & Co. The Hague. [Radcliffe-]Brown, A. R. 1913 “Three Tribes of Western Australia” Royal Anthropological Instutute of Great Britain and Ireland 43. Radcliffe-Brown, A R 1918 “Notes on Social Organization of Australian Tribes” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 48. 1923 “Notes on Social Organization of Australian Tribes” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 53. 1929 “The Sociological Theory of Totemism” Proceedings of the Fourth Paciﬁc Science Congress, l�«d*« Ø ±∞∂¥

Java. 1930 “Marriage and Descent in North Australia” Royal Anthropological Institute of GrrGrreateat Britain and Ireland 10. 1930/31 “The Social Organization of Australian Tribes” Oceania 1. 1941 “The Study of Kinship Systems” The Journal of Royal Anthropologiclal Institute of Great Britain and Ireland LXXI. 1951a “Murngin Social Organization” American Anthropologist 53 (1) 1951b “The Comparative Method in Social Anthropology” Journal of the Royal Anthropolgical Institute 81. 1952 Structure and Function in Primitive Society. The Free Press, New York. Radcliff-Brown, A. R. & Daryll Forde (eds.) 1967 African Systems of Kinship and Marriage. Oxford U. Press. Radin, Paul 1957 Primitive Religion. Dover Publications, New York. Rappaport, Roy A. 1967 “Ritual Regulation of Environmental Rlations Among a New Guinea People” Ethnology 6.6. Rawls, Anne Warﬁeld 2004 Epistemology and Practice: Durkheim’s The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. The U. of Cambridge Press, Cambridge. Redﬁeld, Robert 1953 “Relation of Anthropology to the Social Sciences and to the Humanities” Anthropology Today (A. L. Kroeber, ed.) U. of Chicago Press. Redman, Charles L. 1978 The Rise of Civilization: From Early Farmers to Urban Society in the Ancient Near East. W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco. Reed, Charles A. 1959 “Animal Domestication in the Prehistoric Near East” Science 130. Reetz, Henning & Allard Jongman 2009 Phonetics: Transcription, Production, Acoustics, and Perception. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. Renfrew, Colin 1972 “Carbon 14 and the Prehistory of Europe” Old World Archaeology: Foundations of Civilization (C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, ed.) W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco. Rima, Ingrid Hahne 1986 Development of Economic Analysis (4th ed.) Routledge, London & New York. Rivers, W. R. R. 1924 Social Organization. Kegan Paul, Trench & Trubner, London. Riviere, Peter 1970 Introduction to Primitive Marriage: An Inquiry into the Origin of the Form of Capture in Mar- ±∞∂µ Ø l�«d*«

riage Ceremonies by John F. McLennan. The U. of Chicago Press, Chicago & London. Rivers, W. H. R. 1968 Kinship and Social Organization. The Athlone Press. U. of London. 1978 Social Organization. Alfred Knopf, Inc., New York. Robbins, Lionel 1935 The Subject Matter of Economics. An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science. Macmillan & Co. Ltd., London. 1961 An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science (2nd ed.) Macmillan & Co. Ltd., New York. Robey, David (ed.) 1973 Structuralism: An Introduction. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Robins, R. H. 1977 “Distinctive Feature Theory” Roman Jakobson: Echoes of His Scholarship (Daniel Armstrong & C. H. Van Schooneveld, eds.) The Peter De Ridder Press. Roll, Eric 1953 A History of Economic Thought (3rd ed.) Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs,Cliffs, New Jersey.Jersey. Romer, Alfred Sherwood 1971 “Major Steps in Vertebrate Evolution” Background for Man: Readings in Physical Anthropology (Phyllis Dolhinow & Vincent M. Sarich, eds.) Little, Brown & Co., Boston. Romney, A. Kimball & Phillip Epling 1958 “A Simplified Model of Kariera Kinship” American Anthropologist 60. Rossi, I. (ed.) 1973a The Unconcious in Culture. Dutton, New York. 1973b “The Unconcious in The Anthropology of Levi-Strauss” American Anthropologist 75. Rossi-Landi, Ferruccio 1973 Ideologies of Linguistic Relativity. Mouton, The Hague. Roth, W. E. 1897 Ethnological Studies in North-West Central Queensland Aborigines. Brisbane & London. Roux, Georges 1992 Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books, Baltimore. Rowling, Marjorie 1968 Life in Medieval Times. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York. Rubel, P. G. 1969 “Herd Composition and Social Structure: On Building Models of Nomadic Pastoral Societies” Man 4. Saggs, H. W. F. 2000 Babylonians. British Museum. Sahlins, Marshal D. 1960a (September) “The Origin of Society” Scientific American. l�«d*« Ø ±∞∂∂

1960b “Political Power and the Economy of Primitive Society” Essays in the Science of Culture (in Honor of Leslie A. White, Gertrude Dole & Robert L. Carneiro, eds.). Thomas Y. Crowell, New York. 1961 “The Segmentary Lineage: An Organization of Predatory Expansion” American Anthropologist 63. 1964 “Culture and Environment: The Study of Cultural Ecology” Horizons of Anthropology (Sol Tax, ed.) Aldine, Chicago. 1965 “On the Sociology of Primitive Exchange” The Relevance of Models for Social Anthropology (M. Banton, ed.) Association of Social Anthropologists, monograph no. 1. Praeger, New York. 1966 “On the Delphic Writings of Levi-Strauss” Scientiﬁc American 214. 1972 Stone Age Economics. Aldine, Chicago. Salisbury, R. F. 1962 From Stone To Steel: Economic Consequences of a Technological Change in New Guinea. Cambridge U. Press. 1968 “Anthropology and Economics” Anthropology and the Neighboring Disciplines (O. Von Mering & L. Kasdan, eds.) Pittsburgh U. Press. Salzman, Philip. C. 1967 “Political Organization among Nomadic People” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 3 (2). 1971a “Comparative Studies of Nomadism and Pastoralism” Anthropological Quarterly 44 (3). 1971b “Movement and Resource Extraction Among Pastoral Nomads: The Case of the Shah Nawaze Baluch” Anthropological Quarterly 44 (3). Sanger, Rodney B. 1982 Roman Jackobson and Beyond: Language as a System of Signs. Mouton Publishers. Berlin, New York & Amsterdam. Sapir, Edward 1916 “Terms of Relationship and the Levirate” American Anthropologist 18. 1921 Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. Hartcourt, Brace and Co., New York. 1929 “The Status of Linguistics as a Science” Language 5. Sauer, Carl O. 1952 Agricultural Origins and Dispersals: The Domistication of Animals and Foodstuffs. American Geographical Society. Saussure, Ferdinand de 1966 Course in General Linguistics (Wade Baskin, trans.) McGraw-Hill Book Co. Schapera, I. 1967 Government and Politics in Tribal Societies. Schocken Books, New York. Schefﬂer, Harold W. 1970”Structuralism in Anthropology” Structuralism (Jacques Ehrman, ed.) Anchor Books, Garden City, New York. ±∞∂∑ Ø l�«d*«

Schmaus, Warren 2004 Rethinking Durkheim and his tradition. U. of Cambridge Press, Cambridge. Schneider, H. K. 1957 “The Subsistence Role of Cattle Among the Pakot and in East Africa” American Anthropologist 59. Scholte, B. & J. Honigmann (eds.) 1973 Handbook of Social and Cultural Anthropology. Rand & McNally, Chicago. Schusky, Ernest L. 1965 Manual for Kinship Analysis (2nd ed.) Holt, Rinehart & Winston. New York. Sebeok, Thomas A. 1976 Contributions to the Doctrine of Signs. Indiana U. Press. Seligman, B. Z. 1923 “Studies in Semitic Kinship” Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 3 (1). Service, E. R. 1971 Primitive Social Organization. Random House, New York. 1975 Origins of the State and Civilisation. Norton, New York. 1985 A Century of Controversy: Ethnological Issues from 1860 to 1960. Academic Press, Orlando, Inc., Florida. Shapiro, Warren 1979 Social Organization of Aboriginal Australia. St. Martin’s Press, New York. Simons, Elwyn L. 1967 “The Early Relatives of Man” Human Evolution: Readings in Physical Anthropology (2nd ed., Noel Korn & Fred Thompson, eds.) Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., New York. 1968 “A Source for Dental Comparison of Ramapithecus with Australopithecus and Homo” South African Journal of Science 64. 1969 “The Origin and Radiation of the Primates” Annals of the New York Academy of Science 167. Simons, Elwyn L. & David R. Pilbeam 1965 “Preliminary Revision of the Dryopithecinae (Pongidae, Anthropoidea)” Folia Primatologia 3 (81). Simons, Elwyn L. & P. Ettel 1970 “Gigantopethicus” Scientiﬁc American 222 (1). Simpson, George Gaylord 1953 Life of the Past: An Introduction to Paleontology. Yale U. Press. 1962 “Comments on Cultural Evolution” Evolution and Man’s Progress (Hudson Hoagland & Ralph W. Burhoe, eds.) Columbia U. Press. Sjoberg, Gideon 1960 The Preindustrial City: Past and Present. The Free Press, New York. Slater, Miriam l�«d*« Ø ±∞∂∏

1959 “Ecological Factors in the Origin of Incest” American Anthropologist 61. Slobin, Dan I. 1971 Psycholinguistics. Scott, Foresman & Co., Glenview, Illinois. Smelser, Neil J. 1959 “A Comparative View of Exchange Systems” Economic Development and Cultural Change 7 (2). Smith, Bruce D. 1998 The Emergence of Agriculture. Scientific American Library, New York. Smith, Philip E. L. 1964 (August) “The Solutrean Culture” Scientific American. 1972 “The Consequences of Food Production” Addisson-Wesley Modular Publications in Anthropology. No. 31, Reading, Mass. 1976 Food Production and its Consequences. Cumming Publishing Co., Menlo Park, California. Smith, Robert Leo 1974 Ecology and Field Biology (2nd ed.) Harper & Row, New York. Smith, William Robertson 1903 Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia. Charles & Black, London. 1972 The Religion of the Semites. D. Appleton & Co., New York. Solecki, Ralph S. 1957 (November) “Shanidar Cave” Scientific American. 1963 “Shanidar: Prehistory in Shanidar Valley, Northern Iraq” Science 134. 1971 The First Flower Children. Alfred A Knopf, New York. 1974 “The Old World Paleolithic” The Old World: Early Man to the Development of Agriculture (Robert Stigler, ed.) Thames & Hudson, London. Solheim, W. G. 1970 Reworking Southeast Asia Prehistory. Social Research Institute, Publ. 34, U. of Hawaii. Southern, R. W. 1978 The Making of the Middle Ages. Yale U. Press. Spencer, Baldwin 1914 Native Tribes of the Northern Territories of Australia. Macmillan & Co. Ltd., London. Spencer, Baldwin & F. J. Gillen 1899 The Native Tribes of Central Australia. Macmillan & Co. Ltd., London. 1904 The Northern Tribes Of Central Australia. Macmillan & Co. Ltd., London. 1966 The Arunta (2 Vols.) Oosterhout N. B., The Netherlands. Spencer, Herbert 1870 (May) “The Origin of Animal Worship” The Fortnightly Review. Spooner, B. J. ±∞∂π Ø l�«d*«

1972 “The Status of Nomadism as a Cultural Phenomenon in the Middle East” Journal of Asian and African Studies 7. 1973 “The Cultural Ecology of Pastoral Nomads” Addisson-Wesley Modular Publications in Anthropology. No. 45, Reading, Mass. Spradley, James P. 1972 Culture and Cognition: Rules, Maps, and Plans (ed.) Chandler Publishing Co., San Francisco. Steiner, Franz 1954 “Notes on Comparative Economics” British Journal of Sociology 5. Stenning, D. 1957 “Transhumance, Migratory Drift, Mogration; Patterns of Pastoral Fulani Nomadism” Journal of the Royal African Institute 87. Strehlow, T. G. H. 1947 Aranda Tradition. Melbourne. Steward, Julian H. 1973 Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution. U. of Illinois Press. Stone, E. 1997 “City-States and Their Centers, The Mesopotamian Example” The Archaeology of City States (D. L. Nichols & T. H. Charlton, eds.) Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC. Stross, Brian 1976 The Origin and Evolution of Language. Wm. C. Brown Co. Publishers. Dubuque, Iowa. Suttles, W. 1960 “Afﬁnal Ties, Subsistence, and Prestige among the Coast Salish” American Anthropologist 62. Swartz M. J., V. W. Turner & A. Tuden (eds.) 1966 Political Anthropology. Aldine, Chicago. Sweet, L. E. 1965 “Camel Pastoralism in North Arabia and the Minimal Camping Unit” Man, Culture, and Animals: The Role of Animals in Human Ecological Adjustment (A. Leeds & A. PP.. Vayda,Vayda, eds.) American Association for the Advancement of Science, Publication no. 6, Washington D. C. Tatham, George 1957 “Environmentalism and Possibilism” Geography in the Twentieth Century (3rd ed., Grifﬁth Taylor, ed.) Philosophical Library, New York. Tawney, R. H. 1926 Religion and the Rise of Capitalism. Penguin Books. Thomas, Franklin 1925 The Environmental Basis of Society. The Century Company, New York. Thomas, Northcote W. l�«d*« Ø ±∞∑∞

1906 Kinship Organisation and Group Marriage in Australia. The U. Press, Cambridge. Thompson, Kenneth 2002 Emile Durkheim. Tavistock Publications, New York. Thurnwald, Richard 1933 Economics in Primitive Communities. Oxford U. Press. Time-Life Books 1972 Life before Man (The Editors of Time-life Books). Time-Life Books, New York. Tonkinson, Robert 1978 The Mardudjara Aborigines: Living the Dream in Australia’s Desert. Holt, Rinehart & Win- ston, New York. Tooker, Elizabeth 1985 Forward to Ancient Society by Lewis Henry Morgan. U. of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona. 1997 Introduction to Systems of Consanguinity & Afﬁnity of the Human Family by Lewis Henry Morgan. U. of Nebraska Press, Lincoln & London. Trautmann, Thomas R. 1987 Lewis Henry Morgan and the Invention of Kinship. U. of California Press, Berkeley & Los Angeles. Treistman, Judith M. 1968 “Childe, V. Gordon” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 2. The Macmillan Co. & The Free Press, New York. Trubetzkoy, N. S. 1969 Principles of Phonology (Christiane A. M. Baltaxe, trans.) U. of California Press, Berkeley & Los Angeles. Turner, Stephen P. (ed.) 1993 Emile Durkheim: Socioligist and Moralist. Routledge, New York. Turnpenny, Peter D. & Sian Ellard 2007 Emery’s Elements of Genetics. Cuurchil Livingstone, Elsever. Tyler, Stephen A. 1969 Cognitive Anthropology (ed.) Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., New York. Tylor, Edward Burnett 1865 Researches into the Early History of Mankind, J. Murray, London. 1889 “On a Method of Investigating the Development of Institutions; Applied to Laws of Marriage and Descent” Journal of the Anthropological Institute 18. 1899 “Remarks on Totemism, with Especial Reference to Some Modern Theories Respecting it” The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 28. 1960 Anthropology. The U. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 1977 Primitive Cultures (2 vols.) Gordon Press, New York. Ucko, P. J. & G. E. Dimbley (eds) ±∞∑± Ø l�«d*«

1969 The Domistication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals. Aldine, Chicago. Unger-Hamilton, R. 1989 “The Epi-Palaeo-lithic of Southern Levant and the Origins of Cultivation” Current Anthropology 31. Van de Mieroop, M. 1997 The Ancient Mesopotamian City. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Van Gennep, Arnold 1920 L’Etat actuel du Probleme totemique. Paris 1960 The Rites of Passage. U. of Chicago Press. Van Loon, M 1968 “The Oriental Institute Excavations at Mureybit, Syria” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 27 (4). Van Zeist, Willem & J. A. H. Bakker-Heeres 1984 “1986 Archaeobotanical Studies in the Levant, 3. Late-Paleolithic Mureybit” Palaeohistoria 26. Vayda, Andrew P. 1961 “A Re-examination of Northwest Coast Economic Systems” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 23. 1970 Environment and Cultural Behaviour: Ecological Studies in Cultural Anthropology (ed.) Natural History Press, Garden City, New York. Vayda, Andrew P. & B. J. McCay 1975 “New Directions in Ecology and Ecological Anthropology” Annual Review of Anthropology. Vayda, Andrew P. & Roy Rappaport 1968 “Ecology: Cultural and Noncultural” Introduction to Cultural Anthropology (James A. Clifton, ed.) Houghton Mifﬁn Co., Boston. Viljoen, Stephan 1936 The Economics of Primitive Peoples. London. Voget, F. W. 1975 A History of Ethnology. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. New York. Volpe, E. Peter 1970 Understanding Evolution (2nd ed.). Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. Waal Maleﬁjt, Annemarie de. 1970 Religion and Culture: An Introduction to Anthropology of Religion. The Macmillan Co., London. 1974 Images of Man. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. Wake, C. Staniland 1967 The Development of Marriage and Kinship. The U. of Chicago Press, Chicago & London. Wald, George l�«d*« Ø ±∞∑≤

1955 “The Origin of Life” The Physics and Chemistry of Life. A Scientific American Book. Simon & Schuster, New York. Walker, K. F. 1943 The Study of Primitive Economics. Oceania 13. Wallace, Anthony F. 1966 Religion: An Anthropological View. Random House, New York. Warner, W. Lloyd 1964 A Black Civilization: A Social Study of an Australian Tribe. Harper & Brothers Publishers, New York. Washburn, Sherwood L. 1960 (September) “Tools and Human Evolution” Scientific American. Washburn, Sherwood L., Phyllis C. Jay & Jane B. Lancaster 1971 “Field Studies of Old World Monkeys and Apes” Background for Man: Readings in Physical Anthropology (Phyllis Dolhinow & Vincent M. Sarich, eds.) Little, Brown & Co., Boston. Watson, Richard A. & Patty J. Watson 1969 Man and Nature: An Anthropological Essay in Human Ecology. Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., New York. Waugh, Linda R. 1976 Roman Jakobson’s Science of Language. The Peter De Ridder Press. Weber, Max 1923 General Economic History. The Free Press, Glencoe. Weiner, Annette 1988 The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York. Weiss, H. 1986 “The Origins of Tell Leilan and the Conquest of Space in Third Millennium North Mesopotamia” The Origins of Cities in Dry-Farming Syria and Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium B. C. (H. Weiss, ed.) Four Quarters Publishing, Connecticut. Wells, Rulon S. 1947 “De Saussure’s System of Linguisties” Word 3. Wenke, Robert J. 1980 Patterns in Prehistory: Mankind’s First Three Million Years. Oxford U. Press. Westermarck, Edward 1926 A Short History of Marriage. The Macmillan Co., New York. Whelehan P. 1985 “Review of Incest, a Biosocial View” American Anthropologist 87. White, Leslie A. 1948a “Lewis Henry Morgan: Pioneer in the Theory of Social Evolution” An Introduction to the History of Sociology (Harry Elmer Barnes, ed.) 1948b “The Definition and Prohibition of Incest” American Anthropologist 50. ±∞∑≥ Ø l�«d*«

1949 The Science of Culture. Grove Press, New York. 1959 The Evolution of Culture: The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome. McGraw-Hill, New York. 1968 “Morgan, Lewis Henry” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 10. The Macmillan Co. & The Free Press, New York. Whiting, J. W. M. 1964 “Effect of Climate on Certain Cultural Practices” Exploration in Cultural Anthropology (W. Goodenough, ed.) McGraw-Hill, New York. Whorf, Benjamin Lee 1956 Language, Thought and Reality: Selected WWritingsritings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (John B. Carroll, ed.) MIT Press & John Wiley, Cambridge & New York. Wilk, Richard R. 1996 Economics and Cultures: Foundations of Economic Anthropology. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. Willcox, George & Sandra Fornite 1999 “Impressions of Wild Cereal Chaff in Pis form the 10th Millennium uncal. B. P. at Jerf el Ahmar and Mureybet: Northern Syria” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 8. Willer, J. 1971 The Social determination of Knowledge. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Williams, Frederick 1972 Language & Speech: Introductory Perspective. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Wissler, Clark 1926 The Relation of Man to Nature in Aboriginal North America. D. Appleton, New York. Wittfogel, Karl A. 1956 “The Hydraulic Civilizations” Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth (William R. Thomas, ed.) U. of Chicago Press. 1957 Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power. Yale U. Press. Wolf, Eric 1966 Peasants. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Woolley, Sir Leonard 1965 Excavations at Ur. Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York. Wright, H. E. Jr. 1968 “Natural Environment of Early Food Production North of Mesopotamia” Science 161. 1993 “Environmental Determinism in Near Eastern Prehistory” Current Anthropology 34. Wright, H. T. 1977 “Recent Research on the Origin of the State” Annual Review of Anthropology. Wymer, John. 1968 “Morgan, Lewis Henry” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 10. The Macmillan l�«d*« Ø ±∞∑¥

Co. & The Free Press, New York. 1982 The Palaeolithic Age. Groom Helm, London. Yalman, N. 1964 “Review of The Savage Mind” American Anthropologist 66. Yoffee, Norman & J. Jeffery Clark (eds.) 1993 Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization: Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq. U. of Arizona Press. Zacour, Norman 1969 An Introduction to Medieval Institutions. St Martin’s Press, New York. Zeder, Melina A. & Brian Hesse 2000 “The Initial Domestication of Goats (Capra Hircus) in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago” Science 287. Zeuner, F. E. 1963 A History of Domisticated Animals. Row, Evanston, Illinois. Zimmerman, Robert L. 1970 "Levi-Strauss and the Primitive" Claude Levi-Strauss: The Anthropologist as Hero. (E. Nelson Hayes & Tanya Hayes, eds.) The M. I. T. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.