DOCSLIB.ORG

Measurement of Formic Acid, Acetic Acid and Hydroxyacetaldehyde

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Measurement of Formic Acid, Acetic Acid and Hydroxyacetaldehyde University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Graduate School of Oceanography Publications 2018 Measurement of Formic Acid, Acetic Acid and Hydroxyacetaldehyde, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Methyl Peroxide in Air by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Airborne Method Victoria Treadaway University of Rhode Island Brian G. Heike University of Rhode Island, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs Citation/Publisher Attribution Treadaway, V., Heikes, B. G., McNeill, A. S., Silwal, I. K. C., and O'Sullivan, D. W.: Measurement of formic acid, acetic acid and hydroxyacetaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and methyl peroxide in air by chemical ionization mass spectrometry: airborne method development, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 1901-1920, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1901-2018, 2018. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School of Oceanography at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Victoria Treadaway, Brian G. Heike, Ashley S. McNeill, Indira K. C. Silwal, and Daniel W. O'Sullivan This article is available at DigitalCommons@URI: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs/512 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 1901–1920, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1901-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Measurement of formic acid, acetic acid and hydroxyacetaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and methyl peroxide in air by chemical ionization mass spectrometry: airborne method development Victoria Treadaway1, Brian G. Heikes1, Ashley S. McNeill1,2, Indira K. C. Silwal3,4, and Daniel W. O’Sullivan3 1Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA 2Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA 3Chemistry Department, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA 4Forest Bioproducts Research Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA Correspondence: Victoria Treadaway ([email protected]) Received: 22 September 2017 – Discussion started: 4 October 2017 Revised: 5 January 2018 – Accepted: 1 February 2018 – Published: 5 April 2018 Abstract. A chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) ences to formic acid or the acetic acid equivalent sum. The method utilizing a reagent gas mixture of O2, CO2, and multi-reagent ion system was successfully deployed during CH3I in N2 is described and optimized for quantitative the Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Éxperi- gas-phase measurements of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ment (FRAPPÉ) in 2014. The combination of FRAPPÉ and methyl peroxide (CH3OOH), formic acid (HCOOH), and laboratory calibrations allowed for the post-mission quantifi- the sum of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydroxyacetalde- cation of formic acid and the acetic acid equivalent sum ob- hyde (HOCH2CHO; also known as glycolaldehyde). The served during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry instrumentation and methodology were designed for air- Experiment in 2012. borne in situ field measurements. The CIMS quantification of formic acid, acetic acid, and hydroxyacetaldehyde used I− cluster formation to produce and detect the ion clus- − − − ters I (HCOOH), I (CH3COOH), and I (HOCH2CHO), 1 Introduction respectively. The CIMS also produced and detected I− clus- − ters with hydrogen peroxide and methyl peroxide, I (H2O2) Formic acid (HCOOH, hereafter referred to as HFo), acetic − and I (CH3OOH), though the sensitivity was lower than acid (CH3COOH, hereafter referred to as HAc), and hy- − − with the O2 (CO2) and O2 ion clusters, respectively. For droxyacetaldehyde (HOCH2CHO, commonly referred to as that reason, while the I− peroxide clusters are presented, the glycolaldehyde, and hereafter abbreviated as GA) are oxy- focus is on the organic acids. Acetic acid and hydroxyac- genated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) found in re- etaldehyde were found to yield equivalent CIMS responses. mote and urban environments in both gas and particle forms. They are exact isobaric compounds and indistinguishable in Primary emissions for both acids include vegetation, agricul- the CIMS used. Consequently, their combined signal is re- ture, biomass burning, and motor vehicle emissions (Khare ferred to as “the acetic acid equivalent sum”. Within the res- et al., 1999; Paulot et al., 2011). Secondary sources also olution of the quadrupole used in the CIMS (1 m=z), ethanol play a substantial role in the formation and distribution of and 1- and 2-propanol were potential isobaric interferences HFo and HAc and include photochemical production from to the measurement of formic acid and the acetic acid equiv- gaseous VOCs and OVOCs of biogenic and anthropogenic alent sum, respectively. The CIMS response to ethanol was origin, biomass burning, and primary and secondary organic 3.3 % that of formic acid and the response to either 1- or aerosols (Khare et al., 1999; Paulot et al., 2011). Both or- 2-propanol was 1 % of the acetic acid response; therefore, ganic acids are photochemically long lived (> 10 days with the alcohols were not considered to be significant interfer- respect to HO photooxidation) and their removal is primar- Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 1902 V. Treadaway et al.: Multi-ion CIMS organic acids and peroxides ily by dry and wet deposition at Earth’s surface (Paulot et al., rectly effects precipitation acidity (Khare et al., 1999; Paulot 2011). Away from Earth’s surface, these acids represent a rel- et al., 2011). Finally, both GA and HAc are participants in atively long-lived intermediate product in the oxidation of the formation and growth of organic aerosols and in aerosol organic matter. However, there is a scarcity of organic acid photochemical processing (Carlton et al., 2006; Fuzzi and measurements in the upper troposphere with which to com- Andreae, 2006; Lee et al., 2006; Perri et al., 2010; Yu, 2000). pare and assess photochemical and transport theory. Millet Airborne platforms provide one vehicle for instrumentation et al. (2015), Reiner et al. (1999), and Talbot et al. (1996) to measure these compounds throughout the depth of the tro- reported vertical profiles for HFo and HAc; however, only posphere (e.g., Le Breton et al., 2012; Lee et al., 1998; Millet Reiner et al. and Talbot et al. sampled above 7 km. In remote et al., 2015; Talbot et al., 1996) and this adds an additional environments, HFo and HAc are the primary acids establish- need for “fast” instruments, especially for situations in which ing the pH of cloud water and precipitation (Galloway et al., spatial–temporal scales are relatively small, such as in the 1982). HFo and HAc partitioning between gas and aqueous boundary layer or near convective clouds. phases is pH dependent. In the aqueous phase, both HFo In recent years there has been an increase in the number and HAc remain in the protonated form below their pKas of of atmospheric gas-phase species measured using chemical 3.75 and 4.76 (T D 298:15 K), respectively (Johnson et al., ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) (Huey, 2007). The ma- 1996). As emission controls on anthropogenic NOx and SO2 jor advantages of CIMS include rapid response times with continue to decrease the contributions of these gases to pre- high sensitivity and selectivity (e.g., Bertram et al., 2011; cipitation acidity, the organic acids are expected to compose Crounse et al., 2006). Previous studies have successfully a larger fractional contribution to acidity in cloud water and measured gas-phase HFo and HAc via negative-ion-mode − − precipitation. CIMS using trifluoromethoxy anion (CF3O ), iodide (I ), − Hydroxyacetaldehyde (or GA) is formed by the HO oxi- or acetate (CH3COO ) as the reagent ion (e.g., Amelynck dation of biogenic VOCs such as isoprene and methyl vinyl et al., 2000; Le Breton et al., 2012; Brophy and Farmer, ketone (MVK) (Lee et al., 1998; Tuazon and Atkinson, 1989) 2015; Veres et al., 2008). Yuan et al. (2016) reported HFo C and by the HO oxidation of unsaturated anthropogenic VOCs and HAc using a H3O time-of-flight CIMS. Brophy and like ethene (Niki et al., 1981). GA has also been measured Farmer (2015) developed a dual reagent ion system with I− − in smoldering biomass burning plumes and can be up to used for HAc and CH3COO used for HFo, in which the 1 % of the gaseous carbon detected in fire emissions (John- reagent gases are added in an alternating sequence. However, son et al., 2013; Yokelson et al., 1997). Table S1 provides to our knowledge, to date only one group has reported results a summary of literature surface and aircraft measurements for both HFo and HAc using an I−CIMS (Lee et al., 2014). for GA in urban, biomass burning, biogenic, and mixed en- Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) has C vironments. GA’s primary loss is by HO oxidation and wet been used to quantify HFo and HAc with H3O as the deposition (Bacher et al., 2001). The effective Henry’s Law reagent ion (e.g., Müller et al., 2014); Wisthaler reports the constant for GA (70 MhPa−1) is surprisingly large (Betterton sum of HAc and GA (Armin Wisthaler, personal communi- and Hoffmann, 1988) and an order of magnitude larger than cation, 2015) using this methodology. that for HAc (7.8 MhPa−1) at a temperature of 288 K (John- O’Sullivan et al. (2018) and Heikes et al. (2017) described son et al., 1996; results below). GA is more likely than HAc a CIMS instrument for the airborne measurement of perox- to be removed by precipitation during transport through deep ides called PCIMS. In the course of developing the PCIMS, convection based upon model work by Barth et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Allyson M. Buytendyk
    DISCOVERING THE ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF METAL HYDRIDES, METAL OXIDES AND ORGANIC MOLECULES USING ANION PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY by Allyson M. Buytendyk A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland September, 2015 © 2015 Allyson M. Buytendyk All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Negatively charged molecular ions were studied in the gas phase using anion photoelectron spectroscopy. By coupling theory with the experimentally measured electronic structure, the geometries of the neutral and anion complexes could be predicted. The experiments were conducted using a one-of-a-kind time- of-flight mass spectrometer coupled with a pulsed negative ion photoelectron spectrometer. The molecules studied include metal oxides, metal hydrides, aromatic heterocylic organic compounds, and proton-coupled organic acids. Metal oxides serve as catalysts in reactions from many scientific fields and understanding the catalysis process at the molecular level could help improve reaction efficiencies - - (Chapter 1). The experimental investigation of the super-alkali anions, Li3O and Na3O , revealed both photodetachment and photoionization occur due to the low ionization potential of both neutral molecules. Additionally, HfO- and ZrO- were studied, and although both Hf and Zr have very similar atomic properties, their oxides differ greatly where ZrO- has a much lower electron affinity than HfO-. In the pursuit of using hydrogen as an environmentally friendly fuel alternative, a practical method for storing hydrogen is necessary and metal hydrides are thought to be the answer (Chapter 2). Studies yielding structural and electronic information about the hydrogen - - bonding/interacting in the complex, such as in MgH and AlH4 , are vital to constructing a practical hydrogen storage device.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Formic Acid in Acetic Acid for Industrial Use by Agilent 7820A GC
    Determination of Formic Acid in Acetic Acid for Industrial Use by Agilent 7820A GC Application Brief Wenmin Liu, Chunxiao Wang HPI With rising prices of crude oil and a future shortage of oil and gas resources, people Highlights are relying on the development of the coal chemical industry. • The Agilent 7820A GC coupled with Acetic acid is an important intermediate in coal chemical synthesis. It is used in the a µTCD provides a simple method production of polyethylene, cellulose acetate, and polyvinyl, as well as synthetic for analysis of formic acid in acetic fibres and fabrics. The production of acetic acid will remain high over the next three acid. years. In China, it is estimated that the production capacity of alcohol-to-acetic acid would be 730,000 tons per year in 2010. • ALS and EPC ensure good repeata- biltiy and ease of use which makes The purity of acetic acid determinates the quality of the final synthetic products. the 7820GC appropriate for routine Formic acid is one of the main impurities in acetic acid. Many analytical methods for analysis in QA/QC labs. the analysis of formic acid in acetic acid have been developed using gas chromatog- • Using a capillary column as the ana- raphy. For example, in the GB/T 1628.5-2000 method, packed column and manual lytical column ensures better sepa- sample injection is used with poor separation and repeatability which impacts the ration of formic acid in acetic acid quantification of formic acid. compared to the China GB method. In this application brief, a new analytical method was developed on a new Agilent GC platform, the Agilent 7820A GC System.
    [Show full text]
  • Ester Synthesis Lab (Student Handout)
    Name: ________________________ Lab Partner: ____________________ Date: __________________________ Class Period: ____________________ Ester Synthesis Lab (Student Handout) Lab Report Components: The following must be included in your lab book in order to receive full credit. 1. Purpose 2. Hypothesis 3. Procedure 4. Observation/Data Table 5. Results 6. Mechanism (In class) 7. Conclusion Introduction The compounds you will be making are also naturally occurring compounds; the chemical structure of these compounds is already known from other investigations. Esters are organic molecules of the general form: where R1 and R2 are any carbon chain. Esters are unique in that they often have strong, pleasant odors. As such, they are often used in fragrances, and many artificial flavorings are in fact esters. Esters are produced by the reaction between alcohols and carboxylic acids. For example, reacting ethanol with acetic acid to give ethyl acetate is shown below. + → + In the case of ethyl acetate, R1 is a CH3 group and R2 is a CH3CH2 group. Naming esters systematically requires naming the functional groups on both sides of the bridging oxygen. In the example above, the right side of the ester as shown is a CH3CH2 1 group, or ethyl group. The left side is CH3C=O, or acetate. The name of the ester is therefore ethyl acetate. Deriving the names of the side from the carboxylic acid merely requires replacing the suffix –ic with –ate. Materials • Alcohol • Carboxylic Acid o 1 o A o 2 o B o 3 o C o 4 Observation Parameters: • Record the combination of carboxylic acid and alcohol • Observe each reactant • Observe each product Procedure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplement of Investigation of Secondary Formation of Formic Acid: Urban Environment Vs
    Supplement of Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 14, 24863–24914, 2014 http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/14/24863/2014/ doi:10.5194/acpd-14-24863-2014-supplement © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Supplement of Investigation of secondary formation of formic acid: urban environment vs. oil and gas producing region B. Yuan et al. Correspondence to: B. Yuan ([email protected]) 31 Table S1. Comparisons of measured and modeled formic acid in previous studies. Studies Location and time Model Notes Atlantic Ocean 1 MOGUNTIA Model results are 8 times lower than observations. (1996.10-11) Amazonia, Congo, Model underestimates HCOOH both in free 2 MOGUNTIA Virginia troposphere and boundary layer. Marine air, and MATCH- Measurements are underestimated by a factor of 2 or 3 those in Poisson et MPIC more, except in Amazon. al. MATCH- Measured concentrations are substantially higher than 4 Kitt Peak, US MPIC the model-calculated values. Model underestimates HCOOH compared to 5 Various sites IMPACT observations at most sites. Various sites Sources of formic acid may be up to 50% greater than 6 (MILAGRO, GEOS-Chem the estimates and the study reports evidence of a long- INTEX-B) lived missing secondary source of formic acid. Model underestimates HCOOH concentrations by up Trajectory to a factor of 2. The missing sources are considered to model with 7 North Sea (2010.3) be both primary emissions of HCOOH of MCM V3.2 & anthropogenic origin and a lack of precursor CRI emissions, e.g. isoprene. The globally source of formic acid (100-120 Tg) is 2-3 Satellite times more than that estimated from known sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomass Oxidation to Formic Acid in Aqueous Media Using Polyoxometalate Catalysts – Boosting FA Selectivity by In-Situ Extraction
    Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Energy & Environmental Science. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Biomass Oxidation to Formic Acid in Aqueous Media Using Polyoxometalate Catalysts – Boosting FA Selectivity by In-situ Extraction Supplementary Information Determination of distribution coefficients A model reaction solution containing 0.91 g of the HPA-5 catalyst, 10.18 g FA and 50.0 g water was prepared. This solution was stirred with 50.91 g of the extracting solvent at 363 K for one hour and then transferred into a separation funnel. After phase separation, a sample of each phase was taken and analysed by means of 1H-NMR to determine the formic acid concentration. Extraction Solvent Screening Table S1: Solvent screening to identify a suitable extraction solvent - extraction of a simulated product solution. Distribution coefficient K Selectivity Extracting agent a b cFA,org./cFA,aqu KFA/Kwater 1-Hexanol 0.94 8.6 1-Heptanol 0.67 4.4 Butylethylether 0.49 2.7 Benzyl formate 0.46 2.6 Heptyl formate 0.42 2.2 Di-isopropylether 0.40 2.5 Di-n-butylether 0.22 1.2 Conditions: 10.18 g formic acid, 0.91 g (0.5 mmol) HPA-5 catalyst dissolved in 50.0 mL H2O, together with 50.91 g of the extracting solvent; stirred at 363 K; 1 h. a) as determined by 1H-NMR using benzene as external standard; b) ratio of the distribution coefficients of formic acid and water. Table S2: Esterification activity of formic acid with 1-hexanol and 1-heptanol, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Formic Acid Acetic Acid Propionic Acid Butyric Acid Valeric Acid Caproic
    Organic Acids: Formic acid Citric acid Acetic acid Malic acid Propionic acid Benzoic acid Butyric acid Tartaric acid Valeric acid Caproic acid Oxalic acid Lactic acid Organic Bases: Pyridine Imidazole (solid) Benzimidazole Aniline TEA (tri-ethyl amine) Histidine Nitroaniline Imidazole (dissolved) Amino bases/ Nucleotides ממסים אורגניים (מכילים קשר פחמן-מימן): :(Organic Solvents (contains carbon-hydrogen bond Xylene DMF Hexane Parafine oil Ethylacetate Formamide IPA Piperidine Trizol/Trireagent Butanol SDS (solid) Acetone PMSF (Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride) Methanol Tween PFA RNA / DNA (kit parts that contains thioisocyanate) Toluene BME (beta mercaptoethanol) DMSO Ethylenglycol Ethanol Halogenated Organic Solvents (contains F, Cl, Br, I): ממסים אורגניים הלוגניים (מכילים F, Cl, Br, I) Chloroform (CHCl3) Methylene chloride Vinyl chloride Tetrafluoroethylene (CF2 =CF2) Trichloroethylene (CHCl=CCl2) Bromoethane Tert-Butyl bromide חומרים אנאורגניים (חומרים שהם לא חומצה/בסיס אנאורגני) Inorganic Materials (are not inorganic acid/base) LiCl Salts (such as MgCl2, CaCl) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Metals (Cu, Pb, Na etc.) Ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) Sodium Azide (NaN3) Ammonium azide (NH4N3) בסיסים אנאורגניים :Inorganic Bases NH3 NaOH NH4OH Ba(OH)2 NaOH (dissolved) Ca(OH)2 KOH (dissolved) CaCO3 KOH חומצות אנאורגניות: :Inorganic Acids Boric acid (H3BO3) Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Hydrofluoric acid (HF) Nitric acid (HNO3) Hydrobromic acid (HBr) Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) Perchloric acid (HClO4) Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) Hydroiodic acid (HI) Cytotoxic materials:
    [Show full text]
  • Defensive Production of Formic Acid (80%) by a Carabid Beetle (Galerita Lecontei) (Predation͞chemical Defense͞secretory Rate͞carabidae)
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 6792–6797, June 1997 Ecology Defensive production of formic acid (80%) by a carabid beetle (Galerita lecontei) (predationychemical defenseysecretory rateyCarabidae) CARMEN ROSSINI*, ATHULA B. ATTYGALLE†,ANDRE´S GONZA´LEZ*, SCOTT R. SMEDLEY*, MARIA EISNER*, JERROLD MEINWALD†, AND THOMAS EISNER*‡ *Section of Neurobiology and Behavior and †Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Contributed by Thomas Eisner, April 14, 1997 ABSTRACT The carabid beetle Galerita lecontei has a pair near Lake Placid, Highlands County, FL. The few G. janus that of abdominal defensive glands that secrete a mixture of formic were also used were collected under rocks near streams in acid, acetic acid, and lipophilic components (long-chain hy- Ithaca, Tompkins County, NY. The beetles were kept in drocarbons and esters). Formic acid, at the concentration of groups in containers with soil, and maintained for weeks on 80%, is the principal constituent. The beetle ejects the secre- freshly cut up mealworms (larvae of Tenebrio molitor) and tion as a spray, which it aims accurately toward parts of the water. Body mass of G. lecontei males (n 5 10) and females body subjected to assault. At full capacity, the glands store 4.5 (n 5 4) was found to be 156 6 18 mg and 159 6 27 mg, mg of formic acid (3% of body mass), enough for upward of six respectively. ejections. The beetle reloads the glands at a rate of 126 mgof Gland Anatomy. For gross anatomical study of the glands, formic acid per day. For the approximately 500 secretory cells beetles were dissected under saline solution.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of H2O2 on the Lactic and Formic Acid Degradation in Presence of Tio2 Rutile and Anatase Phases Under UV and Visible Light
    catalysts Article Impact of H2O2 on the Lactic and Formic Acid Degradation in Presence of TiO2 Rutile and Anatase Phases under UV and Visible Light Annika Holm 1,2, Marwa Hamandi 1, Karima Sahel 3, Frederic Dappozze 1 and Chantal Guillard 1,* 1 University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France; [email protected] (A.H.); [email protected] (M.H.); [email protected] (F.D.) 2 Chemistry Department, Sonoma State University (SSU), 1801 East Cotative Ave, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA 3 Laboratoire des Eco-Matériaux Fonctionnels et Nanostructurés, Faculté de Chimie, Département Génie des Matériaux, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d’Oran (USTO), Bir El Djir 3100, Algeria; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-472-445-316 Received: 27 August 2020; Accepted: 21 September 2020; Published: 1 October 2020 Abstract: The degradation rates of formic acid and lactic acid in the presence and absence of H2O2 were studied, utilizing several TiO2 catalysts: PC105 (100% anatase), MPT 625 (100% rutile), and P25 (80% anatase/20% rutile), and the results were discussed with regards to the current literature. The impact of hydrogen peroxide on the photocatalytic efficiency of eleven TiO2 samples was then determined, using commercial anatase structures (PC105, PC500, UV100), commercial mixed anatase/rutile (P25 and P90), and six rutile (two commercial samples: MPT 625 and C-R160, and four home-made rutile samples were synthesized by TiCl4 hydrolysis). The effect of catalyst surface area and TiO2 phase on the degradation rate of lactic acid (LA) and the decomposition of H2O2 was studied and discussed in regard to the active species generated.
    [Show full text]
  • Incompatible Chemical Groups.Pdf
    Incompatible Chemical Hazard Groups (and some common examples) Mineral Acids Do NOT Store with… Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen peroxide Acetone Sulfuric Acid Sodium hydroxide Methanol Phosphoric Acid Calcium hydroxide Nitric Acid (keep separate) Chloroform Acetic Acid Strong Organic Acids Do NOT Store with… Acetic Acid3, 4 Hydrogen peroxide Acetone Acetonitrile Formic Acid Sodium hydroxide Methanol Benzene Sulfuric Acid Chloroform Special 1. Organic acids are varied and may be incompatible with each other. Notes: Check MSDSs for specifics 2. Store nitric acid separately in its own secondary container. It is a strong oxidizer. 3. Store acetic acid away from oxidizing agents — especially nitric acid. 4. Acetic acid may be stored with some inorganic acids and most flammable solvents but keep in a separate secondary container. (>70% acetic acid is combustible). Weak These are typically not corrosive and not strongly reactive and can be Organic Acids stored with general liquid lab chemicals. Examples include butyric, maleic, and benzoic acids. Non-Flammable Do NOT Store with… Chlorinated Solvents Methylene chloride Acetone Hexane Chloroform Methanol Nitric Acid Trichloroethane Ethanol Hydrogen Peroxide Carbon tetrachloride Organic Solvents Do NOT Store with… Acetone Hydrogen peroxide Nitric Acid Methanol Sodium hydroxide Chromic Acid Phenol Calcium hydroxide Sulfuric Acid Xylene Trichlorfluoromethane Hydrochloric Acid Oxidizers Do NOT Store with… Nitric Acid Sodium metal Paper and oily rags Hydrogen peroxide Isopropyl Alcohol Xylene Chromic Acid Acetone Sodium nitrate Perchloric Acid Ethyl ether Bromate salts .
    [Show full text]
  • Anhydrous Formic Acid and Acetic Anhydride As Solvent Or Additive in Non- Aqueous Titrations
    ORIGINAL ARTICLES Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry1,Eo¨tvo¨s University, Budapest; Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry2, Debrecen University, Debrecen, Hungary Anhydrous formic acid and acetic anhydride as solvent or additive in non- aqueous titrations A´ . Buva´ri-Barcza 1,I.To´th2, L. Barcza1 Received November 21, 2003, accepted October 26, 2004 Dr. A´ gnes Buva´ri-Barcza, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Eo¨tvo¨s University H-1518 Budapest 112, P.O. Box 32, Hungary [email protected] Pharmazie 60: 650–655 (2005) The use and importance of formic acid and acetic anhydride (Ac2O) is increasing in nonaqueous acid- base titrations, but their interaction with the solutes is poorly understood. This paper attempts to clarify the effect of the solvents; NMR and spectrophotometric investigations were done to reveal the interac- tions between some bases and the mentioned solvents. Anhydrous formic acid is a typical protogenic solvent but both the relative permittivity and acidity are higher than those of acetic acid (mostly used in assays of bases). These differences originate from the different chemical structures: liquid acetic acid contains basically cyclic dimers while formic acid forms linear associates. Ac2O is obviously not an acidic but an aprotic (very slightly protophilic) solvent, which supposedly dissociates slightly into þ À acetyl (CH3CO ) and acetate (AcO ) ions. In fact, some bases react with Ac2O forming an associate: the Acþ group is bound to the dÀ charged atom of the reactant while AcOÀ is associated with the dþ group at appropriate distance. 1. Introduction fects of cis-trans isomerisation (more exactly the forma- tion of cis isomer) of DMAAB could be eliminated.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Effect of Formic Acid and Its Salts on the Gastrointestinal
    animals Review A Review of the Effect of Formic Acid and Its Salts on the Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Performance of Pigs Diana Luise * , Federico Correa , Paolo Bosi and Paolo Trevisi Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; [email protected] (F.C.); [email protected] (P.B.); [email protected] (P.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 20 April 2020; Accepted: 17 May 2020; Published: 19 May 2020 Simple Summary: Acidifiers, especially formic acid and its salts, have long been used for improving the gastrointestinal health and growth performance of pigs, especially piglets. Although, some biological mechanisms explaining their effects are already known, a lack of consensus is still reported on their effects on the gastrointestinal microbiome. The present review provides an overview and evaluation of the effects of formic acid and its salts on the gastrointestinal microbiota and on the growth performance of pigs. Abstract: Out of the alternatives to antibiotics and zinc oxide, organic acids, or simply acidifiers, play significant roles, especially in ensuring gut health and the growth performance of pigs. Regarding acidifiers, formic acid and its salts have shown very promising results in weaning, growing and finishing pigs. Although it is known that the main mechanisms by which acidifiers can improve livestock performance and health are related to the regulation of gastrointestinal pH, an improvement in intestinal digestibility and mineral utilization, and their antimicrobial properties against specific pathogens has been observed, while poor consensus remains in relation to the effect of acidifers on bacteria and the complex microbiome.
    [Show full text]
  • Amended Safety Assessment of Formic Acid and Sodium Formate As Used in Cosmetics
    Amended Safety Assessment of Formic Acid and Sodium Formate as Used in Cosmetics Status: Tentative Amended Report for Panel Review Release Date: September 23, 2013 Panel Date: December 9-10, 2013 All interested persons are provided 60 days from the above release date to comment on this Safety Assessment and to identify additional published data that should be included or provide unpublished data which can be made public and included. Information may be submitted without identifying the source or the trade name of the cosmetic product containing the ingredient. All unpublished data submitted to CIR will be discussed in open meetings, will be available at the CIR office for review by any interested party and may be cited in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Please submit data, comments, or requests to the CIR Director, Dr. Lillian J. Gill. The 2013 Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel members are: Chair, Wilma F. Bergfeld, M.D., F.A.C.P.; Donald V. Belsito, M.D.; Curtis D. Klaassen, Ph.D.; Daniel C. Liebler, Ph.D.; Ronald A. Hill, Ph.D. James G. Marks, Jr., M.D.; Ronald C. Shank, Ph.D.; Thomas J. Slaga, Ph.D.; and Paul W. Snyder, D.V.M., Ph.D. The CIR Director is Lillian J. Gill, D.P.A. This report was prepared by Wilbur Johnson, Jr., M.S., Senior Scientific Analyst and Bart Heldreth, Ph.D., Chemist. © Cosmetic Ingredient Review 1101 17TH STREET, NW, SUITE 412 ◊ WASHINGTON, DC 20036-4702 ◊ PH 202.331.0651 ◊ FAX 202.331.0088 ◊ [email protected] Table of Contents INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]