NEWSLETTER Vol. 40, No.2 Animal Behavior May, 1995 Society A quarterly publication

Susan A. Foster, Secretary

Harleigh E. Willmott, Editorial Assistant Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA

TRAVEL FUNDS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL ETHOLOGICAl. ASS RESEARCH AWARDS CONFERENC~ HONOLULU This year we received 40 outstanding applications for TIle United States Ethological Conference Committee ABS Research Awards. Only eight could be funded. has applied for a travel grant from lhe National We congratulate lhose who were funded and thank all Science Foundation to provide partial travel support applicants for their efforts in applying. for more junior ethologists to attend lhe International Ethological Conference meeting in Honolulu in Allison Abell, University of Chicago. "Sexual August, 1995. If the funds arc received, they win be selecLioll in the striped plateau lizard (Sceloporus used to support elhologists who have received their virga/us): molecular evaluation of behavioral Ph.D. between 1990 and 1995 or who expect to cstimates mating success". or complete PhD.s in 1995 and who arc US eilizens or residents. To apply for a travel award, submn the Michael Armstrong. Binghamton University. following to Dr. Charles T. Snowdon, Dept. of "Population differences in rcd-willged blackbirds' Psychology, University of Wisconsin, 1202 W.. defense against brown-headed cowbirds". Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706-1696 to be received 110 later than June 1995: Marc S. Dantzker, Duke University. "Disputing the (a) 7 copies of a I to 2 pg. curriculum vitae lack of sexual selection on male mating calls in (b) 7 copies of lhe ahstraet you have submitted for the genus BOlllbina". consideration by lhe Conference (cl Two letters of nomination lhat address the " Todd M. Freeberg. Indiana University. "Experimental applicant's expected contri hution to and henel1l approaches to studying cultural transmission of from lhe Conference, eilher sent with the mate recognition system behaviors in brown­ application in sealed, signed envelopes or sent headed cowbirds". separately to arrive by June 1. We wilt notify applicants of lhe funding outcome as Julie C. Hagelin, University of New Mexico. soon as possible, although checks may not be sent "Sexual selection, plumage ornamentation. and until just before lhe meeting. Travel reservations parental care in two species of New World quail". should be made before llotification or fUllding. [f you have questions contact Charles Snowdon at (608) Susan M. Kain, Cornell University. "TIle adaptive 262-3974 or SNOWDON(g)MACC.WISC.EDU. significance of variable reproductive behavior in the water strider Limnopours dissonis". 1995 ASS ANNUAL MEETING Ken Otter, Queen's University. "Mixed reproductive strategies of female black-capped chickadees". The ABS annual meeting witt be held from the 8-13 July at lhe University of Nebraska in Lincoln. For Denise S. Pope, Duke University. "The function of information, contact Dr. Al Kamil, School of lhe fiddler crab claw waving display". Biological Sciences, Manter Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0118, USA. 1996 ABS ANNUAL MEETING DIRECTION OF CORRESPONDENCE

The 1996 ABS annual meeting will be held from the ABS Newsletter and general correspondence 3-8 August at Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, concerning the Society: Susan Foster, Dept. of AZ. For information contact Con Slobodchikoff, Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA. Deadlines are the University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA. 15th of the month preceding each Newsletter. The next deadline is July 15, 1995.

IN SEARCH OF MEETING SITES Articles submitted by members of the Society and judged by the Secretary to be appropriate are Sites for ABS meetings are needed for 1997, 1998, occasionally published in the ABS newsletter. The 1999. Anyone wishing to host one of our meetings publication of such material does not imply should contact Hugh Dingle to discuss requirements endorsement by the ABS of the opinions expressed. and to receive further information. We are especially interested in meeting sites in the eastern USA and in Animal Behaviour: manuscripts and editorial Canada given the recent geographic locations of our matters: Animal Behaviour Editorial Office, meetings. University of Washington, 119 Guthrie Hall, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA.

Change of Address: missing or defective issues of ABS NOMINATIONS FOR 1995 Animal Behaviour: Randall Breitwisch, Dept. of ELECTION OF OFl"ICERS , University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469-2320, USA. Elections will be held this year for the following ABS offices: Second President Elect, Secretary, and Member-at-Large. The slate of nominees provided by ARS OFFIC"~RS the ABS Nominating Committee will appear in the August Newsletter. The election ballot will be President: Hugh Dingle, Dept. of Entomology, published in the November Newsletter. Additional University of , Davis, CA, 95616, USA. nominations may be made by letter to the E-mail: [email protected] Nominating Committee Chair Zuleyma Tang­ First President-elect: Lee Drickamer, Dept. or Martinez, Department of Biology, University of Zoology, Southern lIlinois University, Carbondale, Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA. IL, 62901, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Nominations must be signed by five or more ABS Second President elect: Susan Riechert, Dept. members in good standing (ABS Constitution, of Zoology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, Article 8, Section l) and must be received by June 37996-0810, USA. E-mail: pa34628@ 10, 1995. utkvm l.utk.edu Past President: Zuleyma Tang-Martinez, Dept. of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO. 63121, USA. E-mail: szthalp@umslvma Treasurer: Randall Breitwisch, Dept. of Biology, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton OB, ABS IN THE NEWS 45469. USA. E-mail: breitwis@ udavxb.oca.udayton.edu Lee Dugatkin, winner of the ABS Outstanding Secretary: Susan Foster, Dept. of Biological New Investigator Award in 1994, has recently been Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, featured in articles in a number of newspapers for 72701, USA.: E-mail: [email protected],cdu research conducted in collaboration with R. Craig Program Officer: John Byers. Dept. of Biological Sargent at the University of Kentucky, Lexington. Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow. ID, 83843, The ABS award was mentioned in both the Columbia USA. E-mail: [email protected] Daily Tribune and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. The Parliamentarian: George Waring, Dept. of research that generated the attention was: Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Dugatkin, L.A. and R.C. Sargent 1994. Male-male IL, 62901, USA. E-mail: [email protected] association patterns and female proximity in the Editor: Michael Beecher, Dept. of Psychology NI­ guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Behav. Eco!. Sociobio!. 25, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, 35:141-145. USA. E-mail: [email protected]

2 Members-at-Large: Patricia Gowaty, Institute of Revenue Received: , University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, Membership Dues USA. E-mail: gowaty@ zookeeper.zoo.uga.edu. Regular 67,759 Christine Boake, Dept. of Zoology, University of Student 19,784 Tennessee, Knoxville, lN, 37996-0810, USA. Emeritus 840 E-mail: [email protected]. Multiple (joint) Memher 1,449 Katherine Wynne-Edwards, Dept of Biology, Queen's Fellow 2,058 University, Kingston, Canada, K7L 3N6. E-mail Late Fees 2,641 [email protected]. Interest 6,073 Historian: Donald Dewsbury, Dept. of Psychology, Label List Sales 1,827 University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. Professional Certi fication Fees 765 E-mail: [email protected]. Graduate Programs in Behavior Booklet 358 Newsletter Only Subscriptions 668 ABS Officers-elect: Program Advertising 490 Contrihutions to Unrestricted Fund 904 The following new offtcers will take office at the end Contributions to Research Award Fund 2,667 of the 1995 annual meeting: COl1trihutions to Ethnic Diversity Fund 740 David Duvall, Second President-elect. Department of Miscellaneous Income 42 Life Sciences, Arizona State University West, P.O. Box 37100, Phoenix, AZ 85069, USA. Total Revenue Received 109,065 Kimberly Sullivan, Parliamentarian, Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322­ Total }'unds Available 272,367 5305, USA. Anne Clark, Program Officer, Department of Expenditures Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Editor of Animal Behaviour 50,991 Binghamton, NY 13901. USA. Secretary 14,186 Jean-Guy Godin, Member-at-Large, Department of Treasurer 9,965 Biology. Mount Allison University. Sackviile, N.B. President 918 EOA ::ICO. Canada. Second President Eject (Allee Award) 395 First President Elect (Poster Award) 100 Par! iamentarian 131 Memhcr-at-Large (Research Grants) 7,250 ABS TREASURER'S REPORT Program Committee 7,426 Professional Certi fication Committee 935 Memhership Committee 749 STATEMENT OF CASH RECEIPTS AND Education Committee 359 DISBURSEMENTS Film Committee 345 I JULY 1993 TO 30 JUNE I 993 Puhlic Affairs Committee 80 Animal Care Committee 1,125 Beginning Balance: AIBS Annual Affiliation Fec 780

Nations Bank, Athens, GA Total Expenditures 95,735 Checking Account -1,594 Money Market Account 40,499 Ending Balance University Employees Federal Credit Union, Athens, Nations Bank, Athens, GA GA Regular Checking Account -7,930 Certificate of Deposit 95,000 Money Market Account 55,289 Savings Account 24,879 University Employees Federal Credit Union, Athens, Southern Heritage Savings Bank, Athens, GA GA Ethnic Diversity Savings Account 3,351 Savings Account 125,059 Secretary's Fund 729 Southern Heritage Bank, Athens, GA Certification Committee Fund 438 Ethnic Diversity Savings Account 4,195 Secretary's Fund 712 Total Beginning Balance 163,302 Professional Certification Committee Fund 33 Program Committee Fund -726

Total Ending Balance 176,632

3 included a total of 21 meetings of the Approximately 3,565 in goods and services were SectionlDivision held in conjunction with the ASZ, donated by members and institutions during the fiscal which generally met in conjunction with the AAAS year ending June 30, 1994. These items are not in December, and the ESA, which generally met in reflected in the accounting above. conjunction with the American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS) in the summer. As can be seen in Table 1, a pattern of two meetings per year thus evolved. "What Meeting is This?": The Animal Behavior Society was founded at the Meeting Sites of the Animal Behavior 1964 AAASIASZ meeting in Montreal, Quebec, Society Canada. There were now three bodies, the ABS, ESA Donald A. Dewsbury, Department of Section, and ASZ Division, all functioning as a Psychology, single organization. Initially, the founding of the University of Florida ABS as a separate organization had no effect on the ABS Historian pattern of meetings. The third phase of animal behavior meetings entailed joint meetings with the We like to celebrate the anniversaries of important ASZ or ESA after the ABS was founded. The events when their numbers are multiples of our summer meetings with the ESA were terminated numbers of fingers and toes. Meetings of the Animal when the ABS began independent meetings and the tie Behavior Society (ABS) are such events. The ABS with the ESA was eventually broken. However, joint historian is asked "which meeting is thisT Because of meetings with the ASZ continued until 1987, when the complex history of the ABS, the answer is not the Division of Animal Behavior within the ASZ simple. Rather, it is the reply of a professor! became administrati vcly distinct from the ABS. For this and other reasons it may be of interest to Many of these meetings were held after the ASZ summarize the , number, and location of began meeting separately from the AAAS, which North American animal behavior meetings. In this moved its meetings away from the time block brief article I extend the information provided by Guhl between Christmas and New Years preferred by the and Schein (1976) regarding the evolution of ABS ASZ. A tNal of 27 meetings of the Animal Behavior meetings. The years, affiliations, and locations of Society were held during this phase of its history. meetings are presented in Table 1. The first independent meeting of the Animal The origins of the Animal Behavior Society can Behavior Society was held at Utah State University ill be traced to a 1946 Conference on Genetics and Social Logan in 1971. There have been 23 independent Behavior held at the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial meetings of the ABS, the fourth phase in the Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. At this meeting an evolution of animal behavior meetings; the 24th ad hoc Committee for the Study of Animal Societies independent meeting will be held in Lincoln, under Natural Conditions (CSASNC) was formed. Nebraska this summer. The CSASNC began formal meetings in conjunction GOOI and Schein (1976) regard the summer with the winter meetings of the American meetings as "regular meetings" and the ASZIAAAS Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) meetings as "winter" meetings. By these in 1950. There were threc such meetings (see Table calculations, the Storrs meeting was the fIrst regular I). These meetings represent the first of the four meeting and the Logan meeting, the first independent phases in the evolution of animal behavior meetings. meeting, was the 16th regular meeting. By these A second phase of meetings developed with the calculations, the upcoming Lincoln meeting will be formal affiliation of the CSASNC with the the 40th regular meeting. Ecological Society of America (ESA) and the In developing a summary of this sort, olle needs American Society of Zoologisl,> (ASZ). In 1952 a to make judgment calls, perhaps even arbitrary Committee on Animal Behavior and Sociobiology decisions, regarding gray areas and what counts as a was formed under the auspices of the ESA and it took meeting to be classil1ed within any category. A over the functions of the CSASNC. In 1956 the reasonable summary of North American animal latter Committee became formally established as a behavior meetings would hold that there have been a Section of Animal Behavior and Sociobiology of the total of 74 within this lineage. This does not include ESA. Guhl and Schein (1976) regard the 1956 Storrs regional meetings of the ABS, the three North meeting as the first regular meeting of the Section. American meetings of the lnternati onal Ethological In 1958 a Division of Animal Behavior was formed Conference, or other specialty meetings. One ~ight within the ASZ. The ASZ division and ESA section conclude that the ABS has held 50 meetings since its were designed to function as a single organization Montreal founding-- 27 in conjunction with other with one set of officers, meetings, etc. The second organizations and 23 independently. phase in the evolution of animal behavior meetings 4 Considering all 74 meetings, the most popular AlBS 1961 Lafayette IN state has been Pennsylvania, which has hosted 7 AAAS 1961 Denver CO meetings. Colorado has hosted 5 meetings with the AIBS 1962 Corvallis OR District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, AAAS 1962 Philadelphia PA Massachusetts, New York, and Washington hosting 4 ICZ 1963 Washington DC meetings each. Three have been held in Canada. AAAS 1963 Cleveland OH Of the 23 independent ABS meetings, 12 have AIBS 1964 Boulder CO been held east of the Mississippi River and 11 west AAAS 1964 Montreal QUE of the river. There have been 3 each in North Carolina and Washington and 2 each in Colorado and Joint Meetings After the Founding of ABS Pennsylvania. The ABS met once in Canada. Only two campuses have hosted the ABS twice: the AIBS 1965 Champaign IL University orWashington in Seattle and the AAAS 1965 Berkeley CA University of North Carolina at Wilmington. AIBS 1966 College Park MD So, "what meeting is this?" Take your pick: you AAAS 1966 Washington DC can probably find some criterion that will produce a AIBS 1967 College Station TX multiple of five for any meeting. My preference, if AAAS 1967 New York NY we are to celebrate, is to mark anniversaries of the AIBS 1968 Columbus OH history of the founding of ABS in 1964. The recent AAAS 1968 Dallas TX Seattle meeting, then, was the "30th" Anniversary AlBS 1969 Burlington VT Meeting of the ABS. However, we might also want AAAS 1969 Boston MA to note that next year, 1996, will mark the 50th AIBS 1970 Bloomington IN anniversary of the formation of the CSASNC, and AAAS 1970 Chicago IL that was what started it all. AAAS 1971 Philadelphia PA Reference AAAS 1972 Washington DC Guhl, A. M., & Schein, M. W. (1976). The Animal AIBS 1973 Amherst MA Behavior Society: Its early history and activities. ASZ 1973 Houston TX Animal Behavior Suciety, 66pp. 1974 None (ASZ, Tucson, AZ) 1975 None (ASZ, Summer, Corvallis, 'fahle t. Meetings of the Animal Behavior OR Society and its Predecessors. ASZ 1976 New Orleans LA ASZ 1977 Toronto ONT Type of Year/ Location ASZ 1978 Richmond VA Meeting City State ASZ 1979 Tampa FL ASZ 1980 Seattle WA Committee for the Study of Animal Societies Under ASZ 1982 Louisville KY Natural Conditions ASZ 1983 Philadelphia PA ASZ 1984 Denver CO AAAS 1950 Cleveland OH ASZ 1985 Baltimore MD AAAS 1951 Philadelphia PA ASZ 1986 Nashville TN AIBS 1952 Ithaca NY ASZ 1987 New Orleans LA

Affiliations with ASZ or ESA Prior to ABS Indepcndent ABS Meetings Founding ABS 1971 Logan UT AIBS 1953 Madison WI A. W. Stokes AAAS 1953 Boston MA ABS 1972 Reno NY AlES 1954 Gainesville FL R. & B. Gardner AIBS 1955 E. Lansing Ml ABS 1974 Champaign IL AIBS 1956 Storrs CT E. Banks & J. Hirsch AlES 1957 Stanford CA ABS 1975 Wilmington NC AAAS 1957 Indianapolis IN J. T. Williams AIBS 1958 Bloomington L'J ABS 1976 Boulder CO AAAS ] 958 Washington DC M. Bckoff & D. Chiszar AlBS 1959 University Park PA ABS 1977 University Park PA AAAS 1959 Chicago IL H. B. Graves AIBS 1960 Stillwater OK ABS 1978 Seattle WA AAAS 1960 New York NY J. Lockard

5 ABS 1979 New Orleans LA The study of animal cognition is currently a T. E. Christenson rapidly growing areas of animal behavior research. ABS 1980 Fort Collins CO Much of this research involves the study of P. N. Lehner information processing: of the internal processes that ABS 1981 Knoxville TN act on sensory input, transforming, reducing, G. M. Burghardt elaborating, storing, retrieving, and combining ABS 1982 Duluth MN environmental information in the production of H. Doane & K. Gindy behavior. Many who are involved in such research ABS 1983 Lewisburg PA make no assumption about whether nonhuman D. K. Candland animals (hereafter 'animals') are consciously aware of ABS 1984 Cheney WA these mental activities. Yoerg (1991) provides an S. B. Christopher excellent review of cognitive research from this ABS 1985 Raleigh NC perspective. G. Barthalamus Another part of cognitive studies, and one that is ABS 1986 Tucson AZ particularly germane to the ethical basis of animal A. Kodrick-Brown welfare policies, is the study of mental experience: of ABS 1987 Williams MA consciousness, awareness, intentions, imagery, L.CDrickamer feelings, desires, emotions, and related processes. ABS 1988 Missoula MT The connection between animal welfare and animal D.AJenni cognition is straightforward: "The attribution of ABS 1989 Highland Heights KY consciousness and intelligence to other animals T.C.Rambo suggests that they have moral rights" (Bekoff and ABS 1990 Binghamton NY Jamieson 1990). S. Wilcox In what follows, I shall, for brevity, focus on ABS 1991 Wilmington NC just two components of consciousness, emotions and J. Williams intentions. Ristau (1991) and Griffin (1992) provide ABS 1992 Kingston ONT overviews of the field; references that I do not K. Wynne-Edwards & L. Ratcliffe providc are in Griftin. ABS 1993 Davis CA So, do we know whether any animals have B. Hart conscious mcntal processes? To some, the answer is ABS 1994 Seaule WA obvious: "The questions of whether minding is a J. Ha legitimate field of biological study or why it has appeared in the living world are scarcely worth debating" (Mason 1986). Others are more PROFESSIONAL ETHICS circumspect in their evaluation. Suppose that you jab the foot of a dog with a sharp object. It will yelp 7. CONSCIOUSNESS AND ANIMAL and pull back--and then maybe turn and bite you. All WELFARE that I have described so far is behavior. But surely, our conviction that we should not needlessly do this by Stuart Altmann to a dog is based on our suspicion or conviction that what we have done to the dog is painful to it. And Chair, ABS Ethics Committee so, the question: do animals other than humans experience pain and other emotions? Indeed, do they Item 10 in the Animal Behavior Society's Code of have any sort of conscious mental activity'! And, is Ethics indicates that members of ABS shall carry out the presence of such consciousness revealed by their their work in accord with the Society's guidelines for behavior? If I built an artificial dog that yelped and the use of animals in research. Those guidelines are pulled back when jabbed, and I then mutilated it, older and larger than all the rest of the Code of Ethics would I be guilty of a heinous act, or merely of and occupy a separate section in the ABS policy damaging a toy? The problem of how one could handbook. Their current version is called answer such questions, or even whether in principle "ABSIASAB Guidelines for the Treatment of one can do so, is currently the topic of much Animals in Behavioral Research and Teaching." The discussion in biology, moral philosophy, and guidelines provide no general ethical principle upon psychology. which they are based except for this brief and Perhaps you think that there is no problem, that somewhat vague statement: "".the investigator must mental activities such as emotions, though not always weight [weigh] the potential gain in directly observable, are revealed by the animal's knowledge against any adverse consequences for the behavior. Mason (1986), after presenting an example animals and populations under study." of a description of behavior, writes that "a purist 6 might object to it as going well beyond an 'objective' those emotions are eausal agents--which is exactly description. After all, it could be claimed that such why we empathize with them and use terms as 'attention', 'threatened', 'greeted anthropomorphic terms to describe their behavior. affectionately', and even 'thirsty' are as much But how do we get beyond "as if'? We surely can interpretive as they are descriptive. lfwe took this study affective behavior, but how can we study criticism seriously and tried to purge our account of emotions? How do we know whether we have just all such objectionable language, we would ultimately made our labels for affective states into causal agents? find the task impossible ... [because lour perceptions of I am reminded of Julian Huxley's comment (1942) behavior confound form, function and causation:' He about Bergson's elan vital (vital spirit), which was continues that attempts to clean up our language, to supposed to be a much broader causal agent for life make our descriptive vocabulary more operational and processes than any emotion. TIle elan vital, Huxley precise are clearly important, but "it would be said, no more explains the workings of an organism unwarranted to assume that they will eventually make than an elan IOfomoti/would explain what makes a it possible to describe behavior in the kind of train run. language that is appropriate in physics, chemistry, or Many of the examples of behaviors that suggest molecular biology." conscious cognitive processes (e.g. in Griffin 1992) Compare Mason's claim with the assertion that are those that appear to be intentional or purposive. A in principle, behavior "[is] describable purely in terms green-backed heron carries bits of material to a hranch of physics and geometry. The behavior of, say, two extending out over a pond and tosses the bait into the sparring stags could be reduced without residue to a water. When minnows approach the bait, it flies sequence of movements of masses (the parts of their down and seizes one (Higuchi 1986, 1987, 1988a, bodies) through space over time. Thc basic units for 1988b). A chimp that has found a panda nut walks to describing such phenomena are familiar physical another tree where several days ago he cracked open a properties: distance, direction, time, speed, panga nut with a piece of granite, He carries the rock acceleration, force, angular momentum, and so forth" back to the nut he has just found and uses the rock to (Altmann 1981). In the study of language--surely one crack it open (Boesch and Boesch-Ackermann 1991). of the most complex forms of behavior--the reduction The natural history literature is full of descriptions of of ulterances to sequences of phonemes and of those animals behaving as if they had goals, plans or to articulatory movements (\1' lips. tongue. velum. intentions. vocal cords, and so on has largely been accomplished Unlike emotions, conceptual advances in Lhe (Jacobson, Fant and Halle 1963 and its successors). study of intentions have made important aspects of Mason's position is neatly summarIzed in the them amenable to study. The first is the work of tItle of his article: behavior implies cognition, But early ethologists on "intention movements," does it? Docs an animal drink because it is thirsty, or particularly in hinls (reviewed by Daanje 1951 and do we say that it is thirsty because it drinks'! Does it Tinhergen 1952). Intention movements are orten cat voraciously because it is hungry, or do we say very subtle movements that indicate to the ethologist that it is hungry because it has been deprived of food and sometimes to the bird's companions what the bird and now eats voraciously? Does the dog that is will do next. A subtle elevation of the wings by a jahhed withdraw its leg because it is in pain, or do we swimming duck may precede flight and serve to say it is in pain because it yelps and withdraws') Are synchronize the departure of the entire /lock. the terms for human emotions, when applied to other TIle second advance was heralded by a startling animals, just lahels for certain constellations of article by Rosenblueth, Wiener and Bigelow (1943) in conditions and behaviors, and have we rei fied Lhose which they indicated how, hy means of negative labels, making them into causes'! Or do these lCedhack, a system could show goal-directed behavior. cOllstellations of conditions and hehaviors reveal the In its simplest form, illustrated by a thermostat or a emotions that underlie them') How can one decide? I speed governor on a motor, the system has a single for one do not know, set-point and any deviation from that results in the For expository purposes, 1 have made something system hehaving in a way Lhat moves it back toward of a straw man of Bill Masoll's position, and I hope the set-point. The similarity to the physiological he will forgive me. What he has to say sped rically concept of homeostasis was quickly recognized; the about emotions in animals is more subtle: " ... the result was a revolution in the analysis of behavior and weight of the empirical evidence, .. is overwhelmingly the physiological mechanisms behind it. Many III support of the inference that something activities of the autonomic nervous system are now /illlCfionallv similar to 'motives', 'feelings', and kl](1WIl to he governed by negative feedhack and are similar mental processes or events arc very widely largely unconscious. Clearly, then, the presence of distrihuted in the animal kingdom and play an feedhack loops are not sufficient criteria for important causal role in behavior" (italics mine), consciousness. We need not assume that our That is, animals hehave as i(they have emotions and furnace's thermostat is aware of what it does! 7 The thermostat in my house has only two ways activities, much less being able to study the to achieve its goal: it either turns my furnace on or characteristics of such activities. Yet, we should not off. The heron probably has many, and indeed, other wait for such criteria to become established and used members of the species have other ways of attracting before considering the issue of animal welfare. Until fish. In both cases, however, the present behavior the issue of consciousness is clarified, perhaps we (controlling my furnace, carrying bait to the pond) should opt for a variation on Pascal's Wager. The makes sense only in terms of future consequences. indifference of the religious skeptic about the That brings me to the third major conceptual advance existence of God, Pascal wrote, is to be answered by in the study of purposive systems, one that resulted the following "wager": if God does not exist, the from studies of the structure of language. The crucial skeptic loses nothing by believing in him; but if He result can be paraphrased as follows. Our sentences does exist, the skeptic gains eternal life by believing. contain embedded or hierarchical sequences such that If without adequate justification we treat animals as if the way in which we complete a sentence cannot be they have no intelligence, feel no pain, are never determined from the way in which it was started but hungry or thirsty--in short, as no more sentient than a only if one assumes that we have a plan for how we toy dog--and if it turns out that we are wrong, then will structure the sentence. Various authors have we have indeed committed heinous acts. In tried to generate sentences by using left-to-right retrospect, perhaps the simple principle in the joint Markov processes. However, a consequence of ABS/ASAB guidelines, quoted at the beginning of embedded structures is that no finite state Markov this essay, presents a judicious positioll. process can produce all and just the set of grammatical sentences (Chomsky 1956, 1959). Acknowledgements: I am grateful to Marc Bekoll Instead, one must assume that the speaker has in and to memhers of the Allee Lah for helpful mind a plan for the structure of the sentence he or she discussion of these issues. is about to utter. Hierarchical structuring is found not only in References:--Altmann, S.A. 1981. Dominance language but in many other forms of hehavior, "down relationships: the Cheshire cat's grin? Behav. Brain to the temporal coordination of muscular contractions Sci. 4:430-431.--Chomsky, N. 1956. Three models in such movements as reaching and grasping." for the descriptioll of language. lREE Trans. (Lashley 1951). A carpenter does not look at the way Information Theory, IT- 2: 113-124. 1959. On in which, by chance, he has nailed together some certaill formal properties of grammars. Information two-by-fours and then decide to use that to make a and Control, 1959:137-167.--Griffin, DR 1992. wall. That way, the house would never be completed. Animal Minds. Univ. Chicago.--Huxley, 1. 1948. Instead, he plans to build a wall (as part of a more Darwinism today. Reprinted in Man in the Modern general plan for a house) and on that basis, connects World. Mentor Books.--lakobson, R., C.G.M. Fant, some two-by-fours in a particular way. Surely the M. Halle. 1963. Preliminaries to SpeeCh Analysis. same is true of a bird that builds a nest. Miller, Cambridge, M.I.T.--Mason, W.A. 1986. Behavior Galanter & Pribram (1960) provide a stimulating implies cognition. In Integrating Scientific discussion of the plans that must underlie Disciplines, W. Bechtel, ed. Dordrecht, Martinus hierarchically organized hehavior. They even devote a Nijhoff.--Miller, G.A., E. Galanter, K.H. Prihram. chapter to "instinctive hehavior." Yet curiously, their 1960. Plans and the Structure of Behavior. Hollo work is little known among students of animal Rinehart & Winston.--Rosenhlueth, A., N. Wiener. hehavior. As a result of these conceptual advances, 1. Bigelow. 1943. Behavior, purpose, and teleology. the study of goal-directed behavior has been Philos. Sci. 10: 18-24.--Tinbergen, N. 1952 "Derived" operationalized, or if you will, "demythicised." We activities; their causation, hiological significance, can objectively study intention movements, feedback origin, and emancipation during evolution. Quart. loops, and plans for behavior. Fine-grained analysis Rev. BioI. 27:1-32. ofbehavior--the cornerstone of much of --can reveal the plans that underlie hierarchically organized This is one in a series ofcolumns devoted to issues behavior. Then we can begin to understand the ofprofessional ethics that affect members ofthe circumstances under which animals adopt new plans. Animal Behavior Society. Your comments and An animal that can, without testing, select a novel questions aboulthese issues are welcome. and will be and adaptive behavioral strategy is not just processing answered. Address them to Stuart Altmann, information about its sensory world, it is internally University of Chicago, 1507 E. 56 St.. Chicago It evaluating internally generated and stored plans. 60637; tel. 312-702-8919; fax 312-702-0988; e-mail Wouldn't that come closer to satisfying a criterion for [email protected]. conscious mental activity than evidence now at hand? We cannot yet provide empirical criteria for deciding whether animals have conscious mental

8 MEETINGS 1996 meeting of the Ecological and Evolutionary Ethology of :Fishes will be held at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, XXIV International Ethological Conference May 25-30 1996. For information, contact Astrid will he held in Honolulu HI, August 10-17, 1995. Kodric-Brown, Department of Biology, University of The conference is open to all who are interested in New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131. Ph. (505) ethology and allied fields and is sponsored hy the 277-9336, Fax: (505)277-0304, e-mail Kodric@ University of Hawaii. There will he five days of unm.edu. plenary sessions, contrihuted oral, video, and poster papers and films interrupted hy a free day for Third International Ethological Youth excursions. For infonnation contact Ernst Reese or Meeting will he held July 23-August I, 1995. It George S. Losey, Dept. of Zoology, University of will he held in Jakotpuszta, Nograd county, Hungary. Hawaii, 96822, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. The intent is to permit a forum in which professors hawaiLedu. Note: there may still be room can exchange ideas Witil young teachers, researchers, on the program for late submissions. students, farmers, specialists and other interested people. There will also he visits to agricultural 18th Meeting of the American Society of universities and research institutes, excursions to Primatologists will he hosted hy the Primate National Parks, and zoos to see endangered European Foundation of Arizona and Arizona State University. and Hungarian species and tours to different types of The meeting will he held June 21-24, 1995, at the farms. For information contact Dr. Tihor Keszthelyi, Safari Resort in Scottsdale, Arizona, a suhurh of Ph: (06-28) 310-200; Fax: (06-28) 310-804; E-mai I Phoenix. Scientific sessions convene on Thursday [email protected]. morning, June and continue through the afternoon of Saturday, June 24, Additional information is The Care and Use of }'ish, Amphibians and availahle from Jo Fritz, Primate Foundation of Reptiles in Research. This two day international Arizona, PO Box 20027, Mesa, AZ, 85277-0027; conference will he held Septemher 28-29, 1995, in Ph. (602)832-3780, fax (602)lBO-7039. e-mail Toronto, Canada and is sponsored hy the Scientists 75031 J(520)compuserve.com. Center for Animal Welfare (SCA W) and tile Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC. For informatioll Seventh International Conference on contact: SCAW, 7833 Walker Dr., Suite 340, Human-Animal Interactions will take place in Greenhelt. MD 20770, Ph: (301) 345-3500, Fax: Geneva Switzerland, from 6 to 9 Septemher 1995, eml) 345-3503 or CCAC, 315-350 Alhert, Ottawa. and will he hosted hy IEMT-Switzerland and Mirac 01llaario K I RIB I. Canada, Ph: (613) 238-4031, (France), on hehalf of the illlernational Association of Fax: (613) 238-2837, Email: CCAC0)Carieton, CA. Human-Animal Interaction Organizations. "Animals. health and the quality of life" will he a goal oriented contCrence focusing on the costs and henefits of ANNOUNCEMENTS companion animals to human mental and physical health, and their value in treatment of physical and A Course on Ethical Issues of Animal mental health prohlems. The conference will he open Research will he held on campus at Georgetown to all who arc interested. Contact Tristan Follin, University, Washington D.C., frolll 6pm Saturday AFIRAC, 7, rue du Pasteur Wagner. 75011 Paris, June 24, through 2pm Thursday, June 29, \995 Frallce, Tel: 33-1 49 29 12 00; Fax: I 4806 55 65. This is a multi-disciplinary course for those hroadly illlecsted in the profound questions or ethics and A symposium entitled, Finding Food: animal usc. TIle course will present a well-halanced, Neurothological Aspects of Foraging is to wide range of moral perspectives on the ethical he held Octoher 6-8 1995 at the University 01 dilemmas or halancing human henefits against animal Massachusetts, Amherst. in honor or Professor V,G. harms in scientific research. testing and education, Dethier (1915-1993). Session chairs arc: Alan Participants will include hiological, hiollledical, and Gclperin, John Hildehrand. AI Kamil and Mark social scientists, clinicians (vetrinarians and Konishi. Speakers include: Dave Stephens, Lucy physicians) and those with a hackground in Jacohs, Bernie Roitherg, Janis Weeks, Gilles Laurent. humanities and philosophy. The course is funded in Brian H. Smith, Masashi Kawasaki and Jim part hy the Ethics and Values Program or NSF and is Simlllons. For further iurormation contact Gmdllll organized hy the Kennedy Institute or Ethics, Wyse or Elizaheth Bowdan, Department of Biology, Contact: Moheha Hanif, Kenndcy Institute of Ethics, University of Massachusetts, Box 35810, Amherst, Georgetown Univ., Washington, D.C., 20057. Ph Mass. 01 003-5810. e-mail: gwys(0)bio.umass,edu (202)687-6833, Fax (202) 687-6770, E-mail [email protected], Fax: (413)545-1696. HANIFM 0j GUVAX.GEORGETOWN.EDlJ.

9 Call for papers, Journal of Applied Animal time readout of speed and rotation rate at up to 7.5 Welfare Science. This new journal will be frames/sec. Run time is limited only by hard disk published quarterly beginning January 1996. The size. Files hold series of observations. each with 7 goal of the journal is to publish articles and reports elements (frame number, elapsed time, X, Y, on methods of experimentation, husbandry, and care compass heading, speed, & turning readings). Replay that enhance the welfare of animals. Formats include gives mean speed and a graphic trace of the path. For empirically based reports and invited or submitted more details see Advanced Imaging, Jan. 1994, pp 44­ articles and accompanying commentaries. Section 46 or contactJames B. Hoy, USDA-ARS-MAVERL, Edilors for the four content areas are: P.O. Box 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 Ph. David B. Morton, Lab Animals. (904)374-5991, Fax: (904)374-5818. Joy A. Mench, Farm Animals James A. Serpeil, Companion Animals Home Range Analysis for Macintosh Marc Bekoff, Wildlife and Zoo Animals Computers: Wildtrak is an integrated package of An inaugural issue of 1AAWS will be published in non-parametric home range analyses for use with the fail of 1995. In addition to empirical studies, it radio-tracking and other locational data. Text format will provide critical literature reviews and make data files with up to 20 fields and 3000 fixes may be suggestions for needed research. Manuscripts should used. Analyses include Animation, autocorrelation, be received by May 1, 1995. For submission or drift, dynamic interaction, grid cell analysis, subscription information please contact: Kenneth movements, polygon analysis and static interaction. Shapiro, P.O. Box 1297, Washington Grove, MD The package also includes a utility for conversion of 20880, e-mail [email protected] or Stephen bearing station data to coordinates. Results may be Zawistowski, ASPCA, 424 East nnd St., New saved to text files or printed. Wildtrak 2 will have York, NY 10128, e-mail [email protected]. additional functions and features including habitat preference analysis and harmonic mean analysis. Call for Proposals: The Center for Field Contact: Dr. Ian Todd, 6, Sollershott House, Research (CFR) invites proposals for 1996 field Linkside Av., Oxford, OX2 8JA U.K. International grants awarded by its affiliate Earthwatch. Earthwatch Tel.: +44 1865 58358. is an international non-profit organization dedicated to research and public education in the sciences and Call for Information on Self-Medication in humanities. Earthwatch field grants average $20,000. Animals. Many of the common ailments affecting These funds are derived from the contributions or domestic animals are not seen in the wild and are, Earthwatch members who pay for the opportunity to therefore, either caused by captivity or are prevented join scientists in the field and assist with data in the wild by animals having access to their own collection and other research tasks. Earthwatch field pharmacy of wild plants, exercise etc. There is grants cover the costs of maintaining volunteers and however, little evidence for or against this. I can tind principal investigators in the field, and may help with no reference to how sick animals behave in the wild. other field expenses. Preliminary proposals should be It seems strange that this knowledge is not required in submitted at least 13 months in advance of anticipated order to treat animals in captivity. Fasting during field dates. Full proposals are invited upon review of sickness seems to be well documented both in the preliminary proposals. For information, contact Dee field and captivity, but. other than that, any mention Robbins, Ufe Sciences Program Director, The Center of animals finding and feeding on particular herbs or for Field Research, 680 Ml. Auburn Street, minerals is anecdotal. I am collecting recorded Watertown, MA 02172. Ph. (617)926-8200, Fax: incidents of sickness (and the behavioral response) in (617)926-8532. e-mail: [email protected], or the natural habitat. I would like to know, for Sean Doolan, Scientific Development Officer, example, if the subject stopped feeding, changed diet, Earthwatch Europe, Belsyre Court, 57 Woodstock Rd. left the group, appeared to seek particular foods. Did Oxford, OX2 6HU, U.K. Ph. (0865) 311 600. Fax: it recover. and how long did it take'! Contributions (0865) 311 383. e-mail: [email protected]. would be appropriately acknowledged in publications. If you have observations you would be willing to Power Macintosh Real-Time Animal share please send them to Cindy Engel, Clover Forge Tracking. A system composed of an Apple Power Farm, Cratfield Road, Huntingfield, Suffolk, IPI9 Macintosh (and A V model), a video camera, and OQB, UK. software that tracks an animal on a heterogeneous background has now been validated using cockroaches, flea larvae, and small predaceous mites. Arena size may be up to 80 times the body length of the tracked specimen. The path is recorded as a series of Cartesian coordinates. The system produces real-

10 OPPORTUNITIES Positions open: The University of Southwestern Louisiana New lheria Research Center invites Position Open: Director, Karisoke Research applications for 2 tenure-track appointments at the Center, Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda, Africa. assistant professor level in any area of comparative or The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund continues the study developmental cognition. Applicants must possess and conservation of mountain gorillas and their an earned PhD. in an appropriate field and will be afromontane habitat started by the late Dr. Dian expected to estahlish grant-competitive research Fossey in 1967 at the Karisoke Research Center in programs in areas of expertise. The Center houses Rwanda, Africa. The Director coordinates all 4700 primates (including a large chimpanzee conservation and research activities based at the center population) available for research in comparative and supervises a Rwandan staff of 31 employees. cognitioll and offers access to resources related to PhD. and t1uellt French required (Swahili helpful). research start-up costs. Positions will be tenure-track Independent research possible. Contract for one year, appointments within the Divisioll of Behavioral renewable for a second year. For further information Biology at the Center with joint appointments in the contact: Dr. H. Dieter Steklis, The Dian Fossey Department of Psychology (or other appropriate Gorilla Fund, Dept. of Anthropology, Rutgers academic department), where successful applicants University, P.O. Box 270. New Brunswick. NJ will teach 2 graduate courses per year. Competitive 08903-0270. Ph. (908) 932-7602, Fax: (908) 932­ salary dependent on qualifications. The positions will 1564, email: [email protected]. remain open until filled, hut applications will he reviewed starting April I, 1995. Send curriculum Post-Doctoral Position, Department of vitae and names of three references, and other Neuroscience. University of Florida. Applicant supporting lI1aterial to: Dr. Daniel 1. Povinelli, should have a strong background in behavioral Chair, Search Committee, Division of Behavioral techniques and be interested in developing Biology, USL-New Iheria Research Center, 4401 W. neurosurgical and neruophysiological skills. The Admiral Doyle Drive, New Iheria, LA 70560. The successful applicant will join a laboratory which has University of Southwestern Louisiana is an Equal an established long term commitment to research in Opportunity/Affirmative Action employer. spinal cord neurophysiology. We arc seeking an individual Witil appropriate expertise tilat can expand Volunteer Field Assistants needed for a study ongoing behavioral techniques and develop new of nest association hetween pumpkinseed sunfish and behavioral research objectives. 'TIle goal of the golden shiners in upstate New York, from mid-May laboratory is to combine neurophysiology and to late July, 1995. Research will be conducted at the behavioral techniques in the investigation of spinal E. N. Huyck Preserve or at Cornell University, NY. cord injury and locomotor function ill tile rat. Volunteers will assist in capturing and marking fish Contact: Dr. Floyd J. Thompson, Dept. or and collecting data on breeding success. Field Neuroscience, Box 100244, Univ. of Florida, experience helpful. Assistants IllUSt provide rood and Gainesville, FL 32610-0244 USA. E-mail: transportation to Albany, NY. Housing may he [email protected]. Ph, provided. Contact Binbin Shao, Dept. or Biological (904) 192-4088 Science, State University of New York. Albany, NY. 12222. E-mail: bs7193

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