Contributors

Liu Bohong is a professor of China Women University; a senior research fellow and former deputy director general of Women’s Studies Institute of China; a member of the Fifth/Sixth/Seventh Population Specialists Committee, State Family Planning Commission; and dep- uty secretary-general of the Chinese Women’s Research Society.

Yang Chunyu is a master candidate of Economics, China Center for Economic Research, Peking University. His main research interests are health economics, gender, and public policy.

Min Dongchao is professor at the Department of Culture Studies, School of Humanity, and director of the Centre for Gender and Culture Studies, Shanghai University. From April 2013 to March 2015 she was the EU Marie Curie guest professor at the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies at the University of Copenhagen. Her research interests are globalization, cross-cultural studies, and feminist philosophy. Her recent publications include “Toward an Alternative Traveling Theory,” in Signs, 2014, 39, 3; “When the West Heavens Meet the Middle Kingdom: Comparing the Issues of Women’s Political Participation in China and India,” in Refeng Academy, 2012, Vol. 6, pp. 32–46 (in Chinese); and “From Men-Women Equality to Gender Equality: The Zigzag Road of Women’s Political Participation in China,” in Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 2011, Vol. 17, No.3.

Guo Huimin is a professor at the School of Humanities, Economics, and Law at Northwestern Polytechnical University of China. She is also a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and the director of the Chinese Labor Institute. Her research expertise is in labor rights, women’s rights, gender, and law.

Li Huiying is a professor of Sociology at the CCPS—The CCP Central Party School—and deputy secretary-general of the Chinese Women’s Research Society.

Zhang Jing is an MA student in Political Science and Public Administration at the School of Public Management, Zhejiang University. 222 Contributors

Li Ling is a professor at the China Centre for Economic Research (CCER) at Peking University. She was an associate professor with ten- ure at the Department of Economics of Towson University, MD, from 2000 through 2003.

Zhu Shanjie is an assistant researcher at the Department of Cultural Studies, Shanghai University. His research area is in contemporary literature and cultural studies.

Song Shaopeng is associate professor at the Department of CCP History, Renmin University in China, and has a PhD degree in Political Science from Tsinghua University.

Bo Ærenlund Sørensen is working toward his DPhil—examining the representation of workers’ issues in Chinese media—at the University of Oxford. Bo won the Danish Workers’ History Prize for his MA the- sis focusing on Chinese workers’ issues, and he is currently reworking it for publication. Bo has previously coedited two journals of litera- ture, has published in various genres, and has written a writing guide for high-school students. Recent publications include “The Ankara Consensus: Islamists, Kemalists, and Why Turkey’s Nationalism Remains Overlooked,” Middle Eastern Journal (Volume 48, Issue 4, 2012), pp. 613–627; “Hvorfor har den kinesiske arbejderstat så svag en fagbevægelse?” [Why is the Chinese labor union so weak?] Arbejderhistorie (2013, No. I); and “How the First Emperor Unified the Minds of Contemporary Historians,” Monumenta Serica, Volume LVIII (Spring 2010), pp. 1–31.

Qi Wang is associate professor at the Department of Design and Communication, University of Southern Denmark. She holds a PhD in political science, and her research covers the field of Chinese elite politics, gender politics, and gender and politics. She is coeditor to two anthologies titled Gender Equality, Citizenship and Human Rights—Controversies and Challenges in China and the Nordic Countries (eds. Pauline Stoltz, Marina Svensson, Zhongxin Sun, and Qi Wang), Abingdon: Routledge, 2010, and Gender Politics in Asia: Women Manoeuvring (within) Dominant Gender Orders (eds. Wil Burghoorn, Kazuki Iwanaga, Cecilia Milwertz, and Qi Wang), Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2008. She has done research on gender and corruption, collective male feminism in China recently, and is in the process of developing new research activities related to the research program The Power of Knowledge: China and the World, which Contributors 223 studies power relations and the change of power relations captured in knowledge production, circulation, appropriation, and contestation.

Guo Xiajuan is a professor of Political Science and Public Admini- stration at the School of Public Management, Zhejiang University.

Li Xiang graduated from Northwestern Polytechnical University of China in March 2013 and is now a PhD candidate at Leiden University in the Netherlands.

Tong Xin is a professor at the Department of Sociology, Peking University; director of the Research Center of China’s Workers; and vice director of the Women Studies Center, Peking University.

Jin Yihong is Professor at Jinling Women’s College and the Nanjing Teachers’ Education University, and visiting Professor at the School of Sociology, Nanjing University. She is an executive member of the Research Institute of Chinese Women Studies and vice president of the Women’s Studies Institute in Jiangsu Province.

Hu Yukun is an associate professor at the Institute of Population Research, Peking University; an adjunct associate professor, Griffith University, Australia; and a Fulbright Scholar, Columbia University (2013–2014). Index

386199 army, 171, 179, 190, 197 China Centre for Economic Research (CCER), 222 agriculture, feminization of, 158, China Development Research 179–80, 187–9, 191, 197–8, Foundation, 133, 198 200 China Health and Nutrition Survey All-China Federation of Trade (CHNS), 41 Unions (ACFTU), 72, 121 Chinese Family Panel Studies All-China Women’s Federation (CFPS), 35, 50–1 (ACWF), 63, 76, 77, 83, 98, Chinese government, 26, 45–8, 103, 124, 126, 132–3, 191, 196, 109, 148, 181 198, 201 Chinese Ministry of Labour and ambilocal residence, 145 Social Security, 103 Chinese People’s Political Ban, Wang, 2 Consultative Conference bargaining power, 22 (CPPCC), 59–60, 68, 76 Bauman, Zygmunt, 115 Chinese scholars, 3, 5, 11–12, 157 Becker, Gary, 39 Chinese Women’s Status, 132, 135, Bohong, Liu, 13 187, 190 Bossen, Laurel, 191 second Survey on, 188 CHNS (China Health and Nutrition capitalism, 6, 8, 9, 10, 66–8, 71, 89, Survey), 41 95–6 CHNS Data of Urban Areas, 32–3 capitalist system, 66–7, 81, 93 clan power, 144–5 care, 35, 38–9, 41, 52–3, 61–2, class, 86, 120 69–71, 128, 142–4, 161, 164–8 class struggle, 94 Care for Girls campaign, 138 Collection of Women’s Studies, 51, care work, 38–9 97, 177, 198 unpaid care work, 37–42 communism, 8 CCER (China Centre for Economic Connell, Raewyn, 5 Research), 222 consultative meetings, 5, 203–6, CCP (Chinese Communist Party), 7, 216–17 68, 71, 90, 138 corporate social responsibility, CEDAW (Convention on the 109–10 Elimination of All forms cross cultural knowledge of Discrimination against production, 1–2 Women), 23, 46, 181, 182 Cultural Revolution, 7, 185 CFPS (Chinese Family Panel Studies), 35, 50–1 Dai Jinhua, 3 Chen Gong, 41 Daqiuzhuang, 70–1, 73, 84 226 Index daughters, 22, 107, 140–3, 146–7, Engels, Friedrich, 141 149–51, 160–2, 166–7, 184 equality, 21, 23, 25–7, 29–31, 35, Davin, Delia, 7 43–5, 49, 51–3, 73–5, 78–81 decision making, 203 formal, 45, 76, 79–80 democracy, 8, 15 substantive, 23, 45–6, 48 Deng Xiaoping, 71 equity, 8 development, 6, 7 Everyday Life, 158–9 as freedom, 21 sustainable, 21 familial continuity, 141 Development Research Center family, 194–5 (DRC), 124, 132 family planning policies, 48, 151, Diamond, Norma, 139 174 disabled, 116, 120 female. See also gender, women disabled women, 128–9 agency, 93 discrimination, 36–7, 40, 46, 47, female migrant workers 50–1, 86, 89–90, 95, 129, (dagongmei), 34, 66, 93, 101, 180–1, 201 107, 109, 111, 124–5 domestic patriarchy, 140, 143, 146, female migrants, 93–4, 107, 124–5 150–2, 155 female scientists, 53, 61–2 domestic sphere, 13 femininity, 60 Dong Xiaoyuan, 41 feminism, 60, 81, 112, 117 double burden, 61–2, 101 Feminist Economics, 38–9, 52, 54 DRC (Development Research feminist movements, 101 Center), 124, 132 feminization Du Fenglian, 41 of agriculture, 158, 179–80, Du Yang, 123, 125 187–9, 191, 197–8, 200 Duanmu Luxi, 81 of housework, 65 Durkheimian studies, 85 of men, 73 of poverty, 118, 130 economic development, 2, 11, 16, Fincher, Leta Hong, 3 21, 23–5, 42, 169, 185 Firestone, Shulamith, 86 education, 22–4, 26, 28–31, 37, 44, floating population, 117, 120, 209 49–50, 53, 182–4, 187, 190–1, Folbre, Nancy, 38–9, 52 212–13 Ford Foundation, 1 efficiency, 7, 8 FunüYanjiu Luncong, 97, 177, 198 Elson, Diane, 52, 130, 133 employment, 9, 13 Ganga, Deianira, 4 disparity, 26–8, 42 Gao Xiaoxian, 87 flexible, 76–7, 122 GDI (Gender Development Index), formal, 103, 105 25, 49 “golden age,” 102 GDP (gross domestic product), informal, 29, 102, 105, 123 21–2, 49, 180 non-regular, 122–3 GEM (Gender Empowerment part-time, 102–3 Measure), 25, 50 and unemployment, 26, 121, 122 gender, 5, 136, 175 Index 227

Gender and Chinese Society, 19 gender knowledge, 6 gender and development, 16, 25, 50, gender mainstreaming, 46 54, 56 gender norms, 195 gender and labor, 82 gender perspective, 14, 25–6, 31, gender and land rights, 198 65, 86, 117–18, 180–1 gender and power, 17, 200 gender politics, 222 gender and rural crises, 179, 197 gender roles, 39, 64, 66, 75 gender and urban new poverty, gender segregation, 31, 35, 91–2, 117–22 95, 98, 122, 125 gender and work, 98 gender stratification, 86–90 gender bias, 10, 104, 106, 108, 180 gender studies, 12, 25, 53, 80, gender blindness, 10, 111, 152, 180 82–3, 85 gender composition, 28–9 Gender Study on Female Science gender composition of impoverished and Technology Professionals groups, 120 in China, 44 Gender Development Index. gender system, 62, 80 See GDI gender wage differentials, 33, gender differences, 61, 87, 106, 118, 50, 54–6 120, 130, 135 generation, 22, 44, 63, 65–6, 141, gender differentiation, 85–6, 144, 147 89, 134 Giddens, Anthony, 85 gender dimensions, 9, 115, 119 Gini coefficient, 47 gender discrimination, 19, 22–3, global North, 5 38, 50–1, 53–4, 88–9, 91–2, global South, 5 106, 125, 127 globalization, 5, 8, 113, 116, 170, gender disparity in care, 37 187, 197, 200 gender disparity in employment, Goffman, Erving, 158 26–8, 42 government, 24, 38, 40, 46–7, 89, gender division of labor, 40, 64–5, 108–9, 111, 174, 180–2, 204 94, 107, 124, 130 government policies, 12–13, Gender Empowerment Measure 147, 156 (GEM), 25, 50 Great Leap Forward, 7 gender equality, socialist, 73, 77 gross domestic product. See GDP gender gap, 37, 42, 183 Guo Huimin, 14 gender hierarchy, traditional, Guo Xiajuan, 15 87–8, 107 Guo Yingjie, 2 gender ideology, 64, 66, 80 gender income differentials, 51, 53 Haraway, Donna, 4 gender income gap, 31, 34–7, HDI (Human Development Index), 48, 122–3 25, 49 gender inequality, 1–12 He Xuefeng, 8–9 elimination of, 48 health, 22, 24, 41, 50, 117, 184–5, structural, 194, 216 187, 191, 202, 207, 212 gender issues, 3, 26, 54, 59, 81, health care, 24, 29, 139, 182–3, 152, 180 185, 194 228 Index

Heller, Agnes, 158 Jacka, Tamara, 8 hermeneutics, 5 Jiang Yongping, 122 hidden marriages, 67 Jin Yihong, 14, 139, 192 Highmore, Ben, 158 historical materialism, 78 kentan (heart-to-heart talks), 204–6 households, 63–5, 119–21, 138, Keynesian welfare policies, 116 142, 145, 148–50, 152–3, 186, kinship, 139, 195 190, 192–5 kinship networks, 95 housework, 39, 42, 61–2, 64–5, 68, 70, 73–4, 77–8, 102, 108, 191 labor, 9, 96, 101–6 full-time housewives, 61–2 labor contract system, 102–4 housework and the state, 64 labor force participation rate, 26–8 socialisation of housework, 110 labor laws, 14, 47, 103–4, 109 Hu Yukun, 15 labor legislation, 105–6 Huang Ping, 195 labor market, 9, 13, 24, 26, 31, Human Development Index (HDI), 34–5, 37–9, 41, 43–4, 48, 54, 25, 49 64, 69–70, 85, 121–2, 129–30 Human Development Index/Report, labor unpaid, 13, 26 25, 118 laid-off women, 77, 121 Human Development Report, 24–5, laid-off workers, 116, 121 43, 55, 118, 135, 198, 201 land disputes, 155 humanism, 11 land distribution, 148–9, 192 husband, 30, 39, 86, 143–4, land-allocation, 148, 150, 152–4 151–2, 154–7, 160–9, landless rural population, 120, 172–3, 190, 194–5 126, 192 land-use rights, 192 imbalanced sex ratio at birth, 13, Laurel Bossen, 191 137–8, 147, 156, 195 left-behind women, 13–14, 157–61, income 164–5, 167–76, 195, 201 average income, 34, 37, 90–1, leftover women, 3, 13 124, 129 Li Chunling, 30 inequality, 3–19 Li Jing, 69–70, 72 infant mortality rate, 22 Li Ling, 13 Inglis, David, 158 Li Lulu, 131 International Labor Organization Li Qiang, 130 (ILO), 26, 47, 50, 103, 109, Li Shantong, 124 121–2, 200 Li Shi, 30, 116–18, 124 ILO Convention C156 Equal Li Xiang, 14 Opportunities for Workers with Li Xiaojiang, 3 Family Responsibilities, 109 Li Yinhe, 146 ILO Discrimination Convention Lianghui Meetings, 59 No.111, 46 liberalism, 68, 79, 81 International Women’s Day liberals, 7 (IWD), 59 life course theory, 14, 112 iron girls, 82, 185 life cycle theory, 14 iron women, 64 Liu Lan, 41 Index 229

Lloyd, Genevieve, 211 National Health and Family local government, 126, 182, 192, Planning Commission, 138 197, 210 National Human Rights Action local public affairs, 197–210 Plan of China, 24 Lu Jie, 2 National People’s Congress Lu Xueyi, 130 (NPC), 59 NBS Migrant Workers Monitoring mainstream media, 10, 158, Reports, 123 169, 171 neo-liberal, 13 Mao’s era, 87 neo-Marxism, 85 market economy, 7–10, 13–15, New Family Economics, 39 24–6, 42, 68, 70–1, 73, 79, New Household Economics, 38–9 85–8, 96, 115 New Left, 7–9 market reforms, 2, 8, 64, 68, 74, new rural construction, 8, 170, 175, 79, 93 198, 217 marketization, 65–6, 77, 80, 89–93, new urban poverty, 13, 14, 117, 130, 182, 184 116, 120 marriage, 3, 23–4, 39, 44–5, 66–7, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 1 94, 106–8, 121, 194 North, 5, 21 Marriage Law, 139, 150–2, 192, 194 occupational, 91–2 Marx, Karl, 104 Opinions on further promoting Marxism as method, 85 Reform of the Household Marxist theory, 63 Restriction System, 174 matriarchy, 73 Otis, Eileen M., 3 matrilocal residency, 144 May Fourth Movement, 7 Pan Yi, 94 media representation, 14, 169–71 paternity leave, 48 middle-class, 65, 67, 68, 78, 81 patriarchy, 10, 14, 66, 73, 75–80, migration, 3, 25, 93–4, 102, 93, 137, 140–1, 143, 146–7 123, 159, 172, 183, 186, communal patriarchy, 153–4 189, 194–5 patriarchal ideology, 130 migrant women, 93, 124–5 patriarchal tradition, 7, 10, 140, migrant workers, 13–14, 106, 148, 194 109, 111, 157, 170, 175 patrilineal inheritance, 14, 138, Millennial Development Goals 140–50 (MDG), 21–3 patriliny, 137, 141 Milwertz, Cecilia, 1, 2 patrilocality, 14, 139, 142 Min, Dongchao, 1, 6 Pearce, Diana, 118 minimal subsistence allowance, peer pressure, 146–7 119, 122 people’s communes, 49, 182, 206 Ministry of Civil Affairs, 122 People’s Congresses, 205, 218 Modern Enterprise System, 64 People’s Daily (Renmin Ribao), 72 modernization, 7, 10, 87, 93 People’s Republic of China (PRC), Moghadem, Valentine M., 128 24, 26, 31, 45, 49, 59, 63, motherhood, 66, 78 73, 139 230 Index planned economy, 13, 24, 31, 68, rural cooperative medical care 85, 86, 87–9, 130 system, 186 political ability, 15, 203, 216 rural literacy, 183 political participation, 203, 206, rural reconstruction, 8 217 positionality, 4–5 Sannong (Three Rural Issues), Post-2015 Development Agenda, 21, 170, 175 23, 25 Santos, Bounaventura de post-Fordist production, 116 Sousa, 5–6 poverty, 2 Scott, Sam, 4 new poverty, 115–16 Sen, Amartya, 21 new urban poverty, 13, 14, Sex Ratio imbalance at Birth (SRB), 115–22 13, 137–8, 147, 156, 195 practical gender preferences, 62 sexual differences (physiology), 75 preferences, 212–14 Silver Blossom Competition, 87 private sector, 35 single mother families, 127–8 private sphere, 5, 66, 206, 216 single-parent families, 120, 127–8 privatization, 64–5, 80, 183–4 social activism, 6, 10 Program for the Development of social critique, 6, 10, 79, 81 Chinese Women, 24 social exclusion, 120 proletariat, 116 social inequality, 6, 9, 115, 130, 180 public intellectuals, 10–11, 65, 76, social justice, 6, 9, 21, 25, 31, 43, 80, 95, 196 45, 48 public interest, 211, 213–14 social mobility, 93, 96, 131 public opinion, 146, 155, 204 social movements, 81 public sector, 35, 41, 91 social safety net, 130, 186 public sphere, 5, 66, 87, 206, 208 social security, 39, 42–3, 50, 72, Pun Ngai, 100 90, 103, 117, 121, 123, 125–6, 140, 145, 183, 186, 194, 207 Qi Wang, 1 social stratification, 8, 9, 13–14, 78, Qian N., 22 85–6, 116, 117, 131 social welfare, 8, 48, 123, 139, 194 Report on the Study of Chinese socialism, 7, 9, 13, 70–1, 74, 75, 79, Women in Scientific and 89, 139 Technical Work, 61 socialism with Chinese Report on the Survey and characteristics, 89 Monitoring of Migrant socialist market economy, 70–1 Workers of 2012, 188 socialist planned commodity research, 6 economy, 66 retirement age, 43, 59, 101, 103 Sociological Studies (Shehuixue rural Yanjiu), 68, 76 three rural crisis, 15, 179 sociology of gender, 105 rural China, 144, 146, 156, son preference, 14, 137–8, 140–5, 159, 169, 171–2, 191, 148, 150 193–4, 196, 97 Song Shaopeng, 13 Index 231

Sorensen, Bo Erenlund, 2 village culture, 14, 146 Special Regulations for the Protection village election, 145 of Female Workers, 106 village politics, 203 State Council, 69, 77, 97, 104, 105, vulnerability, 120 174, 188 state feminism, 9, 10 wage disparity, 31 state ownership, 139 Wang Chaoming, 115 state paternalism, 89 Wang Xiancai, 68, 76, 78 Stoltz, Pauline, 3 Wang Youjuan, 119 strategic gender preferences, 62 Wang Zheng, 82 structuralism, 85 Weberian method, 85 Sun Wanning, 2 Wei Jinsheng, 126 surplus value, 104 well being, 21 Survey on Chinese Women’s Status, well-off (小康 xiaokang) society, 7 101, 188 Wen Jiabao, 105 Survey on the Living Conditions of Wen Tiejun, 8–9 Professional Women, 62 Wenling Municipal People’s Congress, 205 three rural crisis, 15, 179–80 Wilcoxon test, 211, 212, 122 and women, 179–97 women. See also female, gender three rural problems, 2, 15, 179–80 dual roles, 44 Tong Xin, 13 elderly women, 186 Townsend, P., 130 elite women, 95, 96 translation, 1, 3, 5–6 and land rights, 154–6, 192 Transnational Feminism, 1 “left-behind,” 13, 14, 157–61, travelling theories, 1–2 164–5, 167–76, 195, 201 Women of China (Zhongguo funu), UN Fourth World Conference on 68–70, 73, 76 Women, Beijing, 1, 23, 46, 181 “women returning home,” 60–3, UN Millenium Development 68, 72, 80 Goals, 21 women’s labor participation, 26, UNDP (United Nations 30, 90 Development Programme), 21, differences among 25, 43, 118–19, 183 women, 91–2 UNIFEM (United Nations disabled women, 128–9 Development Fund for landless peasants, 126–7 Women), 120 as migrants, 13 United Nations, 1, 11, 23, 118, 120 and rural crisis, 13 urban poverty, 13–14, 115–20, women’s liberation, 7, 24, 60, 122, 130 63–4, 68, 70, 72–3, 75, urbanization, 46, 50, 117, 126, 144, 79–81, 139, 174 153, 159, 170, 172, 173, 182 women’s participation, 13, 15, 37, 41, 48, 206, 216 village committees, 148, 149, 150, Women’s Studies movement, 64 154, 155, 196, 217 working poor, 120–2 232 Index working time, 13–14, 105, 102–5, Yang Chunyu, 13 107, 109, 111–12 Yang Xiaoping, 128 working-time rights, 13–14, Ye Jingzhong, 193 101, 108 Yin Haijie, 119 World Bank, 11, 217 Wright, Erik Olin, 85 Zhang Dandan, 33 Wu Fulong, 116–17 Zhang Jing, 15 Wu Huifang, 193 Zhang Xiaomei, 59–63, 68, 78–9 Zheng Yefu, 72–8 Xiaowei Zang, 3 Zhu Shanjie, 14 Xue Zhao, 72 Zhuo Rongji, 179