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Effect of With/Without Agitationof Agricultural Waste on Biogas Production from Anaerobic Co-Digestion-A Small Scale

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Effect of With/Without Agitationof Agricultural Waste on Biogas Production from Anaerobic Co-Digestion-A Small Scale American Journal of Environmental Science 10 (1): 74-85, 2014 ISSN: 1553-345X ©2014 Science Publication doi:10.3844/ajessp.2014.74.85 Published Online 10 (1) 2014 (http://www.thescipub.com/ajes.toc) EFFECT OF WITH/WITHOUT AGITATIONOF AGRICULTURAL WASTE ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION-A SMALL SCALE 1Naphon Keanoi, 1KanokornHussaro and 2Sombat Teekasap 1Rattanakosin College for Sustainable Energy and Enviroment, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin, Puthamonthon Sai 5, Salaya, Puthamonthon, NakhonPathom, 73170, Thailand 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eastern Asia University, Thanyaburi, PathumThani, 12110, Thailand Received 2014-02-03; Revised 2014-02-05; Accepted 2014-03-04 ABSTRACT The growing worldwide concerns over environment, health and monetary aspects have triggered a search for efficient and economic renewable sources of energy production. Agricultural sector holds the potential for development of one of the major source of renewable energy such as biogas. In this study, CSTR-small scale fermentation (200 L stainless steel) was studied to observe the effect of stirring for natural water, cow dung, rice straw and water hyacinth ratio (2:1:1:1), which there are suitable of C: N ratio at 31.1: 1on the biogas and methane production at ambient temperature (31°C), 6.7-7.2 and 6.7-7.8 of pH for with/without stirring digester, respectively, for 52 days. The result showed that the biogas production increased progressively with stirring digester. The maximum biogas production and methane concentration was 98.56 L/days and 64.07% was obtained at stirring digester. This gave an increase of 7.56 over without stirring digester. Thus, agitation of digester can be used effectively as an operating strategy to optimize biogas production. Key words: Agitation, Biogas Production, Methane Content, Amount of Biogas and Anaerobic Co-Digestion 1. INTRODUCTION equivalent up 8.5% in 2012. Imported oil in the year 2011totaled 2,07 1million tons of oil equivalent. Year Energy issues and global warming is a major 2012 totaled 2,663 million tons of oil equivalent, up problem in the world. Fosil fuel will be used up within 28.6%. Imported natural gas in the country. Year 2010 40 years and natural gas within 60 years that it is the totaled 9,744 million tons of oil equivalent Year 2011. data from the Electricity Generating Authority of Totaled 9, 910 million tons of oil equivalent, up Thailand.Thailand's oil consumption increased 3.9% 1.7%. Energy use of fossil fuelsupplies. Especially in from the year 2010 to 2011, increased from 697,537 the power generation, industrial and transportation. barrels per day is 724,539 barrels and natural gas They are affect the climate of the country. The burning production totaled 1,305,530 million cubic feet, or an of fossil fuels. It is as ever negative impact on the average of 3,577 million cubic feet per day which is environment. The current state of the earth’s climate increased 2.1% from the previous year. Crude oil has changed dramatically. As the cause of the observed imports in the year 2011 totaled 39,637 million tons of global warming of the earth’s temperature is rising. The oil equivalent and a total of 42,992 million tons of oil main cause of the greenhouse effect is pollution from Corresponding Author: KanokornHussaro, Rattanakosin College for Sustainable Energy and Enviroment, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin, Puthamonthon Sai 5, Salaya, Puthamonthon, NakhonPathom, 73170, Thailand Science Publications AJES 74 Naphon Keanoi et al. / American Journal of Environmental Science 10 (1): 74-85, 2014 gas properties in absorbing heat energy reflected from dioxide, <1% nitrogen and the landfill system to have the earth back into the atmosphere such as carbon methane 45-55, 30-40% carbon dioxide, 5-15%, dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbon, nitrous oxide, nitrogen. The gas also contains hydrogen sulfide and sulfur hexafluoride. These gases are used in industrial other sulfur compounds and aromatic compounds such processes or the exhaust from burning fuels in the as siloxanes and Halogens (Matjaz et al ., 2010). transportation industry or to produce electricity. Caused Traditionally, co-digestion of animal manure with by burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, natural gas or agricutural residues is gaining momenum in many part hydrocarbons. It is capable of trapping heat in the earth of the world. Agricultural residues such as straws and without releasing heat into the atmosphere so a manner corn stalks are produced in large quantities in both US similar to the principles of greenhouse crops known as and other countries every year, which, due to its the greenhouse effect. From the report of the organic nature, can be a valuable alternative feedstock Department of Land Development, Thailand can for biogas production (Xiao et al ., 2010). Water produce the quantity of stubble and rice straw each year hyacinth is lignocellulosic biomass consisting of a 50 to 60 million tons. Burning stubble and rice straw complex mixture of lignin, hemicelluloses and will create carbon dioxide amount 27 million tons and cellulose. Both the cellulose and hemicelluloses are spread on surface of the Earth. The ground stubble − polymers of sugars and are thereby a potential source burning will lose nitrogen 0.0038-0.0056 kg m 2, − of sugars. As a result, the coversion of water hyacinth phosphorus 0.0005 kg m 2 and potassium 0.0098 kg −2 to fuels has received significant in the last few m . As a result, the loss of nutrients in the soil and decades. However, the cellulose content of water pollutioncause from the burning of rice straw and hyacinth was much lower when compared with wood stubble is also a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere of and straw (Jing et al ., 2013). Biogas yield is affected the world and also creates air pollution leading to by temperature, pH, Carbon to Nitrogen ratio (C: N global warming. Research Development and Hydrology ratio) and loading rate. A C: N ratio ranging from 20 to of Department of water resources reported that water 30 is considered optimum for anaerobic digestion hyacinth is a weed poses a problem in the river are a lot (Keanoi et al ., 2013). Co-digestion of animal manure is floating plants and can be spread by water currents. with agricutural residues are solve for adjust the Marine and Coastal Resources Institute Prince of suitable C: N ratio. Anaerobic digestion of animal Songkla University reported that the seeds of water slurry for biogas production is commonly practiced in hyacinth can be stored for up to 30 years. Distribution Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) and fast and will increase steadily until very tightly in a occasiionally in plug-flow reactor. To improve the short time, causing problems for the water crisis in economics of biogas systems, the amount of energy terms of the environment, including economic, social produced per unit manure treated and the value of and recreation impact in many sectors including digested material as fertilizer sholud be maximized irrigation, fisheries and maritime sectors, especially while the investment and operation costs should be people who have to live by the water. Year 2011, minimized (Prasad et al ., 2009). One reson for the loss Department of Livestock Development in Thailand reported that the amount of cow 6.58 million cow and of degragable organic matters is due to “short-circuit” − cow dung amount 11,700 ×10 kg 6. of a portion in the feed which retained in the reactor for shorter time than the nominal retention time. A Researchers are particularly interested in conventional single CSTR is simple to operate but less renewable energy from biogas into energy that causes efficient in terms of effluent quqlity compared to a two- less global warming and raw materials used in phase system where acidogenes is step with short HRT production make it easy to find gas. For this reason, is followed by methanogenes is step with long HRT. researchers are interested in the production of biogas However, although the two-phase system has widely from cow dung digestion of biomass materials and been suggsted for enhancing digestion performance, on biomass material used is rice straw and water the other hand, it is also sensitive to the substrate with hyacinth. Study of research articles on biogas high easily degradable organic load and in that case a production from different materials such as biogas single CSTR can achieve nearly the same yield as the from sewage to have methane 55-65, 35-45% carbon two-phase system (Kanokwan and Angelidaki, 2009). dioxide,<1% nitrogen; digester biogas from organic Lopburi province: Located in the central region of waste to have methane gas 60-70, 30-40% carbon Thailand, on the left bank of the Lopburi River. It Science Publications 75 AJES Naphon Keanoi et al. / American Journal of Environmental Science 10 (1): 74-85, 2014 away from Bangkok to the north along phaholyothin Banmie, Lopburi Provice, Thailand. Raw materials were road distance 153 km. It has an area of approximately taken for compositional analysis before the anaerobic −2 6,641.859 km . Most people are farmers and there is digestion tests on 2:1:1:1 of natural water to cow dung: . 2 cattle The rice growing area 1605 km , sugarcane Rice straw: Water hyacinth, which this ratio was growing area of approximately 807 km 2 and corn optimized on biogas product (Keanoi et al. , 2013). planted area of approximately 756 km 2. Farm animal economy of the province, such as chicken and cow 2.2. Experimental Method farms. In 2006, 2007 and 2008 evaluation found the energy potential from animal dung in Lopburi Digestion of raw materials was carried out two province was 12.89, 14.05 and 19.60 k toe, system of digestion (with and without stir on digester) at respectively.
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