Theparliamentarian

100 years of publishing 1920-2020 TheParliamentarian

Journal of the Parliaments of the Commonwealth 2020 | Volume 101 | Issue Four | Price £14

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL MEDIA AND PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY IN THE COMMONWEALTH

PAGES 308-323

PLUS The City of London, its Hansard Technology: Parliamentary Why Women’s Remembrancer and All Change for the Expressions & Leadership Matters the Commonwealth Official Report Practices in the During COVID-19 and Commonwealth Beyond PAGE 334 PAGE 338 PAGE 340 PAGE 350 IN TIMES LIKE STATEMENT OF PURPOSE THESE The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) exists to connect, develop, promote and support Parliamentarians and their staff to identify benchmarks of good governance, and PARLIAMENTS implement the enduring values of the Commonwealth.

NEED Calendar of Forthcoming Events Updated as at 16 November 2020

ALL THE Please note that due to the COVID-19 (Coronavirus) global pandemic, many CPA events, conferences and RESOURCES activities have been postponed or cancelled. Please check www.cpahq.org or email [email protected]. 2020 THEY CAN GET! December 1 to 3 December 2020 CPA Virtual Post-Election Seminar: Parliament of Bermuda 7 to 11 December 2020 KwaZulu Natal Legislature CPA Benchmarks Assessment 14 to 18 December 2020 Virtual Commonwealth Youth Parliament 2021 DOWNLOAD March CPA’S NEW Monday 8 March 2021 Commonwealth Day and International Women’s Day PUBLICATION 23 to 27 March 2021 Mid-Year meeting of the CPA Executive Committee, Gibraltar/online June NOW w/c 21 June 2021 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), Kigali, Rwanda – also including: www.cpahq.org/cpahq/modellaw Commonwealth Youth Forum; Commonwealth Women’s Forum; Commonwealth People’s Forum; and Commonwealth Business Forum.

August 21 to 27 August 2021 65th Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

The CPA calendar fosters the exchange of events and activities between CPA Regions and Branches. For further information on any events, please contact the CPA Branch concerned or the CPA Headquarters Secretariat. CPA Branch THE CPA MODEL LAW FOR Secretaries are asked to send notices of CPA events to [email protected] in advance of the publication deadline to ensure the calendar is accurate. INDEPENDENT PARLIAMENTS

Based on the important values laid down in the Commonwealth Latimer House Principles and the Doctrine of the Separation of Powers, the Commonwealth Parliamentary CPA Small Branches Climate Change Toolkit for Association (CPA) has created a MODEL LAW FOR INDEPENDENT PARLIAMENTS. Parliamentarians • Strengthening Parliamentarians as effective actors in the This draft legislation is aimed at Commonwealth Parliaments to use as a template to climate change agenda. create financially and administratively independent institutions. Specifically, the Model Law enables Parliaments to create Parliamentary Service Commissions and to ensure • Accessible introduction to the key issues facing Parliaments across the Commonwealth have the resources they need to function Legislatures at the frontline of climate change. effectively without the risk of Executive interference. • Practical guide for Parliamentarians to further progress at www.cpahq.org the domestic and international level. Visit www.cpahq.org/cpahq/SBclimatechange to download a copy or email [email protected] Updated February 2020 CONTENTS: THE PARLIAMENTARIAN 100 years of publishing CONTENTS 2020: ISSUE FOUR The Parliamentarian 1920-2020

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PAGES 308-323 PAGE 374

The Parliamentarian: VIEWS & COMMENT NEWS & PHOTOS SOCIAL MEDIA AND FEATURE ARTICLES PARLIAMENTARY Annual subscription: Four Journal of the Parliaments of PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS issues including supplements: the Commonwealth DEMOCRACY IN THE UK: £44 inc. postage. Volume 101 COMMONWEALTH Worldwide: £46 surface post 2020: Issue Four £52 airmail The Parliamentarian ISSN 0031-2282 Price per issue: Editor’s Note CPA News Social Media and Sustainable Parliamentary Parliamentary Report UK: £14 cover price plus UK Issued and published by Social media and News reports include: Parliamentary Development in a Expressions postage | Worldwide: Cover Engagement Featuring legislative reports the International Secretariat parliamentary democracy in • International Day of Democracy Globalised World and Practices in from Canada, Trinidad price plus £5 surface post or Expanding public of the Commonwealth the Commonwealth • Launch of new CPwD A view from India Commonwealth and Tobago, the United £8 airmail participation for democratic Parliamentary Association Page 284 Disabilities Communications Page 324 Parliaments Kingdom, New Zealand, growth in Kenya (CPA), CPA Headquarters Guidelines Part three Australia, Sri Lanka and Disclaimer Page 308 Secretariat, Richmond View from the CPA • Virtual Post-Election Seminars Parliament and Foreign Page 340 India Opinions and comments Policy: An Indian House, Houses of Parliament, Chairperson in Dominica and Jamaica Embracing Social Pages 354-375 expressed in articles and London, SW1A 0AA, United The Role of Parliaments and • Virtual meeting of the CPA Media and Digital Perspective Barriers to Women's reviews published in The Page 327 Participation in Kingdom. Parliamentarians in Times of Small Branches Steering Technology in CPA DIRECTORY Parliamentarian are those of Crisis Committee Parliaments Elections in the Africa the individual contributors and Tel: +44 (0) 20 7799 1460 Page 286 • CPA webinars with How the Legislative Why Parliamentarians Region CPA Organisational should not be attributed to the Email: [email protected] Commonwealth High Assembly of Alberta has are key to enhancing A view from Tanzania Structure Secretariat of the Association. www.cpahq.org View from the Commissioners and opened new doors in the accountability in health Page 346 CPA Executive Committee Twitter @CPA_Secretariat Commonwealth Women representatives of pandemic era. service Members, CWP and CPA Contributors Facebook.com/CPAHQ Parliamentarians (CWP) Overseas Territories in Page 311 Page 330 ‘Building Forward Small Branches Steering Thank you to all contributors Should social media be the London; Commonwealth Better’ - Why Women's Committees and CPA for this issue. Does the digital The City of London, its Leadership Matters Stephen Twigg primary tool for Commonwealth partner organisations; and pandemic of Regional Secretaries CPA Secretary-General Parliamentarians to uphold Commonwealth Speakers misinformation Remembrancer and During COVID-19 and Pages 376 Printed in: United Kingdom democracy? • New Handbook on Lay threaten our best hope the Commonwealth Beyond by Warners Midlands, PLC. Mr Jeffrey Hyland Page 288 Members for Commonwealth of ending this crisis? Page 334 Page 350 Editor, The Parliamentarian Parliaments Page 314 Limited print run - contact [email protected] View from the CPA Small • 2020 Commonwealth Hansard Technology: Leveraging Women [email protected] for Does social media All Change for the and Youth for a Branches Chairperson Gladwyn Lecture. bridge the gap between details of print copies for Main images: CPA The challenges of utilising new • CPA Photo Gallery Parliament and the Official Report Sustainable and CPA Branches. Headquarters Secretariat technologies and social media Pages 294-306 people in Pakistan? Page 338 Inclusive Future and Shutterstock. Additional Page 290 Page 316 Page 352 images: CPA Branches and Commonwealth Women Members. Front cover image: View from the CPA Parliamentarians News The relationship Shutterstock/218622694/ between social media Secretary-General and Events and parliamentary REDPIXEL. Identifying the CPA’s strengths Reports from CWP activities democracy in Canada to best meet future challenges around the Commonwealth Page 320 Page 292 Pages 344-345

Parliamentarians are key to A familiar sign for 2020 outside a hotel in New Zealand. SOCIAL MEDIA AND PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY IN enhancing accountability in health service delivery and provides examples of the work THE COMMONWEALTH that his organisation has done in several countries. The City of London’s Remembrancer, Paul Double, The Editor’s Note LVO, OStJ, writes about his ancient role and the many links between the City of London and the Commonwealth. There has been a huge growth in the use of social media in recent examines the role of social media in connecting with constituents New technology in the UK years across the world. Commonwealth Parliaments are still and the impact of social media in elections and asks if social Parliament has brought automated exploring how to best use social media effectively media should be censored and what the role of speech software trials to the in their communications strategies. Finding a way Parliamentarians could be. Hansard Team and this is described to produce engaging, non-partisan content to The Deputy Director of the Research Wing by Jack Homer, Deputy Editor of the interact with stakeholders is a major challenge at the National Assembly of Pakistan, Ms Nighat Official Report in the UK’s House of for all institutions, but perhaps particularly for Paristan provides examples of social media Commons. Parliaments. interaction from Pakistan and suggests that social In the third of his three-part The use of social media raises therefore a media can be called a ‘game changer’ in bridging series for The Parliamentarian, number of challenges to Parliaments and, to a the gap between Parliament and the people. Parliamentary Consultant at the Lok large extent, requires these institutions to engage The Chairperson of the Commonwealth Sabha Secretariat at the Parliament in a new style of communication beyond the Women Parliamentarians (CWP), Hon. Shandana of India, Mr Ravindra Garimella, traditional institutional one. Gulzar Khan, MNA (Pakistan), writes about the looks at the origins and history The challenge for individual Commonwealth Mr Jeffrey Hyland, Editor impact of social media on Commonwealth Women of some of the parliamentary event with Commonwealth partner organisations to introduce the Parliamentarians is even more acute as they have The Parliamentarian, Parliamentarians in particular and asks whether expressions and practices used in Commonwealth Legislatures and in new CPA Secretary-General and launch the CPA Strategic Plan to grapple with providing engaging content for their Commonwealth Parliamentary social media will be, and should be, the primary this issue focuses on the role of ‘filibustering’. consultations; a Commonwealth Speakers webinar on COVID-19 constituents and the wider world while often facing Association tool for Commonwealth Parliamentarians to uphold This issue of The Parliamentarian features several articles responses and Model Law in Parliaments; CPA Small Branches abuse online and challenges to their messaging. democracy. on the issues surrounding greater equality in Parliaments. Hon. publishing a new Handbook on Lay Members for Commonwealth However, the benefits for Parliamentarians of The CPA Small Branches Chairperson, Hon. Niki Mboni Mohamed Mhita, MP, Member of the National Assembly of Parliaments; and the Commonwealth Gladwyn Lecture for 2020. being able to speak directly to a wide audience without the ‘filter’ of Rattle, Speaker of the Parliament of the Cook Islands writes about the Tanzania shares her presentation to the CWP Africa Region Gender This issue of The Parliamentarian also marks two anniversaries: the the media provides huge opportunities for Members of Parliament, positive impacts of social media on small territories and legislatures, Sensitization Workshop in October 2019 on the barriers to women’s 400th anniversary of the first sitting of the Parliament of Bermuda and especially during elections. Social media is able to provide not least in her own jurisdiction of the Cook Islands, but cautions that participation in elections in the Africa Region. the 70th anniversary of the re-opening of the UK Parliament’s House of connections through spontaneous and informal reactions; social we need to ensure that social media does not undermine democratic Amanda Ellis is the Executive Director of Global Partnerships Commons after its destruction during the Second World War. media implies a persona behind its input which gives Parliamentarians norms and processes. for the ASU Global Futures Laboratory and Professor of Practice The Parliamentary Report and Third Reading section in this issue the opportunity to ‘connect’ with their audience. In addition to looking at social media and democracy, this at Thunderbird School of Global Management in the USA and includes parliamentary and legislative news from Canada Federal; Social media can also provide many barriers to democracy as issue of The Parliamentarian also examines other current issues she shares her article on ‘Building Forward Better’ - why women’s British Columbia; Trinidad and Tobago; India; New Zealand; the personal data is manipulated and ‘fake news’ is spread virtually at a in the Commonwealth. The Chairperson of the Commonwealth leadership matters during COVID-19 and beyond. United Kingdom; Sri Lanka; and Australia Federal. ferocious pace. Parliamentary Association (CPA) Executive Committee, Hon. An article by the Global Parliamentary Unit at the World Bank The CPA Headquarters Secretariat would also like to thank Mr This issue of The Parliamentarian examines the many issues Emilia Monjowa Lifaka, MP (Cameroon) in her View article examines how stronger youth and female political representation Stephen Boyd, Secretary for the House of Representatives Standing around social media and democracy in the Commonwealth. shares her opening address to the 49th CPA British Islands and can transfer knowledge and best practices to those who aspire to Committee on Economics at the Parliament of Australia, for his Hon. Justin B. N. Muturi, EGH, MP, Speaker of the National Mediterranean Regional Conference hosted by the Parliament of become more democratically representative. dedication and commitment as the parliamentary correspondent Assembly of Kenya and the Chairperson of the Executive Committee Malta and CPA Malta Branch with a virtual meeting held from 24 to This issue also features news and reports of Commonwealth for the Parliament of Australia for The Parliamentarian for many of the CPA Africa Region examines the role of social media in 25 September 2020 on the theme of ‘The Role of Parliaments and Women Parliamentarians (CWP) activities including the CWP years and for his parliamentary service to the Australian Federal parliamentary engagement and looks at how public participation can Parliamentarians in Times of Crisis’. Chairperson speaking at a special session on ‘Women Leading Parliament on his retirement. His parliamentary reports and articles be expanded for democratic growth. The CPA Secretary-General, Stephen Twigg in his View article Politics and Development’ at the Virtual Global Parliamentary Forum about the Parliament of Australia over many years have provided a Hon. Nathan Cooper, MLA, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly for The Parliamentarian focuses on the impact of the COVID-19 during the Annual Meetings of the World Bank and IMF; a virtual record of events for future generations and a source of interest for of Alberta writes about how Parliaments can embrace social media pandemic on the Commonwealth and the role of Commonwealth meeting of the CWP Steering Committee to focus on strategic plan other Commonwealth Parliaments and Legislatures who want to and digital technology and provides examples of how the Legislative Parliaments. He also examines the role that the CPA can play and and future activities; and the launch of two new CWP guidelines on share their experiences of parliamentary democracy. Assembly of Alberta has opened new doors in the COVID-19 identifying the CPA’s strengths to best meet future challenges. Gender Sensitising Parliaments and Anti-Harassment Policies for We look forward to hearing your feedback and comments pandemic era. Shri N. K. Premachandran, MP, a Member of Lok Sabha, the Commonwealth Parliaments on this issue of The Parliamentarian, on the issues affecting The Chair of the UK Parliament’s All-Party Parliamentary Group Lower House of the Parliament of India provides an article on CPA news reports in this issue include: International Day of Parliamentarians across the Commonwealth and to receiving your on Social Media, Chris Elmore, MP reflects on how social media has sustainable development in a globalised world. Democracy; the launch of new CPwD Disabilities Communications future contributions to this publication. responded to the current global pandemic and asks if the digital Former Joint Secretary of the Lok Sabha Secretariat, Rup Guidelines; virtual Post-Election Seminars in Dominica and Jamaica; pandemic of misinformation threatens our best hope of ending the Narayan Das examines the role of Parliament in foreign policy with a virtual meeting of the CPA Small Branches Steering Committee; Jeffrey Hyland current crisis. particular reference to examples from India. a CPA webinar with Commonwealth High Commissioners and Editor, The Parliamentarian Canadian Member of Parliament, Ms Yasmin Ratansi, MP Fergus Drake, Chief Executive of Crown Agents, asks why representatives of Overseas Territories in London; a CPA webinar [email protected]

challenges yet – COVID-19. An election vote takes place under COVID-19 regulations. THE ROLE OF PARLIAMENTS AND PARLIAMENTARIANS My thoughts go out to all those affected by the global pandemic. It has greatly impacted the IN TIMES OF CRISIS way in which we go about our everyday lives and has curtailed the means with which Parliaments and Parliamentarians are able to successfully operate and promote View from the CPA Chairperson the fundamental values of the Commonwealth. Whilst the COVID-19 pandemic has raised great challenges for us as legislators, it has also allowed us to embrace new This View article was adapted from the CPA separation of powers among the three branches of methods of communication and Chairperson’s opening address to the 49th CPA government and the right to participate in free and highlighted our ability to adapt to British Islands and Mediterranean Regional democratic political process. changing circumstances. Adaption Conference hosted by the Parliament of Malta CPA Regional Conferences, such as the was a key theme for our 64th and CPA Malta Branch with a virtual meeting held one held for the BIM Region, are an excellent Commonwealth Parliamentary from 24 to 25 September 2020. opportunity for Members of Parliament and Conference held in Kampala, parliamentary staff alike to join together – either Uganda in September 2019 and Firstly, I would like to thank the Parliament of in person or virtually - and discuss these values it is a vital element in how the CPA can be of aid to its Members in digitalisation and virtual nature of processes and activities taking Malta and CPA Malta Branch, and in particular, and how best to approach them in what is often a times of crisis. place across the Commonwealth. Whilst we may not be able Hon. Angelo Farrugia, MP, Speaker of the House challenging and fast-moving global context. These Parliamentarians are now focusing their minds on public health to engage in person during these unprecedented times, the of Representatives of the Parliament of Malta Chairperson of the CPA meetings allow us to explore these issues both and creating safe and secure environments for their constituents. advantage of modern technology is that it allows us to support our and former CPA Small Branches Chairperson Executive Committee, Hon. from a regional perspective and, with the valued To succeed in this endeavour, we have had to embrace rapid membership and has the ability to reach a wider audience. for hosting the 49th CPA British Islands and Emilia Monjowa Lifaka, MP, involvement of Observer Members and Officers and uncertain change in the form of technical, social and cultural Inclusion is a key element of the theme of the 65th Mediterranean (BIM) Regional Conference in Deputy Speaker of the National from other CPA Regions, from a broader, holistic adaptions; from how we communicate and travel to the ways in Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference (CPC) ‘Inclusive, September 2020. Assembly of Cameroon Commonwealth angle as well. which we legislate, represent and scrutinise governments. As such, Accessible, Accountable and Strong Parliaments: the Cornerstone It was a great honour to have been invited to During the two days of the CPA BIM Regional adapting to and embracing these new ways of working is essential of Democracy and Essential for Development’. At our recent CPA make the CPA Chairperson’s Opening Address Conference, participants had the opportunity for us to fulfil our civic duties. Executive Committee meeting in August 2020, Members made at the CPA BIM Regional Conference on the topic of ‘The Role of to share best practice, generate innovative ways of approaching Moreover, whilst the whole world has felt the effects of this the difficult decision to postpone the 65th CPC due to be held in Parliamentarians in Times of Crisis’. I was delighted to be sharing a regional challenges and create long lasting and mutually beneficial pandemic, not all of us have been impacted equally. I am therefore Halifax, Canada in January 2021 to dates later in the year in August platform with my esteemed colleague once again and I am sure that connections between Parliaments within the Region and further greatly pleased to see that work continues to examine how small 2021. I hope that by that point we are able to meet and discuss this all delegates who attended the Regional Conference were greatly afield – all key functions of the CPA’s work. jurisdictions have managed and attempted to reduce the impact of important topic in person, but I am confident that we will be able to appreciative of the hard work from yourself and your parliamentary Honourable Members, in addition to the CPA BIM Regional COVID-19 and the relationship between gender and crisis specific adapt come what may. team which have ensured that the conference could take place. Conference, I have been very encouraged to see many successful policy. In recognising that crises such as these do not have a uniform On 15th September 2020, we marked International Day of I believe that the CPA BIM Regional Conference was the first to be events this past year being held within the CPA BIM Region, impact on the health or socio-economic status of an individual or a Democracy and, in my video message to the CPA membership, I held remotely and its success was testament to the ingenuity of the most notably the CPA Small Branches Sustainable Economic jurisdiction, we as legislators can be more tailored and effective in highlighted the importance of scrutiny and accountability as vital Parliament of Malta and the wider region. It followed a very effective Development Workshop in January 2020. Also hosted by the our responses and future planning. components to democracy. As legislators, we must be a voice and fruitful virtual CPA International Executive Committee Meeting that Parliament of Malta and the CPA Malta Branch and attended by 19 Whilst the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for citizens and continually adapt our practices to fulfil our critical I chaired in August 2020 and I imagine we will be harnessing these Commonwealth Parliamentarians from across our network, including (CHOGM) which was due to be held in Kigali, Rwanda in June functions during this crisis - essential in the ever-evolving nature new technologies increasingly in the coming months as face to face the CPA Small Branches Chairperson, Hon. Niki Rattle, Speaker of 2020 has understandably been postponed until next year, the of democracy. Recognising the power of collectively providing meetings still remain difficult in many parts of the world. the Parliament of the Cook Islands as well as Parliamentarians from theme of ‘Delivering a Common Future: Connecting, Innovating, an accessible and inclusive space, I am optimistic that our CPA As background for those new to the CPA, may I briefly state that the CPA Branches of Alderney, Australian Capital Territory, The Transforming’ has never been more relevant. The CPA has, in Branches will use their own platforms to encourage greater the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, which was founded Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cook this time of crisis, maintained a constant focus on innovation and adaptation and development within their own jurisdictions. in 1911, comprises some 180 national and sub-national Branches and Islands, Fiji, Isle of Man, Jersey, Malta, Northern Territory, Perlis, transformation when looking at what we offer to our membership We as Parliamentarians must be at the forefront of responding seeks to promote the advancement of parliamentary democracy by Seychelles, St Helena, St Lucia and Turks and Caicos. The outcomes and how we can best support you in times of flux. and evolving in this time of crisis. The last six months has shown us enhancing knowledge and understanding of democratic governance. from the Small Branches workshop and the subsequent CPA toolkit In September 2020, for example, the CPA hosted a fully virtual that when pushed we can be more connected, co-operative and The CPA connects, develops, promotes and supports Parliamentarians on ‘Climate Change and Small States: A Guide for Effective Climate CPA Post-Election Seminar for the Parliament of Dominica, our flexible than was perhaps initially thought possible. I hope that this and their staff to identify benchmarks of good governance and the Change Action’, are just some examples of the effective impact of second such event following a very successful programme for spirit of collaboration extends far past the lifetime of COVID-19 and implementation of the enduring values of the Commonwealth. the CPA in aiding our membership. Anguilla earlier in the year in collaboration with the CPA UK Branch. continues for many years to come as we pursue our shared goals. CPA activities focus on the Commonwealth’s commitment to its The CPA British Islands and Mediterranean Region was also The CPA Headquarters Secretariat also produced a timely CPA I look forward to hearing the outcomes of CPA activities and fundamental political values, including - just and honest government, an active participant in the celebration of the CPA community’s toolkit for ‘Commonwealth Parliaments and Legislatures on the trust that through the sharing of our experiences we can keep on the alleviation of poverty, fundamental human rights, international unique connection of almost 2.4 billion people on Commonwealth COVID-19 pandemic and delivering parliamentary democracy’ and evolving as responsive Parliamentarians and as our organisation peace and order, global economic development, the rule of law, Day in March 2020. It was only shortly after this occasion that the have engaged in numerous online Masterclasses and Webinars. demands of us. equal rights and representation for all citizens of both genders, the Commonwealth was struck by the full force of one of its greatest The CPA has been part of this incredible surge in the

Left: A woman voter in Sri Lanka shows her inked SHOULD SOCIAL MEDIA BE THE PRIMARY TOOL FOR finger after casting her ballot in the Sri Lankan parliamentary election at the polling station in COMMONWEALTH PARLIAMENTARIANS TO UPHOLD DEMOCRACY? Colombo on 5 August 2020.

views which governments label as ‘fake news’ or View from the Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians (CWP) Chairperson criminal speech.”6 There is no doubt that the uncontrolled nature of social media postings means they can be misleading and manipulative and can misinform and lead to In November 2020, history was made. The United through which the will of the people is expressed, what is loosely termed as ‘fake news’. There is now States of America elected its first woman Vice- laws are passed and government is held to an additional responsibility on Parliaments’ need to President. That Senator Kamala Harris is a child account.”1 manage their use of information and communications of immigrants from the Commonwealth (India and The era of COVID-19 has seen the Executive technology. It may be easier to manipulate the Jamaica) is another important milestone. For some, branch intensifying its domination of the ‘pandemic already marginalised, leading to deeper divisions this is democracy at its finest. For those of us in agenda’ and a plethora of decision-making that between rural and urban areas. Hence the need the Commonwealth, we have been luckier as we lacks democratic control. In my discourse with fellow for control and caution is more relevant than have had women Heads of State and Heads of Parliamentarians, there are questions as to whether ever to ensure social media does not subvert the Government such as Sirimavo Bandaranaike in the current political scenario and in-built processes values of parliamentary democracy and turn it into Sri Lanka, Indira Gandhi in India, Benazir Bhutto are fit and proper to ensure that Parliaments are truly one party that also brought about the marriage of social media and demagoguery. in Pakistan, Khaleda Zia in Bangladesh, Margaret Commonwealth Women representative and are performing the job they are political views. There are two kinds of advertising in politics, campaign A glaring example of the misuse of social media by various Thatcher in the United Kingdom and currently, Parliamentarians (CWP) elected for. Which then begs the question - ‘What is it, trail advertising and advertising the good work of the government. groups and not knowing where to draw the line was revealed to Samia Suluhu, Vice-President of Tanzania; Jacinda Chairperson, Hon. Shandana exactly, that an elected Parliament is supposed to do The idea behind the former is the use of an advertising campaign us during incidents of abuse of MPs on social media. In the UK, the Ardern, Prime Minister of New Zealand; Paula-Mae Gulzar Khan, MNA (Pakistan) (during the pandemic)?’ A non-exhaustive list would through the media to influence a political debate, and ultimately, government reached out to social media companies to demand Weekes, President of Trinidad and Tobago; Sheikh include legislation, passing emergency budgets, voters. However, post-election advertising has been said to be akin to support for general election candidates subjected to intimidation Hasina, Prime Minister of Bangladesh; and so many oversight of the Executive, debating issues, approving political advertising for future campaigns. Again, on social media, this and abuse during the campaign. Ministers asked Facebook, Twitter more. Nonetheless, most of us in the Commonwealth are cheering constitutional changes and generally reaching out to the nation. is impossible to stop. and Instagram to create a ‘one-stop shop’ source for advice on how on as a sister starts this historic journey for womankind. For me Some stellar examples can be found during COVID-19 times Candidates and governments use social media, but what about candidates can seek action to deal with online bullies and trolls. A personally, following this epic event, it would not have been possible in different Commonwealth jurisdictions, with examples including the role of Parliament itself using social media, as an effective tool number of UK women MPs stated that they were standing down without the aid of social media. Australia, Botswana, Canada, Scotland, Singapore and the United post-election, to influence, inform and involve citizens in public from the UK Parliament at the last election in part because of the The larger part of this article talks about social media, Kingdom, that adopted innovative digital and social media outreach policymaking? The benefits of social media for Parliamentarians, in stream of threats that they had faced on online platforms when they parliamentary democracy and whether social media will be, and systems in order to quickly interact with Members and disseminate this sense, are enormous. Newer Parliamentarians, in particular, can held office.6 Again, this aspect of social media could be actively should be, the primary tool for Commonwealth Parliamentarians to information. WhatsApp groups in Botswana have also proved benefit from social media, as they have to compete with established subverting the cause of parliamentary democracy. uphold democracy. Central to this debate is whether democracy is effective, and at the Scottish Parliament, a Microsoft Teams Live players, established causes and established Parliamentarians in Finally, an often ignored, but forward looking, procedural recognised as a value or system of representation. Event was used for the Chief Executive’s first live address to all staff their third or fourth terms, or beyond. question is “does social media present a substantive challenge to According to the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), “democracy has in late April.2 This shows that Commonwealth Parliaments have Social media is a low-cost, powerful tool to communicate ideas. parliamentary procedure? And, if so, can existing parliamentary come to be recognised as a universal value which does not belong proven nimble at quickly using both digital platforms and social An effective strategy is capable of disseminating information that conventions and practice adequately respond to the challenges of to any country or region.” A large portion of the work of the IPU is media to find new ways of sustaining communication during crises empowers the earnest voter in a way that is “faster, cheaper and the digital age?”7 There are reports of incidents where social media based on the idea that “a strong Parliament is a critical marker for such as this pandemic. more pervasive than other forms of communication.” It is capable of was used to violate or circumvent a standing order or parliamentary a robust democracy” and that “Parliament is the central institution But what about during ordinary times, i.e. during election encouraging pluralism, accountability and transparency and some convention, or to challenge parliamentary privilege. The author campaigns and during normal non-election years? In some Parliamentarians actively use social media during and after electoral feels that the answer lies in the adaptability of both Parliaments and jurisdictions, social media is quickly becoming the litmus test for campaigns to advance respect for the rule of law, good governance, social media to ensure that social media advancement aids both “A glaring example of the misuse of measuring the quality and quantity of democracy and effective independence of the judiciary, the rights of civil society, and the Parliamentarians and democracy. representation. There is no doubt that social media is also helping democratic values of equality and merit. Where there is conflict, new thought processes and methodologies social media by various groups and citizens in determining whether their elected representatives are Social media has made a dent into the ‘information elite’ and is must be adopted by the Commonwealth in its effort to both lead and successfully meeting the challenges of the age and where they here to stay. However, during COVID-19, many jurisdictions in the guide the world into an era of responsible and free social media. not knowing where to draw the line can draw inspiration from the good practices of other Parliaments. Commonwealth have reported excessive censorship under the was revealed to us during incidents of However, is it also the case that social media helps the instiution guise of emergency legislation and policy.3 References: of Parliament to remain relevant in the coming years? A number of Some COVID-19 lockdowns have been used as an excuse to 1 http://archive.ipu.org/dem-e/guide/preface.htm abuse of MPs on social media. In the aspects, which need to be considered, are changing relationships arrest more journalists and block scrutiny by the media, and “too 2 Ibid that Parliament maintains with the public, the media, the Executive many had also betrayed the past struggles for press freedom 3 ‘The Commonwealth’s twin problems with media freedom and a UK, the government reached out to branch and with international organisations. and democracy by working ‘hand in hand’ with the power-hungry blueprint for action’ by William Horsley social media companies to demand If we consider social media as a tool to enable and measure the politicians in power today.”4 4 Ibid quality of democracy within Parliament and parliamentary processes, Furthermore, “COVID-19 has brought more censorship and 5 Ibid support for general election candidates then each new election in the Commonwealth in the last ten years disinformation to South Asia, as to other parts of the world. Recent 6 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/general-election-mps- is an example of what to do or not to do. The first US Presidential events have shown how politicians misuse power to spread abuse-trolls-social-media-facebook-twitter-instagram-a9185741.html subjected to intimidation and abuse election for Barack Obama was largely won on the back of an misinformation and rumours for partisan advantage. The pandemic has 7 ‘The Implications of Social Media for Parliamentary Privilege and during the campaign.” incredible and new social experiment; Pakistan’s Tehreek-e-Insaf is prompted sweeping laws with harsh penalties for those who express Procedure’ by Joanne McNair

years. But similar processes are THE CHALLENGES OF UTILISING NEW TECHNOLOGIES happening across the world, including in Commonwealth territories. Parliament, as the AND SOCIAL MEDIA FOR THE BETTERMENT OF OUR main body of oversight and scrutiny, plays a leading role in SMALLEST DEMOCRACIES IN THE COMMONWEALTH mitigating and preventing such abuses. The great challenge with this is that, perhaps unlike traditional View from the CPA Small Branches Chairperson forms of media, social media platforms, through their sheer volume of active users, have proven almost impossible to Social media has been defined as a series of Legislatures, small and large, cannot ignore effectively regulate – from online platforms, albeit a website or application, this transformation. Although at the forefront both public and private actors that allows people to engage in multi-directional of the maintenance of democratic societies, alike. The challenge also communication and share information on Parliament, through its often cumbersome and involves balancing the need the internet. Its unprecedented levels of characteristically historic working processes, has to uphold the fundamental interactivity, enabling multiple people to connect not always been the harbinger of technological rights of freedom of speech instantaneously regardless of where they are innovation. However, since the advent of and expression with regulating in the world, marks a stark departure from the social media, Parliament and Parliamentarians and minimising the spread of challenges, including climate change and economic vulnerability, traditional, one-directional, media of decades, have made progress integrating its usage into misinformation. This brings to light a stark political divide between their size can also bring enormous advantages. This is no more and centuries, gone by, such as newspapers and their activities – from political messaging on those who believe that the former takes precedence over actions evident than in the application of digital innovation. Through the magazines, radio and television. Interaction on individual Member’s personal Twitter handles towards the latter and those who believe regulation is the main virtue of their smallness, small territories can act as incubators for social media has now become the norm for large Chairperson of the CPA to the streaming of parliamentary sittings on priority. new technologies and practices that can then be applied globally swathes of the global population – Facebook, Small Branches, Hon. Niki many Parliaments’ official Facebook pages. The Relevant for Parliament is the use of social media as a platform on a much larger scale. Importantly, the improved connectivity the world’s largest social media platform, boasts Rattle, Speaker of the benefits of this connectivity, not least the opening for abuse and hateful messaging towards Parliamentarians, which from social media and digital technologies has and will increase over 1.5 billion users worldwide – causing Parliament of the Cook up of the democratic process through little more has seen a troublesome increase in recent years. The regulatory resilience in small territories themselves and strengthen progress nothing short of an information revolution and Islands than the click of a few buttons, are undeniable. challenges and near anonymity that users can achieve online towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly upending the previous domination held by those But with the benefits, the spread of social media means that would-be abusers can act with impunity towards public in territories with multi-island communities and large geographic traditional custodians of information exchange. brings an equal number of challenges which officials. Even if these users remain a very small minority of the total spread of population centres. This upheaval has brought both tremendous opportunities are revealing novel and exacerbating pre-existing threats to the numbers of users online, this can still create a markedly hostile I have seen first-hand the positive impacts of social media on and challenges to modern societies, which will only intensify democratic process. These effects have initiated countermeasures and intimidating online environment. The only way this behaviour small territories and legislatures, not least in my own, the Cook as technology advances at a near exponential rate and as and forced legislatures to adapt and improve their own working can be effectively mitigated is through a combination of regulatory Islands. Our Constitution directs the Parliament of the Cook governments struggle to keep pace with relevant regulation and practices but also the governance of their respective jurisdictions. measures in place by social media operators and national and Islands to broadcast all parliamentary meetings via the radio legislation needed to check technology and social media’s march. These contestations should provide Commonwealth Legislatures local legislation as well as policies to monitor the implementation throughout the country - the only media used for many years The growth of social media and the concurrent technological with lessons and food for thought as we power further into the of such methodologies. Conversely, there also needs to be a Code until we reviewed and updated the Parliament website a few revolution has and will touch every corner of the global community; information age. of Conduct in Parliaments which ensures the responsible use of years ago. Since 2019, we have also formed an official Parliament the institution of Parliament is no exception. Commonwealth In any democratic country, the integrity of the electoral process social media by Members of Parliament. Facebook page, in addition to adding live streaming capabilities is reliant upon a system that integrates established or nascent For every challenge, however, social media, and by extension, to all our meetings. The impact this has had on our democracy has democratic norms, societal values affirming notions of right and digital innovation, has come with as many opportunities and been overwhelmingly positive. In particular, Cook Islanders living “For every challenge, however, social wrong, and a robust administrative and legal framework. However, benefits for Parliaments, particularly during the current COVID-19 overseas or on isolated outer islands have been brought closer through the spread of disinformation accelerated by social media, crisis. The CPA Headquarters Secretariat has recorded evidence to the democratic process, where they can witness first-hand the media, and by extension, digital innovation, these underpinnings have been strained. Many charges by different of the positive use of social media and technology in implementing contributions of their Members of Parliament. has come with as many opportunities countries of misinformation being used to influence electoral initiatives and strengthening relationships with its membership, In regards to relevant protections from the misuse of social outcomes, fundamentally compromises the rights of voters to a fair in spite of the restrictions brought about due to the pandemic. media, the Constitution of the Cook Islands, along with a relevant and benefits for Parliaments, particularly process. Misinformation is defined as false or inaccurate information, Not least among these was the successful conducting of the first legislative framework and parliamentary practices and procedures, during the current COVID-19 crisis. The CPA especially that which is deliberately intended to deceive - it should virtual CPA International Executive Committee Meeting through all work to ensure that social media does not undermine be stressed, however, that this is not a new phenomenon brought videoconferencing software. These technologies and mediums democratic norms and processes and that relevant actors, Headquarters Secretariat has recorded about through social media. Those previously mentioned media have provided a much-needed lifeline in enabling the CPA’s vast including from within the media and technology industries, have an evidence of the positive use of social media industries and mediums have long been guilty of propagating network of Commonwealth Legislatures to remain connected in appropriate legal and ethical framework to operate within. misinformation; or what can also be characterised as ‘fake news’. the absence of in-person communications and interactions. Turning away from social media and technological innovation, and technology in implementing initiatives What is new, however, is the scope and speed at which social media As Chairperson of the CPA Small Branches network, it is in favour of archaic practices, is certainly no solution, and and strengthening relationships with its can create, foster and spread misinformation. The case of foreign enormously encouraging to see what potential the effective Commonwealth Parliaments and Parliamentarians must embrace interference in the US Presidential Elections in 2016, whereby use of social media and digital innovation can also have on the coming information age. The challenge will be finding an membership, in-spite of the restrictions Facebook was used to target misinformation to millions of American small territories. Although small island states and territories are appropriate balance between utilising these technologies for the brought about due to the pandemic.” would-be voters, is perhaps the highest-profile example of recent often disproportionately affected by the world’s most pressing betterment of our democracies and guarding against their misuse.

THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ACROSS THE WORLD AND IDENTIFYING THE CPA’S STRENGTHS TO BEST MEET FUTURE CHALLENGES

View from the CPA Secretary-General Image copyright: UK Parliament/Jessica Taylor.

2020 has been dominated by the impact of the has earned widespread praise. It was set up in COVID-19 pandemic across the world. My thoughts March of this year. It was chaired by the Leader of are with those who have lost their lives, families who the Opposition, had an Opposition majority and have lost loved ones and the many people who are existed for two months. It was disbanded when the living with COVID-19. country’s alert level was lowered. Recently, I took part in a webinar organised by Of course, trust and consent are not just about the Commonwealth Secretariat to consider the bipartisanship in Parliaments, as important as that legislative approaches taken by Commonwealth is. It is crucially about the relationship between countries to address the pandemic. It was a governments and citizens. The emergency public welcome opportunity to take stock of the situation, health measures adopted to tackle the pandemic to share best practice and to consider what lessons Secretary-General of the rely, in large part, on the participation of the people we might learn from 2020 for the future. Commonwealth Parliamentary – for example, social distancing or wearing face Any emergency situation poses a challenge for Association, Stephen Twigg masks. Emergency provisions are most likely to be Parliaments and Parliamentarians – how best can a effective if they enjoy the respect and support of balance be struck between enabling governments citizens. to tackle the crisis and, at the same time, providing A worrying feature of the pandemic effective oversight and scrutiny? Earlier editions of The Parliamentarian which has been widely written about this year is that, in some in 2020 provided a fascinating insight into how Parliaments have countries, the response has served to accelerate existing trends could join Committee meetings remotely. Online platforms also have Above: Many Commonwealth Parliaments have adapted to the new responded to this year’s crisis in a variety of jurisdictions including the towards authoritarianism, the weakening of civil society and the great potential for engagement with citizens, both for Parliaments in circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic this year to ensure that Maldives, the Isle of Man, Kenya and Australia. scapegoating of minorities. In such circumstances, strong and their general work and for individual Parliamentarians at a local level. parliamentary democracy continues, such as the hybrid sittings in a We know that the virus has affected different countries in different independent Parliaments are more essential than ever. We also However, there is the important issue of the ‘digital divide’ which 'socially-distanced' House of Commons at the UK Parliament. ways and that the policy approaches taken by governments have know that it is often the poorest and most marginalised communities must be addressed as part of these discussions so that citizens varied both in terms of the public health response and the fiscal/ that have been hit hardest by the impact of the pandemic including without digital access or technical know-how are not excluded. economic dimension. Going forward, there will rightly be a plethora its economic effects. The CPA itself has adapted our ways of working to the events of for Democratic Legislatures contribute even more to efforts to of opportunities to consider the different responses and to assess The CPA’s Benchmarks for Democratic Legislatures provide an this year. We have now held two Virtual CPA Post-Election Seminars, protect and extend good governance and independent Parliaments their impact, including parliamentary inquiries. One thing that strikes invaluable set of tools to strengthen the work of Parliamentarians. in Anguilla and Dominica. In August 2020, our CPA Executive across the Commonwealth? me, at this stage, is the importance of trust and consent to the The CPA’s Model Law for Independent Parliaments is a resource Committee met virtually. Since taking up this role in August In my first three months in office, I have been highly impressed effectiveness of a country’s efforts to tackle the virus. to help enable Parliaments to exert their independence from 2020, I have had a large number of introductory virtual meetings by the passion, commitment and experience of our Members Earlier this year, the CPA Headquarters Secretariat published governments in line with the Commonwealth Latimer House with important stakeholders including the Speakers of Kenya, across the CPA’s nine regions. I believe that we can be proud of a COVID-19 toolkit to support Parliamentarians in their work. The Principles. During this crisis, effective oversight and scrutiny are Bangladesh and Kiribati. the work that we do but there is always scope for improvement toolkit highlighted the importance of a cross-party approach. Rightly, more important than ever. We have seen the passage of emergency Against this background, I am pleased to have launched a and an imperative to ensure that we are meeting contemporary the New Zealand Parliament’s Epidemic Response Committee legislation and budgets across Commonwealth countries. Post consultation process on the CPA’s next strategic plan. I am very challenges. The purpose of the CPA 2025 consultation is to assist Legislative Scrutiny of such measures is a vital function of the keen to have input from Parliamentarians and Parliamentary staff us in identifying our strengths and areas where we could improve as parliamentary process. across the Commonwealth as well as from external partners. The well as considering the external context and how best the CPA can “A worrying feature of the pandemic which Another feature of 2020 has been the truly remarkable consultation runs until 27 November 2020 and you can find out work to meet its challenges. adaptation by Parliaments to the crisis, with new modalities of more information at www.cpahq.org/cpahq/consultation. 2020 has been a very difficult year for communities and families has been widely written about this year working being adopted in many jurisdictions including online The CPA’s 2018 strategic plan set out to strengthen the across the world. It has reminded us of our inter-connectedness is that, in some countries, the response participation by Members in parliamentary proceedings. These organisation in several key areas – including the CPA Headquarters and has reasserted the importance of multilateral bodies, including changes have, of course, been an essential component of the Secretariat’s programmes, our finances and our IT. I pay tribute the Commonwealth itself. It has also served to emphasise once has served to accelerate existing trends public health response to COVID-19. Nevertheless, there will be an to the work that has been done since then which has seen real again the scale of the challenge we face to achieve the Sustainable towards authoritarianism, the weakening opportunity for Parliaments to consider retaining some elements of progress across all these areas. Development Goals across the board including health, education, these changes on a permanent basis. Clearly, there are advantages Our next strategy will take us to the year 2025. What sort of climate change, poverty and inequality. of civil society and the scapegoating of and disadvantages to virtual meetings. Once social distancing CPA do people want to see in five years’ time? In particular, how Strong, independent Parliaments will be essential if we are to minorities. In such circumstances, strong and measures are no longer required, a return to ‘in person’ plenary can we best provide Parliamentarians with the tools they need rebuild in ways that are both sustainable and equitable. The CPA sessions is very likely to be the norm. However, for Committees, I to be effective and, at the same time, be an influential voice will endeavour to ensure that Commonwealth Parliamentarians and independent Parliaments are more essential could see some Parliaments opting for a hybrid approach in which standing up for the values of the Commonwealth as set out in the parliamentary staff have the support and resources needed to be as than ever.” Members who might be away – for example, in their constituency - Commonwealth Charter? How can our excellent CPA Benchmarks effective as possible during these critical times.

International Day of Democracy 2020 highlighted the importance of democratic Commonwealth Parliamentary Association hosts its second virtual post-election processes during the current global pandemic as Commonwealth Parliamentarians seminar in the Caribbean Region for newly elected Members of the House of speak about what democracy means to them Assembly of Dominica "As the world confronts COVID-19, democracy is crucial in Following the success of the first virtual Post-Election Seminar ensuring the free flow of information, participation in decision- hosted by the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) making and accountability for the response to the pandemic." in Anguilla in July 2020, the CPA Headquarters Secretariat — United Nations Secretary-General, António Guterres. has hosted its second virtual seminar in the CPA Caribbean, The United Nations has highlighted the importance of Americas and Atlantic Region. This seminar was due to take democratic processes to mark International Day of Democracy place in Dominica itself, however, since the start of the current 2020. This year's International Day of Democracy was an Coronavirus global pandemic, the CPA has adapted to deliver opportunity to urge governments to be transparent, responsive its programmes virtually in order to ensure that its membership and accountable in their COVID-19 response and ensure that would continue to be supported during this time of uncertainty. any emergency measures are legal, proportionate, necessary The CPA Post-Election Seminar for the House of Assembly and non-discriminatory. Democracy is built on inclusion, equal of Dominica began with the Speaker of the House of Assembly, treatment and participation — and it is a fundamental building Hon. Joseph Isaac addressing the Members gathered in block for peace, sustainable development and human rights. the Chamber and guests joining via video link across the The unprecedented COVID-19 global crisis has resulted in of Democracy and encouraged Parliamentarians across the Commonwealth. The Speaker welcomed the provision of the major social, political and legal challenges globally. As states Commonwealth to reflect on what democracy means to them seminar for Members and expressed his wish that as a result, around the world adopt emergency measures to address and share their experiences on this important day. Dominica MPs will benefit from the sharing of knowledge and the crisis, it is critical that they continue to uphold the rule of Commonwealth Parliamentarians from Cameroon, Australia, best practice. virtual CPA Post-Election Seminar in Dominica at the workshop law, protect and respect international standards and basic Canada, the Cook Islands and Ghana spoke about what The CPA Secretary-General, Stephen Twigg speaking via session on Empowering Female Voices in Parliament by sharing principles of legality, and the right to access justice, remedies democracy means to them in a series of video messages to video link said: “I know that Dominica plays a very important her personal experiences as a woman Member in the National and due process. mark International Day of Democracy that were shared on the role in the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and Assembly of Pakistan and her role as the CWP Chairperson. The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) CPA’s social media channels @CPA_Secretariat and can also I’m delighted to use the opportunity of my opening remarks She was joined in the session by guest speakers, Hon. Yasmin marked this special day and many of its 180 Branches in be viewed at www.cpahq.org/cpahq/youtube. to reaffirm once again our collective commitment to the Ratansi, MP, Chair of the CPA Canada Federal Branch and Hon. Parliaments and Legislatures across the Commonwealth The Commonwealth Parliamentarians speaking about Commonwealth values that are more important today than Akierra Missick, MP from Turks and Caicos. celebrated International Day of Democracy 2020 with different democracy included: CPA Vice-Chairperson and President of perhaps they have ever been before.” Further notable contributions to the seminar included: events and activities. In her video message to Commonwealth the New South Wales Legislative Council, Hon. John Ajaka, The keynote address was given by the Prime Minister of • Hon. Josephine Connolly, MP (Turks and Caicos) and Mr David Parliamentarians and parliamentary staff, the Chairperson of MLC; CPA Small Branches Chairperson and Speaker of the Dominica, Hon. Roosevelt Skerrit, who said: “I have always said Christopherson (former Member of Parliament of Canada) the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA), Hon. Parliament of the Cook Islands, Hon. Niki Rattle; Hon. Osei that to be effective in politics you must first love people. It is sharing the values and challenges in relation to raising issues Emilia Monjowa Lifaka, MP, Deputy Speaker of the National Kyei Mensah Bonsu, MP, Majority Leader, Parliament of Ghana; critical that as Parliamentarians we remain guided by that basic around amending legislation and sharing best practice on Assembly of Cameroon, spoke about the importance of and Hon. Yasmin Ratansi, MP, Parliament of Canada and CPA tenant in all that we do in this House. It is therefore imperative how to maximise the opportunities. democracy in the Commonwealth to mark International Day Canada Federal Branch Chairperson. that we as Parliamentarians gather over the coming days to • A session on Committee Systems, with a special focus on learn and discuss the ways to improve the quality of life of the Public Accounts Committees (PACs), was delivered by the people whom we represent. When you have concluded the PAC Chair from the Parliament of Bermuda, Hon. Patricia CPA Secretary-General joins virtual roundtable on global democracy to mark seminar on both the days concerned, I assure you that you will Gordon-Pamplin, MP together with the PAC Clerk, Ms Jo International Day of Democracy 2020 be equipped with a better understanding of what it means to be Corkish from the Parliament of the Isle of Man and Hon. a Parliamentarian.” Akierra Missick, MP (Turks and Caicos). The Secretary-General of the Commonwealth Parliamentary The virtual CPA Post-Election Seminar in Dominica took place • Examples of good and bad practice in relation to the Association, Stephen Twigg marked International Day of from 23 to 25 September 2020 with workshops equipping new appropriate behaviours and standards expected in Democracy 2020 by speaking at a virtual roundtable event on and returning Parliamentarians with an in-depth understanding Parliament were outlined by the Speaker of the Parliament the ‘State of Democracy Globally’ organised for UK Members of of parliamentary practice and procedure, and the relevant skills of Bermuda, Hon. Dennis P. Lister, JP, MP. The Clerk of the Parliament and key stakeholders. required of them in their new roles as representatives. The House of Representatives of Trinidad & Tobago, Ms Jacqui The CPA Secretary-General spoke about the role of the CPA in programme was carefully tailored to the requirements of the Sampson Meiguel similarly shared her perspective during this connecting Commonwealth Parliamentarians and parliamentary Dominica House of Assembly and included the following topics: workshop. staff to identify benchmarks of good governance to promote the role of Committee Systems, administration and financing of • Hon. Josephine Conolly, MP (Turks and Caicos), Deputy democracy and its role in working with both established and Parliaments, public outreach and engagement, and much more. Robert Ward (Jersey), and the Clerk of the Parliament of

newly elected Parliamentarians and parliamentary staff to www.cpahq.org/cpahq/flickr . The programme was specifically designed for both new and Bermuda, Mrs Shernette Wolffe each gave insights into the provide continuing professional development in the wider returning Parliamentarians and two additional workshops were held various services and resources utilised by their respective pursuit of democracy in the Commonwealth. for female Members of Parliament and for Government Ministers. Parliaments, for the purpose of political research. The virtual roundtable was organised by the British Group A key highlight of the seminar was the notable contribution of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (BGIPU) and chaired by former from the Prime Minister of Barbados, Rt Hon. Mia Amor Mottley, The CPA Headquarters Secretariat worked closely with UK Foreign Office Minister and Chair of BGIPU, Rt Hon. Harriet QC, MP, who joined the Prime Minister of Dominica, Hon. the Speaker Emerita of Dominica, Hon. Alix Boyd Knights; the Baldwin, MP. The session also included insights into global Roosevelt Skerrit; the Premier of Anguilla, Dr Ellis L. Webster; and current Speaker of Dominica, Hon. Joseph Isaac and the Clerk democracy from Anthony Smith, CEO of the Westminster democracy globally and to resist attacks on democratic other delegates via video link at the workshop for Government of the House of Assembly, Mr Daniel James to deliver the virtual Foundation for Democracy; Jon Davies, Branch Secretary and freedoms in upholding vital political rights. Attendees also had Ministers on how to effectively balance important government CPA Post-Election Seminar. Chief Executive of CPA UK; and Rick Nimmo, Director of BGIPU. the opportunity to review what UK-based inter-parliamentary business with parliamentary and constituency responsibilities. The virtual roundtable provided the opportunity to engage organisations are doing to bolster and defend democracy The Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians (CWP) To see highlights videos of the opening ceremony please visit Members of the UK Parliament on the key efforts undertaken through their long-standing programmes and other forms of Chairperson, Hon. Shandana Gulzar Khan, MNA also joined the www.cpahq.org/cpahq/youtube. by Commonwealth and international partners to advance assistance provided internationally. For more images of CPA activities and events please visit

CPA Secretary-General highlights the importance of the Commonwealth’s active CPA Small Branches network hold virtual Steering Committee meeting to discuss involvement in UN Sustainable Development Goals at Annual Gladwyn Lecture future activities The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Secretary-General Stephen The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Small Branches Steering Committee met Twigg has highlighted the role that the Commonwealth can play in delivering virtually on 14 October 2020 to discuss the strategic plan and future activities for 2021. The the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Speaking at the CPA Small Branches network represents the Parliaments and Parliamentarians in the smallest Annual Gladwyn Lecture on 11 November 2020, organised by the Council jurisdictions in the Commonwealth and brings them together to discuss their unique challenges for Education in the Commonwealth, the CPA Secretary-General focused and to identify their particular needs and requirements in parliamentary strengthening, particularly on quality education (SDG4) and peace, justice and strong development and cooperation. institutions (SDG16). The UN SDGs were adopted by all United Nations Member The CPA Small Branches Steering Committee meeting was chaired by the CPA Small States in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Branches Chairperson, Hon. Niki Rattle, Speaker of the Parliament of the Cook Islands, and During his virtual lecture, the CPA Secretary-General emphasised the Committee members attending included Hon. Joy Burch, MLA, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Australian Capital Territory urgency of the SDGs, invoking the call of UN Secretary-General António (representing the CPA Australia Region); Deputy Lyndon Trott from Guernsey (representing the CPA British Islands and Mediterranean Guterres for a ‘decade of action’. COVID-19 may have very damaging Region); Hon. Nils Clarke, MLA, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Yukon (representing the CPA Canada Region); and Hon. Hima impacts on global efforts to meet the 2030 target, but the CPA Secretary- Douglas, Speaker of Niue Assembly (representing the CPA Pacific Region). The meeting was also attended by the CPA Secretary- General was resolute that the deadline should not be extended, reiterating General, Stephen Twigg. that it is the duty of governments, Parliaments and civil society to keep the SDGs at the forefront of the global agenda, despite the pandemic. CPA Secretary-General meets virtually with On education, the CPA Secretary-General highlighted five key priorities: funding, a focus on quality, collaboration, innovation and leaving no one behind. The Commonwealth has already shown leadership in these areas. At the Commonwealth Conference for Commonwealth Parliamentarians in the Isle of Man Education Ministers in 2018, governments and organisations came together to pledge their commitment to the SDGs and, since the The CPA Secretary-General, Stephen Twigg had the opportunity to meet virtually with pandemic began, the Commonwealth of Learning has shown excellent leadership by supporting quality remote education through members of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Isle of Man Branch at their technology. Executive Committee meeting. The CPA Secretary-General met with the President of Tynwald, Education, peace and good governance are not simply linked, but interdependent, the CPA Secretary-General said. A safe, well- Hon. Stephen Rodan MLC and the Speaker of the House of Keys and Chairman of the CPA governed society is imperative for the delivery of quality education, whilst an educated society is well-placed to deliver peace, justice and good governance. It is through collaboration across the Commonwealth that we can jointly advance these values, which are central Executive Committee, Hon. Juan Watterson, SHK, along with members of the CPA Isle of Man to the Commonwealth Charter. Executive Committee, who were holding their meeting at the Legislative Buildings in Douglas. Discussing the CPA’s contribution to education and good governance, the CPA Secretary-General pointed out the professional The CPA Secretary-General congratulated the CPA Isle of Man Branch for taking such an development and training that the CPA provides to Parliamentarians and parliamentary staff, which is a practical, effective way to build active role as a Branch of the Association and on the many innovations in Tynwald that have robust democratic institutions. With many governments having adopted emergency powers in response to COVID-19, well-informed made for a more effective and modern legislature. The CPA Secretary-General also spoke of Parliamentarians, alert to potential abuses of power, are key to the protection and progression of SDG 16. Another example of the CPA’s the support to the smallest jurisdictions in the Commonwealth and the work of the CPA Small work towards the SDGs is the upcoming CPA Virtual Commonwealth Youth Parliament, which seeks to combine SDG 4 and SDG 16 by Branches network. The CPA is unique in that it works with national, sub-national, provincial, state giving young people the opportunity to learn about the institutions of democratic government. and territorial legislatures in the Commonwealth – including the Crown Dependencies and the The Annual Gladwyn Lecture, named in honour of Lord Gladwyn, the former patron of the Council and a distinguished diplomat, Overseas Territories - to network, share good practice and innovative work to strengthen the role of Parliament as an institution. focusses on an educational topic of relevance to the Commonwealth. Sonny Leong CBE, Chair of the Council for Education in the Commonwealth, gave the introduction to the event and Dr Neil Kemp OBE managed the Q&A session. The vote of thanks was given by Alastair Niven LVO OBE. A valuable resource in strengthening the capacity of Parliaments – CPA Small Branches publishes Handbook on Lay Members for Commonwealth Parliaments New dates announced for 65th Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference in Canada The CPA Small Branches network has launched its new Handbook on Lay Members for Commonwealth The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the CPA Canada Region Parliaments, which serves as an information resource for encouraging the adoption of lay members into have announced that the new dates for the 65th Commonwealth Parliamentary parliamentary systems. Small legislatures are often met with the challenge of having fewer Members Conference (CPC), hosted by the CPA Canada Region in Halifax, Nova Scotia, than are required to form Parliamentary Committees, boards and commissions; bodies that are crucial Canada, will be 21st to 27th August 2021. The annual conference has been in ensuring that Parliaments function effectively in their role of holding the Executive to account. This postponed to August 2021 due to ongoing travel restrictions as a result of the new handbook is unique in that it is one of the first of its kind to explore this issue and delve deeper COVID-19 global pandemic and the quarantine restrictions in place between different countries. The annual conference is the largest into the various ways in which the adoption of lay members into a parliamentary system can eliminate annual gathering of Commonwealth Parliamentarians, which brings together Parliamentarians, parliamentary staff and decision makers such problems. Although this handbook is more notably for the benefit of small states and territories, its from across the Commonwealth for a unique conference and networking opportunity. contents are no doubt a valuable resource for all Commonwealth jurisdictions. The announcement follows the decision of the CPA Executive Committee, meeting virtually from 19-22 August 2020, which

The handbook defines a lay member in the parliamentary context as “a member of the public (not www.cpahq.org/cpahq/flickr . approved the postponement of the 65th CPC to August 2021. The President of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (2019- considered a Member of Parliament), invited to sit on a Committee, board, Commission (or other 2021), Hon. Anthony Rota, MP, Speaker of the House of Commons at the Parliament of Canada said: “The CPA Canada Region is pleased to announce the new dates for the 65th Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference to be held in Halifax, Nova Scotia in August unit within the parliamentary system), in order to bring an independent and external perspective to 2021. We look forward to welcoming Parliamentarians from across the Commonwealth next year and to re-committing to the CPA’s deliberations.” In exploring what a lay member is and the various challenges and motivations behind aims of advancing parliamentary democracy and implementing the enduring values of the Commonwealth.” The Commonwealth adopting them, it is hoped that there will be a greater understanding of what benefits this change may bring. Parliamentary Conference was last held in Canada in August-September 2004. The CPA Small Branches Chairperson, Hon. Niki Rattle, Speaker of the Parliament of the Cook Islands welcomed the handbook During the 65th Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference, there will also be a number of additional conferences and meetings promoting the adoption of lay members, stating “For forty years, the CPA Small Branches network, has sought to find effective including: 38th CPA Small Branches Conference; workshops for the Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians (CWP); 65th CPA General and practical approaches to help strengthen the capacity of Parliaments within smaller jurisdictions and territories across the Assembly; meetings of the CPA Executive Committee; Society of Clerks at the Table (SoCATT) meetings. The annual conference will Commonwealth. This Handbook, a first of its kind to look at this issue, will be an invaluable asset to those legislatures that wish to also hold elections for the new Chairperson of the CPA Executive Committee for a three-year term. learn more about the nature of lay members and how they can effectively be incorporated into parliamentary systems across the All eligible CPA Branches will be contacted with further information and invitations to the 65th Commonwealth Parliamentary Commonwealth.” Conference (CPC) in Canada. For further information and updates please visit www.cpahq.org/cpahq/65CPC. To download a copy of the CPA Lay Members Handbook please visit www.cpahq.org/cpahq/smallbranchesresources For more images of CPA activities and events please visit

Helping Parliaments to become ‘disability confident’ in their communications with Commonwealth Parliamentarians examine the response of Parliaments to global persons with disabilities – CPA launches its Disability Inclusive Communications crises at virtual 49th CPA British Islands and Mediterranean Regional Conference Guidelines for Parliaments Over fifty Parliamentarians from more than thirteen The Commonwealth Parliamentarians with Disabilities (CPwD) Commonwealth countries and territories joined a virtual network has published two new toolkits as part of its Disability conference to discuss the response of Parliaments in times of Inclusive Communications Guidelines. These toolkits on crisis with a special focus on the current COVID-19 pandemic. ‘Facilities of Inclusion’ and ‘Linguistic Principles’ provide The 49th Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) British guidance to Commonwealth Parliaments and Legislatures Islands and Mediterranean (BIM) Regional Conference, was on how to enhance and sensitize their communications with hosted by the Parliament of Malta and CPA Malta Branch with a persons with disabilities. virtual meeting from 24 to 25 September 2020. Parliamentarians with disabilities are represented in The regional conference was opened by the Speaker of national, sub-national, provincial and territorial Parliaments the House of Representatives at the Parliament of Malta, Hon. across the Commonwealth and across the nine Regions of Angelo Farrugia, who spoke of the need for Parliaments and the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA). The Parliamentarians to learn from each other in these challenging CPwD network provides a means of supporting the capacity times for all jurisdictions. The Speaker highlighted the of Parliamentarians with disabilities to be more effective importance of how Parliaments react to the current crisis and how in their roles and helping to improve the awareness and it presented an opportunity to rethink how Parliaments operate. ability of all Parliamentarians. The network also encourages The current global crisis had enabled technological innovation Parliamentarians, and the Commonwealth Parliamentarians with all Parliamentarians to include a perspective mindful of Commonwealth and is a key priority of the Commonwealth to flourish and Parliaments had adapted their procedures to Disabilities - are of such vital importance.” The CPA Secretary- disabilities in all aspects of their role - legislation, oversight and Parliamentary Association. The two new guidelines will continue to operate. General also spoke of the importance of the UN Agenda representation - and helping Parliaments to become institutions support CPA Branches in becoming more ‘disability confident’ The Chairperson of the Commonwealth Parliamentary 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals which focus on that are sensitive to issues surrounding disabilities. in their communications with and about Parliamentarians with Association, Hon. Emilia Monjowa Lifaka, MP Deputy Speaker tackling poverty, addressing climate change and environmental The CPA Headquarters Secretariat has conducted research disabilities across the Commonwealth.” of the National Assembly of Cameroon, addressed the opening degradation and promoting positive good governance around amongst its membership of 180 Commonwealth Parliaments The Speaker of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly and of the regional conference and said: “I believe this is the first CPA the world. and Legislatures as well as non-governmental organisations to CPA Executive Committee Regional Representative for the BIM Regional Conference to be held remotely and its success is Delegates attending the virtual BIM regional conference create these two Disability Inclusive Communications Guidelines CPA Canada Region, Hon. Kevin Murphy, MLA contributed the testament to the ingenuity of the Parliament of Malta and the wider participated in workshops on a number of topics including: the for Parliaments. The guidelines provide various examples forewords for the two guidelines and said: “Giving a meaningful region. I imagine we will be harnessing these new technologies parliamentary responses to COVID-19; the economic impact of of best practices that can be adopted by both Parliaments voice to persons with disabilities (PWDs) in Parliaments and increasingly in the coming months as face to face meetings still COVID-19 on small jurisdictions; the impacts of COVID-19 on and Parliamentarians in order to continue to ensure that they Legislatures leads to improvements in the following three remain difficult in many parts of the world.” To read the CPA women and men in policy-making; examining if the innovations sensitively address Parliamentarians and parliamentary staff functions of a Parliament. Oversight will be more comprehensive; Chairperson’s full opening address please turn to page 286. introduced in response to COVID-19 made Parliaments more with disabilities. representation will be more equitable; and legislating will be The CPA Secretary-General, Stephen Twigg attending his resilient. The CPA Secretary-General, Stephen Twigg welcomed the more sensitive.” first CPA Regional Conference since his appointment said: “The launch of the new inclusive guidelines for Parliaments and said: impact of COVID-19 has been felt across the Commonwealth The Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians (CWP) British on health, on the economy and on public finances. COVID- Islands and Mediterranean Region held a meeting of the regional “The inclusion of Parliamentarians with disabilities is of vital Please visit www.cpahq.org/cpahq/disabilitiesresources to download a 19 has impacted on everyone, but it has hit some harder than Steering Committee during the virtual regional conference and importance to advancing parliamentary democracy across the copy either of the Disability Inclusive Communications Guidelines. others. It reminds us why the work of the CPA networks – the the BIM regional conference also incorporated the CPA BIM CPA Small Branches network, the Commonwealth Women Region’s Annual General Meeting. Helping Parliaments to legislate on disabilities and ensure that they represent, educate and advocate for persons with disabilities – CPwD launches two new videos to highlight the issues facing people with disabilities CPA Secretary-General addresses virtual seminar for new and returning Jamaican The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) has published two Parliamentarians new videos through its Commonwealth Parliamentarians with Disabilities The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) Secretary-General Stephen Twigg (CPwD) network to highlight the issues facing people with disabilities. recently welcomed new and returning Parliamentarians in Jamaica to the start of a five-week These new videos on legislation and representation, education & advocacy virtual seminar which will support Members to effectively carry out their duties. The seminar, provide guidance to Commonwealth Parliaments and their Members on organised by the Jamaican Houses of Parliament in partnership with the Management Institute how to enhance these aspects of their institutions. for National Development (MIND) and supported by the CPA Headquarters Secretariat, will

The first video on legislation features New South Wales Minister for focus on training Members of Parliament to legislate and scrutinise in a transparent, accountable www.cpahq.org/cpahq/flickr . Families, Communities and Disability Services, Hon. Gareth Ward, MP and and efficient manner. Liesl Tesch, AM, MP, both of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. The CPA Secretary-General praised the organisers of the seminar for their commitment “We don't want to see government raise the floor but remove the roof to parliamentary development through continual engagement with the CPA, noting the and encourage everyone to achieve their full potential” - Hon. Gareth Ward on the perspective of the New South Wales Parliament planned Jamaican delegation to the upcoming Virtual Commonwealth Youth Parliament. He on disability legislation. “The voice of the advocacy agencies and the groups that we have contact with from our previous lives and told attendees that post-election seminars “are such an important part of the way in which bringing that voice into the Parliament is really important [with] policy development” - Liesl Tesch on the role of non-governmental Parliaments can prepare for the challenges that lie ahead.” actors in the process of policy development by Parliaments. During the virtual seminar, which will take place once a week over the course of a five-week The second video on representation, education and advocacy features Dr Floyd Morris, former President of the Senate of Jamaica period, Parliamentarians will study topics including the constitutional and legal framework of and leading disability rights advocate. “There are over 1 billion persons with disabilities living across the world and out of that over parliamentary democracy, Standing Orders, practices and committees, public finance and management. Hon. Jose Vanterpool, MP, a 80% of them reside in developing countries so [they are] a significant constituent” - Dr Floyd Morris on persons with disabilities as a Member of the Anguilla House of Assembly gave a virtual presentation at the Jamaica Post-Election Seminar on the Constitutional and constituent worldwide. To view the new videos please visit www.cpahq.org/cpahq/youtube. Legal Framework of Parliamentary Democracy. The Member has recently completed a CPA professional development programme. For more images of CPA activities and events please visit

Commonwealth Parliamentarians attend Virtual Global Parliamentary Forum with Commonwealth Parliamentary Association webinar emphasises the role of building World Bank and IMF to discuss development priorities effective partnerships with Commonwealth organisations in achieving its strategic More than 200 Parliamentarians from 82 countries including goals for 2022-2025 many Commonwealth Parliamentarians attended the four-day The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association has emphasised Virtual Global Parliamentary Forum from 12 to 15 October 2020 the key role of building effective partnerships with Commonwealth on the occasion of the Annual Meetings of the World Bank and IMF. The World Bank Group organised forum was the first of its organisations in achieving the organisation’s strategic goals for kind and was themed ‘Achieving a green and inclusive recovery 2022-2025 during a CPA webinar event. The CPA webinar on post COVID-19’. The event gave the opportunity to exchange ‘The Commonwealth in 2025: Building effective partnerships’ was and learn about actions Parliamentarians could take in their own attended by over 40 Commonwealth organisations and partners Parliaments to pave the way for a resilient and inclusive recovery representing a wide range of disciplines. from the COVID-19 pandemic. The Chairperson of the CPA Executive Committee, Hon. Emilia The Forum highlighted that poverty and inequality are Monjowa Lifaka MP, Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of rising rapidly, with the first increase in poverty in over 20 years Cameroon, opened the webinar and spoke of the challenging threatening to push more than 100 million people into extreme countries. The IMF has also provided US$100 billion in support for times that all organisations are facing with the external flux and poverty by the end of this year. The World Bank President, 81 countries and debt relief to the 29 poorest countries. uncertainty of COVID-19. The CPA Chairperson said: “The CPA David Malpass emphasised the importance of Parliamentarians UK Parliamentarian, Liam Byrne, MP, Chair of the will prioritise its strategic objectives and will continue to work in helping the World Bank define its development priorities, the importance of consultation with organisations at local and Parliamentary Network on the World Bank and IMF said: “These closely with partner organisations in the Commonwealth.” implement evidence-based policies, and translate its global regional level as well as national and international.” are important discussions we as Parliamentarians will steward The webinar event provided an opportunity for the mandate to country outcomes. The IMF Managing Director, over the next year. Zero-ing in on the purpose of finance is a The webinar also held a Q&A session facilitated by the recently appointed CPA Secretary-General, Stephen Twigg, Kristalina Georgieva emphasised that Parliamentarians speak for good place to start in order to make ethical, green and inclusive Secretary-General of the Association of Commonwealth the people which is precisely what makes their voices so powerful. to meet virtually with representatives of many Commonwealth investment decisions.” Universities, Dr Joanna Newman MBE which saw questions The Global Parliamentary Forum was timely in connecting organisations and external partners and to discuss the The momentum of the forum continued with a special session from a number of different Commonwealth organisations Parliamentarians with development experts and leadership upcoming work of the CPA and in particular, the new CPA co-hosted by Women Political Leaders in honour of Beijing including the Commonwealth Local Government Forum (CLGF), from the World Bank Group and IMF as well as their global peers Strategic Plan 2022-2025. The CPA Secretary-General +25 entitled ‘Women Leading Politics and Development’. the Commonwealth Equality Network and the Commonwealth during the COVID-19 pandemic to share effective policies and The session brought together a high-level panel of female spoke of his commitment to engage and consult with as many Businesswomen’s Network. practices for improved outcomes at the country level. The role of parliamentary leaders, including former CPA Chairperson, Commonwealth partners as possible during the planning for Parliamentarians has grown ever more important during COVID- To hear the CPA webinar visit www.cpahq.org/cpahq/youtube. Hon. Dr Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury, Speaker of the Parliament the new CPA Strategic Plan and said: “The CPA recognises 19 as they have passed emergency legislation and stimulus of Bangladesh, to discuss how women’s increased political packages, performed crucial checks and balances to oversee participation can lead to a more inclusive and resilient COVID-19 their governments’ handling of the crisis, and implemented recovery and foster sustainable growth for flourishing societies. Commonwealth Parliamentary Association provide sponsorship for Commonwealth reforms. The main global challenges discussed throughout the The Chairperson of the Commonwealth Women forum included debt transparency, jobs creation, empowering Parliamentarians (CWP), Hon. Shandana Gulzar Khan, MP Music prizes women and girls, transitioning towards a green economy, and (Pakistan) spoke on the panel and said: “The one thing that the The Commonwealth Youth Orchestra and Choir (CYO) has announced partnering with the private sector. pandemic has taught us and brought us together on is, in terms the winners of two of its landmark music contests – the Commonwealth Hon. Marlene Mahaloo Forte, MP, Attorney-General of of women’s issues, there’s no better time than now to stop calling Music Competition and the Commonwealth Children’s Choir Competition Jamaica said: “As Members of Parliament, we know first-hand them ‘women’s issues’ and to start calling them ‘national issues’.” 2019. The results were delayed until recently due to the global COVID-19 what is happening on the ground. We see the people whom we The discussion panel demonstrated that female participation pandemic. are elected to represent, how their lives are impacted, and what in politics will bring more inclusive policymaking and leadership It was announced that Ian B. Wilson, a secondary school headteacher has been unleashed upon them in the wake of COVID-19." styles to the table. Parliaments with greater female participation from the United Kingdom, was the winner of the Commonwealth During the forum, it was highlighted that the World Bank’s tend to pass laws to improve gender and human capital Music Competition 2019, which was sponsored for last year by the broad and fast response to COVID-19 had provided US$160 billion outcomes, and their inclination for collaboration, empathy, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. Wilson’s winning composition, in commitments and support being delivered in 111 countries compassion, and building unity across party lines have shown to A Commonwealth Childhood, has recently been published by Kingfisher for emergency health response, as well as the IFC’s US$4 be particularly impactful in the face of COVID-19. Music and he said: "I'm delighted to be chosen for the Commonwealth billion platform for the development of vaccines for developing Music Competition Prize 2019. The CYO is a cause close to my heart. I feel full of pride whenever I watch the children from our school singing in the Above: Commonwealth Music Competition prize winner, Commonwealth Parliamentarians recognise importance of public financial oversight at virtual children's choir and it has given me huge pleasure to write for them." Ian B. Wilson pictured outside the UK Parliament with the

The three joint winners of the Commonwealth Children’s Choir www.cpahq.org/cpahq/flickr . CAPAC Workshop for Public Accounts Committees Secretary-General of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Competition 2019, also sponsored by the CPA, were also announced as Over 85 Commonwealth Parliamentarians from the CPA Asia, Africa, Pacific, Bishop Anstey Junior School Choir from St. Ann’s Valley on the outskirts of Association, Stephen Twigg. Caribbean and British Islands and Mediterranean Regions attended a virtual the Trinidad and Tobago capital, Port of Spain; Creative Saint Helena from Westminster Workshop on Public Financial Oversight from 19 to 23 October 2020. the South Atlantic Island; and Star School Glee Choir, a primary school in the London Borough of Newham in the United Kingdom. The workshop was targeted for the Chairs, Members and Clerks of Public Accounts As part of their entry in the Commonwealth Children’s Choir Competition, the choirs were asked to write 500 words about the Committees across the Commonwealth and was hosted by the Commonwealth importance of music in their communities. Association of Public Accounts Committees (CAPAC), which is administered by the The Secretary-General of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA), Stephen Twigg, one of CYO’s Commonwealth CPA UK Branch. Spread over four days and split into two programmes for different Honorary Vice-Presidents, said: “I am delighted that the CPA has been able to support the Commonwealth Youth Orchestra and regions of the Commonwealth, each programme explored important functions Choir for many years, particularly given the value of its community engagement at grassroots levels through music within the of Public Accounts Committees, including questioning, holding governments to Commonwealth. I would like to congratulate Ian B. Wilson and the three children’s choirs on their awards. I look forward to continuing account, and reports and recommendations. Sessions examined what makes an the CPA collaboration with CYO in educational projects involving young people in all 54 nations of the Commonwealth.” effective Public Accounts Committee, with keynote addresses from Meg Hillier, MP, Chair of the UK Parliament’s Public Accounts Committee, and Gareth Davies, Auditor General and Comptroller of the UK National Audit Office. For more images of CPA activities and events please visit

300 | The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 | 301 302 |TheParliamentarian | 2020: IssueFour|100 yearsofpublishing 1920-2020 Plan 2022-2025 andthefuturedirectionfor organisation. Mokaeane, HighCommissioner ofLesothototheUK;andCPASecretary-General,StephenTwigg. Ratansi, MP,CPACanadaFederal BranchChairpersonandMemberoftheCanadianHouse ofCommons;HerExcellencyRethabile Common Future’ahead of theCHOGM2021conference in Rwandanextyearand attendees heard from guestpanellists, Hon.Yasmin ‘ Kiap, HighCommissionerofPapuaNewGuineatotheUKon thetopicof Secretary-General, StephenTwiggandguestspeaker,HerExcellency Winnie to discusskeyissuesfacingtheCommonwealth. Commissioners basedinLondonandrepresentativesoftheOverseas Territories held twovirtualCPAHigh-LevelRoundtableswithCommonwealth High The CommonwealthParliamentaryAssociationHeadquarters Secretariat and OverseasTerritoriesrepresentatives inLondon Two virtualCPAroundtableeventsengage withCommonwealthHighCommissioners the continuationofparliamentaryproceduresandSpeaker technologies tofacilitatehybridParliamentswasahugefactorin scrutiny oftheExecutiveandlegislation.Theprovisionnew existing practices and procedures to be able to continue their across the Commonwealth have responded quickly to adjust Majlis oftheMaldivesspokeabouthowmanyParliaments have utilisedtechnologytoovercomethesechallenges. currently allowedintotheChamber–howevermanyParliaments interaction withtheirLegislature,asoftenthepublicarenot Parliaments werefacingchallengesinmaintainingpublic had robustproceduresinplace.Healsohighlightedthatmany but that scrutiny of legislation had continued as most Legislatures Parliaments inIndiaarefacingwiththeuncertaintyofCOVID-19, for theCPAIndiaRegionspokeofchallengingtimesthat Legislative Assembly and CPA Executive Committee Member Parliaments couldcontinuetofunctionduringthepandemic. all parliamentarystaffwhohadworkedsohardtoensurethat and externalpressuresthatParliamentsface.Shealsothanked function andhadaccentuatedthealreadyconsiderableinternal had placedanincreasedspotlightonthewaythatParliaments Western AustraliaspokeabouthowtheCOVID-19globalpandemic effective andindependentinstitutions. Commissions andensuringthatParliamentscanremainrobust, Commonwealth LegislaturesonestablishingParliamentaryService Independent ParliamentsearlierthisyearandtheCPA’sworkwith Secretariat whospokeaboutthelaunchofCPA’sModelLawfor Salik, HeadofParliamentaryDevelopmentattheCPAHeadquarters the contextofCOVID-19.ThewebinarwasintroducedbyMatthew examine thenatureofParliamentsasindependent institutions in Commonwealth providedatimelyanduniqueopportunityto Parliamentary Associationwebinar. the currentCOVID-19globalpandemic,duringaCommonwealth independent ParliamentsandLegislatures,especiallyduring India andtheMaldiveshaveemphasisedimportanceof Commonwealth Speakers and Presiding Officers fromAustralia, during COVID-19pandemicatCPAwebinarforPresidingOfficers Commonwealth Speakers emphasise the importance of independent Parliaments Challenges FacingIslandStates intheCommonwealth c During theroundtable, theCPASecretary-General alsolaunchedan8-weekconsultation withkeystakeholders ontheCPAStrategic The secondvirtual roundtable discussedthe topic of‘ During the first roundtable, participants heard from the newly appointed CPA During thefirstroundtable,participantsheardfromnewly appointed CPA Hon. MohamedNasheed,GCSK,SpeakerofthePeople’s Hon. HitendraNathGoswami,MP,Speakerof the Assam Hon. KateDoust,MLC,PresidentoftheLegislativeCouncil The CPAwebinarforSpeakersandPresidingOfficersof the CPA NEWS ’. ’. Working Towards a Working Towardsa framework ofparliamentaryprocedures. Democratic Legislatures, provide Legislatures with a robust for IndependentParliamentsandtheCPA’sBenchmarks its programme of seminars and its toolkits, like the Model Law providing assistancetoCommonwealthParliamentsthrough COVID-19 pandemic.TheCPAHeadquartersSecretariatis and representativefunctions,especiallyduringthecurrent affairs andtoconducttheiressentiallegislative,oversight ensure publicconfidenceintheirabilitytomanage democratic institutions,CommonwealthParliamentsmust resources to function independently and effectively. As policies, strategiesandpowerstogivethemthenecessary webinar about how Parliaments in the long-term can establish Commonwealth tositvirtuallyattheoutsetofpandemic. highlighted thattheMaldiveswerefirstParliamentin To download a copy of the channel at:www.cpahq.org/cpahq/youtube.Todownloadacopyofthe for the benefit of all Commonwealth Parliaments on the CPA’s YouTube for thebenefitofallCommonwealthParliamentsonCPA’sYouTube The CPA webinar for Speakers and Presiding Officers will be available The CPAwebinarforSpeakersandPresidingOfficerswillbeavailable The CPA Secretary-General, Stephen Twigg spoke at the CPA’s toolkit on Model Law for Independent Parliaments please visit CPA’s toolkitonModelLawforIndependentParliamentspleasevisit www.cpahq.org/cpahq/modellaw. Commonwealth countriescouldrespondtosimilar publichealthchallengesonce thepandemicisover. Commonwealth Associationof LegislativeCounsel,WesternAustralia. Commission; TusharMehta,Solicitor GeneralofIndia;MrFrankAlly,Attorney-Generalthe Seychelles; GeoffLawn,Presidentofthe panelists included:Justice Jody Kollapen,Judge of the High Court of South Africa and Chairperson oftheSouthAfricanLawReform measures, includingemergency legislation,havehadonconstitutionalrightsandtheseparation ofpowers. approaches adopted by Commonwealth countries in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic and the effect which enforcement of Post-LegislativeScrutinyandtheimportanceemergency measuresbeingbothproportionateandtimelimited. governments totacklethecrisiswhilststillprovidingeffective oversight.Inparticular,theCPASecretary-Generalhighlightedrole the balancethatlegislatorshavetostrikebetweenenabling of Parliamentarians during the current global pandemic and of maintaininglegislativeoversightandscrutiny. during thecurrentpandemicwhilerecognisingchallenges Legislatures totheneedforurgentandeffectivelegislation CPA’s membershipof180CommonwealthParliamentsand General spokeabouttheresponsesfromsomeof during the global COVID-19 pandemic. The CPA Secretary- the legislativeresponsesofCommonwealthParliaments General, StephenTwigghasspokenatawebinartodiscuss The CommonwealthParliamentaryAssociationSecretary- to COVID-19duringRuleofLawwebinar CPA Secretary-GeneralhighlightsCommonwealthParliaments’legislativeresponses funds. account, buildingexpertiseinparticularthematicareas,proposingandreviewinglegislationapplyingscrutinytotheuse ofpublic proportionate andtimelimited. for CommonwealthParliamentariansandgovernmentstochampiontransparencyensureemergencylegislation isboth particularly inthecontextofemergencylegislationandCOVID-19.Engagingwithcitizenscivilsocietywaskeyit iscrucial had notbenefittedfromincreaseduseoftechnology. importance ofacknowledgingthedigitaldivideinCommonwealth,andfactthatsomanycitizenswithnoorlimitedconne ctivity year inParliamentsacrossthe Commonwealth, through stillbeing able tofunctionand fulfil theircivic duties. Healsostressedthe of modern technology and the key role that it had played this welcomed theCPASecretary-Generaltoaddressdelegates. on DelegatedLegislationandSenatorforMombasaCounty Faki Mwinyihaji,ChairpersonoftheSessionalCommittee Kenya. The workshop session chaired bySenatorMohamed Hon. Senator Kenneth Lusaka, the Speaker of the Senate of and improvement.Thetwo-dayworkshopwasopenedbyRt activities andtoidentifyopportunitiesforfurtherdevelopment with Members and external stakeholders to review their brings togethertheChairsof17CommitteesSenate in theCOVID-19andpostperiod. and theroleoperationsofParliamentstheirCommittees Kenya’s LiaisonCommitteeviavideolinkontheworkofCPA Association, Stephen Twigghasaddressed theSenateof The Secretary-GeneraloftheCommonwealthParliamentary during COVID-19 Senate of Kenya Liaison Committee on the importance of Parliamentary Committees Commonwealth ParliamentaryAssociationSecretary-Generaladdressesthe The panel also discussed good practice in enforcing public health legislation while respecting the rule of law and explored how The panelalsodiscussedgood practiceinenforcingpublichealthlegislationwhilerespecting theruleoflawandexploredhow The panel discussion was moderated by Marie-Pierre Olivier from the Commonwealth Secretariat’s Rule of Law Division and Organised bytheRuleofLawSectionCommonwealth Secretariat,thewebinarfocusedondifferentlegislative The CPASecretary-Generalalsoemphasisedthevitalrole The CPA Secretary-General concluded by focusing on the vital role of Parliamentary Committees in holding the Executive to The CPASecretary-GeneralconcludedbyfocusingonthevitalroleofParliamentaryCommitteesinholdingExecutive to The essentialroleofCommonwealthParliamentariansinscrutinisinglegislationwasemphasisedbytheCPASecretary-General, The CPASecretary-GeneralspoketoSenatorsofthebenefits The SenateofKenyaLiaisonCommittee’sannualworkshop The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four|100years ofpublishing1920-2020 |303 CPA NEWS

For more images of CPA activities and events please visit www.cpahq.org/cpahq/flickr. 304 |TheParliamentarian | 2020: IssueFour|100 yearsofpublishing 1920-2020 celebrated its400 The ParliamentofBermudahas Parliament ofBermudacelebratesits400 400 anniversary is‘Bermuda:FutureMatters’. commemorative stamplaunchdidtakeplace.Thethemeofthe a YouthParliament,anartcompetition,publicdebateand light oftheCOVID-19pandemic,howeversomeeventsincluding first sittingofBermuda’sParliamenthadtobepostponedinthe occasion andforthefuture.” and mostrecentlyin2009.Isendbestwishesonthisauspicious opened ParliamentonthefirststopmyCommonwealthtour memories ofmyvisitstotheislands,includingin1953whenI warm congratulationstothepeopleofBermuda.Ihavefond of theBermudaParliament,Ihavepleasureinsendingmy “On theoccasionofcelebrationstomark400 Parliamentary Association,tothepeopleofBermudawhichsaid: of theCommonwealthandPatron message ofcongratulationsfromQueenElizabethII,Head current andformerSpeakersMembersofParliament. the PremierofBermuda,Hon.E.DavidBurt,JP,MPandmany the HouseofAssembly,Hon.DennisP.Lister,JP,MPaswell Senate, Mrs.JoanDillas-Wright,MBE,JPandtheSpeakerof of the BermudaParliamentattendedby President ofthe outside ofWestminsterinLondon. Parliament intheCommonwealth distinction ofbeingtheoldest since 1620andithasthe has beenincontinuousexistence Peter’s. Bermuda’s Parliament still existsinthechurchyardofSt was made from a cedar tree that House ofAssemblyinHamilton used by the Speaker at the outside ofEngland.Thegavel also the oldest Anglican church Majesties Chappell in StGeorge,knownas‘ in 1620 in St. Peter’s Church Bermuda’s firstParliamentmet Recently a ceremony was held to mark the occasion of the The GovernorofBermuda,H.E.JohnRankinreada A numberofeventsplannedforthe400 CPA NEWS th anniversary and the Throne Speech for the new session anniversary and the Throne Speech for the new session th anniversary. ’, whichis Their th anniversary of the anniversaryofthe th anniversary anniversary th in the Commonwealth and dates back to 1 equally unprecedentedchallenges.” unprecedented waysinthesetimestomeet Parliament willbesummonedagaintodeliberateandactin oldest representativebodyoutsidetheUnitedKingdom’s have takenitup.Fourhundredyearslater,theCommonwealth’s yoke of representative service weighs heavily on those who this uninhabitedNorthAtlanticparadise.Morethanever,the Assembly, only11yearsaftertheSeaVenturehappenedupon has surpassedthelikelydreamsofthosewhometinthatfirst a peoplewhosevoteisofequalvalueacrossanIslandthat public.’ Today,blackandwhite,womenmenrepresent rights andallmanneroflawsmeantto‘serveregardthe universal adultsuffrage,theendofcapitalpunishment,human the Legislaturehasmetcouldspeakofdebatesonslavery, these fourcenturies,thewallsofthosechambersinwhich summoned tomeetbythethenGovernorNathanielButler.In 400 yearsago,anAssembly,composedonlyofwhitemen,was Legislature convenestodaywithinearshotofthevenuewhere, Speech readbytheGovernorofBermuda,whichsaid, of Bermuda's present House of Assembly. Since 1684, when in thetownofStGeorge.TheAssemblywasforerunner summoned aGeneralAssemblytoconveneatStPeter'sChurch On that day the then incumbent Governor, Nathaniel Butler, anniversary Bermuda's Parliament is one of the oldest known Legislatures Bermuda's ParliamentisoneoftheoldestknownLegislatures The historicnatureoftheoccasionwasnotedinThrone of Bermudaever since. which hasbeenthemeeting place for the Parliament moved totheSessionsHouse onParliamentHill, in Hamiltonon13 Assembly took place in the Town Hall on Front Street transferred tothenewcapital.The firstgatheringofthe Parliament, the courts and all public offices were as thecapitalofBermuda.Insameyear, government. from arepresentativetoresponsibleformof Constitutional Conference in 1966, Bermuda moved in Bermudauntilthe1960swhen, following the on instructions,haveplayedamajorExecutiverole representing theauthorityofCrownandacting was transferred to England, Bermuda's Governors, direct administrativecontrolofBermuda'saffairs In 1815, Hamilton replaced the town of St George In 1815,HamiltonreplacedthetownofStGeorge th January 1815. In 1826 the Assembly January1815.In1826theAssembly st August 1620. “The as a chamber ismuchadmired,especiallyforitsoutstandingcraftsmanship,asexemplifiedbytheSpeaker’schair.Itseen some asa achievements, butdismissedmuchofhisstylingasincongruousandclumsypastiche.But,70yearslater,Scott’sCommons 70 Kingdom recentlycelebratedthe The ParliamentoftheUnited UK Parliamentmarks70 and telephony equipment behind a gothic surface, which would blend with the rest of the Victorian Palace of Westminster. and telephonyequipmentbehindagothicsurface,whichwouldblendwiththerestofVictorianPalaceWestminster. and visitors above an already limited space of 21 x 14 metres at floor level.Healso had to hide the latest heating,ventilation, lighting almost twicetheoriginalbudget.ArchitectSirGilesGilbertScottwasfacedwithchallengingtaskoffittingadditionalroomforMPs but burntarchfromtheoldchamberatitsentrance.WorkonnewbeganinMay1945anditwouldcostmorethan £2m- ‘ of Lords.Fromthere,in1943,thenUKPrimeMinister,SirWinstonChurchill,decreedthattheHouseCommonschamber mustbe The destructionoftheHouseCommonschamberforcedMembersParliamenttorelocategrandeurandspace House thousands ofcasualtiesanddamagetotheHouseLordschamber,ClockTower,WestminsterAbbeyBritish Museum. the SecondWorldWar,resultingin biggest air raid on London during shell. TheLuftwaffeattackwasthe Victorian chamberwasasmoking morning, all that wasleftofthe ceiling tocollapse.Bythefollowing the Members’Lobby,causing House ofCommonschamberto ablaze. Thefirespreadfromthe roof of Westminster Hall was set Palace ofWestminsterandthe 1941, bombs rained down on the incendiary bombs. Second World War by a series of had beendestroyedduringthe second chamberatWestminster of theHouseCommons.The Image copyright: UK Parliament replicated. ‘Weshapeourbuildingsandafterwardsus, restored inallessentialstoitsoldform, convenience anddignity th When hesawthefinishedchamberinOctober1950, The recreation of the House of Commons would be an emblem for the future as symbolised by the incorporation of the surviving On the nights of 10 and 11 May On thenightsof10and11May anniversary of the re-opening th anniversaryofthere-openingHouseCommons Left: Thebombdamaged UKHouseofCommons in1941. House metinthenewCommonschamberataquarterpastten o-clock parliamentary democracy.Hansardrecords show thaton 26 October 1950, ‘ the strong connections with the UK Parliament and the Westminster system of the inkstands from St Lucia –were andremain a strong and tangible symbol of Commonwealth countries – such as dispatch boxes from New Zealand and as MPs occupied their new green benches for the first time. Some 56 gifts from Commonwealth SpeakerswereinattendancetheHouse of Commonsgallery, attended byhundredsofParliamentariansandoverseasdignitaries. Twenty-nine October 1950,withagrandandhigh-profileceremonyinWestminsterHall, masterpiece of‘neogothic’. demonstrate flexibilityandresolve toensuredemocracycontinues.” tape toenablevirtualparticipation andkeepussociallydistanced-wecontinueto may beverydifferent,but70 years on-withourchamberfilledscreensand thrown atit,beitbombsor-as weareexperiencingnow-COVID.Thechallenges MP said: chamber, thecurrentSpeakerof House of Commons,Rt Hon. SirLindsayHoyle, Reflecting onthe70 King George VI presided over the opening of the new chamber on 26 “Our parliamentary democracy has and will endure everything that is “Our parliamentarydemocracyhasandwillendureeverything thatis The Parliamentarian | The Times ’, insisting that the crowded intimacy of the old chamber must be ’, insistingthatthecrowdedintimacyof oldchambermustbe th ’ hesaidfamously. ’ architecturecorrespondentpraisedScott’stechnical anniversary of the re-opening of the House of Commons anniversaryofthere-openingHouseCommons 2020: Issue Four|100years ofpublishing1920-2020 |305 CPA NEWS Source: UKParliament. '. the the

Image copyright: UK Parliament

For more images of CPA activities and events please visit www.cpahq.org/cpahq/flickr. Commonwealth Parliamentary Association CPA Photo Gallery

New Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Secretary-General holds his first bilateral meeting with the Commonwealth Secretary-General The role of Commonwealth partnerships was emphasised when the Commonwealth Secretary-General, Rt Hon. Patricia Scotland, QC and the Secretary-General of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, Stephen Twigg held their first virtual CPA TOOLKIT FOR meeting to discuss ongoing partnerships, closer Commonwealth collaboration and strengthening ties between the two organisations. COMMONWEALTH Also joining the virtual meeting were: Dr Tawanda Hondora, Adviser and COVID-19 Head, Rule of Law Section; Luis Franceschi, Deputy of the Governance & Peace Directorate; Deputy Head of Commonwealth Secretary-General’s Office, Senyo PARLIAMENTS DELIVERING PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY Agbohlah; and Emily Davies, the CPA Secretary-General’s Head of Office. CPA Toolkit for Commonwealth Parliaments CPA Australia Region hold virtual meeting ON THE COVID-19 with new CPA Secretary-General As part of the new CPA Secretary-General PANDEMIC AND Stephen Twigg’s induction programme, he has been meeting with all of the nine CPA Regions and Regional Secretariats. The CPA DELIVERING Secretary-General recently met virtually with the CPA Australia Region at a meeting that was attended by Speakers, Members and PARLIAMENTARY Clerks from across the Region as well as the CPA Vice-Chairperson, Hon. John Ajaka, MLC, DEMOCRACY President of the New South Wales Legislative Council and the CPA Executive Committee Regional Representative, Senator Hon. Scott Ryan, President of the Senate of Australia.

Commonwealth Parliamentarians from small jurisdictions at CPA fundamentals

CUSTOMERS BUYING LESS Fear of the virus and government advice to stay at course with McGill University home is having a devastating impact on the retail, tourism, leisure, hospitality and hotel industries across the world. COVID-19: CPA TOOLKIT FOR COMMONWEALTH PARLIAMENTS 5 Coronaviruses (CoV) are a A pandemic is a global outbreak of disease. Pandemics happen COVID-19 COVID-19 when a new virus emerges to infect people and can spread What is family of viruses that cause DOWNLOAD illness ranging from the PANDEMIC between people sustainably. Because there is little to no pre- The Secretary-General of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, Coronavirus? existing immunity against the new virus, it spreads worldwide. TRAVEL INDUSTRY

2 COVID-19: CPA TOOLKITcommon FOR cold COMMONWEALTH to more severe PARLIAMENETS COVID-19: CPA TOOLKIT FOR COM- DECLINE diseases. Coronavirus disease The virus that causes COVID-19 is infecting people and The travel industry has been badly damaged, with airlines (COVID-19) is a new strain spreading easily from person-to-person. Cases have been KEEPING PARLIAMENT that was discovered in 2019 cutting flights and people Stephen Twigg joined Commonwealth Parliamentarians on the CPA Small detected in most countries worldwide and community spread is GROWTH COULD cancelling holidays and business and has not been previously being detected in a growing number of countries. On 11 March STAGNATE trips. Governments around the identified in humans. 2019, the COVID-19 outbreak was characterized as a pandemic If the economy is growing, that world have introduced travel OPERATIONAL generally means more wealth restrictions to try to contain the CPA’S NEW by the WHO. and more new jobs. According to virus. the Organisation for Economic Branches Fundamentals Course with McGill University, Canada during their online Cooperation and Development In order to successfully preserve the operation of Parliament, during a time of global pandemic whereby the (OECD) , the world’s economy could key functions of Parliament as a legislative body are arguably most needed, it is crucial that Commonwealth grow at its slowest rate since 2009, Parliaments take appropriate, proportionate and reasonable measures to facilitate this. ‘SAFER’ due to the coronavirus outbreak. PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACTSINVESTMENTS HIT The measures outlined below seek to ensure that the safety of Parliamentarians and parliamentary staff are When a crisis hits, investors of vital importance as well as taking into consideration the manner in which the Parliament or Legislature residency week. The CPA Secretary-General gave a presentation on the work of Common signs of infection often choose ‘less risky’ would ordinarily operate. include: The public health impacts of the Coronavirusinvestments. outbreak Gold is PUBLICATION • Respiratory symptoms are widespread. Some of the areas of publictraditionally health considered a It is the responsibility of all Parliaments and Legislatures to scrutinize all legislation and policies proposed by affected will include: ‘safe haven’ for investment The economic impacts of the government. This includes the routine laws required to run the country and the emergency powers that • Fever in times of uncertainty but the Coronavirus outbreak the government proposes as any global pandemic unfolds. In order for Parliament to remain operational, • Increased mortality rate – the primarythe pricehealth of gold impact globally has the CPA and gave his reflections as a former Parliamentarian. • Cough have left businesses it must ensure that it acts just as efficiently in scrutinising all legislation and holding the Executive to of the global pandemic fallen. The global oil price has COVID-19’s account under all circumstances. Although Governments do have the option to propose procedural changes • Shortness of breath also fallen as investors fear around the world • Physical health of the general populationthat the global – for spread of the to facilitate alternative ways of working, it is for the Speaker and the House Procedure Committees to • Breathing difficulties those who suffer from the virus butvirus also will through further hit the global ECONOMIC counting costs and trying decide on the most appropriate action to be taken. For many Parliaments for example, there is no standard procedure in place yet for operating the Legislature remotely. lack of exercise/fresh air, poor diet, etceconomy during and socialdemand for oil. IMPACT to understand how the In more severe cases, distancing measures economy will be affected NOW infection can cause: • Social care provision - particularly for elderly or in the future. At the Norwegian Parliament (the Storting), a number of measures were introduced during the current • Pneumonia vulnerable groups global pandemic including: a reduction in the number of Members of Parliament at plenary meetings and during voting from 169 to 87; the plenary will only take decisions on urgent issues identified by the President • Severe acute respiratory • Mental health – particularly through stress, anxiety, in consultation with the Leaders of parliamentary party groups; some rules of procedure are temporarily syndrome isolation especially during social distancing measures suspended including extended deadlines and the requirements for physical presence in Committee meetings • Kidney failure • Health services – a global pandemic will have a with priority given to video conferencing; reduced Committee workload with priority given to urgent business; and the cancellation of international and domestic Committee Members’ travel. The Storting also established • Death huge effect on the public health servicesUNEMPLOYMENT in any given a Coronavirus Special Committee to examine Emergency Legislation and government measures4. SYMPTOMS jurisdiction. Businesses in non-essential services may close, resulting in temporary or www.cpahq.org/cpahq/coronavirus permanent unemployment in the services sectors. Governments have taken steps to provide benefits and the freezing of debt repayments to cushion the impact. FINANCIAL MARKETS CPA Secretary-General meets former UK diplomat who worked for the Commonwealth and United Nations DECLINE 4. https://www.stortinget.no/en/In-English/About-the-Storting/News-archive/Front-page-news/2019-2020/ the-storting-constitutes-coronavirus-special-committee/ Maintain social Practice respiratory Avoid touching eyes, Financial markets around the world Washing of hands INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION SLOWED have seen huge falls since the outbreak distancing hygiene nose and Withmouth the restrictions on movement across the world, industrial began. Investors fear the spread of the frequently Maintain at least 2 This means covering Hands touchproduction many has slowed. In China, for example, where the Coronavirus coronavirus will destroy economic growth first appeared, industrial production, sales and investment all fell in and that government action may not be The Secretary-General of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, Stephen Twigg met with Sir Regularly and metre (6 feet) distance mouths and noses with surfaces and can thoroughly clean hands the first two months of 2020, compared with the same period in 2019. enough to stop the decline. In response, between people, either the bent elbow pick up viruses.China makes Once up a third of manufacturing globally and is the world’s central banks in many countries have cut with an alcohol-based especially those or a tissue when people contaminated,largest exporter hands of goods. Supply chains for all major industries will be interest rates. affected by the industrial slow down. hand rub or wash them who are coughing or cough or sneeze. can transfer the virus with soap and water. Peter Marshall recently to discuss issues around the Commonwealth and the United Nations. Sir Peter 2 sneezing. to the eyes, nose or PREVENTION mouth. is a former Commonwealth Deputy Secretary-General (1983-1988) and Permanent Representative of Source: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public the United Kingdom to the United Nations in Geneva (1979-83) as well as many other roles. He recently wrote The outbreak of COVID-19 (Coronavirus) and its spread to at least 180 countries has consequently an article for The Parliamentarian on plunged many Parliaments and Legislatures across the world into a state of emergency. ‘The Commonwealth and the United Commonwealth Parliaments and Parliamentarians are grappling with many different issues both Nations: 75 years of international symbiosis’ to mark the UN’s 75th to implement the emergency health measures during this global pandemic while at the same anniversary. time looking at new ways to conduct debates, scrutinise and pass legislation, hold parliamentary committees and question the actions of their governments. Virtual CPA Trustees meeting held The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association held a 'socially-distanced' THE ‘CPA TOOLKIT FOR COMMONWEALTH PARLIAMENTS AND LEGISLATURES ON THE meeting of the CPA Trustees chaired by the CPA Treasurer, Hon. Shamsul Iskandar Mohd Akin, MP (Malaysia) and attended by the CPA Secretary- COVID-19 (CORONAVIRUS) PANDEMIC AND DELIVERING PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY’ General, Stephen Twigg, the CPA Finance Director, Paul Townley and provides various measures and recommendations that can be adopted by both Parliaments and new Trustee, Deputy Lyndon Trott (Guernsey) who joined the meeting via Parliamentarians in order to continue to deliver on the Legislatures’ role of scrutinising legislation video link. and delivering democracy during a global pandemic.

306 | The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 SOCIAL MEDIA AND SOCIAL MEDIA AND PARLIAMENTARY PARLIAMENTARY ENGAGEMENT ENGAGEMENT

been used by political players, SOCIAL MEDIA AND PARLIAMENTARY including politicians, civil The Parliament of Kenya. society organisations and state agencies, for different purposes. ENGAGEMENT: EXPANDING PUBLIC In seeking to elaborate the usage, several aspects will PARTICIPATION FOR DEMOCRATIC GROWTH be considered for this article. These are civic education and the development of democracy, political mobilisation and some emerging issues. Social media has been, and democracy around the world. exponentially. In a 2015 As stated above, social to continues to be, a key From mass mobilisations during report, the UN noted that media has played a key role in information tool in the ever- elections to vote-pitching by information and communication the development of democracy evolving digital era. It holds political parties and players, the technology infrastructure are and civic education. Due to great influence in the various influence keeps evolving day by global and are considered the massive reach of these spheres of life whether social, day. Politicians especially, have two of the most important platforms, more people are economic or political. Over time, noted the peculiar nature of drivers of development and reached by the conveyed social media has developed opportunities that are provided growth.3 According to the messages on political into an avenue not only for by the various platforms and Communication Authority participation, and human and entertainment but also for have taken advantage of these of Kenya, up to 90% of the civil rights compared to those Hon. Justin B. conveying and gathering opportunities to advance their population in the country has reached through the more N. Muturi, EGH, information, for advertisement, political agenda. Political parties access to mobile telephony conservative media channels. MP is the Speaker including political advertisement use social media to directly and the attendant internet In Kenya for example, of the National as well as for targeted mass and continuously engage with connectivity. Out of these, more NGOs and other non-State mobilization. voters. Comparatively, social than three-quarters have smart organisations have continuously Assembly of Kenya ‘Social media’ describes a media provides greater reach phones or other gadgets that raised public awareness in the and the Chairperson collection of online systems and can amplify and mobilise can readily access the internet. management of public affairs. of the Executive that allow for the production, political opinions in the remotest This, therefore, puts social The International Budget Similarly, the Parliament of We have noted great interest For the public, the fact Committee of the storage and distribution of user- geographical areas.2 media as a potential information Partnership of Kenya for Kenya makes use of its own from the public with increased that one is following a certain CPA Africa Region. He generated content allowing The conventional, or what tool to a large number of the example provides, through their channels to inform and educate participation. political figure gives the holds the record as for the creation of a virtual is now called mainstream population. Facebook page, an analysis the public on its activities. Social media has also been impression of a ‘one-on-one’ social space where groups of media, has experienced In Kenya, technology, and of the budget making process Through the Parliament of used for mass mobilizations and relationship thus becoming key the longest serving users can come together in reduced emphasis especially more so social media, has and follows the implementation Kenya YouTube channel, consolidation towards specific opportunities for mobilization. Chairperson of the synchronous and asynchronous from political fronts. The of each budgetary cycle. This we are able to provide live causes. Notably, the importance These has been used to move Public Investments interactions. These interactions fact that social media offers helps in raising awareness coverage of parliamentary of social media is not simply that the public toward certain Committee (PIC) in can be structured (such as a direct link to the masses and also providing a potential proceedings which can be it provides alternative channels directions for example in voting the Parliament of threaded responses to blog serves as an advantage over “In the political oversight avenue for Parliament accessed ‘on the go’. We for institutional political actors’ or supporting a social cause. Kenya. Prior to his posts that are moderated), the often perceived biases in by the public. The citizenry is also make use of Facebook communication in structured For example, when the northern semi-structured (e.g. the the mainstream media where sphere, the use of made aware of the processes and Twitter to update the election periods but also acts part of the country was hit by election to Parliament discussion amongst groups editorial discretion guides these platforms has involved, their input and public on the various activities as an avenue where public famine in 2011, an initiative was in 1999, he served in of friends within extended what information is passed on made great impact roles, if any. Through such of Parliament including opinion is formed, and where established by the Kenya Red the Kenya Judiciary for Facebook social networks), or to the masses. Cognisant of mechanisms, the populace the progress and effect or interventions in public opinion Cross Society to raise funds to more than 15 years, unstructured in nature (such this, politicians have invested in the development becomes knowledgeable and interpretation of any resolutions are possible by an increasing supplement Government efforts rising to serve as as in Twitter, where topics are in formidable social media and entrenchment of is able to question government made. array of institutions and to support the affected families. 5 Principal Magistrate not ‘owned’ but tied together strategies, well assured that institutions on the use of public These channels are also individuals. Using social media, politicians through the ad hoc application the information they intend to political democracy funds. used as tools for public Most of these channels and corporates alike mobilized and Chairperson of of hashtags that can be used to pass is conveyed directly to around the Other organisations participation and for receiving make use of audio-visual the public and this saw the the Kenya Judges locate and link together posts the targeted mass without any including Mzalendo.com follows views from the public as a presentations which are raising of more than 100 million and Magistrates by a variety of different users).1 editorial oversight, save for the world. From mass the activities of Parliament and requirement of Article 118 of the appealing and catchy to many. shillings. In the political realm, Association. The main social media platforms various community guidelines mobilisations during sends out ‘real-time’ tweets Constitution of Kenya.4 Every Pictures, said to be worth 1,000 the last two general elections include YouTube, Facebook, that ensure conformity to elections to vote- and posts on matters under Bill or subsidiary legislation is words, are used to convey have seen greater voter turnout, Twitter and Instagram. set rules and standards on deliberation. As an open uploaded to the channels that chunks of information to the and this may partly be attributed In the political sphere, such aspects as hate speech, pitching by political Parliament, we are amenable to are linked to the institutional public. Some politicians in to the mobilisation in the social the use of these platforms violence and terrorism, parties and players, channels that seek to provide website. The public is then Kenya have great social media media. has made great impact misogyny, etc. relevant information to the able to access and make following, running into the Having noted the above, in the development and The world over, access to the influence keeps people on the activities of the submissions if any on the millions, and this offers access several emerging issues arise entrenchment of political internet continues to grow evolving day by day.” Houses of Parliament. matters before Parliament. to them. with regards to the use of social

308 | The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 | 309 SOCIAL MEDIA AND EMBRACING SOCIAL PARLIAMENTARY MEDIA AND DIGITAL ENGAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY IN PARLIAMENTS EMBRACING SOCIAL MEDIA AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY IN PARLIAMENTS

How the Legislative Assembly of Alberta has opened new doors in the pandemic era.

Pervasive. Ubiquitous. 2020 pandemic shutdown our watching, and what they are Inescapable. Assembly managed to sit for talking about while they are These words can easily 52 days – the most in Canada watching. In the past these describe the impact of digital – without a major public health conversations were taking technologies on human incident. place in coffee shops and populations globally. In a around the dinner table; with relatively short period of Engaging online social media we not only see time such technologies have Social media has undergone a these discussions, but we can become deeply entrenched considerable evolution since join them. in our lives, in how we its inception. As social media Hon. Nathan communicate with each other, platforms have evolved over the Cooper, MLA is in how we work and play, and past 20 years, the darker side of the Speaker of the in influencing and affecting a these communication tools has “Social media media especially within the In the endeavour to It is therefore incumbent on make use of the opportunities Legislative Assembly multitude of other facets of our also emerged. No longer are political front. To start with, there educate the people, politicians all users, especially political offered by the platforms to daily lives. they simply vehicles for posting has undergone of Alberta. He was is a need to exercise caution in especially, should ensure players to ensure only the right advance their constitutional Social media, likewise, has pictures and connecting with a considerable the information that goes out there is no disinformation. Fact- information is passed. mandates. first elected in changed the way many people ‘Facebook friends’. In addition to the public. While facilitating checking then becomes an As the Parliament of Kenya, 2015, representing connect and access information. to privacy concerns, the rise evolution since its civic engagement for a more important emerging issue within we continue to monitor the References: the constituency Initially something of a curiosity, of social media has allowed inception. As social participatory democracy, the social media platforms. It is social media activities and 1 Chen, P.J., Australian Politics of Olds-Didsbury- a way to share pictures and and encouraged fake news, media platforms social media is often misused an open secret that politicians information relating to the in a Digital Age, ANU Press – Three Hills. In 2019, connect with friends, social hate speech, and even foreign for propaganda, hate speech, would sometimes make use institution and correcting any accessed via https://www.jstor. media has become a multi- interference in elections. have evolved over and disinformation campaigns, of disinformation for their wrong information. However, org/stable/j.ctt2jbkkn.11 he was elected to trillion dollar business with In spite of these serious th the past 20 years, the which can undermine the own selfish political gains. A as a proactive endeavour, we 2 Mahapatra S. and Plagemann J. serve as 14 Speaker billions of users worldwide. concerns, social media offers pluralistic foundations of legislation will be passed but have embarked on opening (2019) Polarisation and Politicisation: of the Legislative It is also an effective means tremendous value in reaching darker side of these democracy.6 the interpretation that is made up the legislative activities and The Social Media Strategies of Assembly of Alberta of disseminating information, a large number of people from communication tools is distorted or out-rightly wrong involving all stakeholders to Indian Political Parties, German and he also serves as whether used in business across a diverse demographic has also emerged. to create a predetermined ensure that all resolutions of the Institute of Global and Area Studies Chair of the Special or commercial contexts or spectrum and a wide notion. This misinformation Houses and their implications (GIGA) accessed via https://www. by governmental and non- geographical area. It provides No longer are they Standing Committee “While facilitating may be used to pass hate to the country are known to jstor.org/stable/resrep24806 government organisations. In an opportunity for Parliaments simply vehicles for speech, targeted violence and avoid misinformation from other 3 United Nations (2015). Information on Members’ Services. the parliamentary context social and Parliamentarians to civic engagement for terrorist activities. It is therefore quarters. economy report 2015. Unlocking Prior to election, he media is an influential tool for connect with the public and posting pictures and a more participatory fulfilling to note that some of Finally, Parliaments have the Potential of E-commerce for was Chief of Staff elected officials to connect with to highlight parliamentary connecting with democracy, these platforms, like Facebook, to continue adapting to the Developing Countries. Geneva: and Director of the public and provide a level of traditions and purposes in a ‘Facebook friends’. have elaborate fact-checking digital developments in the United Nations. Legislative Affairs for accessibility that the public has meaningful way. Using social social media is frameworks that ensure that world. Whereas it may be said 4 The Constitution of Kenya (2010) come to expect. media platforms not only breaks In addition to privacy the Wildrose caucus. often misused only the properly verified that social media operates as – accessible at: http://kenyalaw. In this environment, the down barriers but also enables concerns, the rise information is posted. Sadly, a community with its own rules org/kl/index.php?id=398 Previous to this, he Legislative Assembly of Alberta Parliamentarians to speak for propaganda, the current frameworks do not of informality, Legislatures 5 Chen P.J., Ibid. served two terms has taken a leading role in directly to citizens and engage of social media hate speech, and prevent misinformation but should not lose their practices 6 Mahapatra S. and Plagemann as councillor for the embracing technology to in a two-way conversation. has allowed and provide mechanisms for pulling and traditions when engaging J. (2019), Polarisation and engage, educate, and inform. Currently at the Legislative disinformation town of Carstairs. He encouraged fake down already posted data. You in the platforms. They should Politicisation: The Social Media is a strong supporter Focusing on adapting to the Assembly of Alberta, social campaigns, which will note that sometimes, the therefore seek to conform Strategies of Indian Political rapidly expanding digital world media is used to broadcast of the Rotary Club’s news, hate speech, can undermine the information is usually already to social media rules, while Parties, German Institute of Global helped to prepare us for the parliamentary proceedings. accessed by thousands of maintaining institutional and Area Studies (GIGA) accessed charitable and youth substantial challenge presented Detailed analytics allow us and even foreign pluralistic foundations people before the fact-checking credibility. In the end, it is for via https://www.jstor.org/stable/ activities. by the COVID-19 pandemic. As to see how many people interference in of democracy.” and pulling down happens. Legislatures to be agile and to resrep24806. direct result, during the spring are reached, what they are elections.”

would not have to look across at Perhaps most importantly, person as well as through been possible without “Content is now The Legislative Assembly of Alberta is the legislature for the province of Alberta, Canada, and is the ‘lying bastard’ on the other the information communicated video and teleconferencing. professional, knowledgeable located at the Alberta Legislature Building in the provincial capital of Edmonton. being created with side. on social media platforms must By allowing some Members, and motivated Assembly staff. social media in Another series of videos, be available to users in a timely staff and others participating In that vein, I must recognise titled ‘Who Makes Democracy way. While content may remain in Committee meeting to work Dr Philip Massolin, Clerk of mind to facilitate Work’, contains brief interviews on social media platforms for remotely, we have been able Committees and Research this engagement with Assembly staff to explain quite some time, the material to free up Committee room Services, for his invaluable process. For example, their roles and illustrate that at the time it is posted should space and meet strict physical assistance in crafting this article. there are many people who strive to reflect what is currently distancing health protocols. in Alberta those who work behind the scenes to relevant. Immediacy and In addition, the full adoption We live in a digital world are interested in support the Speaker and other relevancy are key expectations of video conferencing allows It has been said that Members in performing our of social media users. the Assembly to broadcast “technology is neither inherently democratic traditions roles in the Assembly. The Developing fresh content that is Committee meetings live on a helpful nor harmful. It is are afforded a videos found under the ‘Events’ engaging and even interactive dedicated television channel simply a tool ... [The] effects of behind-the-scenes series provide Albertans with is vital. and via the Internet. It is technology depend upon how it a front row seat to ceremonial another way for us to improve is wielded.” 1 glimpse into both the and celebratory events taking Making technology work for us transparency while demystifying Here in Alberta, we have legislative process place at the Legislature. Many In the COVID-19 pandemic era, the process for the public. been able to use social media of these videos are also posted programs such as Skype for Numerous hybrid Committee and other digital platforms to and the Legislature to the Speaker’s Twitter and Business, Teams, Webex and meetings have taken place figuratively open our doors to building itself through Facebook accounts. Zoom have become common in since the Standing Committee the entire world, providing the a video series that Users of social media expect workplaces and homes around on Public Accounts convened public with new opportunities to be informed in a succinct the world. Our Legislature its first hybrid meeting in April to engage and learn about our is available on and direct way. It is our goal is no exception, as video 2020, one of the first meetings democratic institutions. At the several social media to make the information easily conferencing is now integral of its kind in Canada during same time, we have been able understood by all Albertans to facilitating parliamentary the pandemic. The early to harness modern technology platforms.” of different age groups, with operations. feedback has been positive, the to support our Members and different backgrounds, and from Fully adopting this technology has worked well, to literally keep our doors diverse walks of life by discussing technology was not optional and the Members have been open during the pandemic era. topics in a direct, conversational for us. While many workplaces receptive to this new way of As Parliamentarians, our role The Legislative Assembly engagement is more than Speaker’s Corner and the Mace, and ending off by way. Adding a little bit of humour shut down during the early days conducting meetings. extends beyond debating and of Alberta also uses social helpful; it is indispensable. The ‘Education’ section of showing viewers a little known or injecting some enthusiasm of the pandemic, it was quickly While digital technologies legislating. We must all work to media as a way to share Content is now being Speaker’s Corner, a feature area within the Legislature, the to convey our passion for the evident that the people’s have been indispensable, defend, maintain, and build faith information about parliamentary created with social media on the Legislative Assembly of Speaker’s suite. subject matter also translates business must continue the real credit for keeping in our democratic institutions. proceedings, committee in mind to facilitate this Alberta’s website, addresses For those interested well in this medium. In sharp unabated. our Legislative Assembly Technology is a great tool to do activities, and programs taking engagement process. For a number of topics, ranging in policy, we offer a brief contrast to the complex and In Alberta, Committees of functioning goes to the just that. place at the Legislature and example, in Alberta those who from an explanation of what explanation of how budgetary text-intensive discussions of the the Assembly have permitted Assembly staff that rose to the In Alberta, we believe that has been doing so since are interested in democratic the Order Paper is to videos estimates are considered in parliamentary authorities, these Members to participate via challenge presented by COVID- our parliamentary institutions 2012. However, the modern traditions are afforded a on parts of the Legislature Committee, in an attempt to videos are brief and to the point. teleconferencing for several 19. Modern technology is not should not and cannot stand institution of Parliament has behind-the-scenes glimpse into Building that the public may not illustrate how it is Parliament, Indeed, accessibility is very much years. Starting in April 2020, always simple. In the case of apart from society. More than a responsibility to do more both the legislative process visit in person. For instance, and not government, that plays about the message itself and the these Committees transitioned hybrid meetings, our staff had ever before, the digital world is than share information, and the Legislature building one video shows viewers a the key role in determining way content is expressed and to hybrid meetings, in which to integrate new processes a part of society. As servants to whether theoretical or itself through a video series glimpse of the South Members’ whether the government is delivered. Members participated in with Hansard, broadcasting our Members and to the wider practical. Increasingly, it is that is available on several Lounge, which is a Members- supplied with the funding it and Committee operations. public, we have a duty to both necessary to engage directly social media platforms. These only area of the Legislature that requires. They were able to do so and recognize and embrace the with citizens to help them videos exemplify how the use we have dubbed the ‘Peace Lastly, a short video troubleshoot any glitches prior potential this technology offers. understand parliamentary of technology, combined with Lounge’ because Members describes the tradition of the to meetings. At the same time, processes, as well as the personal storytelling, can inform, from both the Government and parliamentary plant that sits other staff members worked References: citizen’s vital role in our educate, and even entertain Opposition caucuses meet on the Table in the Alberta with Members to develop new 1 Emily A. Vogels, Lee democracy. In light of reports Albertans about parliamentary there to discuss what is going Chamber. In the video we relate Committee protocols, ensuring Rainie and Janna Anderson, about citizen disengagement, institutions. on in the Chamber. a story of how the tradition Members could fully participate “Tech is (Just) a Tool,” Pew it is imperative that those Videos have been In addition, we host a extends far beyond Alberta’s in debate, raise points of Research Center, Internet responsible for promoting developed to demystify the Facebook Live video event, history, to the 17th century and order, and vote in person or and Technology, available at democratic institutions Assembly, using modern offering viewers the opportunity the House of Commons at remotely. Training and mock https://www.pewresearch.org/ employ the most relevant and technology to make this content to tour the Chamber, Westminster, where a Member meetings were also part of the internet/2020/06/30/tech-is-just- effective means possible in an accessible to a wide and highlighting interesting of Parliament is said to have preparations for this new way of a-tool/, accessed on 6 October effort to re-engage citizens. diverse audience. elements such as the portraits, requested that a plant be The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta with doing things. 2020. In this regard, social media the Table, the Speaker’s dais, placed on the Table so that he children visting the Legislature on Canada Day. None of this would have

is not exclusive to the UK and DOES THE DIGITAL PANDEMIC OF MISINFORMATION governments around the world must do much more to work collaboratively on strategies THREATEN OUR BEST HOPE OF ENDING THIS CRISIS? which can help to improve their populations’ collective knowledge of this. The Chair of the UK Parliament’s All-Party Parliamentary Group on Social Media The ubiquitous nature of reflects on how social media has responded to the current global pandemic. social media and the shared endeavour we all have to finally end this pandemic A mere 12 months ago, nobody Social Media, I’ve been keenly overwhelmingly the leading underscores the importance across the globe could have keeping my eye on how much host of such potentially of Parliamentarians working imagined how much our world misinformation is being spread dangerous information, but the together to tackle issues like was about to change and the on social media platforms – and platform is by no means alone. this. I would be very keen to extreme level of disruption that crucially, what the social media Across YouTube, Instagram, engage with other members was set to plague all our lives. giants are doing about it. You Twitter, and various other of the Commonwealth Bringing an end to the COVID- don’t have to look far to realise popular social media sites, this Parliamentary Association on 19 pandemic is an ambition that some corners of these virus of misinformation now Zuckerberg himself has said that Djokovic, and other influential misinformation from circulating any campaigning or legislative every country now craves. Sadly platforms are rapidly becoming presents a real threat for our Facebook will not actively take names become embroiled on their platforms. The UK progress other countries may though, we know that there are a sewer of misinformation which ability to control the real, and down anti-vax misinformation in endorsing the anti-vax Government has been widely have been making on this Chris Elmore, no ‘silver bullet’ solutions to this risks eroding public trust in any deadly, Coronavirus. and conspiracy theories, leaving movement. While I understand criticised as being far too slow in issue. Our world has grown MP is a UK crisis and the future has scarcely potential coronavirus vaccine, When we look globally, the a void which the instigators of that some of these people have responding to an ever-growing increasingly divided over the Parliamentarian looked less certain. Individuals, before one is even identified. seriousness of this issue cannot increasingly popular anti-vax since been forced to row back number of implications this past decade and the COVID-19 representing the families, and businesses in the The anti-vax movement is be overstated. Last year, the Facebook groups are more on the comments they have pandemic has brought. This pandemic has highlighted the UK and across much of the world nothing new though – in fact, World Health Organisation than happy to fill. This flagrant made or the content they have is an issue which they – and perilous risks of such division. constituency of are unable to plan from one it’s been around since the days officially categorised vaccine reluctance to act represents an shared, all too often this is only governments across the globe Our countries entered this crisis Ogmore in South week to the next, many have of smallpox. Yet what makes hesitancy as one of the top abdication of the duty of care after much of the damage has – simply cannot afford to be too together and we must help one Wales. He was first suffered intolerable loss, and this strain of thought important ten global health challenges social media companies should already been done. slow in responding to. another to free ourselves from elected in 2016 and governments are struggling to in 2020, is the exponential we now face. In a global study have to protect their users. It also Given that there are too Aside from the action that the constraints it has brought is currently a Shadow keep control of the spread of levels of oxygen being given to conducted in June of this year, underlines why government many social media companies now needs to be taken by with it. While at first the anti-vax Minister for Scotland COVID-19. The world is waiting ill-informed falsehoods about 13,000 people from 19 different action is now urgently needed to who are failing to take the social media companies movement may seem obscure, with bated breath for news vaccines online. countries were surveyed create a level playing field across sufficient action, it falls to us themselves, governments I now firmly believe that it is and Opposition of a vaccine – which could Recent polling from the and almost three in every ten all sites. as Parliamentarians to compel must do much more to improve now an issue which threatens Whip. He is also be our best hope of bringing Centre for Countering Digital respondents stated that they Conversely, the commitment our governments to step in. the public’s awareness of to undermine our ability to end a Member of the an end to this pandemic. Yet Hate lays bare that 31% of the either wouldn’t take a COVID- YouTube has recently made In the UK, we’ve been waiting vaccine safety. I’ve called on this public health and economic House of Commons mounting evidence suggests British public would now be 19 vaccine or were neutral; to remove false content about for well over a year now for UK Government Ministers to crisis. By working together and Procedure Committee, that a new, digital pandemic of hesitant to have a Coronavirus indicating hesitancy. It’s clear vaccines is to be commended new legislation to be brought overhaul their communications taking firm and decisive action, Committee of misinformation about the safety vaccine if one becomes that the problems associated – and sets a bar which the forward to combat so-called strategy and bring forward a we can ensure that future of vaccines now threatens our available. A University College with the anti-vax movement other platforms must meet. ‘online harms’. We’ve now been holistic, six-month plan to better needless deaths are avoided Privileges and best hope of an exit strategy. London study has also shown are far from being confined Facebook and Twitter have also told that the UK Government inform the public about the and that our economies can Committee on Social media lies at the heart that barely half of people in the to the UK’s shores and, as started to flag information as won’t start the passage of this stringent and robust clinical recover as swiftly as possible. Standards. He is of this phenomenon and it now UK say they are ’very likely’ to Parliamentarians, we have a disputed, but this needs to go legislation through Parliament safeguards that are in place the Chair of the UK poses an acute challenge for get vaccinated. This doesn’t shared responsibility to ensure much further. Information that until early 2021. This latest delay prior to the approval of any The UK Parliament All-Party Parliament’s All-Party Parliamentary democracies merely present a risk for those robust and decisive action is is shared that is palpably false means the new protections vaccine. Many of the questions Parliamentary Group on Social Media Parliamentary Group across the Commonwealth and individuals – it presents a taken to counter it. or potentially dangerous needs any new law will bring will I’ve received from constituents works to drive policy change that the world as a whole. risk to each and every one I do recognise that some of to be removed; regardless of come far too late to have since campaigning on this issue maximises the positives and mitigates on Social Media. Last month, I led a debate in of us, our loved ones, and the social media companies whether it has been posted by an impact on the corrosive have centred on arguments the negatives of social media. Building the UK Parliament on the issues our wider communities. The have taken steps to combat anti- a President, a Formula 1 driver, anti-vax misinformation we stating that ‘vaccines should on the findings of the#StatusofMind surrounding the so-called CCDH’s study showed that vax misinformation. Last month, or a normal person going about now see spreading at an be subject to scrutiny’. This report by the Royal Society for Public ‘anti-vax’ movement because so-called ‘anti-vax’ social media Facebook announced that they their everyday life. The role exponential rate online. It is of course true, but this Health (RSPH), the APPG on Social I believe that government accounts now have 58 million will be banning anti-vax adverts high-profile public figures have therefore seems obvious that demonstrates that that the UK Media was established in March 2018 inaction on misinformation followers and this number is from its platform. But banning ads played in at best, not dispelling, the UK Government – and Government is systematically and responsibility for the APPG was now poses a direct threat to growing rapidly. The 147 largest alone simply isn’t good enough and at worst, outright endorsing governments around the world failing to promote the rigorous passed from RSPH to the UK Safer our public health and to our accounts have amassed over as it ignores the ballooning anti-vax content is truly alarming. – need to take emergency steps that have to be followed Internet Centre in July 2020. For more economic recovery. As Chair 7.8 million new followers since number of organic posts and Since this pandemic began, measures to compel the before any new medicine or information visit www.saferinternet.org. of the UK Parliament’s All- 2019, representing a staggering high-profile oxygenators who we’ve seen Madonna, Lewis social media giants to remove vaccine can be approved. This uk/appg-social-media or follow Party Parliamentary Group on increase of 19%. Facebook is are willing to spread them. Mark Hamilton, Kanye West, Novak blatantly false anti-vax is a problem which I am sure @socialmediaAPPG on Twitter.

314 | The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 | 315 SOCIAL MEDIA AND SOCIAL MEDIA AND PARLIAMENTARY PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY: A VIEW DEMOCRACY: A VIEW FROM PAKISTAN FROM PAKISTAN DOES SOCIAL MEDIA BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN PARLIAMENT AND THE PEOPLE IN PAKISTAN?

Can social media rightly be called a ‘game changer’ in bridging the gap between Parliament and the people in Pakistan?

Social media has revolutionised transparent and participatory. The passage of the Zainab Ms Nighat the modus operandi of Professor Tim Unwin in Alert Response and Recovery Paristan is Deputy parliamentary business and is his paper, ‘Social Media Act, 2020 in the Parliament of Director of the making strides in promoting and Democracy: Critical Pakistan is a recent example Research Wing at the public participation in decision Reflections’1 categorised the of social media activism and National Assembly of making process. In budding prospect provided by digital its role in strengthening the Pakistan. democracies, Parliaments are platforms as sharing liberty, legislative process. relatively latecomers to the space time liberty and access world of social media, but with liberty, which is dramatically Accessibility and transparency the passage of time, Parliaments changing the contour of public on social media have established their foothold accessibility to their MPs. The Parliament of Pakistan has in the digital space, otherwise Social media is challenging the made advances in facilitating known as the “vulnerable space traditional pattern of politics online accessibility. Digital for formal political institutions.” as an important forum of platforms have made Parliament In democratic structures, communication. Moreover, it is and its Members more social media is considered as an a disseminator of information transparent and accessible. effective tool for encouraging and facilitator of political Through social media, ‘social participatory discussions. The Parliament of the public can directly follow social media, many constituents and a politician’s wrong doings of 18 years, it was evident media. For citizens, social media governance’. Social media Pakistan has already started different political viewpoints are interacting with their elected and it has the potential to create that Pakistan’s young voters served as a mouthpiece to users are challenging to establish itself in the digital on a debate and in some Member with great ease. increased transparency; a held the key to the political voice their opinion. It enhanced administrative norms and space, to reap the benefits of cases, directly contribute by In this regard, the social media prerequisite of accountability.2 future of their country and their awareness of political structures and dictating political the accessibility provided by the communicating with Members team of a former Speaker of the social media would be a key rights and duties and enabled discourse around the world. social media in the changing of Parliament in ‘real time’. Due National Assembly of Pakistan Pakistan’s demographics communications channel to underprivileged voters to Political changes, such as political spectrum. to the easy accessibility of shared their experiences. These and social media statistics reach this audience. On the confront and question those those in the Middle East since Citizen journalism is on the included instances when the offer an excellent explainer flip side, compared to older they voted for. 2010, can indeed be seen as a rise in Pakistan. Youngsters are constituents would tag pictures on the rationale behind the generations, the political views Digital platforms have direct result of the use of social turning towards the internet “In democratic of broken bridges and roads, communication strategies of of young people were often dramatically changed the flow media, and are a veritable and local citizen journalism structures, social flooded streets and parks. The the leading political parties less rooted in the political of information, the development ‘Facebook Revolution’. During portals and independent blogs social media team would reach for the 2018 elections. The history of Pakistan and they of political opinion, the the past decade, social media to express their opinions. media is considered out to the concerned quarters population of 210 million in were more disposed to behaviour of political parties has started playing a key role in Traditionally, the work of as an effective tool with these complaints and Pakistan boasts over 150 political campaigns via social and election campaigns. circulating news through digital Parliament might have been for encouraging sorted things out right away. million mobile phone users and electronic media. The During the 2018 elections in platforms, beyond national reported through media The constituents would then be which include 57 million 3G/4G 2018 election in Pakistan also Pakistan, the leading political borders, across social, cultural commentary; however, due ‘social participatory reached out for feedback on the subscribers. While Facebook witnessed a marked shift in party withdrew the candidature and political niches. to the wide range of social governance’. issue’s resolution and the same has over 35 million users in the focus of political parties to of a strong candidate, when a Social media has not media platforms available would be shared on social media. Pakistan, the most popular online campaigning to cater video surfaced online where only raised the visibility of today, Honourable Members Social media users A study conducted in website is YouTube closely for this vast number of younger he was being stopped by a Parliaments considerably of Parliament are tweeting are challenging Pakistan investigates social followed by Google. WhatsApp, voters.3 group of youngsters, during his but has also started working and posting comments to administrative media as a tool of transparency Viber, Instagram and Twitter election campaign, as critical as pressure group on the social networks direct from and good governance in Gilgit are other popular messaging E-campaigns on social media reaction to his performance workings of the Parliament the Chamber and Committee norms and structures Baltistan. This study concluded apps and platforms. In growing democracies, in the constituency. Social and the performance of rooms, as and when events and dictating that social media penetration election campaigns are being media is indeed helping in Parliamentarians. This has unfold, which is helping in enables the people and With 64% of Pakistan’s designed around the increased evolving a more informed and resulted in making political mobilizing people around a political discourse different groups to disseminate population aged under 30 accessibility to voters that has politically participative culture. processes more democratic, particular cause or legislation. around the world.” information about corruption years old and a voting age been made possible by social The expression of popular will

316 | The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 | 317 SOCIAL MEDIA AND SOCIAL MEDIA AND PARLIAMENTARY PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY: A VIEW DEMOCRACY: A VIEW FROM PAKISTAN FROM PAKISTAN through social media in the “Conclusively, it can political awareness and ‘people after consulting concerned References: 2018 elections has cultivated a to Parliament’ contact, the stakeholders, has published 1 Background Paper for new image of voters in the eyes be claimed that close challenges it brought in the ‘Removal and Blocking of Commonwealth Parliamentary of Pakistani politicians. relationship between social and political arena seem Unlawful Content (Procedure, Conference, Colombo, 2012 – The victory of the incumbent Parliaments and insurmountable. Fake news is Oversight and Safeguards) ‘Social media and democracy: Prime Minister of Pakistan in the increasingly seen as a threat to Rules, 2020’, to counter the critical reflections’ by Professor 2018 election is credited to the social media has political legitimacy, democratic flow of illegal, blasphemous, Tim Unwin, Chief Executive effective usage of social media both positive and institutions and social cohesion obscene or defamatory content Officer of the Commonwealth platforms. The youth activism in by governments around the on social media. Telecommunications Organisation the 2018 General Elections is an negative aspects world. Conclusively, it can be – accessible via http://www.cpahq. undeniable fact that also shows and contours. It has Citizens increasing use of claimed that close relationship org/cpahq/cpadocs/Unwin%20 the close relationship between technology and social media between Parliaments and CPA%20Social%20media%20 social media and the emerging become a necessity presents both opportunities and social media has both positive and%20democracy.pdf democratic trends in Pakistan. for Parliaments challenges for Parliaments and and negative aspects and 2 Social Media as a Tool for Pankaj Mishra has argued of the world to Parliamentarians. Unfortunately, contours. It has become a Transparency and Good that social media is changing social media has become an necessity for Parliaments of the Governance in the Government Pakistan; it provides direct recognise the force easy place to castigate and world to recognise the force of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan – access for voters to approach of social media and publicly abuse Parliamentarians of social media and harness accessible via https://www. candidates and politicians. and other public figures. this power for the benefits of academia.edu/11935850/ While free campaigning on harness this power Although Parliamentarians are public. Channelling emerging Social_Media_as_a_Tool_for_ Facebook and other social for the benefits of public representatives, they public opinion and the ever- Transparency_and_Good_ media forums allowed public. Channelling are fully entitled to personal strong response of the people Governance_in_the_Government_ candidates to avoid costs and space and privacy. The due to omnipotent nature of_Gilgit_Baltistan_Pakistan confines of old media.4 emerging public tragedy being faced by public of social media is the major 3 Pakistan Elections: the role floor of the House. through social media, has Facebook’s place to police opinion and the ever- representatives is that they democratic goal to be achieved. of social media, University of Social media has transformed Although social media is become a serious problem to free speech or political are unable to counter a sea The Commonwealth family Nottingham Asia Research the formal mode of delivery of making it easier for people to electoral integrity and citizens’ debate. Instead, he compared strong response of of disinformation about their consists of 2.4 billion people Institute – accessible via https:// parliamentary business and have a voice in government trust in their democratic Facebook to a tennis court — it the people due to personal life and their social and includes both advanced theasiadialogue.com/2018/10/15/ procedure. During the COVID- to discuss issues, to route for institutions. Another area of is Facebook’s job to keep the life on social media. Pakistani economies and developing pakistan-elections-the-role-of- 19 crises, the Public Accounts causes, and to hold leaders concern is ‘deep fake’ videos, court in order, but not to “pick omnipotent nature democracy like any other countries. The role of social social-media/ Committee of the Parliament accountable, but the excessive which use artificial intelligence up a racket and start playing”.5 of social media is the democracy is at loggerheads media for integration, creation of 4 The Role of Social Media of Pakistan held virtual flow of information through (AI) to produce falsified videos major democratic with the increase in social opportunities and dissemination Towards Political Accountability meetings, and the Speaker social media comes with its own that are almost undetectable The debate over what impact media abuse. The Ministry of information, bridging the gap in Pakistan: A Literature Review, of the National Assembly risks. Excessive information by swapping out someone’s micro-targeting and fake news goal to be achieved.” of Information Technology created by linguistic diversity Saiqa Sadiq, Dr Zawiyah binti and Members of Parliament and the intensification of face and voice with that of an have on politics has been raging and Telecommunications, in the Commonwealth is hard Mohd. Zain and Dr Mohd Na’eim engaged and participated communications do not imposter. These ‘deep fake’ since the Cambridge Analytica to ignore. The Commonwealth Ajis, The University Utara in these virtual sessions necessarily make people more videos could be used during scandal and the 2016 US Parliamentary Association Malaysia – accessible via http:// on important national and able and better qualified to elections to undermine the Presidential election. However, (CPA) through its social www.eajournals.org/wp-content/ international issues from their take decisions or to influence reputation of candidates, it has come into sharper focus media accounts can provide uploads/The-Role-of-Social- respective Chambers. decision-making processes. especially women. In Pakistan, now because finally the social a welcome opportunity to Media-towards-Political- The flux of disinformation on to tackle this situation, the media platforms themselves youngsters and a wider Accountability-in-Pakistan.pdf Social media influences on social media has inadvertently Election Act, 2017 does, are getting involved. Political audience in playing their role 5 What are the problems with Parliamentary business brought its own challenges. however, allow the Election advertising doesn’t require in converting Parliaments into political ads on Facebook and Recently in an unprecedented Since the 2016 United States Commission to constitute a truthful or factually accurate a more open, transparent and Twitter? By Luke Graham, City AM, event, the National Assembly of Presidential election, the campaign monitoring team, claims in political campaigns accessible space. 11/11/2019 - accessible via https:// Pakistan’s Standing Committee issue of social media and which could examine political as political ads are micro- There is a greater need www.msn.com/en-gb/news/ on Human Rights held a special misinformation has gained adverts online or monitor any targeted and misleading most for an engaging debate on in-depth/what-are-the-problems- meeting on the plea of Pakistani growing attention as a major violations of the Act or Rules. of the time. In 2008, the then how to use social media for with-political-ads-on-facebook- women journalists, who were threat to the integrity of Presidential candidate, Barack the better transformation of and-twitter/ar-BBWzlmE facing a backlash and threats elections. Whether by domestic Facebook’s Head of Global Obama became one of the Parliaments in line with the CPA’s 6 Political Advertising on Social on social media. A senior factors, such as candidates affairs and Communications first candidates to use social Recommended Benchmarks Media Platforms by Lata Nott, politician in the Sindh Provincial and campaigns, or through (and former UK media advertising in his election for Democratic Parliaments American Bar Association – Assembly extended his apology foreign-influenced campaigns, Parliamentarian) Nick Clegg campaign. That year, election (2006, revised 2016), which accessible via https://www. to a female colleague after the ability of voters to make clarified the company’s policy candidates in the US spent a aspires for Parliament’s improved americanbar.org/groups/crsj/ mounting pressure from the informed choices based on fair recently that it would not ‘fact- total of US$22.25 million on accessibility and openness for all. publications/human_rights_ public, especially women via and balanced information has check’ ads or statements from online political advertising.6 magazine_home/voting-in-2020/ social media, for using profane been significantly skewed. politicians on its platform. Though social media is political-advertising-on-social- language against her on the Disinformation, particularly Clegg argued that it wasn’t playing a significant role in media-platforms/

Social media in elections – THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL MEDIA does social media provide widespread disinformation in elections? AND PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY IN THE Social media can provide misinformation and fake news. COMMONWEALTH: A VIEW FROM CANADA Due to the plethora of platforms available, those who wish to use social media for negative purposes have been able to do so with impunity. The relationship between a voice to the voiceless and seminars, opinion columns for In recent years, some social media and parliamentary enabled them to express local newspapers, coffee ‘meet- governments have used social democracy is very pertinent their opinions, and in some and-greets’ at constituents’ media to spread misinformation in the current COVID-19 cases, overturn governments. residences, school visits and within their own countries. environment. Social media Social media has been used community events. This was Authoritative governments has an important role to play to mobilise public opinion and complemented by social media have used various methods of in the democratic process. It coordinate protests, with the posts on platforms including censorship towards dissenting allows both Parliamentarians best examples being that of the Twitter, Facebook and Instagram voices on social media within and the electorate to share Arab Spring. to reach out to the different their borders. Methods include their views directly, in real-time, Individuals and groups have demographics in my riding. blocking social media platforms Ms Yasmin unmediated by journalists and used these channels effectively Constituents would also receive or preventing access to Ratansi, MP is a other observers. in more targeted campaigns, regular updates over email. constituents stay updated and discussion. Billboards are solutions they came up with in individuals, or certain groups Canadian Member In this short article, we will such as the capture of Joseph From my perspective, connected to my work and that another form in which the divide ensuring that their messages whose members are critical of Parliament for explore a few themes, including Kony, the rebel leader of the I found that using social of the Federal government. can be reduced. Print media in were disseminated to their of government policies or the positive and negative Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), media, especially, during the The seven virtual town halls I the form of free newspapers, constituents through billboards actions.2 In addition, China’s the riding of Don impacts of social media, the who had brutalized Uganda and pandemic, has helped my conducted using social media information bulletins or and other physical platforms. ‘Great Firewall’ which is a Valley East. She is effect on elections, and the neighbouring countries. allowed participants to provide pamphlets can keep people combination of legislative and Chair of the CPA impacts on women. The quick and easy access their input on our government’s informed on the current state of Social Media and its impact technological actions that Canada Federal In general, social media of mobile phone cameras has response to COVID-19. This affairs in the country. on Women Parliamentarians allows the People’s Republic of Branch, Chair of the provides a good platform also had a dramatic impact “The relationship was invaluable as it allowed In the case of Canada, The websites listed below China to regulate the internet Standing Committee for politicians to reach out to on public opinion because between social the government to fine-tune there is a dedicated television provide ample examples of domestically, limiting access groups including millennials people can share footage live programs it had created. The channel: Cable Public Affairs what women Parliamentarian’s to western media and social on Environment and Gen-Z, who tend to rely with the world on channels media and input from my constituents and Channel (CPAC). Here face, including misogyny, media applications including and Vice-Chair of primarily on social media to stay including Twitter, YouTube and parliamentary the changes to the programs proceedings of both the insults, ridicule and racism. Facebook. the GOPAC. As Chair updated on what is going on Instagram, exposing atrocities reinforced the fact that we are Canadian House of Commons Social media provides In recent years, electoral of the Standing locally and around the world. in real-time. Social media can be democracy is very their voices to Parliament. and the Senate as well as anonymity to the perpetrators, interference by foreign actors Committee on the As stated by Freedom used to disseminate information pertinent in the To benefit from social media, Committee meetings are emboldening them to say things has become a major concern for Status of Women, she House: “Social media allows on vote-rigging and voting people should have access broadcast live. that they would not say in any democratic countries especially ordinary people, civic groups, rights violations. current COVID- to reliable and affordable Within the Commonwealth, civilized society. To ensure in light of US intelligence was proud to have and journalists to reach a vast In Bulgaria, a nonprofit 19 environment. internet and mobile networks. the recording of the that such behavior is curtailed, agencies finding that Russia introduced the first audience at little or no cost.” 1 organisation created a mobile Social media has The lack of accessibility proceedings of the House in one needs to look more interfered in the 2016 report on gender However, this can also pose app called ‘I vote’ to inform users and affordability can lead Hansard provides historical closely at legislation to prevent presidential elections.3 Some lens budgeting for a threat to democratic elections, about their voting rights and an important role to inequity in democratic data for the public. The Library and punish such appalling analysts observe that China Parliament. She works because the source and obligations and allows them to to play in the engagement by the electorate. of Parliament is another source behaviour. and Russia are increasingly to engage multi-faith veracity of information shared monitor the fairness of elections. For the Commonwealth, this of verifiable information. To • https://www.bbc. employing election interference on platforms cannot always be As Members of Parliament, it is democratic process. type of digital divide may keep democracy accessible, com/news/uk-wales- tactics to “influence the political groups in promoting verified in real time, allowing our responsibility to communicate It allows both pose challenges for a truly constituents with no access politics-52785157 environment by weakening the peace, harmony and misinformation to spread rapidly. with our constituents and keep Parliamentarians participatory democracy. to computers are able to write • https://globalnews.ca/ liberal democratic West and respect for each other. them informed of the work Knowing the creativity letters to their Members of news/6152836/hillary- increasing their own economic She is also a Fellow Some Positive Impacts of we do on their behalf. We are and the electorate of human beings, there are Parliament across Canada clinton-abuse-female- and political power in the world of the Chartered Social Media their voices to Parliament, not to share their views alternative solutions to reach without postage. politicians-toxic-social- order.”4 Professional In the past few years, we Parliament’s voice to them. As constituents, especially those In conducting virtual media A recent New York Times have seen the impacts of such, before the pandemic, I used directly, in real- in rural and remote areas. sessions with the newly elected • https://www.amnesty. article highlighted that Russia Accountants of social media shining a light on many forms of communication: time, unmediated Through my travels, I have seen Parliaments of both Anguilla and org/en/latest/ and Iran gained access to Canada and a Certified injustices and human rights paper medium (Householders by journalists and villagers sitting around a radio Dominica as part of the recent research/2018/03/online- electoral information and sent Management violations all around the world. and 10 percenters), website or television to listen to the CPA Post-Election Seminars, I violence-against-women- threats to voters in Florida.5 Consultant. These platforms have given posts, in-person town-halls and other observers.” news, followed by an animated was impressed by the creative chapter-2/ As stated by some

partly or completely false.9 (which controls 90% of the proposed to modernise References: “During an election The Parliament of Canada. In an ideal world, social web searches), for antitrust Canada’s Elections Act, also 1 Freedom House, Freedom on cycle in a pandemic, media should be censored to violations, alleging it abused its contained provisions to protect the Net 2019: The Crisis of Social social media gains disallow fake news. However, dominance to stifle competition. Canada’s elections from cyber Media. https://freedomhouse. an even stronger the question is how to censor threats and foreign interference. org/report/freedom-net/2019/ social media in a fair and just way Legislation and ‘PushBack’ In 2020, the Liberal federal crisis-social-media foothold in the to weed out the bad actors and from Legislators government introduced the 2 Ibid.; Freedom House, ‘messaging’ of allow valid information to flow. On 12 April 2018, the House Digital Charter. This document Freedom on the Net 2020: The Legislators can enact laws and Senate in the United contains ten principles Pandemic’s Digital Shadow. election platforms, that prohibit hate speech, States, questioned Cambridge including, that, digital platforms https://freedomhouse.org/ in candidate prejudice, attacks on religious Analytica regarding its will not disseminate hate, violent report/freedom-net/2020/ debates, and in and other beliefs. But then an improper harvesting of roughly extremism, or criminal content pandemics-digital-shadow additional question comes up: 87 million Facebook users. and that Canadians will be able 3 Willam Marcellino, Christian replacing the more where to draw the line between Questions arose as to whether to rely on the authenticity and Johnson, Marek N. Posard, traditional forms the rights of individuals, while the company should be more security of the internet services and Todd C. Helmus, Foreign at the same time ensuring heavily regulated, and the they use. Interference in the 2020 of canvassing they are not crossing into debate continues. Election: Tools for Detecting the electorate. harmful territory. Invariably, In Belgium, the country’s Conclusion Online Election Interference, discussions about the control Privacy Commission ordered In conclusion, technology and RAND Corporation, Research The use of social of misinformation on social Facebook to stop the use the advancement of social Paper, 2020. https://www.rand. media platforms in media turns into discussions on of long-term and unique media has made the world org/content/dam/rand/pubs/ elections, especially censorship and free speech. identification codes to track more interconnected. People research_reports/RRA700/ In Canada, section 2(b) of the non-users without their consent. have access to parliamentary RRA704-2/RAND_RRA704-2.pdf during a pandemic, Charter of Rights and Freedoms This resulted in a Federal court affairs and geopolitics, and they 4 Ibid, p. 111. is of paramount healthcare. However, traditional an even stronger foothold in dangerous rhetoric. Also, there guarantees freedom of ordering Facebook to stop expect more transparency and 5 https://www.nytimes. forms of advertising are geared the ‘messaging’ of election is no way for any platform to fact expression “including freedom tracking “each internet user on accountability from their elected com/2020/10/21/us/politics/iran- importance.” to help those political parties platforms, in candidate debates, check all the tens of millions of of the press and other media of Belgian soil” on their websites. officials. russia-election-interference.html with a greater ‘election war and in replacing the more posts that come up everyday. communication.” Nations including Germany, The advent of technology 6 Paul Baines and Nigel Jones, researchers: “Social media chest’. By contrast, political traditional forms of canvassing Governments and civil society Recently, lawmakers in the Australia and European Union has enabled Parliaments across Influence and Interference in makes a quantitative and advertising on social media is the electorate. The use of social need to balance freedom of United States have called for bloc have enacted effective the globe, to function virtually, Foreign Elections: The Evolution qualitative difference to the way less costly and has the potential media platforms in elections, speech with the public good. anti-trust actions against Big legislation against the big tech which in turn has had a positive of its Practice, RUSI Journal, Vol. instability and distrust can be for greater reach. especially during a pandemic, is There have been a few Tech, stating that Facebook companies.10 impact in engaging with the 163, No. 1, 2018, p. 15. prosecuted, given its ubiquity Social media is a more fluid of paramount importance. recent examples of social dissuades the free press due to In 2019, under a Liberal electorate on a variety of topics. 7 Vasu Mohan and Alan Wall. and reach.” 6 way for the public to receive media taking action, for its monopoly. The US Deputy majority, the Canadian The virtual meetings have also Foreign Interference: Past, Foreign governments have daily coverage of elections. Should social media be example, in the case of QAnon, Attorney General on 20th government introduced Bill had a positive impact on the Present and Future, Georgetown been able to use social media However, because of its greater censored, and should it be a conspiracy theory website; October 2020 sued Google C-76. The Bill (now law), environment and reduction Journal of International Affairs, and other online platforms to accessibility compared to print legislated? TikTok took steps to block of greenhouse gases, due to Vol. 20, 2019, p. 113. “influence and further entrench media, it has the potential to As a provider of fluid the use of hashtags that were limited usage of different modes 8 https://www.forbes.com/ ideological divides and polarize attract exponentially more information, social media linked with the website or white of transportation and in a vast sites/isabeltogoh/2020/10/19/ societies along existing political ‘followers’ than print or more can be used for widespread supremacy. YouTube releases country like Canada, enabled us tiktok-is-banning-accounts-that- and social cleavage. Ironically, traditional forms of media. As disinformation in elections. a transparency report and to use our time more efficiently. spread-qanon-theories-and- democracies with robust and such, attention must be placed Foreign actors can easily create provides data on its removals However, there is a dark side of disinformation/#76ec96d22620 open media are particularly on the effect of content. Unlike fake accounts to disseminate of inappropriate content. social media that manipulates 9 https://www.theverge. vulnerable to manipulation as newspapers that have editorial fake news to sway the vote. Globally, YouTube employs and feeds off dangerous com/2019/10/21/20925204/ foreign sources can very easily boards and professional Unfortunately, there are few 10,000 people in monitoring misinformation that must be facebook-2020-election- use online platforms to spew journalistic standards, the regulations and lax rules that and removing content. Yet the vigilantly and actively monitored. interference-prevention-tools- hate speech and escalate their checks and balances on social still allow Facebook, Twitter, giants in the social media space, policy-false-misinformation impact.” 7 media are often minimal and, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, such as Facebook, have done CPA Podcast: Ms Yasmin Ratansi MP 10 Additional information can be in some cases, absent. Far and other social media to be nothing with regards to hate spoke alongside Commonwealth obtained on this website link: What is the role of political from adhering to principles of easily manipulated by anyone to speech spread in Myanmar Parliamentarians from the UK and Jamaica https://www.bbc.com/news/ advertising on social media journalism and broadcasting circulate fake news and mislead against the Rohingya Muslims.8 at a live webinar event on ‘How can technology-47135058. during an election? rules and regulations, some the electorate on key issues Facebook, though has taken MPs continue to communicate with their Political advertising by political creators of content on social during elections. steps in redirecting fake news constituents during COVID-19?’ hosted by parties is essential for the media often operate unfettered Self-regulation does not regarding the US election by the CPA UK Branch in June 2020 - to hear electorate to understand where from laws, regulations, industry, work. Trolls, bigots, white either removing it completely the full discussion please visit www.uk-cpa. each party stands on key issues or ethical standards. supremacists and foreign or adding a banner that shows org/news-and-views/online-webinar-how- including climate change, the During an election cycle in a nations use these spaces to users that the information that is can-mps-continue-to-communicate-with- economy, social issues, and pandemic, social media gains freely distribute lies and harmful, being disseminated is likely or constituents-during-covid-19/

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN A GLOBALISED WORLD: A VIEW FROM INDIA ‘Delivering a Common Future: Connecting, Innovating, Transforming’

A nation’s ability to achieve and and attention of the world. such as FDIs (Foreign Direct sustain long-term economic As a country leap frogs itself Investments) and FPIs (Foreign growth is determined by to acquire modern dimensions Portfolio Investments), but its propensity to increase of development, it realises the the necessity to focus on the productivity through the use need and significance of the domestic sector such as public of better technology, together growing inter-connectedness sector units. This may seem like with human and physical capital. and inter-dependence between a socialistic ideology, however, However, in the never-ending nation states. India, too, is this could be the biggest race for social and economic no exception in this regard. weapon in the new market or a growth by all nations, the Connection, Innovation and capitalistic market by providing Shri N. K. word ‘Sustainability’, which Transformation have been the a competitive market space Premachandran, is significant for us and more byproducts of globalisation and between international MNCs MP is a Member for the coming generations, the exponential growth of the (Multinational Corporations) of Lok Sabha, the has been forgotten by most internet. and the local market (i.e., either of us. The modern concept In the case of India, we Public Sector Undertakings or Lower House of the of sustainable development opened our doors to the other governmental institutions). Parliament of India. was defined in 1987 by outside world in 1991, with This could be the balance of a However, such a competitive with that of our partner nations, is considered as indigenous he explained that the real India He was elected for the Brundtland Report1 as our policies of liberalisation, socio-capitalistic market. In this space can be created only including the Commonwealth people. lies in its 600,000 plus villages. the fourth time in “development that meets the privatisation and globalization; scenario, both the public sector if the PSUs (Public Sector nations. Globalisation has As we see now, diseases If Indian civilisation is to make May 2019. From needs of the present without since then the economic and and the private sector could Undertakings) are well improved lives through know no geographical its full contribution to the growth 2000 to 2006, he compromising the ability of social growth of the nation had have market competitiveness supported and financed, initially, technological advancement boundaries. The world has of a stable world order, it is this future generations to meet seen a significant rise. When we in a way that benefits both the in the domestic market such and economic growth over the suffered the difficult and vast mass of humanity that has was a Member of their own needs.” Thus, when start thinking about the current customer and the companies. as the insurance sector in past few decades. However, unpredictable challenges from to be made to live again and Rajya Sabha, the we talk about well-being of our world economic conditions, we India. When the whole world the challenges from a number the spread of pandemics and converted into a demographic Upper House of the future generations, sustainability are exposed to everything and economy, was shaken by of financial crises, terrorism or new diseases claim lives across dividend. India Parliament. He needs to be at the core of the anything in any part of the world, the 2008 crisis, we strongly pandemics, or large movements borders and regions. The world The future way forward for served as a Cabinet discussion. which was seen in the 2008 “For India, the believed it was due to the of refugees fleeing conflict is battling a virulent pandemic almost all nations would be Minister in the State For India, the underlying world economic crisis and the presence of such industries zones, bring out the challenges in the form of COVID-19 today ‘self-subsistence’, it could be principle of development is later European economic crisis. underlying principle that we never felt the shock of of global inter-dependence. and we need to act collectively implemented by utilising the Government of Kerala ‘through everyone’s support, In these crises, India was least of development economic breakdown. Since Therefore more, and not less, and realise that this moment ‘geographic-specific traditional from 2006 to 2011. He for everyone’s development affected owing to its economic the PSUs are supported by collaborative and effective is a wake-up call for all of us industrial rejuvenation’. In has published articles and towards everyone’s trust’. stability, which was mainly due is ‘through the governmental institutions, co-operation among the to work together to address the present context this might in various newspapers This mirrors the essence of the to its strict economic policies everyone’s support, they would have a level of Commonwealth is needed today’s challenges. Amid this be construed as a concept and periodicals. 2030 Agenda for Sustainable along with the support of its for everyone’s accountability towards the to manage the opportunities pandemic crisis, the concept of of anti-globalisation, rather, Development, of ‘leaving strong public sector companies customers and the people. At and challenges that we face globalisation, trade, commerce this could also be seen as an no one behind’. Therefore, such as the insurance (Life development and the same time, the presence collectively. and even the economic opportunity for developing Sustainable Development Insurance Corporation) and the towards everyone’s of private sector companies Reviewing the possibility machinery of the world are at a some of the lost traditional has to address the hopes and national banking sectors. The ensures a competitive field. for the growth of the nation on standstill. industries. If utilised properly, aspirations of the millions of lesson from these crises is clear; trust’. This mirrors This all revolves around a micro level, the future could To overcome these short- through value addition and people below the poverty line the future lies in controlled the essence of the different dimensions of depend on its ‘self-subsistence’. comings and to maintain a state proper marketing on a global and has to keep the poor and and monitored globalization, sustainable development. The A more elaborate explanation of sustainable development, level, the export potential of the marginalised at its centre. however, more focus needs to the 2030 Agenda scenario mentioned above of the term self-subsistence both, in the economic and the such products could be tapped. We are conscious that India’s be placed on self-sustaining for Sustainable follows a macroscopic approach would resonate in the second social development, Mahatma This would be pro-globalisation actions and experience, with policies and supporting Development, of on economic terms towards theme of this article, ‘Indigenous Gandhi famously proposed that and self-subsistent as they its one-sixth of the world’s domestic public companies. ‘Delivering a common future’ people living in our countries’. “The future of India lies in its utilise local labor and local population have global This does not mean ‘leaving no one where the development of the An interesting point here is that villages.” This was the idealism resources. These industries implications and attract interest restricting globalization policies, behind’.” nation’s economy is intertwined in India, the whole population or foresight of Mahatma Gandhi, employ the indigenous people

“In this new world of globalisation, we are PARLIAMENT AND FOREIGN POLICY: AN INDIAN all interconnected, PERSPECTIVE which from an economic point of view is necessary and unavoidable. However, this also forces us to choose A recurrent theme of changes and modification in best interest. This, however, is parliamentary surveillance the policy of the government.2 not always the case. The most a cheaper product or of foreign policy is ensuring The India Parliament falls in this likely reason, however, for service from another the security, sovereignty and category and as such the role measures of all-party agreement, territorial integrity of the country, of the Parliament should be is that Members on both sides of country rather and the safeguarding of the seen in the context of a ‘policy- the House will not wish to allow than producing it national interest of the people influencing Legislature. inter-party squabbles to threaten and the country. This is ensured Although in principle powers any perceived national interest or locally, such as the through various parliamentary with respect to foreign affairs security. The effect of this is well cashew industry. and procedural devices, belong to the Government, at summarised by William Wallace In layman terms, it Rup Narayan through the well-established times, the Parliament is taken in The Foreign Policy Process in Das is a former Joint parliamentary conventions into confidence, particularly Britain.3 is less dependence Secretary of the Lok and through a network of with regard to the declaration of “Where the front benches are on others and more Sabha Secretariat of Parliamentary Committees. war and the making of treaties, united, as they most often are, of that geographic location. the local cashew industry in better quality, rather, making In trying to evaluate the and if any measure calls for an the tradition of bipartisanship As in the past, they used to Kerala has plummeted to a better products for self- dependence on the Parliament of impact of Parliament on foreign appropriation of public money in foreign policy serves to depend on the utilisation of record time low leaving a high subsistence. Thus, on a macro- ourselves.” India and is currently policy or in the conduct of the or for a change in domestic law, damp down debate, to lend the local resources available. vacuum of unemployment for economic level, the importance a Senior Fellow of the country’s external relations, it will then the legislation must be respectability of national interest In developing and third-world the semi-skilled labor force and lies in creating a competitive Indian Council of Social be very useful to decipher the introduced and the Parliament’s to the accepted consensus and countries, these industries many such families in despair. environment between the Science Research at nature of the parliamentary polity assent sought. The Parliament of to label criticism as somehow 4 are mainly labour intensive, This could be attributed to the private sector and the public the Indian Institute of of the country in the first place. India, however, only discusses extreme, if not also disloyal.” which have a high employment lack of focus on such traditional sector to maintain a balance Philip Norton’s classification of issues related to the declaration A third major obstacle to potential and local resources industries and more focus on of profit for the companies as Public Administration, Legislatures based on ‘policy- of war or making of treaties. the influence of Parliament in utilisation. For example, I less subsistent investment well as the customers. Similarly, New Delhi. He holds a making Legislatures’, ‘policy- Motions approving or expressing foreign affairs is what Wallace represent a constituency on the and developments such as on a micro-economic level, Ph.D from the School influencing Legislatures’ and opinions are declaratory only. describes as “the peculiar southern tip of the Indian sub- FDIs and FPIs as mentioned the focus should be shifted of International ‘Legislatures with little or no But then, these motions can help secrecy in which foreign policy continent called Kollam which before. This COVID-19 towards rejuvenating the geo- Studies at Jawaharlal policy impact’ is highly useful in authenticating the position of matters are discussed and is in the State of Kerala. We are period has shed light on the specific traditional industries Nehru University. He in determining the impact of the Government on a particular decided (in Britain). In seeking known as the cashew capital importance of self-sustenance, which are highly labour the India Parliament on foreign issue. Yet another factor that to suppress the dissemination of the world; cashews are the like in the case of the USA, intensive depending on the has written for a wide policy.1 It must be noted that inhibits Parliament’s involvement of information and raising and geographic-specific traditional vis-à-vis its requirement of local people of the geographic range of international India is a parliamentary polity, in foreign policy-making is cross airing of contentious issues, industry which provides a hydroxychloroquine from India. area. Thus, the future forward publications including unlike a Presidential government -party agreement. Although the Government will often fall livelihood for about 600,000- In this new world of is a combination of the themes the Harvard Asia as in the United States of political parties may disagree on back on the claim of secrecy, 700,000 employees and globalisation, we are all in both the articles. A common Quarterly, Global Asia, America, the India Parliament emphasis, a broad consensus arguing that to reveal too much farmers. There are more than interconnected, which from future has to necessarily be a China Brief, China does not exercise direct control does exist among political would be to act contrary to the 250,000 employees directly an economic point of view is sustainable one, if we intend to over the making of foreign policy. parties, only the degree of thrust national interest. It is a claim involved in the industry, which necessary and unavoidable. bequeath something credible Report, International Policy-making Legislatures, such varies. often disputed but one rarely is about 10% of the population However, this also forces us and lasting for our future Studies, the Times as the US Congress, are in a There are several reasons overcomes.”5 of the district and 95% of these to choose a cheaper product generations. Higher Education position to not only amend or for this bipartisan approach. The The fourth factor is the lack workers are women. or service from another Supplement and many reject government measures, but major Opposition party, seeing of political interest attached We were known for high- country rather than producing References: English language daily also to substitute the same with itself as a future Government, to foreign affairs. Even though 1 quality cashew which is of high it locally, such as the cashew Brundtland Report, publication newspapers in India. proposals of their own. In other will not want to create a rod for some Members of Parliament export potential. However, industry. In layman terms, it is by World Commission on words, they play an active part its own back when it returns to prefer foreign policy as one of unfortunately due to the less dependence on others Environment and Development in the initiation and formulation office. Electorally, Opposition their primary interests, the fact is Email [email protected]. All high levels of international and more dependence on https://www.britannica.com/ of policy. Policy-influencing leaders will see the merit of being that the area of foreign affairs is views expressed in this article are competition of products at a ourselves. The future in topic/Brundtland-Report personal. Legislatures, on the other hand, seen to support the Government so vast and the Members’ time lower price and lesser quality, globalisation is not buying are restricted only to suggesting when it is acting in the country’s and commitments pressing, that

the amount of parliamentary said, “I believe that it is not only recently after the bloody clash political parties exchange their succinctly summarised by Dinesh attention paid to it – other than self-delusion... dangerous self- in the Galwan Valley on 15 June views and iron out differences, Singh, India’s former External during a time of national or delusion either to hope or to 2020 also found its resonance in if any. Thus, while analysing the Affairs Minister, in an article in international crisis – is in reality believe, however, exemplary the political spectrum, including role and impact of Parliament in The Parliamentarian in 1970. He of secondary importance. A our motives in the international in the India Parliament which the making of foreign policy, the wrote: “Attempts by Government demonstrated interest in the plane, however, genuine met briefly from 14 September role of Parliamentary Committees to shut out parliamentary Korean Peninsula, West Asia our desire for neutrality... for to 23 September 2020, must be factored. scrutiny, or to take for granted or South China Sea dispute friendship with nations, that notwithstanding the COVID- Yet another issue in which the parliamentary approval, of the is probably not going to get a the communists will in the final 19 pandemic. Ahead of the Parliament of India has shown aspects of their foreign relation Member re-elected. analyses respect our neutrality Parliament of India session, the interest and concerns relates to are bound to recoil. On the Notwithstanding limitations, and our loftiness of motives.” Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, India’s nuclear doctrine, which other hand, in a parliamentary however, Entries 10 to 21 in On another occasion on briefed the leaders of political has a bearing on the country’s set-up, the Executive obviously the Seventh Schedule of the 20 November 1950, while parties with regards to the security and development. The cannot afford to abdicate its Indian Constitution enumerates participating in a debate many prevailing situation in the LAC Government of India’s decision responsibility to initiate and subjects on which the India prominent leaders of Congress (Line of Actual Control) including not to sign the Nuclear Non- implement policies, especially in Union Government is competent cautioned the Government India’s response to the challenge Proliferation Treaty in 1967 is the matter of the conduct of its to make laws. They are: against adopting a complacent on 19 June 2020. The position often attributed to parliamentary foreign relations. There has to be 1. Foreign affairs; all matters attitude towards China. Professor parties, however, persistently pressure. The stance of the a judicious mixture of Executive which bring the India Union N. G. Ranga expressed concern demanded not only a statement India Parliament with regard initiative and parliamentary relations into relations with at the way the Tibetan question from the India Government but to the US-India Civil Nuclear control. The exact point where any foreign country was being handled by the also a discussion in Parliament. Cooperation Agreement, also this balance is struck may vary, 2. Diplomatic, consular and Government. He questioned As per the well-established known as the 123 Agreement but in the absence of such a trade representation India’s wisdom in having pressed parliamentary convention, the formally announced in July 2007, balance, smooth functioning 3. Any matter related to the for China’s admission to the Minister of Defence, Rajnath which was subject to intense of parliamentary control as United Nations Organisation through general debate, but regarded as the ‘Father of the Members of Parliament. United Nations at so early a Singh made a statement in both debate from 2005 to 2008, is well as the conduct of foreign 4. Participation in international it seldom provides formal, House’ – moved a cut motion in Later, however, when the stage. Houses of Parliament on 15 only too recent in public memory. policy by the Executive will be in conferences, associations definitive assent to it. A closer the lower chamber, Lok Sabha Tibetan crisis broke out, the The on-going standoff September 2020. The nuclear deal ended what is jeopardy.”7 and other bodies and scrutiny and analysis of the on 4 December 1947 relating same Parliament became between the armies of the two As the session was for a very called India’s ‘nuclear apartheid’. implementing of decisions debates and deliberations of to the demands for grants of critical of China, suggesting countries which intensified brief period, the India Parliament The United Progressive Alliance References: made at these events the Parliament of India clearly the Ministry of External Affairs. how the national interest, couldn’t discuss the issue further. Government headed by then 1 Philip Norton (1990) 5. Entering into treaties demonstrates the commitment Professor Ranga said: “China security, territorial integrity and “As far as the role However, the recently appointed Prime Minister, Dr Manmohan ‘Legislatures in perspective’, and agreements with of the country to the strategic has become a sort of cockpit sovereignty of the country was of Chief of the Defence Staff, Singh, was almost on the brink of West European Politics, 13:3, foreign countries and autonomy of its foreign policy between the Soviet Russia and supreme concern to Parliament. of Parliament in General Bipin Rawat, briefed losing a trust vote on July 2008 143-152 the implementing of and how the Parliament has America. Are we going to keep The naivety of then Prime law making is the Parliamentary Standing when the Left parties which 2 Cliff Grantham and Bruce treaties, agreements and collectively protected it in spite of mum about it, are we going to Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, was Committee on Defence earlier had extended outside support George, ‘The Influence of the conventions with foreign the dominance of the Executive allow becoming an unfortunate criticised by some Members concerned, there on 11 September 2020 and said to the Government withdrew British Parliament on Foreign countries and the numerical majority of the victim of these powers as the of Parliament, including some are occasions when that the Indian armed forces support for the Government’s Policy’, in Manohar L. Sondhi 6. War and peace, especially ruling party or coalition of political Republic of Spain has become? from the Congress Party itself. legislation initiated had taken adequate measures alleged tilt towards the USA. (Edited) Foreign Policy and over foreign jurisdictions parties. Protection and promotion Should we not take a positive The Chinese invasion of Tibet to thwart any effort to alter the The Government won the trust Legislatures: An Analyses of 7. Citizenship, naturalisation of national interest has been stand in regard to this?” was discussed in the Lok Sabha by the Executive LAC. Similarly, senior diplomats vote by a slender majority. The Seven Parliaments, Abhinav and immigration the driving force for the India Another Congress Party on 17 March 1950 in the course are scrutinised by from the India Ministry of External role of Parliament in fine tuning Publications, New Delhi, 1988, p.8 8. Extradition Parliament. Member, Brajeshar Prasad, of a discussion on the Ministry Affairs, including Foreign the nuclear deal was eloquent 3 ‘The Foreign Policy Process in 9. Admission into, and The first test of the India supporting the sentiment of of External Affairs. Members Parliament, including Secretary, Dr S. Jaishankar, who testimony of parliamentary Britain’ by William Wallace, Royal emigration and expulsion Parliament’s interest in foreign Professor Ranga, said: “India urged the Government to clearly by the Parliamentary subsequently became External supremacy. Institute of International Affairs, from India; as well as matters policy issues was eloquently and China are destined to be define India’s frontier with Tibet. Affairs Minister, as an outreach of As far as the role of Parliament 1976 relating to passports and displayed during the India- leaders of Asia. Joined together Participating in the debate, P. C. Standing Committees. Parliament briefed the Chairman in law making is concerned, there 4 Ibid visas China war in 1962. The India they will be force to be reckoned Barua, a Member of the ruling The best example and Members of the Committee are occasions when legislation 5 Ibid 10. Pilgrimages to places Parliament’s role in India-China with.” He even went to the extent party, said, “The McMahon of such legislation of External Affairs on the issue initiated by the Executive are 6 Line of Actual Control (LAC) outside India relations, however, predates of proposing a federal plan of line, which was drawn at a of India-China relations. As the scrutinised by Parliament, is a notional demarcation line 11. Piracies and crimes even the independence of the union, saying, “it is in common conference in Shimla is a vague is the Citizenship proceedings in the Parliamentary including by the Parliamentary that separates Indian-controlled committed on the high seas country and can be traced back interest of both the states to boundary. The line is more or Amendment Bill, Committees are not open to Standing Committees. The best territory from Chinese-controlled or in the air; offences against to the Provisional Parliament evolve a federal plan of union.” less an imaginary one and that is the media and not telecast, example of such legislation is territory in the Sino-Indian border the law of nations committed called the Constituent Assembly This clearly reflected not only the reason why our statesman in granting dual then the interaction between the Citizenship Amendment Bill, dispute. on land or in the air. (legislative). Even before the the concern of the Parliament at this particular area will be put to citizenship to the the Committee Members and granting dual citizenship to the 7 Shri Dinesh Singh, ‘The Indian People’s Republic of China the time, but also the strategic great test in the years to come.” Indian Diaspora the officials are said to be Indian Diaspora and voting rights Parliament and Foreign Policy’, The India Parliament, was formally proclaimed on 1 autonomy germane to India’s Intervening in the debate Mr free and frank. Discussions to them. The Parliamentarian. Volume 51, however, often scrutinises the October 1949, Professor N. G. foreign policy articulated through Frank Anthony, a nominated and voting rights to are substantive and on merit; The role of Parliament in the No 3, July 1970, p157. Government’s foreign policy Ranga of the Congress Party – the collective voice of the Member of the Anglo-Indian, them.” Members belonging to different making of foreign policy was very

328 | The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 | 329 WHY PARLIAMENTARIANS ARE KEY WHY PARLIAMENTARIANS ARE KEY TO ENHANCING ACCOUNTABILITY IN TO ENHANCING ACCOUNTABILITY HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY IN HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY

WHY PARLIAMENTARIANS ARE KEY TO ENHANCING

ACCOUNTABILITY IN HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY Image: Crown Agents.

The COVID-19 pandemic is to the contraction of identifying savings and the most pivotal event in our productive sectors and maximising the effectiveness lifetime, already disrupting overall GDP, causing of all possible resources is how we work, socialise, travel increased unemployment key, particularly for developing and in some cases, changing and necessitating massive countries that do not have the nature of relationships budgetary reallocations to reserves for economic between state and citizen. Apart finance urgent expenses in recovery. But even before the from the staggering statistics health and other essential pandemic, appropriate and on the number of deaths, services. For example, growth in efficient resource allocation, particularly among the poor, Sub-Saharan Africa is predicted particularly for health service Fergus Drake is vulnerable, women and ethnic to fall to -3.3% in 2020, pushing delivery, was a challenge for the Chief Executive minorities, it is having a toll on the region into its first recession many governments. of Crown Agents, family violence, mental health, in 25 years. Projections suggest This article aims to share a not-for-profit education opportunities and of that COVID-19 could push 71 our experience of working course livelihoods. While the million people into extreme with governments to build an international extent of the economic damage poverty in 2020, 40 million of evidence base for effective development is still unclear, a baseline whom would be living in Sub- allocation and expenditure of company, established forecast by the World Bank Saharan Africa. As a result, the resources in health service in which legislators can use maximises efficiency and allocations. For example, and deliver value for money. in 1833. Crown Agents envisions the deepest global global extreme poverty rate delivery. Given the crucial their powers to maximise the effectiveness of scarce in delivering ASCEND, a In Nepal, for example, we work reaches over recession since World War II. would increase for the first time role Parliamentarians play efficiency and effectiveness of resources. UK Government-funded have been working with a 120 million people since 1998 and progress made in overseeing government available resources. Ultimately, Whilst we recognise that programme working with 11 local software developer to The challenge ahead since 2017 would be wiped out. expenditure, it will also outline we hope our contribution will accessing robust data may be Health Ministries to eliminate deliver a web-based system for in 60 countries, In attempting to respond Against this backdrop, ideas, resources and ways inspire the reader to consider a challenge in many contexts, and contain Neglected Tropical local government budgeting, with expertise to the health emergency, untrialled ideas in his/her we also have experienced Diseases, we identified that accounting and financial in Public Sector governments have had to respective country to ensure the huge potential increased federal government grants for reporting. The system is used Transformation, rapidly re-allocate financial and cost savings, and, at the same accountability has for tangible NTD programming were equally throughout the country and Humanitarian human resources to secure the time, make sure that those with health outcomes for the disbursed across all provinces enables tracking of expenditure & Stabilisation, drugs and equipment required the most severe health and public and strengthening the and municipalities of one of the based on gender, caste, to adapt control and treatment livelihood needs are served in citizen-state relationship. In target countries, even though religion, ethnicity and age. It Procurement reform, measures. At the same time, this difficult time. public financial management the diseases are not thought is also tracking spending in Last Mile Supply businesses and households’ and procurement reform, for to be prevalent in all areas. response to the COVID-19 Chain, Health System need for financial support to Our findings: Data and example, the use of data to As a result of these findings, pandemic. This data is made Strengthening survive the resulting economic transparency are key inform decision-making at the Ministry of Health and available to local assemblies and Training downturn continues to grow. Evidence exists that where each stage of the financial Population has now introduced and the wider public through an & Professional These competing needs are governments are accountable management process makes a less strict grant conditionality internet browser, enabling them forcing governments to make and transparent, their health profound difference in creating to ensure subnational to hold government to account Development. Prior to difficult decisions about how to and economic response to the truly transformative outcomes governments have the flexibility for how funds have been used. Crown Agents, Fergus allocate limited public resources pandemic has been more rapid, for citizens. needed to respond to local Parliamentarians have a was Executive Director to best mitigate the health and effective and credible with variations in health. variety of tools at their disposal of Global Programmes socio-economic impacts of the citizens.1 Maximize resource allocation to ensure expenditure is at Save the Children pandemic, while retaining the This analysis aligns with our by using data to identify Ensure value for money adequately allocated and UK from 2009 to 2017. confidence of their citizens. experience - which is that the demand through tracking expenditure tracked: Firstly, Parliament can It is clear COVID-19 has- use of data to identify needs Local epidemiological data Effective systems for tracking draw on audit reports for figures and will- lead to serious fiscal and make resource allocations, can support identification of the use of public funds are on all domestic health sector stress within governments’ provide transparency, track demand for health services or crucial to ensuring that they are expenditures – planned and public finances and reduced expenditure, and identify value treatment and help maximise used for their intended purpose, actual – when the accounts are revenue collections due for money in procurement the efficiency of resource are properly accounted for presented to Parliament as part

330 | The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 | 331 WHY PARLIAMENTARIANS ARE KEY WHY PARLIAMENTARIANS ARE KEY TO ENHANCING ACCOUNTABILITY IN TO ENHANCING ACCOUNTABILITY HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY IN HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY

“Parliamentarians attention to resources reaching public finances if well managed. protections for the those most in need and that Good public procurement Government in the have a crucial role to new policies achieve the means efficient provision of event of contractor non- play in monitoring right balance of maximising quality-assured life-saving performance. whether scarce revenue and stimulating health equipment like PPE and • Applying a standard Image: Crown Agents. growth. Parliamentarians also ventilators to hospitals and Value for Money (VFM) resources are used have an important role to patients; and assurance for assessment methodology effectively and play around intergenerational all that public funding is being across all tenders, leading equity regarding the additional used effectively for the public to a standardised approach whether resource borrowing to finance these good. to VFM negotiations. allocation and plans and who will eventually Having worked directly economic recovery pay back this debt. An excellent with 45 countries on their The financial savings resource for evidence-based COVID-19 responses and resulting from applying these plans take into policy responses for good procuring over 2.4m items practices can be significant. account the most public governance, including of PPE, Crown Agents has Together with the Government guidance on legislative budget experienced first-hand how of Ghana, for example, we have vulnerable and oversight of emergency effective public procurement reviewed over US$400m worth socially excluded in responses, has been published can impact on the functionality of public contracts to build by the OECD and can be found of health systems, and on the hospitals, colleges and housing. society.” in the link below.3 consequent preparedness In the first six months of 2019 of entire countries for health alone, this review generated Coordinate donor fund crises. Effectiveness can over US$20m in savings. allocation with existing be strengthened when In Ukraine, similar methods of national budgets and plans. domestic allocations governments identify where generated US$62m worth of In addition, Parliamentarians can Understanding the total they can improve value savings on oncology medicines challenge their governments resources available for health for money in public sector since 2016 in collaboration through Question Time as services requires transparency procurement and then with the Ministry of Health, by well as the Public Accounts in all foreign and domestic implement reforms to learn from using global tenders for high Committee (PAC) and demand contributions and allocations. any cost savings in future. quality medicines, engaging 95 reporting on the use of all For many developing countries, This can be done by: international companies in the over procurement during procurement. to provide some food for Partnership provides a guide, international assistance donor funding represents • Supporting the application bidding process as opposed to COVID-19 from the Open • Identifying savings and thought on how resources can resources and ideas from intended for the health a significant proportion of of transparent, consistent five local bidders. As a result of Contracting Partnership can maximise efficiencies be used most effectively in across the globe on responses system. Similarly, legislators national health budgets. Ideally, practices and the improved public procurement, be accessed through the link by using the Public some areas of health delivery to COVID-19 including on can exercise parliamentary donor resources are placed use of data in tender hospitals had a sufficient supply below. Support to improving Accounts Committee to and procurement, freeing up fiscal openness - https:// oversight by reviewing into a sectoral budget for evaluations in line with of life-saving stents, which procurement practice, in the review audit findings and domestic resources where www.opengovpartnership. constituency health expenditure management by the relevant Open Contracting Global caused deaths by heart attacks form of best practice principles demand transparency in possible. We hope that this org/documents/a-guide-to- to identify whether funds have Ministry. This enables all Principles. in Ukrainian hospitals falling by and frameworks, is available. international assistance. knowledge will be useful for open-government-and-the- been spent effectively and funds to be aligned with and • Establishing clear 20% in 2018. • Monitoring impact Parliamentarians in exercising coronavirus/ whether there are any over or reported on through existing and comprehensive In order to ensure that public Action points for by working with local their oversight duties as well 3 http://www.oecd.org/ underspends.2 government systems. It also benchmark prices, so procurement provides value Parliamentarians at a glance constituencies, civil society as starting the conversations governance/public-governance- enables oversight of total health unrealistic bids are not for money, Parliamentarians Parliamentarians have a crucial and groups like the Open needed with their governmental responses-to-covid19/ Ensure resource allocation is funds, enabling resources accepted. have a variety of legislative role to play in monitoring Government Partnership to counterparts to ensure that 4 Geneva Centre for the inclusive and sustainable to be allocated according to • Preparing Standard powers at their disposal: whether scarce resources track expenditure. wastage of public resources Democratic Control of the The speed of responses to need, avoiding duplication. This Contractor Qualification Firstly, they can establish legal are used effectively and • Contributing to a can be minimised wherever Armed Forces. Parliament’s COVID-19 has necessitated leads to greater ownership, Criteria, to establish a set frameworks for procurement; whether resource allocation strengthened social possible. role in Defence Procurement. emergency expenditures lower delivery costs and of minimum contractor debate and approve annual and economic recovery compact through increased DCAF Backgrounder, and reallocations. However, strengthening of existing qualifications with respect and supplementary budget plans take into account the state-citizen trust, For further information about the October 2006, accessed generally the presentation of systems. to past performance, authorisations; request reports most vulnerable and socially underpinning future post- work of Crown Agents please visit 30 October 2020, https:// budget plans to Parliament is experience of personnel from, or hold hearings with, excluded in society. They can COVID-19 improvements in www.crownagents.com. ukrainesecuritysector.com/ an opportunity to scrutinise Make savings through and financial resources of government and industry do this by: revenue collections, service wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ allocations and ensure these transparency in public the Contractor’s company, officials regarding specific • Ensuring services get delivery, and health and References: Parliaments-Role-in-Defence- are in line with need and policy procurement to ensure only credible tenders and contracts; hear to those in need by education outcomes for all. 1 Bremmer, I. The Best Global Procurement_ENG.pdf priorities. As governments Public contracts are the second bidders can tender. testimonies by government supporting data-driven Responses to COVID-19 5 https://www.open-contracting. develop economic recovery biggest item of spending for • Selecting/preparing officials; and, in some cases, resource allocations. Conclusion Pandemic. Time, 12 June 2020, org/2020/04/08/5-procurement- plans, Parliamentarians can most governments, thereby the applicable general approve procurement awards • Strengthening COVID-19 and its impacts accessed 30 October 2020, strategies-for-navigating-the- provide oversight of the presenting a high corruption and special conditions above a certain amount.4 transparency by applying remain a huge socioeconomic https://time.com/5851633/best- covid-19-crisis-from-around-the- implementation of additional risk but also offering a of contract, to ensure Further ideas and guidance on global standards and challenge for the global global-responses-covid-19/ world/ spending by ensuring there is transformative opportunity for appropriate legal strengthening transparency guidance for public community. This article aimed 2 The Open Government

Over the centuries and events. This continues the THE CITY OF LONDON, ITS REMEMBRANCER AND which followed the public City of London’s long history of expression of the work of the involvement in such occasions. Remembrancer lessened, All the elements of the THE COMMONWEALTH and became more orientated role have, in various ways, towards the City of London’s Commonwealth links. The The City of London’s Remembrancer writes about the many affairs and its relationship Commonwealth features as a Image: City of London Archives. with the United Kingdom’s continuous item of business links between the City of London and the Commonwealth. Parliament at Westminster, in the ongoing work of the although it is fair to say there Office in parliamentary briefings have been instances where to Members of the House The City of London occupies the children of Lord Protector, concerns, added to the fact those who have held the office of Commons and House of a special place in the British Edward Seymour, Duke of that, somewhat mysteriously, have taken very public positions Lords in the United Kingdom’s constitution. Avid internet Somerset, who governed the the identity of those he was to on issues of the day. Most Parliament. The House of Lords surfers may have found it country in the first years of be accountable to in the City notably was Brass Crosby who, debate on the Commonwealth, described as ‘a city within a the reign of boy king Edward of London was not stated in with John Wilkes, had a leading typically held annually, is one city’, referring as it does to the VI and was married to the his instrument of appointment. role in the early attempts during example of this feature, but ancient capital occupying just daughter of the Archbishop of It might be concluded that he the 1760s and 1770s to publish the Office also inputs into one square mile in the centre Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer. was really as much the agent parliamentary proceedings, more specifically focused of the London metropolis. His patron was William Cecil, of Queen Elizabeth I than he then a breach of parliamentary proceedings, such as the recent Described by the Roman Lord Burghley, principal adviser was the City’s. This supposition privilege. How views about the House of Lords International Paul Double, LVO, historian and politician, Tacitus, to Queen Elizabeth I for most is reinforced by the fact that public’s right to information of all Agreements Sub-Committee OStJ has served as as “a busy emporium for trade of her reign and Thomas the City of London was rather types have transformed. Inquiry into UK-Australia Trade the City of London’s and traders”, it is now the home Walsingham, Elizabeth’s keen to get rid of the office The role of Remembrancer Negotiations. Through its Remembrancer since of one of the world’s leading - if spymaster. He also had political when Norton died. It took a today reflects its past but is very work on events, the Office has not the leading - international experience as a Member letter from Queen Elizabeth definitely now ‘official’ and not made the official arrangements 2003. He was called financial centres. Yet the nature of Parliament, a position he recommending diplomat, ‘political’. He (there has yet to for welcoming thousands of to the bar in 1981 of the government of the City of maintained as one of the four Dr Giles Fletcher, another be a she in the role) is the official Commonwealth dignitaries to and he is a Bencher London has a primarily Saxon Members then representing the well-known figure at Queen level channel of communication the City of London over the of the Middle Temple. origin and it still enjoys a degree City of London on becoming Elizabeth’s Court and a former between the City of London decades. Occasions marked at He was made a of independence from its Remembrancer. Member of Parliament, to the and the Parliament of the United Guildhall and Mansion House in Freeman of the City slightly less historic neighbour With all that background it is Office of Remembrancer. Kingdom. The Remembrancer the City of London have ranged Above: At the Commonwealth Flag Raising at Guildhall in the City to its west at the Palace of difficult to reconcile the notion While Remembrancer, Fletcher is one of the City of London’s from health conferences, of London on 11 March 2019, the City Remembrancer and Chief of London in 1985 Westminster. When it comes to of an essentially clerical job as acted as Queen Elizabeth’s Law Officers, and the Office Commonwealth Games and Commoner of the City of London with pupils and teaching staff and has served as its officials, that distinctiveness a record keeper. Looking at Ambassador to Russia and was is customarily held by a national day receptions to from a London primary school for the annual Commonwealth flag one of Her Majesty’s is represented in parliamentary Norton’s activities, which were made the Queen’s Master of barrister (as with the current State Visits, usually in the form raising ceremony. Commissioners of affairs by the Remembrancer. really as much concerned with Requests to act for the Lord incumbent). He acts as the of major formal dinners or Lieutenancy for the The Remembrancer the nation’s than the City’s Privy Seal. City’s Parliamentary Agent, banquets with accompanying hosted the young Royal couple Service in Australia and the City of London since is the product of the first promoting the City’s private business events. Ghana, South at a Mansion House luncheon, opening of the Owen Falls Elizabethan age, the office Below: At Guildhall in March 2007, the President of the Republic of parliamentary bills. The City Africa and Singapore are more where he described the couple’s Dam in Uganda. In 1961 at a 2018 and Under having been created in 1571. Ghana John Agyekum Kufuor speaks at a banquet hosted by the of London is one of the very recent examples of these Visits. six-month long Commonwealth Luncheon hosted at Guildhall Sheriff of the City of The circumstances of its Lord Mayor of London, John Stuttard and the City of London during few bodies which promotes its A dinner was even held in 1982 tour as “an achievement of by the Lord Mayor, The Queen London since 2017. creation, like the reason for the the Ghanaian State Visit to the United Kingdom. own measures in this way. He to mark 100 years since the inspired conception and brilliant shared accounts of her journey He is Director of Lord name of the Office, is unclear. also acts as a general guardian arrival on UK shores of the first execution.” to India, Pakistan, Nepal and Mayor’s Show Limited The government of the City of the City’s constitution shipment of refrigerated New Events to mark Royal Iran, from which she and Prince which organises of London did suffer from a and monitor of the City’s Zealand lamb! homecomings were once Philip had recently returned. record keeping problem in the interests in Parliament. The However, it was in 1954 customary in the City of London Joined by leading figures of the the historic annual 16th century and an official to Remembrancer has a similar when the Royal Yacht Britannia and, in the days before 24-hour day (including then UK Prime pageant held in keep matters ‘in remembrance’ ‘go-between’ role for the City (carrying onboard Her Majesty news reporting (let alone social Minister, Harold Macmillan and – to report and record City with the Royal households for Queen Elizabeth II and The Duke media) provided a platform a number of Her other serving London to mark the Image: City of London Archives. election of the Lord affairs and keep the records state and major public events of Edinburgh) entered the City of for the sharing of insights from Commonwealth Prime Ministers Mayor of London in order, is one explanation. and ceremonial occasions, London after a very long Royal their journeys to all parts of the who had travelled to London and is also sponsor That, however, does not really and with the United Kingdom’s tour of the Commonwealth, that globe. For example, in 1954, for the event), The Queen accord with the person first Foreign, Commonwealth the City would host one of its Queen Elizabeth II reported described the occasion as of the City of London chosen to undertake the role, and Development Office most notable Commonwealth on the developments in having the “particularly pleasant Corporation’s Multi- Thomas Norton. He was well (FCDO) and the London- events. Two weeks later, the geothermal power generation feeling of a family gathering”, Faith Network. known in the Court of Queen based diplomatic corps on then Lord Mayor of London, she had witnessed in New and warmly recalled the Elizabeth I. He had been tutor to protocol, inward official visits Sir Noel Vansittart Bowater, Zealand, the Flying Doctor hospitality she and Prince Philip

Right: At the Commonwealth Commonwealth Parliamentary beyond, at the Conference – 1980) hailed from Mannville, the Lord Mayor has visited High Commissioners’ Banquet Association International of the Commonwealth Alberta, Canada. include Cyprus, Malta, Sri at the Guildhall in 2016, the Parliamentary Governance Association of Legislative A large part of the Lord Lanka and Malaysia, as well as Company of Pikemen and Seminar in 2009, and Counsel (CALC) in Livingstone, Mayor’s job is to serve as an numerous countries in Africa, Musketeers form a guard of receptions to mark the Zambia and subsequently international ambassador for including Kenya, Tanzania, honour for Her Majesty The Association’s ‘Magna Carta to at the Commonwealth Law the UK based financial and Uganda, Ghana, Mozambique, Queen accompanied by the Commonwealth Charter’ and Conference. The trip was not professional services sector, Zambia and Nigeria. The Lord Mayor of London, Jeffrey ‘International Parliamentary only an opportunity for debate promoting both the City of current Lord Mayor, William Evans to mark the inclusion of Conference on National and discussion on legislative London’s and the UK’s regional Russell has not escaped the Epping Forest in The Queen’s Security’ conferences (held in and procedural matters in offer, in priority growth markets impacts of COVID-19, and Commonwealth Canopy 2015 and 2017 respectively). Commonwealth jurisdictions, but overseas. This ambassadorial subsequent travel constraints initiative. In both 2009 and 2015, also allowed for engagement role incorporates a packed have resulted in his programme Image: Gerald Sharp Photography/City of London Archives. Serjeants at Arms and security on broader cultural fronts such programme of overseas of overseas visits ‘going digital’. had received on their journey. professionals from across as at the Livingstone Museum in visits, with Commonwealth Exceptionally, Lord Mayor The types of events the Commonwealth were the margins of the conference destinations and attendance Russell will serve a second that the Office of the City welcomed to Guildhall dinners and in fostering broader mutually at related events (such as the term and the resumption Remembrancer organises on organised by the Office of the beneficial connections for which Commonwealth Heads of of in-person visits is keenly behalf of the City of London City Remembrancer. At the 2015 the Commonwealth is so well Government CHOGM Business awaited. Though physical may now have evolved, but event, which celebrated 600 suited. Forum in Malta in 2015) regularly visits may now be on the ‘back the City’s commitment to the years of the Office of Serjeant- If the Remembrancer has a featuring in the programme. burner’ for the moment, ‘virtual’ Commonwealth remains. at-Arms, Sir David Wootton (the primarily domestic focus, the The Remembrancer’s Office overseas visits comprising of Occasions such as the community and broader friendship is as deep rooted be driven in the right direction.” Lord Mayor locum tenens at the same certainly cannot be said input into this programme is high-profile meetings carried (pre-lockdown) Red Cross international contacts to in the City of London as it is Though most of the practical time ) noted that Guildhall was of the Lord Mayor of London. primarily in providing diplomatic out via video conference, Australian Bushfire Appeal come together in the grand in the Commonwealth and in reasons for obtaining the just three years older and went The Lord Mayor plays a leading or political advice. have proven themselves to event, co-hosted by the Lord surroundings of the Guildhall, 1996 and 2013 respectively, Freedom of the City have on to introduce the City’s own role in promoting partnerships The emergence of be valuable alternatives – Mayor of London and the High and is one of the City’s two great friends from South disappeared, it remains a Serjeant at Arms and Common and dialogue between the City Commonwealth countries with the Lord Mayor already Commissioner for Australia principal annual diplomatic Africa – Nelson Mandela unique part of London’s Cryer – the admittedly highly and business around the world. as a major economic force in having completed extensive to the United Kingdom and Commonwealth engagements. and Archbishop Desmond heritage and key to furthering experienced Colonel Geoffrey Spanning almost 900 years, the which UK based financial and ‘virtual’ visits to Australia attended by HRH The Prince of Beyond events, the Office Tutu - joined the list of world mutual understanding and Godbold – whom he remarked Lord Mayor of London is one of professional services sector and Singapore. The City’s Wales, demonstrate the close was fortunate to have the figures who have received the diplomatic relations more ‘didn’t look a day over 599’! the world’s oldest continuously has substantial engagement aspirations to enhance and enduring bond between opportunity to play a leading City’s ‘right hand of fellowship’ generally. In 2014, Lee Hsien The Remembrancer’s work elected civic offices and has further emphasises the Commonwealth relations are the City of London and the part in securing agreement when they were admitted as Loong, Prime Minister of keeps him mainly in London in the past been held by non- desirability of enhancing evident, with engagement at Commonwealth nations. for the City’s inclusion of the Honorary Freemen of the City Singapore was received by but there are occasions when British born citizens of the relations generally. Following the next CHOGM in Rwanda New expressions of the 6,000 acres of Epping Forest, of London. These occasions the then Lord Mayor, Dame Commonwealth engagement Commonwealth. Indeed, Lord the establishment of an office (whether virtually or in person) a bond develop, as with the north of London, as part of the are another aspect of City Fiona Woolf, at Mansion House occurs abroad. In April 2019, the Mayor, Sir Leslie Boyce (1951 – in Mumbai in 2008, India now highlight in the pipeline for 2021. event each year in March, Royal Commonwealth Society’s tradition arranged through the for his Freedom ceremony. current Remembrancer joined 1952) was born in Taree, New forms an integral part of the As the UK embraces when the Commonwealth Queen’s Commonwealth Remembrancer for the City of Admissions are sometimes held over 130 drafters and guests South Wales, Australia, and Lord Lord Mayor’s Overseas Visits a new global outlook, the Flag is now raised above the Canopy initiative. Separately, London Corporation. Nelson there - the Lord Mayor’s official from the Commonwealth and Mayor, Peter Gadsden (1979 programme along with those of Remembrancer and his Guildhall in the company of through collaboration and links Mandela was the first Head of residence - but are more usually the City’s Chair of Policy. More colleagues at the City of London local schoolchildren to mark with Commonwealth institutions, State in Office since 1768, and held at the Guildhall. In addition Above: At Guildhall in October 2014, the President of the Republic recent visits have emphasised Corporation will continue to Commonwealth Day (this year the City of London Corporation the first ever Commonwealth to Heads of Government, a of Singapore, Tony Tan Keng Yam signs the City of London’s infrastructure development foster the City’s relationship with also marked with an event by is seeking to refine its ability Head of State to be honoured in range of Commonwealth High distinguished visitors’ book, observed by his wife Mary Tan and the and public private partnerships. Commonwealth organisations, the Commonwealth Youth to promote UK trade and this way (other recipients having Commissioners have received Lord Mayor of London, Fiona Woolf. On visits to Australia and New engage with friends, both old Choir), and the developing investment opportunities across been heads of government the Freedom of the City of Zealand, delegations led by the and new, from across the fifty- relationship with Goodenough Commonwealth member states. rather than Heads of State when London in ceremonies arranged Lord Mayor have focused on four nations and carefully follow College, the postgraduate In 2015, the Office was active admitted). In addressing guests through the Remembrancer’s key industries such as green and feed into Commonwealth London residential campus in engaging in the process at his Freedom Ceremony, Office. The privilege has also finance, cyber security and asset business raised in the UK with strong City of London and by which the City of London Mandela spoke fondly of his been extended to successive management. The establishment Parliament. As with the City Commonwealth connections Corporation became a founding admiration for multi-cultural Secretaries-General of the of a ‘FinTech Bridge’ between of London itself, one could of which the current partner (now Strategic Partner) London. Archbishop Tutu, Commonwealth. the UK and Australia to write volumes of books on the Image: City of London Archives. Remembrancer is a Fellow. in the establishment of the speaking at his own Freedom The Office has either encourage industry partnerships history of the Office of the City The Office works closely Commonwealth Enterprise and ceremony, referenced one of collaborated with or played followed one such visit. Remembrancer and could also, with the Royal Commonwealth Investment Council (CWEIC) – the more traditional reasons for host at the Guildhall on behalf Between 2014 and 2019, no doubt, be reassured that Society in jointly hosting the as part of its plan to enhance its obtaining the Freedom when of the City of London to a the Lord Mayor made three there is far more yet to come. annual High Commissioners’ contacts with business and its he likened the novel privilege number of Commonwealth visits to Canada, four to Banquet. This historic event, decision makers and across the of driving sheep over London Parliamentary Events – both India and South Africa For more information about the first held in 1874, provides an Commonwealth generally. Bridge to his “life as a shepherd including Commonwealth and six to Singapore. Other City of London please visit opportunity for the business The importance of with a difficult flock, needing to Speaker conferences, the Commonwealth countries that www.cityoflondon.gov.uk.

system - something Quorate HANSARD TECHNOLOGY: ALL CHANGE FOR THE Technology specialises in. The company was formed in 2012 as a spin-out from Edinburgh OFFICIAL REPORT University, and took time to understand our workflows

and appreciated that ASR Image copyright: UK Parliament New technology in the UK Parliament brings automated speech software trials to the technology could at best Hansard Team. assist, rather than replace, the professional Hansard reporter. We began by deciding The term ‘Hansard’ has cassette tapes, which were improvements in accuracy the best way of sharing the long been well known carried around between offices reported in this technology be data for the trial. Although around the Parliaments of and Committee Rooms at the translated into an effective tool it is all publicly available, the Commonwealth as the Palace of Westminster, have to assist with the production we had a large task to do in verbatim record of what is said been replaced by a digital audio of the record? Previous trials matching audio recordings with in a national, state or provincial recording and playback system. in the 90s and early 2000s transcripts and allowing them to Parliament. Since the 1990s, the number using off-the-shelf products be processed in a meaningful Thomas Curson Hansard of daily Hansard editions had foundered at an early way. In the end we managed added his name to the UK produced in printed form has stage. Secondly, could we to process several thousand The UK House of Commons publication in 1829, and in the declined dramatically, falling use a customised audio-to-text public meetings. This allowed Jack Homer is UK House of Commons a full in the House of Commons alignment system to enable the creation of a language system. We called the first the takes a transcript and uses Knowing when, as well as the Deputy Editor of report was defined in 1907 as from over 10,000 to fewer Hansard reports to be displayed model - based on the words and ‘live recogniser’, as it listens to the accompanying audio to how, to make best use of the the Official Report one “which, though not strictly than 500. The entire Hansard as subtitles on video-on- phrases used in parliamentary what is happening on the public populate it with time codes. In technology is fast becoming (Hansard) in the verbatim, is substantially the archive has been digitised using demand and bring to our video proceedings - as well as an broadcast and produces text in layman’s terms, we were able to part of the skillset of our verbatim report, with repetitions optical character recognition, archive the same searchability acoustic model based on the a near-live fashion. Between prove that transcripts could be reporters. It also seems likely United Kingdom and redundancies omitted increasing many times over the that the Hansard text enjoys? In phonic characteristics of our 1 September and 23 October consistently aligned with video to help open up the role to a Parliament’s House of and with obvious mistakes volume of content accessible both cases, we didn’t have the recordings. 2020, this amounted to 1,202 so as to be used as subtitling much wider group of potential Commons. corrected, but which on the online, and there is an capacity to rebuild our existing Ideally, speech recognition hours of recordings. or to allow better video search. candidates, as it is clear that other hand leaves out nothing ongoing project to improve its systems from the ground up, systems are trained using The level of accuracy Although sometimes long today’s recruits expect a that adds to the meaning of searchability and accuracy. and therefore wanted the clean audio recordings and attained is impressive at periods of silence, such as dynamic working environment the speech or illustrates the Hansard is now technology to be capable of fully verbatim transcripts. One around 90% on average, during votes, cause problems, to include the types of argument.” predominantly read online by easy integration. difficulty for us was that Hansard but crucially our reporters, the trial was an object lesson innovation they use daily in their When I joined Hansard in a much larger readership, with We had a good starting contains a varying amount of who work with five-minute in how to deal with them. The personal lives. the UK House of Commons millions of unique page views point. Thousands of hours of text that is not spoken, such chunks in order to ensure format in which the aligned At the same time, human in 1997, many aspects of the on debates such as those recordings with accompanying as procedural items or voting speedy production, can use transcripts are delivered means intelligence doesn’t look like Official Report had changed prompted by public e-petitions, transcripts form a good basis for lists. Some things are left or discard this material as they that they are compatible with being replaced just yet. What significantly since it came and it is published within three ‘training’ a speech recognition out because they are usually like. Sometimes a completely mainstream video players. would Thomas Curson Hansard into being, although the 1907 hours of the words having been redundant in the written record, accurate representation of The alignment service opens make of today’s operation? terms of reference remained spoken. Proceedings in the UK such as Members being called what has been heard is very up the intriguing possibility I don’t think it wouldn’t be the same. One example of Parliament are also watched “It was against to speak, while others, such as useful to a Hansard reporter, of aligning Hansard with the completely unfamiliar. While fundamental change is that the online, with a huge increase in names, constituencies and party but sometimes it is less so, broadcast audio archive a lot has changed in Hansard verbatim record is now available the amount of live video being this background affiliations, are added. especially if there are stutters extending back to 1989. over the years, our key aims - for free and from a single streamed since fibre connectivity of change that Our audio recordings also or false starts, or a lot of Does ASR have a long- an authoritative and accurate authoritative source; originally was installed in Parliamentary contain periods of silence, and background noise. term future for Hansard? report, produced in a speedy there were multiple competing Committee Rooms. Hansard in the UK sometimes - believe it or not - One good thing about Undoubtedly it does. It can help fashion - remain the same. accounts, each of which cost It was against this House of Commons periods where there’s a lot of building a bespoke language reporters who are processing money to buy. background of change that embarked on a trial background noise and even the model is that the ‘house style’ a huge amount of spoken For more information about the work of But in the past 25 years the Hansard in the UK House odd bit of shouting. The volume - the rules on whether words words and need to concentrate Hansard at the UK Parliament please technology used to produce of Commons embarked on of using customised in the Chamber can range from are upper or lower case, on on clearly presenting what visit https://hansard.parliament.uk/. and publish the written record a trial of using customised automated speech extremely quiet, as it is often is how numbers and dates are has been said, and on has transformed almost beyond automated speech recognition during an Adjournment debate, rendered, or on contractions understanding the argument, For more information about Quorate recognition. (ASR) technology to assist with recognition (ASR) right through to the noise of such as ‘hon. Gentleman’ for rather than on typing. We have Technology, developed as a spin-out The advent of resilient, producing and publishing the technology to assist Prime Minister’s Questions. ‘honourable Gentleman’ are also started to realise its huge from The University of Edinburgh’s reliable audio recording has official record. with producing Once the models were built, automatically incorporated potential in terms of aligning world-leading Centre for Speech meant our 90-strong staff no We wanted to explore two we ended up with two things: without the need for manual text with video, and we will Technology Research please visit longer rely on shorthand and things. First, at a very simple and publishing the a near-live ASR system and tweaking. be looking to how to advance https://quoratetechnology.com/. stenography. Hundreds of level, could the dramatic official record.” an audio-to-text alignment The alignment service these benefits in future.

PARLIAMENTARY EXPRESSIONS AND PRACTICES The Congress of the United States of America.

In the third of a three-part series, this article looks at the origins and history of some of the parliamentary expressions and practices used in many Parliaments and Legislatures in the Commonwealth and beyond.

PART THREE obstruct the measure by States Senate. It is not part of speaking continuously until the US Constitution, becoming ‘Filibustering’1 nightfall. As the Roman Senate theoretically possible with a Another parliamentary had a rule requiring all business change of Senate rules only in expression used in the legislative to conclude by dusk, Cato’s 1806, and wasn’t used until 1837. context is ‘Filibustering’. What purposefully long-winded It was strengthened in 1975 and does ‘Filibustering’ mean in the speeches were an effective in recent decades has come to parliamentary/legislative context? device to forestall a vote. Cato mean that most major legislation The Concise Oxford English attempted to use the filibuster at (apart from budgets) requires Dictionary defines ‘Filibuster’ as least twice to frustrate the political a 60% vote to bring a Bill or Ravindra “prolonged speaking or other objectives of Julius Caesar. nomination to the floor for a vote. Garimella is a action which obstructs progress In recent years, the majority had Consultant at the Lok in a Legislative Assembly while Etymology preferred to avoid ‘filibusters’ Sabha Secretariat, not technically contravening The term ‘filibuster’ ultimately by moving to other business the required procedures.” In derives from the Dutch ‘vrijbuiter’ when a ‘filibuster’ is threatened Parliament of India. its historical context, the term (‘freebooter’, a pillaging and and attempts to achieve cloture He has been a regular has been defined as“a person plundering adventurer). The (closure) have failed. Defenders contributor to The engaging in unauthorised Oxford English Dictionary finds of the tool call the ‘filibuster’ – Parliamentarian warfare against a foreign state.” its only known use in early ‘The soul of the Senate’. and writes the Third ‘Filibustering’ is to modern English in a 1587 book US Senate rules permit a Reading reports deliberately waste time during describing ‘flibutors’ who robbed Senator or Senators to speak debate to a close by invoking rather than the three-fifths of In many cases, an objection the minority can force another a debate by making overlong supply convoys. In the late for as long as they wish and on ‘cloture’ (cloture is a US term votes previously required. A to a request for unanimous vote by moving to request or on behalf of the speeches or raising unnecessary eighteenth century, the term any topic they choose, unless closure according to the Concise three-fifths supermajority is still consent will compel a vote. compel the attendance of absent Parliament of India for procedural points. In this way a was re-borrowed into English ‘three-fifths of the Senators duly Oxford Dictionary) under Senate required to end ‘filibusters’ on While forcing a single vote may Senators. Finally, Senators can the Journal. Bill or a motion may be ‘talked from its French form ‘flibustier’, a chosen and sworn’ (usually 60 Rule XXII. legislation. On 6 April 2017, the not be an effective delaying force votes by moving to adjourn, out’: ie stopped from making form that was used until the mid- out of 100 Senators) bring the The removal or substantial Republican-controlled Senate tool, the cumulative effect of or by raising specious points of progress within the time allowed. nineteenth century. limitation of the ‘filibuster’ is voted 52 to 48 to require only a several votes, which take at order and appealing the ruling of A ‘filibuster’ is a parliamentary The modern form ‘filibuster’ called the constitutional option majority vote to end a ‘filibuster’ least 15 minutes apiece, can the Chair. procedure where debate over a was borrowed in the early “‘Filibustering’ is to by proponents, and the nuclear of Supreme Court nominees. be substantial. In addition to The most effective methods proposed piece of legislation is 1850s from the Spanish form deliberately waste option by opponents. Under While talking out a measure objecting to routine requests, of delay are those that force extended, allowing one or more ‘filibustero’, and was applied to current US Senate rules, a is the most common form of Senators can force votes through the majority to invoke cloture Members to delay or entirely private military adventurers like time during a debate rule change itself could be ‘filibuster’ in the Senate there are motions to adjourn and through multiple times on the same prevent a vote on the proposal. William Walker who were then by making overlong ‘filibustered’, with two-thirds of nevertheless though means of quorum calls. Quorum calls are measure. The most common It is sometimes referred to as attacking and pillaging Spanish those Senators present and delaying and killing legislation. meant to establish the presence example is to ‘filibuster’ the ‘talking out a Bill’ or ‘talking a colonies in Central America. speeches or raising voting (as opposed to the normal As the Senate routinely conducts or absence of a constitutional motion proceeding a Bill, then Bill to death’ and characterized Eventually, over the course unnecessary three-fifths of those sworn) business by unanimous consent, quorum, but Senators routinely ‘filibuster’ the Bill itself. This as a form of obstruction in a of the mid to late nineteenth procedural points. needing to vote to break the one Member can create at least use them to waste time while forces the majority to go through Legislature or other decision- century, the term ‘filibustering’ ‘filibuster’. Even if a ‘filibuster’ some delay by objecting to the waiting for the next speaker to the entire cloture process making body. became common in American In this way a Bill attempt is unsuccessful, the request. In some cases, such as come to the floor or for leaders twice in a row. If, as is common, English in the sense of or a motion may process takes floor time. considering a Bill or resolution to negotiate off the floor. In the majority seeks to pass a Ancient Rome ‘obstructing progress in a On 21 November 2013, the on the day it is introduced or those cases, a Senator asks for substitute amendment to the Bill, One of the first known Legislative Assembly’. be ‘talked out’: Democratic-controlled US brought from the House, the unanimous consent to dispense a further cloture procedure is practitioners of the ‘filibuster’ ie stopped from Senate voted 52 to 48 to require delay can be as long as a day. with the quorum call. If another needed for the amendment. was the Roman Senator, Cato Examples of ‘Filibustering’ in only a majority vote to end a However, because this is a Senator objects, the Clerk The US Senate is particularly the Younger. In debates over the US Congress making progress ‘filibuster’ of all Executive and legislative day, not a calendar must continue to call the roll of vulnerable to serial cloture Legislation, he especially The ‘filibuster’ is a powerful within the time judicial nominees, excluding day, the majority can mitigate it Senators, just as they would with votes when it and the House opposed, Cato would often legislative device in the United allowed.” Supreme Court nominees, by briefly adjourning. a vote. If a call shows no quorum, have passed different versions

of the same Bill and want to Filibustering in the UK day’s parliamentary business included an attempt by go to conference (i.e., appoint Parliament on the Labour Prime Minister, Jacob Rees-Mogg, MP The Parliament of India. a Special Committee of both In the Parliament of the United Rt Hon. Tony Blair’s 1,000th to amend the Bill to give chambers to merge the Bills). Kingdom, a Bill defeated by a day in office. However, the county of Somerset its Normally, the majority asks for ‘filibustering’ manoeuvre may since this business included own time zone, 15 minutes unanimous consent to: be said to have been ‘talked Prime Minister’s Questions, behind London. • Insist on its amendment(s), out’. The procedures of the UK Rt Hon. William Hague, the • In November 2014, or disagree with the House of Commons require Conservative Leader at that MPs Philip Davies and House’s amendments that Members cover only points time, was deprived of the Christopher Chope • Request, or agree to, a germane to the topic under opportunity of a high-profile successfully ‘filibustered’ a conference consideration or the debate confrontation with the Prime Private Member’s Bill that • Authorise the Presiding underway whilst speaking. A Minister. would prohibit retaliatory Officer to appoint Members few instances of ‘filibustering’ • On Friday 20 April 2007, a evictions. Davies’ speech of the Special Committee. manoeuvres in the House of Private Member’s Bill aimed was curtailed by the Deputy Commons and House of Lords at exempting Members Speaker, Dawn Primarolo for If the minority objects, those are outlined below: of Parliament from the disregarding her authority, motions are debatable (and • In 1874, Joseph Gillis Freedom of Information after she ordered the MP to therefore subject to a ‘filibuster’) Biggar started making long Act was ‘talked out’ by wrap up his then hour-long and divisible (meaning the speeches in the House a collection of MPs, led speech. A closure motion minority can force them to be of Commons to delay the by MPs Simon Hughes moved by the government, debated, and ‘filibustered’, passage of Irish coercion and Norman Baker who which was agreed to separately). Additionally, after acts. Charles Stewart Parnell, debated for 5 hours, 60-0, failed due to being the first two motions pass, but a young Irish nationalist therefore running out of ‘inquorate’ (ie the Assembly before the third does, Senators Member of Parliament, who time for the parliamentary not having a quorum) (local councils) of England, a from governmental to other terms of the budget resolutions.” Budget’) shall be presented to can offer an unlimited number in 1880 became Leader of day and ‘sending the Bill • In October 2016, motion may be carried into finances. the House on such day as the of motions to give the Special the Irish Parliamentary Party, to the bottom of the stack’. Government Minister, Sam closure by ‘filibustering’. This Erskine May’s Treatise2 on The position in India President may direct…” Committee Members non- joined him in this tactic to However, since there were Gyimah, MP ‘filibustered’ results in any additional motions the Law, Privileges Proceedings In the Constitution of India, The term ‘budget’ is used in binding instructions, which obstruct the business of no other Private Members’ a Bill sponsored by John receiving less time for debate and Usages of Parliament, the term ‘budget’ is nowhere all other relevant Rules under are themselves debatable, the House and force the Bills to debate, it was Nicolson, MP that would by Councillors instead forcing provide: “The consideration of mentioned. In the Constitution, this Chapter in the Rules of amendable, and divisible. As Liberals and Conservatives resurrected the following pardon historic convictions a vote by the Council under the financial statement for the the term ‘Annual Financial Procedure. a result, a determined minority to negotiate with him and Monday. of homosexuality (which closure rules. year made by the Chancellor Statement’ under article 112, is can cause a great deal of delay his party. The tactic was • In January 2011, Members is no longer an offence), of the Exchequer,3 is the most used which, inter alia, states that Conclusion before a conference. enormously successful, of the House of Lords, replacing an existing law ‘Filibustering’ in the important business of Ways the President shall in respect This series of articles has In the United States House of and Parnell and his MPs including most notably John that requires each pardon to Parliament of India and Means. This statement, of every financial year cause to attempted to dwell upon and Representatives, the ‘filibuster’ succeeded, for a time, in Prescott, were attempting be applied for separately. In the Parliament of India, familiarly known as ‘the budget’, be laid before both the Houses elucidate many of the often (the right to unlimited debate) forcing Parliament to take to delay the passage of ‘filibustering’ in its intrinsic form is made when the Minister of Parliament, a statement of referred to parliamentary was used until 1842, when a the Irish Question of return to the Parliamentary Voting The 21st century record does not as such exist. has completed his estimate the estimated receipts and expressions and practices, permanent rule limiting the self-government seriously. System and Constituencies for ‘filibustering’ was set on 2 of the probable income and expenditure of the Government based on a wide range of duration of debate was created. • In 1983, John Golding, MP Bill 2010 until after 16 December 2005 by Andrew ‘Budget’ expenditure for the financial of India for that year and it has sources available, and to bring The disappearing quorum was talked for over 11 hours February, the deadline Dismore, MP for Hendon. He The origin of the term ‘budget’ year. In it the Chancellor of been referred to as the Annual together these expressions in a tactic used by the minority during an all-night sitting at given by the Electoral spoke for three hours and can be traced to the late Middle the Exchequer develops his Financial Statement in the said one place for ease of reference. until Speaker Thomas Brackett the Committee Stage of the Commission to allow 17 minutes to block a Private English period from an old French views of the resources of article. The term ‘budget’ has Reed eliminated it in 1890. As the British Telecommunications the referendum on the Member’s Bill, the Criminal Law word ‘bougette’, a diminutive of the country, communicates been taken as a synonym for References: membership of the House grew Bill. However, as this was at a Alternative Vote to take (Amendment) (Protection of ‘bonge’, a ‘leather bag’ from the his calculations of probable ‘Annual Financial Statement’. 1 Based on available sources on much larger than the Senate, Standing Committee and not place on 5 May. On the Property) Bill, which he claimed Latin ‘bulga’, a leather bag or income and expenditure, However, the term ‘budget’ internet/web the House had acted earlier to in the House of Commons eighth day of debate, staff amounted to ‘vigilante law’. knapsack of Gaulish origin. and declares whether the finds mention in the Rules 2 Erskine May’s Treatise on The control floor debate and the chamber, he was also able in the House of Lords Interestingly, both Houses of Elsewhere origin of the term burdens upon the people are of Procedure and Conduct Law, Privileges Proceedings delay and blocking of floor votes. to take breaks to eat. set up camp beds and the Australian Federal Parliament ‘budget’ has been traced to the to be increased or diminished. of Business in Lok Sabha & Usages of Parliament (12th • On 3 July 1998, Michael refreshments to allow have strictly enforced rules on early fifteenth century to the The economic aspect of the in Chapter XIX – Financial edition) p.831. US State Legislatures Foster, MP’s Wild Mammals Members to rest, for the first how long Members may speak, word ‘bouget’, meaning ‘leather budget is important, and Business – Budget. At the 3 At times the First Lord of the In only 13 State Legislatures (Hunting with Dogs) Bill was time in eight years. so ‘filibusters’ are generally not bag, wallet or pouch’. taxes are imposed for their very outset Rule 204(1) of the Treasury, if a Member of the in the United States have blocked in Parliament by • In January 2012, MPs used possible. In the Parliaments of In the mid-eighteenth century, economic effects as well as Rules provide that “The Annual UK House of Commons, as in ‘filibusters’ been used, namely Opposition ‘filibustering’. ‘filibustering’ to successfully France, New Zealand, Canada, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, for raising revenue to meet the Financial Statement or the session in session 1908, or the Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, • In January 2000, block the Daylight Savings Ireland, Italy, Hong Kong, in the UK House of Commons, in expenditure for the year. The Statement of the Estimated Lord Privy Seal as in Session Connecticut, Florida, Hawaii, ‘filibustering’ directed by Bill 2010-12, a Private South Korea, the Senate of the presenting his annual statement annual Financial Statement and Receipts and Expenditure of 1921, Parl. Deb (1908) 188, c445; Idaho, Maine, Nebraska, South Conservative MPs to oppose Member’s Bill that would put Philippines, to name a few there was said to ‘open the budget’. In Budget Report is made available the Government of India in HC Deb (1921) 141, c67. Carolina, Texas, Utah and the Disqualifications Bill led the UK on Central European are instances of ‘filibustering’. the late nineteenth century, the immediately at the conclusion of respect of each Financial year Vermont. to the cancellation of the Time. The ‘filibustering’ In local unitary authorities use of the term was extended the budget speech, as are the (hereinafter referred to as ‘The

Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians launches two new guidelines on Gender Sensitising Parliaments and Anti-Harassment Policies for Commonwealth Parliaments

The Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians The CWP Chairperson, Hon. Shandana Gulzar (CWP) network has published two new sets of Khan, MNA (Pakistan) said that “At the 6th Triennial guidelines to assist Commonwealth Parliaments. CWP Conference, held in the margins of the 64th Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference CWP Gender Sensitising Parliaments Guidelines in Uganda in 2019, the issue of bullying and harassment in the workplace was highlighted as The CWP Gender Sensitising Parliaments an important issue which needed to be tackled Guidelines: Standards and a Checklist for across the Commonwealth and beyond. The Parliamentary Change has been launched to devastating consequences of this unacceptable highlight the importance of gender sensitising behaviour are far-reaching and as both a visible across all Parliaments in the Commonwealth. and representative institution, all Parliaments must show leadership and set an exemplary standard for The Guidelines build on the recommendations all by taking a proactive role in having such policies proposed in the Commonwealth Parliamentary in place.” The CWP Chairperson also said that Association (CPA) Gender Sensitising Parliaments “both the CPA and the CWP network will continue Report that was produced in 2001 following analysis to work with all 180 Parliaments and Legislatures by a study group of women Parliamentarians represented in the CPA’s membership to combat from across the Commonwealth. Now updated to harassment in all its forms.” reflect the current issues that hinder the process to achieving gender equality, the new CWP Guidelines *Please note: These toolkits are published by the Commonwealth provide Commonwealth Parliaments with an outline so today, in 2020. COVID-19 has revealed and exacerbates Parliamentary Association for the benefit of its membership and To download a copy of the new CWP Gender Sensitising Parliaments of gender sensitising standards that they can look to achieve. many longstanding gender inequalities and injustices. To for the wider international community. These toolkits do not supersede existing and CWP Anti-Harassment Policy Guidelines please visit redress these, the voices, experience, and expertise of women national guidance and plans. Rather, these toolkits should be used to augment www.cpahq.org/cpahq/cwpresources. Produced by Sarah Childs, Professor of Gender and Politics must be central to political decision-making and women must existing relevant national plans and focus the support of the international at Royal Holloway, University of London on behalf of the CWP, be present as decision makers in our political institutions. The community. the newly released guidelines are designed to encourage 2020 Gender Sensitising Parliaments Guidelines are especially Parliaments to look into priority areas that need to be designed to help Commonwealth Parliaments create the strengthened in order to help legislatures to become effective necessary conditions to deliver on their responsibility to reach Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians Chairperson holds virtual CWP Steering gender sensitive institutions. the standard of gender sensitivity; to identify the actors and means through which reforms are implemented, and Gender Committee to focus on strategic plan and future activities The CWP Chairperson, Hon. Shandana Gulzar Khan, MNA Sensitising Parliaments Standards maintained.” The Chairperson of the Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians CWP Members attending the meeting which was held in two (Pakistan) said: “The Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians (CWP), Hon. Shandana Gulzar Khan, MNA (Pakistan) held the parts included: CWP Vice-Chairperson, Hon. Zainab Gimba, MP recognises the important role it plays in raising and bi-annual meeting of the CWP Steering Committee online to (Nigeria) representing the CWP Africa Region who was elected addressing issues relating to gender equality, in particular, Anti-Harassment Policy Guidelines for Commonwealth discuss the planning of future activities of the network and for a second term as Vice-Chairperson; Hon. Lisa Thompson, the representation of women in Parliaments. The network Parliaments will continue to encourage and support Parliamentarians, of proposals for the CWP strategic plan. MPP (Ontario) representing the CWP Canada Region; Hon. all genders, to include a gender perspective in all aspects of The new CWP Anti-Harassment Policy Guidelines are designed CWP Members reviewed and approved a new approach Samantha Sacramento, MP (Gibraltar) representing the CWP their role - legislation, oversight and representation and to help to support Parliaments across the Commonwealth in the effort to utilising the CWP Regional Strengthening Funds and British Islands and Mediterranean Region; Ms Aisha Ghaus Pasha, Parliaments become gender sensitive institutions. Through to both address and remove all traces of harassment across budget for 2021 as well as looking ahead to activities to mark MNA (Pakistan) representing the CWP Asia Region; Hon. Michelle the implementation of this important document, I am confident parliamentary workplaces. International Women’s Day in March 2021 on the theme of O’Byrne, MP (Tasmania) representing the CWP Australia Region; that Parliaments will be empowered to successfully initiate #ChooseToChallenge. as well as the CPA Secretary-General, Stephen Twigg and CPA gender sensitive reforms. The CPA and CWP stand ready to The guidelines define harassment as “unwanted behaviour Deputy Secretary-General, Jarvis Matiya. support any CPA Branch that is interested in adopting gender directed at an individual with the purpose or intent of sensitive practices to ensure they can successfully create and humiliating, disrespecting, intimidation, hurting or offending permanently maintain both a culture and environment that them.” They have been designed to support all Parliaments responds to the needs and interest of persons of all genders.” regardless of their experiences to endorse and uphold a zero- www.cpahq.org/cpahq/flickr . tolerance approach to harassment, which could include, but is Professor Sarah Childs said: “It’s been 20 years since the not limited to, a wide range of unwanted sexual, discriminatory, CPA and CWP published its first Gender Sensitising Guidelines; physical and psychological behaviours or actions. much has changed in the intervening years. In many Parliaments there are more women elected. But most Commonwealth Drawing from a wide range of anti-harassment policies and Parliaments – indeed most of the world’s Parliaments – fail to procedures from Parliaments in the Commonwealth, these deliver equality of representation for women. And, in too many guidelines provide a detailed step-by-step approach that offers places, women are still fighting for gender equality. insights and case studies on what appropriate methods should be included when developing or updating their respective anti- The CPA and CWP were right to draw attention to the failings harassment policies. of democracy back in 2001 and it is even more important to do For more images of CWP activities and events please visit

344 | The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 | 345 BARRIERS TO WOMEN’S BARRIERS TO WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN PARTICIPATION IN ELECTIONS IN THE AFRICA ELECTIONS IN THE AFRICA REGION REGION BARRIERS TO WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN ELECTIONS IN THE AFRICA REGION: A VIEW FROM TANZANIA

Being a woman is a gift from are still being marginalised God. We are here for a reason. and have minor impacts in The issues of women’s decision making because of the participation in elections, following: women and the media, the 1. Cultural and social barriers economic empowerment of 2. Logistical barriers. women and women’s rights “Over the years, to own land, are all issues Cultural and Social Barriers for women and it takes a very There is often a barrier with Above: Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians (CWP) from the CWP Africa of women’s empowerment. This area focuses on the lack women have understanding and supportive funding as generally, when Region welcomed Her Excellency Samia Suluhu Hassan, Vice-President Women’s empowerment in of education for women and faced barriers and husband or partner to grant that money dominates elections, of the United Republic of Tanzania (front row centre); the International Hon. Mboni different sectors promotes girls. In many cultures where roadblocks to their opportunity to a wife. women are most likely to lose Chairperson of the Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians (CWP), Hon. Mohamed Mhita, women’s rights and this will girls’ education is not prioritised, out. Women are often faced Shandana Gulzar Khan, MNA of the National Assembly of Pakistan (front row MP is a Member ensure a gender equitable women are often less educated participation in Logistical Barriers with the challenges of a lack left); and the CWP Vice-Chairperson, Hon. Zainab Gimba, MP, Nigeria (front of the National Africa. than men. As a result, women elections, either What are the logistical barriers of resources to facilitate their row, third from right) to the CWP Africa Region Gender Sensitization Workshop One would ask, why is may be illiterate and unaware that women face when wanting participation or campaigns. on the theme of ‘Advancing Women’s Participation in Electoral Processes’ in Assembly of Tanzania. women’s participation so of their rights to vote, rights to vote or to be to participate in elections in the Many women are unemployed Arusha, Tanzania from 25 to 29 October 2019. She was first elected crucial? And why the scarcity of to compete in elections or voted for. And with Africa Region? and have no access to self- to Parliament in 2015. female candidates and officials? how to fulfill the necessary prominent efforts Often the political systems employment, and for those long in waiting lines, waiting to CWP Africa Region have She has served as a Are women uninterested? requirements of candidacy. and the party systems don’t who have access to funds, they vote and fulfill her rights to equal made progress towards District Commissioner Unwilling or uncertain? Is the There are many issues by our foremothers have processes that encourage often have lower incomes for participation in elections. And gender equality and women’s and a Member of the political system unresponsive that contribute to the lack of and sisters, we women’s participation. Many many reasons including family same applies to women who empowerment. Through equal and impenetrable? In simple education for young girls in the party systems have been obligation and occupational have recently given birth. access to democracy, women’s Regional Council of language one can ask, is it the Africa Region, including drop have witnessed disregarding the discussion on segregation. Threats of violence and empowerment aims to move Tanga. She was also issue of the driver or the road? out due to pregnancy, early a tremendous gender equality and women’s There is also the problem intimidation can discourage women from oppressed the Deputy Secretary- And the answer is ‘both’ the marriages and hygiene and improvement in empowerment, and hence of corruption and we have women from fulfilling their powerlessness to positions of General of the Pan driver and the road. sanitation. gender equality is implemented witnessed election processes electoral processes, due to power. African Youth Union Over the years, women have Patriarchal systems have some parts of the through the will of a political in some parties and other physical insecurities and worries from 2014 to 2017. faced barriers and roadblocks convinced society that politics Africa region. We leader at his or her discretion. elections that have prioritised of leaving their families behind. So what is our role as to their participation in elections, is for men; and as a result There is often a lack of people with access to money. In both rural and urban areas, Commonwealth Women either to vote or to be voted for. women fail to participate fully have witnessed internal party democracy and For women in electoral some women lack the legal Parliamentarians? And with prominent efforts by in politics by being sidelined women moving transparency and the absence processes in some areas, they documents and identification, I would say, our role is to our foremothers and sisters, we or by excluding themselves of gender sensitivity within are being subjected to sexual such as birth certificates and continue to find durable have witnessed a tremendous from participating in electoral from back sitters to the party structures. There is a exploitation and corruption in national identity cards, that solutions that will give improvement in some parts processes and hence a violation decisions makers. lack of women’s caucuses in order to acquire posts or to prevent them for participation in opportunities to women towards of the Africa region. We have of their domestic right to equal some party systems. Women advance their positions. elections. the realisation of their rights and witnessed women moving participation in elections. Irrespective of caucuses in party systems For many women, health enhance women participation in from back sitters to decisions There is a lack of political will these progressive have been at the forefront in provisions can be a barrier to Positive Progress electoral process. makers. Irrespective of these and commitment due to the lack development advocating on the ‘Women’s election participation. Women Despite these many exhausting We have witnessed the progressive development of civic-voter education. Empowerment Agenda’, who are heavily pregnant barriers and roadblocks that African Union and African women’s contributions still has The responsibility of women’s especially in enhancing cannot participate fully in hinder women to participate Heads of State taking initiatives minor impacts on decision that household responsibilities and contributions still women’s engagement in electoral processes due to fully in electoral process, many on advancing women effect society as a whole. domestic chores falls on women electoral processes. pregnancy complications. Commonwealth Women empowerment. A young girl once asked and many women therefore has minor impacts There are national barriers Society is convinced that a Parliamentarians have overcome In Tanzania, the government me, why are women still cannot afford to spend time on decision that as some governments have pregnant woman might not be these barriers. There is a story of the United Republic of marginalised in some countries? on other issues due to their effect society as a not dedicated a commitment able to fulfill and dedicate time behind each and every one of us. Tanzania under the leadership And I replied to her, my family obligations. Families to promote women’s in the role. But also, a pregnant It is encouraging to see of H.E President John Magufuli beloved daughter, women do not grant that opportunity whole.” empowerment. woman cannot stand all day how some countries in the has taken a number of initiatives

“The Parliament women’s empowerment and nation’s growing economy and society as this will help to reduce • Internal democracy in the importance of political this in turn creates a cycle that women being marginalised and parties of Tanzania, under processes being inclusive of sustainably alleviates poverty, increase access politics through • Establishing women’s the leadership of women. This will promote civil and this will build women’s the electoral processes. caucuses education and enhance the capacity to access resources Governments and party • Establishing a system of the Speaker of the level of women’s participation in that will facilitate them. systems need to promote women holding positions National Assembly politics; within the party systems We need campaign finance women’s rights so they could be in governments through and the Deputy and in our communities, village reform by setting overall ‘agents of change’ for sustainable quotas and affirmative action leadership, councils, Parliament campaign expenditure limits. socio-economic development • Workshops for women’s Speaker has 145 and public offices. Involving men in most and security around the world. empowerment from a female MPs out of As Commonwealth Women women’s empowerment Without women’s village level through to Parliamentarians, we should workshops and seminars empowerment and gender national level. 393 MPs in total, ensure that we champion from a local level – villages equality in electoral processes, which is equivalent legislation and policies that and councils - to a national societies will not be able to Women’s empowerment is to 36.7%, exceeding support women’s equal level. This will help to alleviate achieve their full development a process, for women to take participation in politics and patriarchal systems in society. potential. Without women, there on decisions with regards to the Commonwealth ensure that they are passed. We We should advocate in is no democracy, or I would our lives. It is a process to raise target of 30%.” should be inspired by the African our party systems for the rephrase it as ‘No democracy the status of women in the eyes Union Agenda 2063 and other establishment of women’s without women’. of our society. It is a process legal frameworks including the caucuses. These women’s We need to concentrate more to continue establishing declaration on gender equality caucuses must focus on the effort in improving the following: mechanisms for women’s equal to ensure that the United for decision making positions Above: The Chairperson of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association in Africa (SDGEA), the Maputo sustainability of women’s • Access to education for participation and equitable Republic of Tanzania is gender and leadership posts; this is (CPA), Hon. Emilia Monjowa Lifaka, MP, Deputy Speaker of the National Protocol, the Beijing Declaration empowerment and the women and girls representation at all levels of equitable. The President of the testified by the decision of Assembly of Cameroon addressed the Parliament of Tanzania in April 2019 and the United Nations 2030 enhancement of women’s • Availability of civil education the political process. I conclude United Republic of Tanzania President John Magufuli to and commended the Parliament for its gains in gender equality by achieving Sustainable Development Goals participation in elections. • Promoting gender- by reminding ourselves that the has shown his commitment appoint women in various 36.7% women Members of Parliament. The CPA Chairperson was received by in particular, SDG5. Women leaders should balanced legislation greatest need of the hour, is to ensure that women are leadership positions including the Speaker of the National Assembly of Tanzania and CPA Tanzania Branch We need to work to develop unite and continue to act on • Pushing for the legal the change of social attitudes empowered by ensuring that key government posts. President, Rt Hon. Job Yustino Ndugai, MP at the main Parliament building. capacity building and economic empowering women and frameworks that support towards women. social protection systems, We have a woman Deputy activities for women. This will adequate steps should be taken women’s empowerment public services and sustainable Speaker, women Judges, Speaker of the National convinced that we are on enable women to be part of the so as to eliminate inequalities in • Capacity-building for This article is based on a presentation infrastructure improves the women Ministers, women Assembly, Hon. Job Ngugai and the right track in enhancing women in leadership given at the Commonwealth Women Below: The International Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson of the wellbeing of women and Parliamentarians, women the Deputy Speaker, Hon. Tulia women’s empowerment • Economic capacity-building Parliamentarians (CWP) Africa Region Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians (CWP) are pictured with Hon. Tulia girls. Through implementing Regional Commissioners, Ackson, has 145 female MPs through active participation in for all women Gender Sensitization Workshop on Ackson, MP, Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Tanzania (second the education and training District Commissioners and out of 393 MPs in total, which is electoral processes. • Combating corruption the theme of ‘Advancing Women’s from right) and the CPA Africa Regional Secretary, Mr Steven Kagaigai, Clerk policy (2014), this has made a other posts. equivalent to 36.7%, exceeding • Engaging men in all gender Participation in Electoral Processes’ of the National Assembly of Tanzania (pictured centre) at the CWP Africa remarkable achievement in The United Republic of the Commonwealth target of What can be done next? equality workshops and in Arusha, Tanzania from 25 to 29 Region Gender Sensitization Workshop in Arusha, Tanzania in October 2019. reaching education for both Tanzania has continued to 30%. Women need to actively seminars October 2019. girls and boys. This includes champion the empowerment The Speaker has solidified participate in electoral free education from primary of women economically by gender equality norms in the processes – to vote or being to secondary schools. It goes fulfilling women’s access to Parliament and the Parliament voted for. As Commonwealth without saying that free access soft loans. By doing so, the functions are based on gender Women Parliamentarians, we to education has contributed local Authority Act has been sensitivity. From the top should use our networks from in promoting gender equality amended which grants a leadership of the Parliament, regional level to local level and and empowerment of girls. contribution of 10% of a local there are quotas in different advocate on gender equality. Enrollment in primary schools authority’s own source revenue representative positions, A key focus should be on: has increased by 7.9% from for facilitating economic such as Committees and • Advocating for women’s 8,639,200 school pupils in activities - with 4% women, deployments. access to education, 2016 to 9,317,791 in 2017. 4% youth, 2% people with The Parliament of Tanzania especially in cultures where The President has also made disabilities accessing the funds. has a very active women’s girls’ education is not remarkable achievement, for the In most constituencies, the caucus – the Tanzania Women’s prioritised. very first time in Tanzania – we government has empowered Parliamentarian Group (TWPG) • Discouraging girls from have a female Vice-President. women’s groups through the - which is constantly advocating early pregnancies. H.E Samia Suluhu Hassan, we 4% by distributing more than for women’s issues, especially • Discouraging girls on early call her ‘Mama Samia’. 50,000usd equivalent to in capacity building, so as to marriages. The President of Tanzania 120,000,000 Million Tsh over a enhance their ability to engage We need to raise and has continued to take dynamic two to three-year period. in electoral activities. co-ordinate public debates in measures to empower women The Parliament of Tanzania, With such leaders in the schools and local authorities on with a view to make them fit under the leadership of the CWP Africa Region – we are the issues of women’s rights,

348 | The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 | 349 ‘BUILDING FORWARD BETTER’ ‘BUILDING FORWARD BETTER’ - WHY WOMEN’S LEADERSHIP - WHY WOMEN’S LEADERSHIP MATTERS DURING COVID-19 MATTERS DURING COVID-19 AND BEYOND AND BEYOND

honours women entrepreneurs the transformative leadership we ‘BUILDING FORWARD BETTER’ - WHY WOMEN’S who are modelling sustainable need and shift perspectives to business practices and gender recognise, as Melinda Gates so equality in support of the UN eloquently asserts, “that women LEADERSHIP MATTERS DURING COVID-19 AND BEYOND SDGs. WE Empower invests are not just victims of a broken in their growth - including an world; they can be architects of ILA leadership coach for each a better one.” of the awardees - and ignites awareness about the positive This article was first published on the multiplier impact they have International Leadership Association (ILA) as women leaders in their website on 13 August 2020. Amanda “This is how we can emerge Development and Peace underscored the regressive communities, thereby aiming Ellis is the Co-Chair for the ILA 2021 from the pandemic in all of its convened in Beijing.4 As we impact of COVID-19 on gender to change social norms and Conference in Geneva, Switzerland. Find dimensions: by recognising approach that milestone it’s an equality. For example, while provide positive examples of out more at www.ila-net.org. that women are not just victims opportune time to take stock women make up only 39% the transformative possibilities of a broken world; they can and reflect on progress. It is of global employment, they of innovative women-led References: be architects of a better one,” sobering how much the odds account for 54% of overall job business models. 1 https://www.globalcitizen.org/ Melinda Gates1 are still systemically stacked losses; women’s jobs are almost While women have been en/content/melinda-gates-covid- against women. twice as vulnerable to the crisis hardest hit by COVID-19, they 19-relief-efforts-women/ As we deal with the The playing field is still far as men’s and women are both are also often leading the way in 2 https://voxeu.org/article/ devastating impacts of the from level for women, girls victims of the digital divide and ‘building forward better’. Many women-leaders-are-better- Amanda Ellis is COVID-19 pandemic and its and LGBTQ+. There have at increased risk of domestic women entrepreneurs have fighting-pandemic Executive Director, disproportionate impact on been noble declarations and violence. In addition, women responded to the incredible 3 https://www.nytimes. Global Partnerships women, minorities and the poor, good intentions of gender are the majority of health care provided excellent guidance continue to rapidly accelerate challenges with both grit and com/2020/06/13/opinion/ for the ASU Global much has been written about the equality since the founding of workers on the front lines of to governments to alert them catastrophic climate change, but innovation, pivoting rapidly to sunday/women-leaders- effectiveness of the leadership the United Nations. From the the COVID-19 pandemic. There to the critical importance of to re-invent a future that keeps cope with the impact of the crisis coronavirus.html Futures Laboratory and traits exhibited by women.2 Universal Declaration of Human is also the ‘triple care’ burden a gender lens in COVID-19 our planet habitable. IMF Chief, and help create better futures. 4 https://www.un.org/ Professor of Practice Comprising only some 8% of Rights in 1947, to Millennium many women face at home in response and recovery plans. Kristalina Georgieva so well Lina Khalifeh from Jordan took pga/74/2020/06/05/25th- at Thunderbird political leaders globally, women Development Goal (MDG) 3 in trying to manage a remote role, It is past time to dismantle the describes our current imperative: her business training women anniversary-of-the-fourth-world- School of Global have accounted for an estimated 2000, through to UN Sustainable take care of children engaged obstacles to gender equality, for not to build back better, but “to to deal with domestic violence conference-on-women/ Management, USA. 40% of the most successful Development Goal (SDG) 5 to in home schooling as well as everybody’s sake. build forward better.”11 online; Leah Lizarondo from the 5 https://www.unwomen. She is a former New responses to COVID-19! New promote gender equality and assisting elderly relatives at Systemic gender inequality USA doubled the number of org/en/digital-library/ York Times columnist Nick the empowerment of women heightened risk of COVID-19. and fewer women leaders are Why women entrepreneurs are volunteers helping to provide publications/2020/04/policy-brief- Zealand Ambassador Kristoff’s comparative analysis3 and girls, governments have Women’s unpaid contributions linked to slow progress on key to building forward better much needed free food to those the-impact-of-covid-19-on-women and Permanent pointed out that women-led committed and recommitted. to health care alone equate to sustainability outcomes too. Despite the systemic in need; young water engineer 6 https://www.unwomen. Representative to countries have a six-times lower But where is the follow 2.35% of global gross domestic Research from the IFC8 and obstacles, innovative women Christelle Kwizera from Rwanda org/en/digital-library/ the United Nations death rate than those led by male through? Not a single country product, or the equivalent of Foreign Policy9 reveals women ‘solutionaries’ are architecting used her WE Empower grant publications/2015/12/un-women- in Geneva (2013- counterparts in similar countries. has yet achieved full gender nearly $1.5 trillion.6 are more likely than their male transformative futures not money to ensure local schools policy-brief-series 7 16). An economist What has been different equality in practice in 2020. The counterparts to put a premium only in government, but also had running water for access to https://www.mckinsey.com/ in women’s leadership? World Bank Women Business Why gender equality matters on sustainability, both in politics in public service, business, in hand washing; Bessie Schwarz featured-insights/future-of-work/ by training, Amanda Emphasis on consultation and and the Law project tracks for everyone and in business. This is of the climate movement and in from the USA is working in 20 covid-19-and-gender-equality- held senior roles at collaboration with scientists legal progress as it impacts Research clearly shows the critical importance given the entrepreneurship. countries with Big Data to inform countering-the-regressive-effects the World Bank, the and experts; compassion for the business world and it is central importance of women’s links between COVID-19 and The International Leadership grassroots women’s groups 8 https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/ International Finance putting people’s lives first – depressing to note that in economic well-being to that the climate crisis. As a recent Association (ILA) is a partner in about flood prevention. connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_ Corporation, and which also turns out to be best only eight of 193 UN member of family, community, and report from UNEP10 pointed out, an innovative global business As the UN Secretary General external_corporate_site/ifc+cg/ Westpac Banking for the economy in the long run; countries is gender equality society. Recent McKinsey we need to address not just the competition to showcase points out, “how the world resources/private+sector+opinion/ transparency, flexibility and a even fully legislated! This has research7 suggests as much symptoms but the underlying women entrepreneur recovers from COVID-19 is a women+in+business+leadership+ Corporation. Amanda willingness to admit mistakes; implications for everything from US$13 trillion could be added causes of the pandemic if we are ‘solutionaries’ who are ‘make-or-break moment’ for the boost+esg+performance is a founding member clear, consistent communication land tenure to business loans, to global GDP in 2030 by to prevent further and potentially supporting the UN Sustainable health of our planet...to rebuild a 9 https://www.womenasleversof of the Financial and encouraging values of creating sub-optimal outcomes taking gender-informed much more serious outbreaks Development Goals and world that is cleaner, fairer and change.com/ Alliance for Women cooperation and empathy. for people, profits, and planet. action to address COVID-19. of zoonotic diseases, as well as leading the way to make our safer for all.” To build forward 10 https://www.unenvironment. and the recipient of Emerging data suggests that the forecasts of severe climate- societies more resilient and better, we must live up to our org/news-and-stories/story/ the TIAW Lifetime So why, in 2020, are there still The impact of COVID-19 on only 17% of economic and induced damage. Trillions are sustainable. Launched by the own existing promises of gender coronaviruses-are-they-here-stay so few women in leadership? women social protection policies being borrowed against the UN Secretary General and equality and the empowerment 11 https://www.imf.org/ Achievement Award September 2020 marked Crises expose underlying implemented by governments future to combat the impacts of the Council of Women World of women and girls, to truly level en/News/Seminars/ for services to the 25th anniversary of the fragilities and exacerbate are gender sensitive. The G7 COVID-19. That money needs Leaders at the UN General the playing field for the benefit Conferences/2020/07/28/The- women’s economic Fourth World Conference on existing inequalities. The UN working group on women’s to be spent not to return to Assembly in 2018, the WE of all. We must not waste the Exchange empowerment. Women: Action for Equality, Secretary-General’s policy brief5 economic empowerment has some fictional ‘normal’ that will Empower UN SDG Challenge COVID-19 crisis. Let’s embrace

Right: A special session on LEVERAGING WOMEN AND YOUTH FOR A SUSTAINABLE Women Leading Politics and Development was held at the AND INCLUSIVE FUTURE Virtual Global Parliamentary Forum during the Annual The Global Parliamentary Unit at the World Bank examines how stronger youth Meetings of the World Bank and IMF, 13 October 2020. and female political representation can transfer knowledge and best practices to those who aspire to become more democratically representative. Many developing economies have the demographic Before the COVID-19 pandemic from nearly as many households Productive Safety Net Project, open a bank account for all men advantage of being young, struck, the world was healthier were working under LIPW. As we know specific measures are and women to be financially and this youth will need to and more educated than ever, the government closed schools needed to continue promoting viable to receive this aid. As a be adequately represented with countries making significant to help slow the spread of the education, reducing gender result, nearly 60 million more in parliament on issues that gains in human capital outcomes, virus, LIPW reduced work hours inequality and creating job women and girls now have bank disproportionately affect them particularly for girls.1 Sierra Leone to allow mothers and caregivers opportunities for youth, both accounts simply because they such as education, digitalisation, was one such country thanks to attend to their children while men and women, boys and girls. completed these checks and job creation and the pressing to efforts like the government’s continuing to pay full daily wages. While the pandemic has allowed have an ID card. issue of climate change. flagship program for Free Quality As we approach the end governments to see the glaring Female and young lawmakers whilst at the same time being employing more than 60% of the To find out more about the Global School Education launched in of this incredibly tumultuous gaps in gender inequality and like Hon. Shandana Gulzar Khan “Women have to demand their disproportionately affected by population. The immensity of our Parliamentary Unit at the World Bank 2018. The programme is being year, governments and opportunities for youth, it also are valuable in bringing the voice space. It is for us now as Members increasing automation that is challenges is therefore a set of visit www.worldbank.org/en/about/ supported in part by the Free policymakers have been gives them the occasion to move of their demographics into policy of Parliament to actually help set to pose a challenge to low- opportunities for young people who parliamentarians. Education Project, which takes forced to acknowledge the into action to close those gaps. discussions. There is no doubt Malawian women to get this space. skill jobs of the future. Policy are motivated by the desire to build an inclusive approach to quality gaps in critical services such about it – the more diverse an Education, education, education measures will need to pay the present and the future of the References: education by increasing the as healthcare systems, social “The one thing that the pandemic elected representative body, for me is key for girls” – Hon. special attention to the effects of country at the same time,” - Hon. 1 2020 Human Capital Index retention of girls, especially in welfare mechanisms and has taught us and brought us the more it allows for policies Catherine Gotani Hara, Speaker of the pandemic on youth, as this Patrick Muyaya, a young MP from https://www.worldbank.org/en/ secondary school, and improving education. Two demographics together on is, in terms of women’s that reflect the interests of the Parliament of Malawi. generation of students could the Democratic Republic of Congo. publication/human-capital#data the learning environment for impacted the most are women issues, there’s no better time than all people it is supposed to already lose an estimated $10 2 ‘Simulating the Potential children with disabilities. In and youth. As many as one now to stop calling them women’s represent, including minority Furthermore, adequate trillion in earnings over their Making sure that we are Impacts of the COVID-19 School response to COVID-19, the billion children in the developing issues and to start calling them groups. For instance, countries representation in the Legislature lifetime due to school closings building a sustainable and Closures on Schooling and project is also supporting world alone are missing school, national issues” - Hon. Shandana with more women in Parliament is not only about rights, it if no active effort is made to inclusive future is not a sprint – it is Learning Outcomes: A set of provision of distance learning some due to lack of digital Gulzar Khan, MP (Pakistan), are more likely to have gender- makes economic sense. For encourage students back into a marathon. With the converging Global Estimates’, World Bank and communication campaigns means to pursue distance Chairperson of the Commonwealth equal inheritance and property example, bridging the gender school.9 crises of climate change, COVID- Group, June 2020. on prevention. learning.2 Girls are especially Women Parliamentarians (CWP). ownership laws, by challenging gap promotes economic growth As the world reflects on ways 19, and conflict that threaten 3 Exploring links between Further East on the Atlantic vulnerable to the effects of patrilineal inheritance.3 There is and poverty reduction. And in to build a more sustainable progress made in development, democracy and women’s coast of Africa, Ghana’s COVID-19 with the convergence During the Annual Meetings also evidence to suggest that terms of human capital – the future, young MPs should the best way to reach the finish economic empowerment, Jennifer government is enhancing its of school lockdowns and loss of of the World Bank and IMF legislation on sexual harassment contribution of health and be at the forefront of this line will be by making sure no Solotaroff, Data Blog, World Bank social protection system and the family livelihoods. The majority in the week of 12-15 October in employment is more prevalent education to the productivity of transformation and participate in one is left behind with the right Group, 15 Sept 2020. implementation of its main social of healthcare workers on the 2020, the Chairperson of in countries where more women the next generation of workers – calls for a greener, smarter post- measures and adequate political 4 Ibid safety net programmes through frontlines of the emergency the Commonwealth Women are in legislative office. Both the loss of human capital wealth COVID society. This is why the representation needed to secure 5 & 6 Inter-Parliamentary Union the Ghana Productive Safety pandemic response are women, Parliamentarians (CWP) network, policies have the ability to due to gender inequality was at World Bank recently launched this future. Political representation Parline Data Net Project. One of its programs, and many more work in sectors Hon. Shandana Gulzar Khan, protect and empower women’s twice the value of global GDP in The Global Young MP Initiative10 in Parliament will need to align 7 ‘Unrealized Potential: The Labour Intensive Public Works hardest hit by the pandemic, MP from Pakistan, spoke about economic rights.4 And yet the 2018, at US $160.2 trillion.7 On in 2018 as a global platform for itself with real demographics, High Cost of Gender Inequality (LIPW) provides up to 180 days such as hospitality, retail and an initiative that she and other number of female and young the flip side, global wealth could Parliamentarians to share best to include women and youth to in Earnings’, Quentin Wodon, of work over two consecutive restaurants, putting them as Parliamentarians in Pakistan Parliamentarians globally is increase by $172 trillion if women practices and explore innovative best tend to the needs of these Benedicte de la Biere, May 2018, agricultural off-seasons through risk of falling into or remaining implemented to bring specific still unsuitably low. While the had the same lifetime earnings policy solutions to challenges sections of society. World Bank Group Publication. work such as maintenance in poverty. Beyond school financial and other essential percentage of women Members as men, and human capital affecting young generations. The And for this, global 8 https://www.worldbank.org/en/ and rehabilitation of rural roads lockdowns, youth are already services to women and the of Parliament worldwide has wealth could increase by about aim of this platform is to create cooperation will be important topic/gender/overview and small earth dams and preparing to face years of vulnerable. She explained that it more than doubled since 1995 one fifth globally.8 a network where an action plan – international institutions, 9 COVID-19 Could Lead to dugouts, soil conservation, and hardship on the job market and is incredibly difficult in Pakistan for to nearly 25% today5, 25% of Similarly, young MPs are for next steps can serve as a governments and civil society Permanent Loss in Learning tree planting. The programme expecting to struggle to sustain young girls to access the internet legislators is not sufficient to best placed to understand the blueprint for policy solutions to can lift each other up in tackling and Trillions of Dollars in Lost ensures that at least three-fifths livelihoods. or shops, and many do not have a represent the 50% of society challenges disproportionately challenges faced by youth today minority inequality, where Earnings, World Bank Group of the beneficiaries are women. bank account. That is why, when that women comprise. And with affecting young generations. and in future. countries with stronger youth and Press Release, 18 June 2020. And provides daycare at all Real change often starts at rolling out a programme to help currently 1.8 billion people aged As technology becomes more female political representation 10 World Bank: Global Young project sites to enable women the policy level 140 million families receive three 10 – 24, only 2.2% of MPs are pervasive in everyday life “The most important challenges can transfer knowledge and best MP Initiative - https://www. to care for their babies whilst Just like programs such as the months’ worth of food aid, the under 30, 15.5% are under 40, and in the workplace, youth remain the construction of schools, practices to those who aspire to worldbank.org/en/about/ working. When COVID-19 hit Free Quality School Education government included the same and still only 28% of MPs are are best placed to harness hospitals, housing and above become more democratically parliamentarians/brief/global- Ghana, about 14,000 individuals programme or the Ghana mandatory checks needed to under 45.6 it for growth and innovation, all employment, which involves representative. young-mp-initiative-program

Trinidad’s President calls the serious business of good manner of people without fear, will be reviewed on an ongoing for action on issues facing governance for the people of favour, affection or ill-will. “This basis. As Prime Minister, I Report the nation as Trinidad and Trinidad and Tobago,” adding is your touchstone and you assume full responsibility, and NEWS AND LEGISLATION FROM COMMONWEALTH PARLIAMENTS Tobago’s new Cabinet is that a change of government is a will be judged unsparingly. A I want to thank the national sworn-in serious juncture in any country’s democracy functions best when community for giving me The President of Trinidad and development. its standards bearers are true another opportunity to continue Tobago, Her Excellency Paula The President noted that to their oaths of office, fulfilling in public service.” Mae Weekes declared that the the PNM has been given, “a their duties and upholding the There had been a 10-day nation, which celebrated its 58th fresh mandate to continue, expectations of the high offices delay following the general anniversary of independence on complete and correct plans and to which they have been elected election on 10 August 2020 31 August 2020, cannot be said policies”, and she highlighted or appointed. Failure is not an due to several recounts, to be a ‘place of peace’. The among several other issues, option,” she added. before the 23 Member Cabinet President made the statement that Tobago’s self-government, President Mae-Weekes was formally sworn-in on 20 THIRD READING following the swearing-in constitutional reform and racism hailed those who faced the August 2020 at the President’s REPORTS ceremony of the country’s new need to be addressed, adding polls, especially a number of House. In addition, the Prime Cabinet, which came after the that she will speak to the issue young people who participated Minister, now in his second General Elections held on 10 of racism in the near future. in the vote. She noted that it consecutive term, appointed British Columbia August 2020. “Let us not ignore that whilst was heartening to witness a several Ministers of State in Page 358 The People’s National some exercised their franchise significant number of young different Ministries to assist the Movement (PNM) won 22 enthusiastically, many did so people putting themselves respective Cabinet Members. India Union seats, one less than before out of a sense of duty, unhappy forward in parties, old and new, the election, while the United with the alternatives on offer, ready to receive the baton. Trinidad and Tobago Election Page 362 National Congress (UNC) won perhaps feeling the pressure The Prime Minister of Results 19 seats, one more than before of Hobson’s choice. Yet others Trinidad and Tobago, Hon. The People’s National Movement Australia Federal the election. declined to vote. I do not want Dr Keith Rowley, MP, in (PNM) won the popular vote Page 368 The President said: “Now us to forget, even for a moment addressing the newly sworn- in the elections. According to I have to confess, somehow that at this time Trinidad and in Cabinet, pointed out that the Elections and Boundaries when I am in this company, Tobago cannot be said to be a his Government’s tenure will Commission (EBC), the PNM had New Zealand auntie-tantie jumps out. And country at peace with itself,” the be over 60 months and it is gained 322,250 votes, while the Page 372 so I say to you, Prime Minister, President recalled. not counted in years. “This is United National Congress (UNC) Cabinet Ministers, on behalf She reminded those a 60-month journey and rest won 309,188 votes. of us all, I urge you to roll up Ministers sworn-in that they assured, that nobody will be The UNC Leader, Hon. Kamla your sleeves, put your hand have taken a solemn oath to do allowed to fall asleep because Persad-Bissessar, MP had to the plough and get down to their duties and to do right to all their conduct and performance claimed that the election was fraught with irregularities in many constituencies, and the party had called for recounts in the marginal seats of San Fernando West, St Joseph, Tunapuna, With thanks to our Parliamentary Toco-Sangre Grande and La Report and Third Reading Commonwealth Parliaments’ resume Horquetta/Talparo. Many political contributors: Paras Ramoutar pundits had suggested that these (Parliament of Trinidad and parliamentary sittings following elections five marginal seats would define Tobago); Fleur Hall (Federal the outcome of the elections, Parliament of Australia); TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CANADA AUSTRALIA however the PNM won these Gabrielle de Billy Brown (Federal marginal seats following recounts. President opens new session of Parliament’s Prorogation and Remote Participation in Parliament of Canada); Lizzie The UNC Leader refused Hendy (Parliament of New Parliament following election Speech from the Throne Australian Federal Parliament to concede defeat on election Zealand); Ravindra Garimella Page 355 Page 360 Page 365 night, but following the (Parliament of India); Neil recount, she stated that after Iddawala (Parliament of Sri UNITED KINGDOM SRI LANKA some days of reflection and Lanka); Jesse Gordon (Legislative monitoring of the progress of UK Parliament debates Brexit President opens the 9th Assembly of British Columbia); the election recount process and Michael Berry (Parliament of and COVID-19 Parliament of Sri Lanka that she was satisfied that the United Kingdom). Page 370 Page 374 the people had spoken and

354 | The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 | 355 PARLIAMENTARY REPORT TRINIDAD AND TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TOBAGO the PNM party would form “That is the only way you will General, Faris Al-Rawi who said keep the economy stimulated hybrid cars, electric cars, CNG clampdown on cigarette usage, currently facing a pandemic collaboration with the Ministry of the new Government before be able to keep the promises that the regulations will now and keep as many people as cars, and small engine cars adding that Government spends where thousands of people Agriculture, Lands and Fisheries, congratulating them. inherent in your oath. Can we prescribe by way of publications possible employed. below 1500 cc, to encourage TT$500,000 a year to treat have lost their jobs, incomes while 1,399 families received trust you to measure up to the that the failure to wear a mask “The Budget reflects their use. Further, in January one lung cancer patient. “We and livelihoods.” emergency food hampers. Trinidad and Tobago’s standards required of high in public will attract a fine of our understanding of the 2021, the permissible age of are introducing disincentives to Opposition Member for The Minister also outlined President calls on MPs to office?” she asked. TT$1,000; a second offence requirements of our country imported foreign used cars constrain smoking habits and Cumuto/Manzanilla, Dr Rai that the Ministry has distributed become more trustworthy and “You have heard no doubt TT$2,000, and TT$5,000 for for the medium term to ensure will be reduced to three years that Excise Duty on tobacco Ragbir, MP, disapproved of the TT$47,278,912 in subventions fulfil their duties that with great power come the third offence. The Attorney that our economic recovery and the quota of used cars products will be increased from Government’s administration to 22 Non-Governmental At the opening of the First Session great responsibility. Apart General stated there will be is as strong as possible. The will be reduced by 30%, and October 20. All penalties for of health care in Trinidad and Organisations, including three of the 12th Parliament of Trinidad from your legislative function, exceptions, such as the age of a Government has been working that a quota system for the selling alcohol and tobacco to Tobago, adding that health care statutory boards, to support and Tobago, on 28 August 2020, there are other requirements person, their medical condition, assiduously to produce the importation of new cars will minors will be increased from would further deteriorate in their work and facilitate the the President, Her Excellency and expectations of you. I see any physical disability, “or in required Valuation Rolls come in effect in January 2021.” January 1, 2021.” 2021 and beyond. delivery of specialised services Paula-Mae Weekes called on many new Parliamentarians public circumstances advised notwithstanding the numerous The Finance Minister also The Leader of the The Minister of Social for persons with disabilities all Members of Parliament to among your number. You by the Chief Medical Officer challenges,” he said. spoke about the need to extend Opposition, Hon. Kamla Persad- Development and Family in their care. The Ministry of become more trustworthy in the will have to mature into your to guidelines providing for The Finance Minister outlined the retirement age to 65 years, Bissessar, MP heavily criticised Services, Ms Donna Cox replied Social Development and Family eyes of the people. role very quickly. Make no exceptions.” a range of different measures and called for Opposition the Government Budget, that over 173,020 citizens were Services estimated that they had Stating that she was asking mistake, your grace period, if In his maiden contribution, including the introduction of support for legislation for the suggesting that it was outdated recipients of government grants reached more than 700,000 on behalf of the 658,000 indeed, there was one, was Saddam Hosein, MP a property tax. Taxation of regulation and reductions in ‘before the ink dried after it was during the COVID-19 pandemic citizens. The Minister added: citizens who had done their between the election or your denounced the measure as the commercial, industrial and spending on the Revenue printed’. The introduction of a at a cost of TT$329,600. Some “The provision of these grants civic duty in voting in the appointment and the convening Public Health Regulations were agricultural properties will also Authority, the Gaming sector, property tax was also criticized 25,101 families were assisted and services, which include recent elections, the President of Parliament today, and from made without parliamentary be introduced. The National the National Statistical Institute, as it places pressure on the with top-ups to existing food senior citizens pension, public said: “You all took an oath this today you are expected to get oversight, however the Bill was Petroleum Marketing Company procurement and Public poorest communities. “I have support, from the School assistance, disability grants, morning to conscientiously down to managing the affairs approved by the both Houses of (NP) gas stations will be put Administration operations. called on the Government Feeding Programme and food food card services, cost the and impartiality discharge your of the public. The novelty of Parliament unanimously. up for sale with the first option The Finance Minister repeatedly to hold their hands vouchers and market boxes taxpayer approximately TT$5.13 responsibilities to the people of being a Parliamentarian is not to existing dealers, and at the announced a further on the property tax. We are were given to 24,999 families in billion.” this nation. The essence of the an acceptable excuse for any Trinidad Budget 2021 projects same time, he announced that relationship between Members shortcomings”, she said. TT$8.2 billion deficit there will be no price hike on of Parliament and the public This country’s first The 2020-21 Budget was gasoline as he confirmed a is one of trust, confidence and female President continued: presented in the Trinidad and liberalization of the fuel markets fidelity. Notwithstanding some “Parliamentary debates can Tobago Parliament on 5 October from January 2021, when retail significant milestones over the sometimes be long and tedious, 2020, with a projected TT$8.2 margins will be removed, adding years, the strength of that bond but that does not give you carte billion deficit, which has now that petroleum retailers and has been eroded by the failure of blanche as Members to become become the norm over the past dealers will be allowed to fix successive Parliaments to deliver disengaged from the process. five years. This is the first Budget their own margins. consistently on the reasonable How many times has the public in the new Parliament following The Finance Minister also expectations of the populace. been witness to Members who general elections and it was said that there will be a 12.5% Your core function is law- were nodding off, engrossed presented under the theme tax applied to luxury imported making, an essential service in in their phones or otherwise of ‘Resetting the Economy for foods from January 2021 our democracy, one in which showing no interest in the Growth and Innovation’. including lobsters, escargot, gives you the power to transform ongoing debate? However, The Finance Minister, Colm smoked salmon, pate, calms, the lives of our citizens and challenging the process, Imbert, MP presented his sixth strawberries, champagne, our nation. Each of you seated Members of the public expect budget which contained a apples and grapes. in these chambers has the you to remain alert in order to ‘mixed bag of items’, and he The Finance Minister stated primary purpose of conducting actively defend their interests.” highlighted that the budget aims that he planned to curb the the people’s business. Your to kickstart the Trinidad and demand for the purchase of being here today suggests Trinidad and Tobago Tobago economy following the new and used cars, which your willingness to discharge Parliament First Sitting passes COVID-19 pandemic and energy costs the government around your duties in a thorough and ‘COVID-19 mask’ Bill price shocks. TT$2.5 billion annually in responsible manner and to treat At the first sitting of the new The Finance Minister outlined foreign exchange. “To correct all persons equally.” Parliament of Trinidad and that the 2021 expenditure is this unsustainable situation and The President said to the 41 Tobago, the Public Health set at TT$49.73 billion, and suppress demand, as opposed MPs and 31 Senators present (Amendment) Bill was passed. projected revenue is TT$41.364 to an outright prohibition, we that whether they arrived via The Bill provides for mandatory billion, both less that the propose to remove all tax the ballot box or by virtue of wearing of face masks to prevent 2020 Budget levels, and he concessions of private motor selection, it is vital at this time the spread of COVID -19, and announced that there will be a cars. All private motor cars will that they have full grasp of their failure to wear face masks citizens TT$8.2 billion deficit. He also now attract customs duty, motor remit and their limitations and could be fined up to TT$5,000. pointed out that 2021 will be vehicle tax and Value Added that they are totally committed The Bill was piloted by the another challenging year, but Tax, with the lowest rates of to the task at hand. newly-appointed Attorney that the Government hopes to duty and tax being imposed on

THIRD READING: BRITISH COLUMBIA

Economic Stabilization (COVID-19) Act, 2020 recovery from the pandemic will take time, government programs need to be adaptable Bill 18, Economic Stabilization (COVID-19) and government’s response will result in to ensure that people and businesses Act, 2020, was introduced on 24 June 2020. budgetary deficits to deliver health and have the necessary financial supports to The Bill provides financial relief measures economic recovery programs and supports. endure the pandemic. At the same time, to address the effects of the pandemic. It The Official Opposition Finance Co-critics, she expressed concerns that a delay in the extends the filing and payment deadlines for Shirley Bond, MLA and Stephanie Cadieux, scheduled increase to the carbon tax would numerous business taxes, delays commercial MLA, supported the Bill’s objectives, but have an adverse impact on BC’s efforts to property tax late-payment penalties, and expressed concern about the projected $12.5 fight climate change. extends the time period for municipalities billion deficit resulting from the government’s During Committee of the Whole to remit other taxes. The Bill also amends response to the pandemic. They cited proceedings, Minister James introduced the Income Tax Act to facilitate a tax-free forecasts indicating that 20% of small an amendment to Bill 18. The amendment emergency benefit of $1,000 to eligible businesses were expected to disappear reduced the time frame for the issuance of individuals who were financially impacted in the coming year. While agreeing that special warrants after a state of emergency by COVID-19. The Bill amends the Balanced tax deferrals provided for in the Bill would from six months to three months; however, Budget and Ministerial Accountability benefit small businesses, they advocated Opposition Members queried what Act to authorise deficit budgets for the for a longer-term extension of deadlines and type of situation would justify issuing a next three fiscal years, and the Budget graduated repayments to assist businesses special warrant but not declaring a state Transparency and Accountability Act to allow affected by the pandemic. They also stressed of emergency. The Third Party House the government, over the next three fiscal the importance of mechanisms to ensure Leader introduced a sub-amendment which years, to present supplementary estimates oversight and accountability for the use of removed the use of special warrants in the even when there is a forecast of a budgetary special warrants during a state of emergency. context of emergency expenditure after deficit. The Bill also clarifies the use of special Further, they urged the government to the end of a state of emergency. The sub- warrants when the Legislative Assembly consider reducing the time frame for the amendment and amendment were carried is not sitting during a provincial state of extension of the use of special warrants after and Bill 18, Economic Stabilization (COVID-19) emergency. a state of emergency has ended. Act, passed the Third Reading stage on 29 state of emergency. The amendments were Assembly to hold the government’s use of provision of temporary authorities to the During the Second Reading debate, The Third Party House Leader, Sonia July 2020. made to support government’s response to these powers to account. Hon. David Eby, government to adjust emergency regulations, Hon. Carole James, MLA, Deputy Premier Furstenau, MLA, shared the Official the COVID-19 pandemic. The Bill authorises QC, MLA, Attorney General, explained that and emphasised the need for checks and and Minister of Finance, described the Opposition’s concern about the need for COVID-19 Related Measures Act, 2020 the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council to several Ministerial Orders pursuant to the balances on the use of these powers. She unprecedented economic impact of COVID- a longer-term approach to tax deferrals, Introduced on 22 June 2020, Bill 19, the implement regulations to adjust the expiry Emergency Program Act were set to expire stated that consideration of the Bill also 19 and the Bill’s provision of substantial warning that a second wave of COVID-19 COVID-19 Related Measures Act, amends dates of Ministerial Orders by 45 or 90 at the end of the state of emergency. The provided an opportunity for Members economic relief to British Columbia’s citizens cases in the fall may leave many unable the Emergency Program Act, expanding days, to facilitate the transition out of a state Bill would ensure that the government has to examine the broader context for the and businesses. She noted that economic to pay their taxes. She remarked that government’s powers during and after a of emergency. The Bill also allows for the the flexibility and continuity for regulations government’s responsibilities and statutory adoption of regulations that protect essential and programs that may be required after the powers for responding to an emergency. service providers, such as childcare operators end of the official state of emergency. He She indicated that climate change will and amateur sports organisations, from civil noted that in view of the Bill’s exceptional result in increasing numbers of emergency liability for COVID-19 related damages. This authorities, the government had provided situations, and it will be important to ensure protection only extends to providers if they an advance copy of the legislation to the that legislative provisions support a robust followed public health orders. To provide Opposition parties. response to such situations. safeguards against overreach, the Bill Michael Lee, MLA, Official Opposition During the Committee of the Whole includes a sunset clause repealing the Act Critic for the Attorney General, agreed proceedings, the Official Opposition and the one year after it is brought into force, creates that the COVID-19 pandemic was an Third Party questioned how the Bill would authority for the courts to oversee actions unprecedented challenge which justified provide oversight of the government’s taken by the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council, the Bill’s overall objectives. He encouraged powers. In response, the government and limits Ministerial Orders by standards of the government to examine the approaches introduced an amendment which requires proportionality to determine if the benefit of taken by other jurisdictions in order to ensure any order or regulation made related to the Ministerial Order is proportionate to the appropriate limitations on regulation-making the COVID-19 pandemic to be reported to emergency. authorities as well as accountability and the Speaker within five days. Upon receipt, During the Second Reading debate, oversight for the use of the exceptional the Speaker must lay the report before the many Members focused on the exceptional powers in the Bill. Legislative Assembly as soon as possible. powers that the Bill proposed to provide The Third Party House Leader, Sonia The amendment was adopted and Bill 19, to government during and after a state of Furstenau, MLA, shared the view that the the COVID-19 Related Measures Act, passed emergency, and the need for the Legislative COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the the Third Reading stage on 8 July 2020.

PARLIAMENT OF CANADA’S PROROGATION AND SPEECH FROM THE THRONE

Prorogation and Speech from • Focusing on core values spaces of the House of Committee meetings may the Throne such as reconciliation, Commons precinct. Certain be held either in a hybrid or On 18 August 2020, the addressing systemic exceptions have been virtual format. Recorded votes Canadian Prime Minister, Rt discrimination, gender allowed for Members in follow the same process as Hon. Justin Trudeau, MP equality and linguistic certain situations, including in the Chamber. The motion asked the Governor-General, diversity. during sittings and Committee of 23 September 2020 also Her Excellency Rt Hon. Julie This was a unique event as meetings, press conferences re-establishes the Special Payette, to proceed with the it was the first Speech from the and in their private office Committee on Canada-China prorogation of Parliament, Throne to occur both in the space. On the same day, it relations, originally created ending the first session of the temporary Senate chamber was also announced that during the first session. 42nd Parliament. and during a pandemic. previous protective and On 23 September 2020, Traditions had to be adapted to sanitary measures, such as the Changes in the House of the Governor-General opened follow public health protocols, suspension of non-essential Commons and in Cabinet the second session of the 42nd such as Parliamentarians parliamentary activities as well On 4 August 2020, Michael Parliament with the reading of wearing masks and sitting two as public tours, would remain in Levitt, MP, announced that he the Speech from the Throne. metres apart in the Senate effect until further notice. would step down as a Member Titled ‘A Stronger and More Chamber as well as a limited On 19 October 2020, it was of Parliament. Resilient Canada’, the Speech number of Parliamentarians announced that plexiglass On 17 August 2020, Hon. focused on the response to being allowed to attend the panels would be installed Bill Morneau, MP, a Minister the COVID-19 pandemic and ceremony in person. outside the House of Commons of Finance, announced his indicated the four foundations Chamber to enhance protection resignation both as a Member of the government’s plan: Continued Response to the for Parliamentarians and of Parliament and from • The fight against the COVID-19 Pandemic employees. Cabinet. The following day, 44, Conservative Party 21, Toronto-Centre by-election of was defeated in a 146–180 the House of Commons to pandemic and to protect In order to prepare for the Rt Hon. Justin Trudeau, MP Canadian Senators Group 13, 26 October 2020. vote. hold an emergency debate lives; beginning of the second Parliamentary Work announced changes to Cabinet: Progressive Senate Group 11, which lasted five hours. On • Supporting people and session, Hon. Anthony Rota, On 23 September 2020, the the responsibility for finance non-affiliated 6 and vacant 10. Ethics Workplace Harassment 21 October, the House of businesses through the MP, Speaker of the House House of Commons adopted was given to Hon. Chrystia As indicated in the previous In July 2020, allegations Commons Standing Committee crisis and beyond; of Commons, announced by unanimous consent Freeland, MP, who also Changes in Party Leadership issue of The Parliamentarian, were made in the media on Fisheries and Oceans began • Building a stronger, more that mask-wearing would be a motion governing the retains the position of Deputy Two leadership races recently ethical questions were regarding potential issues of a study titled ‘Implementation resilient Canada; and mandatory in all common proceedings of the House Prime Minister. Her former came to an end. Both parties raised regarding the federal harassment and abuse in the of Mi’Kmaq Treaty Fishing until 11 December 2020. The cabinet position, Minister of used a ranked ballot to government’s announcement office of Governor-General Rights to Support a Moderate motion elaborates on the Intergovernmental Affairs, was determine the winner. Members and subsequent cancellation Her Excellency Rt Hon. Julie Livelihood’. hybrid system that will be used given to Hon. Dominic Leblanc, of the Conservative Party of of the Canada Student Service Payette. Following these to conduct Parliamentary and MP who also remains President Canada had until 21 August Grant. Two House of Commons claims, the Privy Council In Memoriam Committee business over of the Queen’s Privy Council for 2020 to mail their ballots and Standing Committees held Office (PCO) launched an On 18 August 2020, Rt Hon. the next months. Temporary Canada. the results were announced on meetings related to the independent investigation on John Turner, Prime Minister rules permit Members who As a result of these 23 August 2020. With almost situation. However, those 23 July 2020. On 1 September, of Canada from 30 June to participate remotely to be announcements, two 175,000 votes cast, Hon. Erin studies ended with prorogation PCO announced that it 17 September 1984, passed counted for the purpose of by-elections have been called O’Toole, MP, won on the third on 18 August 2020. mandated the services of a away at the age of 91. Mr quorum and allow documents in the ridings of Toronto ballot. He replaced Hon. Andrew The subject was brought private firm, with a final report Turner was first elected as to be tabled electronically with Centre and York Centre for 26 Scheer, MP, who remains a forward at the beginning of expected in the autumn. The a Member of Parliament in the Clerk. October 2020. Member of Parliament. the second session: Hon. Office of the Governor-General 1962 and remained in office In addition, the motion The Green Party of Canada Erin O’Toole, MP, Leader of has retained the services until 1976. He returned to the includes a rule for recorded Changes in the Senate used both online voting as the Opposition, sponsored of former Supreme Court House of Commons in 1984 divisions in this hybrid On 24 April 2020, Hon. Grant well as paper ballots to select a motion to create a special of Canada Justice, Michel and remained an MP until 1993. setting, which are in place Mitchell retired, after having who would replace Elizabeth Committee on anti-corruption Bastarache, as a constitutional He occupied various positions until the launch of the served in the Senate since 2005. May, MP as leader. The results to further study the question. advisor. in Cabinet during his career, House of Commons’ remote On 23 August 2020, Hon. were announced online on 3 The Liberal Party of Canada including Minister of Justice, voting application. This new Lillian Eva Dyck retired, after October 2020. Annamie Paul, announced that it would Emergency Debate Attorney General of Canada procedure includes a digital having served in the Senate an activist and lawyer, was consider it to be a matter of On 19 October 2020, an and Minister of Finance. Mr bell to call Members to a vote since 2005. elected leader of the party. Not confidence and as such would ongoing lobster fishing Turner was also Leader of the and a roll call in alphabetical As of 26 October 2020, the currently sitting as an MP, Ms request the dissolution of dispute in Nova Scotia Opposition between 1984 and order of all Members attending standings in the Senate were: Paul has announced that she Parliament if it came to pass. On between Indigenous and 1990. virtually. Independent Senators Group will run as a candidate in the 21 October 2020, the motion non-Indigenous groups led

or technical lapses under the provisions of monetary penalties and also extend the Debate of the imposition of margins for non- THIRD READING: INDIA the said Act, into civil wrong: and considering same benefit to Producer Companies and During the discussion on the Bill in Parliament, centrally cleared OTC derivatives, it had the overall pendency of the courts, a principle start-ups. the Minister in charge while replying to the become necessary for India to implement based approach was adopted to further (ix) To empower the Central Government debate inter alia stated that not only big an exchange of margin system for OTC remove criminality in case of defaults, which to allow certain classes of Public companies, but also micro, small and medium derivatives to improve stability and the can be determined objectively and which companies to list classes of securities (as enterprises and small companies are also resilience of India’s financial system. Such otherwise lack any element of fraud or do may be prescribed) in foreign jurisdictions. registered under the Companies Act. Small a margin on a gross basis would make the not involve larger public interest. In addition, (x) To empower Central Government companies will also get the benefits of the OTC derivative market very costly and may the Government also proposed to provide to exempt any class of persons from provisions of decriminalisation being made seriously disrupt the OTC derivatives market, greater ease of living to corporates through complying with requirements pertaining to through the Amending legislation. The as such derivatives account for a significant certain other amendments to the Act. beneficent shareholding. Minister also stated that a new chapter is part of the total derivatives market. The law Accordingly, the Companies (Amendment) (xi) To empower exclusion from listed being added in the Companies Act, which will on bilateral netting would be a significant Bill, 2020 was introduced in Lok Sabha by companies. The central government, be beneficial for the producers’ organisations. enabler for efficient margining. The capital the Minister of Corporate Affairs on 17 March in consultation with the Securities and Incentives are proposed to be given to saving would enable banks to provide price 2020, seeking to amend the Companies Act, Exchange Board of India, to exclude farmers and producers’ organisations and efficiency in offering hedging instruments 2013 to achieve the above objectives. companies issuing specified classes of these provisions would include seed capital, to businesses in India, and catalyse the securities from the definition of a ‘listed funds and direct market access. The Bill corporate bond market through developing Key Features of the Bill company’. was passed by Lok Sabha on 19 September the credit default swap market. It is expected (i) To decriminalise offences under (xii) The Companies Act 2013 requires 2020 and by Rajya Sabha on 22 September that a law on bilateral netting of financial the Act in case of defants which can companies to file certain resolutions 2020. The Bill, as passed by both Houses of transactions would further develop the be determined objectively, and which with the registrar of companies who are Parliament, was assented to by the President financial market in India. otherwise lack any element of fraud or do exempt from filing resolutions passed to of India on 28 September 2020. The Government accordingly brought not involve larger public interest. grant loans or to provide guarantees or forward the Bilateral Netting of Qualified (ii) To empower the Central Government security for a loan. This exemption has The Bilateral Netting of Qualified Financial Financial Contracts Bill, 2020, which was to exclude, in consultation with the been extended to registered non-banking Contracts Bill 2020 introduced in Lok Sabha by the Minister of Securities and Exchange Board, certain financial companies and housing finance The Bill would ensure financial stability and Finance on 14 September 2020. class of companies from the definition of companies. promote competitiveness in Indian financial ‘listed company’, mainly for listing of debt markets by providing enforceability of Salient features of the Bill securities. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) bilateral netting of qualified financial contracts (a) Provision has been made for the (iii) To clarify the jurisdiction of the Under the Companies Act, companies and for matters connected therewith or designation of any bilateral agreement trial court on the basis of place of the with net worth, turnover or profits above a incidental thereto. or contract or transaction, or type of commission of the offence under section specified amount are required to constitute contract, as qualified financial contract 452 of the Act for wrongful withholding of CSR Committees and spend 2% of their Background by the Central Government or any of the property or of a company by its officers or average net profits in the last three financial Netting enables two counterparties in a regulatory authorities as specified in the employees, as the case may be. years, towards its CSR policy. The amending bilateral financial contract to offset claims First Schedule; (iv) To incorporate a new Chapter XXIA in Bill exempts companies with a CSR liability against each other to determine a single (b) Enforceability of netting of a qualified the Act relating to Producer Companies, of up to Rs. 50 lakh a year from setting up net payment obligation due from one financial contract has been provided for; which was earlier part of the Companies CSR Committees. Further, companies which counterparty to other in the event of default. (c) Provisions have been laid down for Act, 1956. spend any amount in excess of their CSR In the absence of a legal framework for invocation of close-out netting which (v) To set up Benches of the National obligation in a financial year can set off the bilateral netting, banks are forced to measure may be commenced by a notice given by Company Law Appellate Tribunal. excess amount towards their CSR obligations credit exposure to a counterparty for over the one party to the other party of a qualified (vi) To make provisions for allowing in subsequent financial years. counter (OTC) derivative contracts based on financial contract upon the occurrence The Companies (Amendment) Bill 2020 Company Law Committee (CLC) consisting payment of adequate remuneration to gross basis and not net basis. This situation of an event of default with respect to the The Companies Act, 2013 was enacted to of representatives from Ministry, industry non-executive directors in the case of Periodic financial results for unlisted significantly increases credit risk exposure other party or a termination event that consolidate and amend the law relating chambers, professional institutes and inadequacy of profits, by aligning the companies: The Amending Bill empowers and systemic risk in the financial markets may, in certain circumstances, occur to companies in India. The Act introduced legal fraternity was constituted on the 18th same with the provisions for remuneration the central government to require classes of in the event of default of a counterparty, automatically as specified in the netting significant changes relating to disclosures September 2019, to decriminalise some more to executive directors in such cases. unlisted companies (as may be prescribed) besides trapping significant amount of capital agreement; to stakeholders, accountability of Directors, provisions of the Act, based on their gravity (vii) To relax provisions relating to charging to prepare and file periodical financial results, unproductively by banks. An unambiguous (d) It has also been provided that Auditors and key managerial personnel, and to take other concomitant measures to higher additional fees for default on two and to complete the audit or review of such legal framework for enforceability of close-out determination of the net amount payable investor protection, personnel, corporate provide further ease of living for corporates or more occasions in submitting, filing, results. netting would reduce the credit exposure under the close-out netting in accordance governance and in-house adjudication in the country. After careful consideration the registering or recording any document, fact of banks and other financial institutions with the terms of the netting agreement mechanism to adjudicate civil lapses, without CLC submitted its report in November 2019. or information as provided in section 403. Benches of NCLT: The Bill also seeks to from gross to net exposure, resulting in entered into by the parties and in the involving criminal courts. Based on the recommendations of the (viii) To extend applicability of section establish benches of the National Company substantial capital saving on such exposure absence of the netting agreement, where In view of constant endeavor of the CLC and internal review by the Government, 446B, relating to lesser penalties for small Law Appellate Tribunal. These shall ordinarily and reducing the overall systemic risks, thus the parties to a qualified financial contract India Government to facilitate greater it was proposed to amend various provisions companies and one person companies, sit in New Delhi or such other place as may contributing to the financial stability. fail to agree on the sum with regard to ease of living to law abiding corporates, a of the Act to decriminalise minor procedural to all provisions of the Act which attract be notified. Owing to the emerging global consensus the net amount payable under the close-

REMOTE PARTICIPATION A FIRST IN AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL THIRD READING: INDIA (continued) PARLIAMENT CHAMBER PROCEEDINGS out netting, determination of such sum and a tripartite meeting comprising of the The Industrial Relations Code, 2020: through arbitration; Government, employers’ and employees’ Following the recommendation of the (e) Certain limitations on powers of representatives, the India Government Second National Commission on Labour, The Australian Federal individuals could jeopardise to the evolving situation in • Restrictions on numbers of administration practitioner have been decided to bring a comprehensive the India Government decided to bring Parliament has continued the health situation in the Victoria, and also in the State non-Members (limit of five imposed. legislation forward to amalgamate, simplify in legislation to amalgamate, simplify and to adapt, during the course Australian Capital Territory and of New South Wales, which photographers in the Press and rationalise the relevant provisions of rationalise the relevant provisions of the of 2020, to the Coronavirus place residents at unnecessary was experiencing outbreaks Gallery; advisers to leave The Bill was passed by Lok Sabha on 20 nine central labour enactments relating to following three central labour enactments pandemic and its impact on risk of infection.” But the Prime in localised ‘hotspots’. during divisions; reduced September 2020 and by Rajya Sabha on 23 social security. This amalgamation would relating to industrial relations, namely: The Parliamentarians’ ability to Minister also emphasised to Preparations for the sitting service from attendants; September 2020. The Bill as passed by both facilitate the implementation and remove Trade Unions Act, 1926; The Industrial meet in Canberra for sittings. his colleagues his view that it fortnight due to commence Hansard recorders to work Houses of Parliament was assented to by the the multiplicity of definitions without Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946; and One notable outcome has would be undesirable to hold on 24 August 2020 began in externally). President of India on 28 September 2020. compromising the basic concepts of welfare The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. been the opportunity afforded a sitting that would effectively earnest; these contemplated • Doors to remain open, and benefits to workers. The Industrial Relations Code would bring to Members and Senators exclude Parliamentarians a continuation of physical except during divisions, to Labour Law Codes The Code on Social Security would the use of technology in its enforcement. All to participate remotely from a single State, when “our measures to reduce the risk of reduce contact with door On 19 September 2020, the following three facilitate the use of technology ensuring these measures would bring transparency in particular Chamber Commonwealth Parliament transmission in the building and handles. labour law codes were introduced by the transparency and accountability leading to and accountability which would lead to proceedings. This innovation should have representatives especially within the chambers. Minister of Labour in the Lok Sabha: effective enforcement of the provisions of the more effective enforcement. The facilitation has been functioning well in from all members of our The measures included: On 17 August 2020, the i) The Code on Social Security 2020 proposed legislation. Widening the scope for ease of compliance of labour laws will both the Australian House federation and it is the duty • Reduced numbers of President and the Speaker ii) The Industrial Relations Code 2020 of the benefits to fixed-term employees and promote in setting up of more enterprises of Representatives and the of Parliamentarians to attend Members and increased issued a joint statement, iii) The Occupational Safety Health and facilitating the ease of compliance of labour thus catalysing the creation of employment Australian Senate since its Parliament, if it is scheduled.” spacing between seats. following consultation with the Working Conditions Code 2020 laws would be a big step towards equity and opportunities. introduction in August. In the weeks following, • Closure of public galleries. Acting Chief Medical Officer promote the setting up of more enterprises, The effect that the pandemic close attention was paid and ACT Health, containing Since all three Codes were dealing with thus catalysing the creation of employment The Occupational Safety, Health and would have on Parliament labour welfare initiatives then they were listed opportunities. Working Conditions Code 2020: Following even planning to meet became together for 22 September 2020. The Code would bring in a wide range the recommendation of the Second apparent as early as 23 March of features including the extension of the National Commission on Labour, the 2020, from which point the Code on Social Security 2020: The Second coverage of Employees’ State Insurance to India Government decided to enact the sitting calendar underwent a National Commission on Labour, which all establishments employing ten or more Occupational Safety, Health and Working number of revisions. Parliament submitted its report in June 2002 had employees; the extension of employees’ Conditions Code which would amalgamate, was able to meet for three recommended that the existing set of labour pension and insurance schemes to all simplify and rationalise the relevant weeks in the (southern laws should be broadly amalgamated into the industries or establishments employing provisions of thirteen central labour Acts hemisphere) Winter sittings, following groups, namely: industrial relations; twenty or more employees; and new relating to the occupation, safety, health and albeit with significantly reduced wages; social security; safety; and welfare penalties for employers who fail to enact this working conditions of workers. The Code was attendance. However, an and working conditions. new code. introduced in Lok Sabha on 23 July 2019 and alarming increase in community Following these recommendations the same was referred to the department- transmission of COVID-19 in related Parliamentary Standing Committee the State of Victoria during July on Labour. The Committee recommended affected the start of the planned several substantive modifications to the Spring sittings. At the request Code and in addition, the India Government of the Prime Minister, Hon. also proposed certain changes to the Code Scott Morrison, MP, the first in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic. This sitting fortnight in August was Code would introduce a number of measures cancelled. relating to health, safety, welfare and working Seeking the agreement of conditions of workers. the Leader of the Opposition, Hon. Anthony Albanese, MP; Discussion on Codes in Parliament the Speaker of the House, After a combined discussion in the House Hon. Tony Smith, MP; and on all three Codes on 22 September 2020, the President of the Senate, these were passed by the Lok Sabha on the Senator Hon. Scott Ryan to same day. The three Codes were passed the cancellation, the Prime by Rajya Sabha on 23 September 2020. Minister conveyed advice he The Codes as passed by both Houses of had received from the acting Parliament were assented to by the President Australian Chief Medical of India on 28 September 2020. Officer, Professor Paul Kelly. This advice was that the “entry of a high-risk group of

364 | The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 The Parliamentarian | 2020: Issue Four | 100 years of publishing 1920-2020 | 365 PARLIAMENTARY REPORT AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA arrangements that had been or contributing to debate Senators must attend the will say that the Standing Legislative Assembly. A total of made for the sitting fortnight. (this was changed to ‘making Senate to vote in and call for Orders apply and, if it persists, 141,225 electors were enrolled The statement noted that a speech’ in a second and divisions. not only will I enforce the to vote. The election was very Parliament House would be similar Agreement that was Confirming that it was Standing Orders, but you might close: counting continued for closed to the public and that presented on 6 October 2020 indeed open to the Senate find yourself disconnected.” two weeks until final results Members’ and Senators’ staff for the period commencing to authorise participation by A year ago, it would have were announced. Ultimately should not travel to Canberra that day until the conclusion of video link, the Committee been difficult to imagine Territory Labor, under the unless it was considered parliamentary sittings in 2020). recommended that its use by a context in which such a leadership of Chief Minister, absolutely essential. The Both Agreements provided absent Senators extend to any statement would be made Hon. Michael Gunner, was statement acknowledged that ‘remote’ Members could matter before the Chair, but during chamber proceedings. returned for a second term of that while the wearing of face not vote or be counted for with certain limitations. These But the Parliament has majority government, having masks is not mandatory in the quorum; move or second any included that participants be demonstrated resilience and secured 14 seats. The Country Australian Capital Territory, motion; move or second any limited to moving amendments flexibility despite ongoing and Liberal Party, led by Ms Lia the practice “is encouraged amendment to a motion or and requests for House unforeseen challenges. This Finocchiaro, won eight seats where physical distancing a Bill; propose or support a amendments to legislation has allowed Parliamentarians, (up from just two in the 2016 is not possible”; a later joint proposal to discuss a Matter only in the Committee of the at time when it is more crucial election). In a speech at party statement, issued on 15 of Public Importance; call for Whole stage. Importantly, than ever, to continue to speak headquarters on election night, October 2020, added that a division or call for a quorum the Committee noted that it on behalf of the Australian the Chief Minister pledged the wearing of face masks is to be counted. Consequently, had developed rules based people they have been elected to “rebuild the Territory’s also “strongly recommended as the Manager of Opposition on an overarching principle to represent. economy and save lives” in in those areas of the building Business observed, “The that the proceedings of the the wake of the Coronavirus where people circulate.” Parliament is here, and it is Senate are to be managed New and Retiring Members pandemic. Focus was also given to meeting here…the Parliament is in the Senate itself which, in the Australian Federal how procedural rules could not a virtual Parliament.” the Committee said, “reflect Parliament Australian Capital Territory accommodate a degree of Finally, pairing arrangements a view about the primacy of Following the retirement of Election 2020 remote participation. Having for divisions have been used attendance in the Parliament Hon. Dr Michael Kelly, AM, Residents of the five foreseen a potential inability to extensively in the House since as the key means for Senators MP (Australian Labor Party), a electorates in the Australian attain the normal requirements the pandemic began. Since 12 to engage in and determine by-election in the seat of Eden- Capital Territory voted in the for meetings, the House had May 2020, pairs (normally an its work.” On 24 August 2020, Monaro in New South Wales ACT election on 17 October on 23 March 2020 agreed informal arrangement) have also the Senate resolved that the held on 4 July 2020 was won 2020. Chief Minister, Andrew to a significant resolution. It been recorded in the Votes and rules for remote participation by Ms Kristy McBain (Australian Barr, MLA, was able to claim provided for the House to Proceedings. This has meant recommended by the Labor Party). Ms McBain was victory for the incumbent ACT meet in a manner and form that some Members appear as Committee in its report have sworn in as a Member of the Labor Party for a record sixth not otherwise provided in both absent for entire sittings effect for the following sitting House of Representatives on consecutive term, with the the Standing Orders, with the and yet paired for divisions. fortnight; on 6 October 2020, 24 August 2020 and made support of the ACT Greens led agreement of the Leader of The Speaker observed that the it resolved the same for the her first speech on 31 August by Mr Shane Rattenbury, MLA. the Senate have been able to resolution, defined the level of Act 1987, as they would be the House and the Manager recording of pairs appropriately sittings from 6 to 8 October. 2020. On 18 September 2020, Final results took over achieve quorate meetings in permitted contributions that considered to be participating of Opposition Business acknowledges that the voting On the final sitting day of Dr John McVeigh (Liberal a week to come in, but the Canberra. But since 24 August could be made by Members in “proceedings in Parliament.” (who could also agree on intentions of absent Members the first fortnight during which National Party of Queensland) outcome was that 10 Members 2020, the meetings have unable to attend Parliament This confirmed to the well- necessary changes to rules can be recorded and, by remote participation was resigned his seat as the from ACT Labor, nine Members also featured and officially because of the pandemic. established acceptance and orders). The resolution enabling a reduced number available, the Speaker had Member for Groom in the State from the Canberra Liberals recorded contributions of some The House resolved that that privilege is engaged gave the Speaker the power to of Members in the Chamber, cause to remind Members of Queensland. On 8 October and unprecedented six Members not physically present Members participating through in relation to Parliamentary determine the manner in which pairing has allowed legislation to in the House that those 2020, the Speaker of the Members from the ACT Greens in the Chamber (and marked the official video facility would Committee proceedings where Members may be present, pass which otherwise would not participating remotely are House of Representatives, Hon. (up from two in 2016) have absent for the purposes of have their contributions Members have participated including for the purposes of have been possible this year. bound by the same formality Tony Smith, MP, announced been elected to the 25-seat attendance). In the House, this “published and broadcast in and witnesses have appeared achieving a quorum. On the Over in the Senate, the as applies in the Chamber that the date of the by-election Legislative Assembly. Leader was made possible through a accordance with the usual remotely. Finally, the motion same day, the Senate had Manager of Opposition (including the regard to be had for Groom would be 28 of the ACT Liberals, Alistair resolution, also on 24 August processes and rules, as if the provided that participation by passed a similar resolution but Business in the Senate, Senator to, and authority of, the Chair): November 2020. Coe, MLA, conceding defeat, 2020, authorising the use of contribution had been made video link would be recorded gave authority for determining Katy Gallagher, had on 7 “Just before I call the member acknowledged that he was an official video facility for that by a Member attending in in the House’s official record, the rules and orders for August 2020 referred to the for Indi, I say to those Members PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS ‘disappointed’ in the result. purpose; further, an Agreement the Chamber of the House.” the Votes and Proceedings Senate meetings to the Senate Senate Procedure Committee who are remoting in today for FROM THE AUSTRALIA The Chief Minister said for Members to Contribute This ensured that all remarks (and so, where applicable, this Procedure Committee. the development of rules to question time - I see none on REGION that he would negotiate a Remotely to Parliamentary made by video link were was recorded in addition to the These are extraordinary allow Senators to participate in the government side; I see parliamentary agreement with Proceedings made between incorporated into Hansard. relevant Member’s absence). resolutions for an extraordinary Senate proceedings by video them on the opposition side Northern Territory Election Mr Rattenbury for Labor and the the Leader of the House, Hon. The Speaker also stated that The Agreement stipulated time. However, exactly what link. The proposal had asked - that obviously interjections 2020 Greens to govern together, and Christian Porter, MP and Members making remarks that Members participating manner and form such a the Committee to consider remotely are equally disorderly. On 22 August 2020, the spoke of his ‘humbling year’ of the Manager for Opposition this way would be protected remotely could receive meeting would take to some rules on the basis that remote It’s hard to identify who they Northern Territory headed government leading Canberra Business, Hon. Tony Burke, by absolute privilege under the call for the purposes of extent remains speculative, participants may not count are from, although one Member to the polls to elect 25 new through bushfires and the MP, pursuant to the 23 March the Parliamentary Privileges participating in Question Time as to date both the House and towards the quorum and that looks particularly guilty. I just Members of the unicameral global pandemic.

Queensland) noted that “7,000 businesses have directly benefited from the initiative” THIRD READING: AUSTRALIA and that the measures in the Bill, combined with the Government’s Coronavirus-related person who is a national or citizen of a country provisions with a Ministerial decision-making JobKeeper program, have “ensured the other than Australia ceases to be an Australian model, cited INSLM’s concerns that the tourism business and operators have been citizen if the person acts inconsistently with former “operated in an uncontrolled and able to retain staff until things are able to their allegiance to Australia by: uncertain manner” and stated that while the return to normal.” • engaging in specified terrorism-related latter is “far from perfect, the model would In the Australian Senate, Senator Patrick conduct. at least provide the government with the Dodson (Australian Labor Party) reiterated • fighting for, or being in the service of, a flexibility to manage the risk of potential Labor’s support for the Bill but added that the declared terrorist organisation outside adverse security outcomes.” Emphasising Reef “brings in $6.4 billion a year and is worth Australia. that “the power to cancel a person’s $56 billion” and he urged the government • engaging in conduct that results in a citizenship is an extraordinary power [that] to support tourism by working “towards the conviction for a specified terrorism must be subject to stringent safeguards” Mr overall health of the Reef” by committing “to offence and a sentence of three years’ Dreyfus expressed some concerns with the serious action on climate change.” imprisonment, or periods of imprisonment Bill, which included that some of INSLM’s key In her contribution, Senator Larissa totalling at least three years. recommendations, including a proposal in Waters (Australian Greens) told the Senate relation to the availability of merits review, that “the greatest relief that the government The Act provides for a period in which had not been implemented. Mr Dreyfus finally could provide for the Reef and the 64,000 individuals subject to a citizenship cessation remarked that passing legislation does not people who rely on it is to take strong action determination may apply to the Minister guarantee better security outcomes and that on climate change.” for Home Affairs to have the determination “it will be up to the Minister to exercise the Senator Gerard Rennick (Liberal Party) revoked. It also amends the Intelligence extraordinary powers in this Bill responsibly.” said that the while the Bill will “alleviate some Services Act, 2011 to enable the INSLM Opposing the Bill, Senator Nicholas financial pressure on tourism” and “provide a and the PJCIS to review the operation and McKim (Australian Greens) said that the very welcome relief to…small businesses…it effectiveness of the new provisions. repeal of the automatic cessation provisions is ultimately a short term solution” and, noting The Minister for Home Affairs,Hon. “would normally be...something we would that international travel is still a long way off, Peter Dutton, MP (Liberal National Party welcome and support” but was concerned called on Queensland Premier Annastacia of Queensland) told the House that the that the Bill’s new provisions “will increase Palaszczuk to open Queensland’s borders to terrorism-related citizenship cessation the danger that people will be rendered interstate travellers. provisions were first introduced in 2015 in stateless” because, Senator McKim said, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Amendment the EMC for 2020 in its entirety. These sentiments were echoed by the Finally, Senator Jonathon Duniam (Liberal response to the threat of terrorist fighters “safeguards in place to ensure that a person (Coronavirus Economic Response Package) The Minister for the Environment, Hon. Member for Warringah, Ms Zali Steggall, Party) thanked the other Senators who had returning to Australia from Syria and Iraq and is a dual citizen before their citizenship is Act, 2020 Sussan Ley, MP (Liberal Party) told the MP (Independent) who told the House she contributed to the debate and noted that that the amendments, recommended by revoked are weakened by this legislation.” This Act, which was assented to on 19 June Australian House of Representatives that supported the Bill but that “we must act “everyone has touched on the importance INSLM, “build on, adapt and modernise the... Senator McKim also expressed concern 2020, makes amendments to the Great “the government values the significant collectively on climate change and balance of the tourism industry” and that the Bill “is a provisions [and] strengthen the operation of about the lack of merits review in the Bill. Barrier Reef Park Act, 1975 in order to waive contribution of the tourism industry” for our carbon budget.” massive win for that sector.” the measures in response to the increasingly Senator Rex Patrick (Independent) the requirement for Great Barrier Reef whom the Bill “will provide much-needed Similarly, the Member for Dunkley, Ms complex challenges facing the national confirmed he would be supporting the Bill Marine Park ‘permission holders’ to remit the relief.” Ms Ley also assured Members that Peta Murphy, MP (Australian Labor Party) Australian Citizenship Amendment security, defence and international relations but conveyed concerns that “the provision environmental management charge (EMC) to “the government will ensure that there is agreed that it was “appropriate to take short- (Citizenship Cessation) Act, 2020 of Australia.” The Minister advised the in this Bill for a one-off PJCIS review of the the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority for no reduction in revenue that goes to the term measures to support small businesses This Bill was introduced to the House of House that in considering whether to cease administration of these new ministerial the quarter 1 January to 31 March 2020. EMC is management of the Great Barrier Reef like tourism on the Reef” but called for further Representatives on 19 September 2019, and it a person’s citizenship, “the Minister must powers is no substitute for ongoing review a charge imposed on permission holders (such Marine Park as a result of this amendment.” legislation to provide the Reef with better was on that day referred to the Parliamentary have regard to certain public interest criteria of operational matters.” Senator Patrick said as tourist operators) and the bulk is collected Advising the House that Labor supported environmental protection. Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security [which] includes the degree of threat the that the PJCIS should be able to review the through a ‘standard tourist program charge’ the Bill and welcomed the financial relief for The Member for Dawson, Mr George (PJCIS) for an advisory report. It was finally person poses to the Australian community, operational activities of the “not infallible” which is paid by visitors taking part in tourist tourism operators, the Member for Lilley, Ms Christensen, MP (Liberal National Party assented to on 17 September 2020. Australia’s international relations and the intelligence community, upon whose advice, programs in the Marine Park. Anika Wells, MP (Australian Labor Party), noted of Queensland), emphasising the plight of The Act implements a recommendation of person’s connection with the other country of Senator Patrick asserted, the Minister for The Act is intended to provide financial that the Great Barrier Reef, comprising 3,000 tourism operators in the area as a result of the Independent National Security Legislation citizenship” and “as an additional safeguard, Home Affairs would rely in making a decision relief to the Great Barrier Reef tourism individual reef systems is “of unparalleled the pandemic, stated that the Bill “really is Monitor (INSLM) to amend the terrorism- the Bill retains provisions that no persons about ceasing a person’s citizenship. industry which has been impacted by the ecological importance” and she spoke about needed” because in the Whitsundays area related citizenship loss provisions for dual- will have their citizenship ceased unless the Summing up, Senator Hon. Michaelia Coronavirus pandemic. The Coronavirus the cultural and economic value of the Reef, of Queensland, where the Great Barrier Reef nationals in the Australian Citizenship Act, Minister is satisfied that they are a citizen or Cash (Liberal Party) thanked the PJCIS Economic Response Package Omnibus including the 64,000 local jobs it supports. Ms is located, “100% of businesses are directly 2007 from an ‘operation of law’ model (where national of another country.” for its work on the Bill, and noted that Act, 2020 (assented to on 24 March 2020) Wells, describing the effects of three major impacted by the...Coronavirus pandemic certain conduct results in automatic cessation) The Member for Isaacs, Hon. Mark the government had accepted the three waived the EMC from 1 April 2020 – 31 bleaching events in the past five years, also [and] over 3,000 jobs have been lost.” to a ministerial decision-making model. Dreyfus, MP (Australian Labor Party), advising substantive recommendations it had made in December 2020, so combined the measures urged the federal government to “commit to a The Member for Leichhardt, Hon. The Act’s amendments provide that, at the the House of Labor’s support for the Bill’s its advisory report. in both Acts have resulted in the waiving of serious plan to tackle climate change.” Warren Entsch, MP (Liberal National Party of discretion of the Minister for Home Affairs, a replacement of the automatic cessation

affirmative’ procedure, meaning began by telling the House: “The UNITED KINGDOM PARLIAMENT DEBATES BREXIT AND COVID-19 the statutory instrument comes way in which the Government into effect before Parliament have exercised their powers United Kingdom Internal An Urgent Question in the needing to consider their Theresa May, MP (Con) and has considered it, although to make secondary legislation Market Bill House of Commons on the UKIM international obligations as former Attorney General, Rt it cannot remain law unless during this crisis has been totally The UK Government introduced Bill was granted on 8 September circumstances change.” Hon. Geoffrey Cox, MP (Con). it is approved by Parliament unsatisfactory. All too often, the United Kingdom Internal 2020, before the Bill was This response was used by Before the Bill reached within a certain time period. important statutory instruments Market (UKIM) Bill to the House introduced to the House. The opponents, including Andrew the UK House of Lords, it Secondary legislation had have been published a matter of Commons on 9 September Secretary of State for Northern Gwynne, MP (Lab) who, had already been touted in been used to make provision of hours before they come into 2020. The Bill seeks to ensure Ireland, Rt Hon. Brandon Lewis, following the Minister during the press that the Bill could for local lockdowns (which may force.” He explained that under the UK internal market (trade MP when answering the Urgent the Urgent Question, said “I am face stiff opposition. During a include measures such as the Standing Order No.16 the motion within Great Britain and Question told the House: “Our astounded that the Secretary Private Notice Question on 10 prohibition of indoor socialising “is only [permitted] a 90-minute between Great Britain and approach guarantees that of State has just conceded September 2020, the former and curfews for hospitality debate as [it is] a proceeding Northern Ireland) functions we will be able to deliver the that he is proposing to break leader of the Conservative businesses to stem local under an Act…I have therefore smoothly following the end objectives that we set out for international law.” Party and supporter of Brexit, outbreaks of the Coronavirus), decided not to select any of the of the Brexit transition period implementing the protocol in a At Committee stage in Rt Hon. Lord Michael Howard the use of face coverings in amendments to the motion.” which ends on 31 December way that protects the interests of the House of Commons, an of Lympne, asked Rt Hon. Lord specified public areas and The Secretary of State 2020. The transition period is the people and the economy of amendment to the Bill was Keen of Elie, QC, Advocate fines for breaching regulations. for Health and Social Care, the 12-month period in which Northern Ireland.” tabled by Sir Robert Neill General for Scotland, “How can Many of these regulations were following discussions with Sir the UK and EU may negotiate Sir Robert (Bob) Neill, MP and signed by a number of we reproach Russia, China or made under the Public Health Graham Brady and supporters a future framework of their (Con) asked the Minister “will Conservative backbenchers, Iran when their conduct falls (Control of Diseases) Act, 1984 of his amendment, made the relationship before the UK he assure us that nothing that which would have required the below internationally accepted and the Coronavirus Act, 2020. undertaking when moving the ceases to be a member of the is proposed in this legislation House of Commons to approve standards, when we are Rt Hon. Matt Hancock, MP motion “for significant national single market and the customs does, or potentially might, a resolution before a Minister showing such scant regard for (Con), the Secretary of State measures with effect in the whole union. However, the Bill proved breach international legal could lay regulations that modify our treaty obligations?” for Health and Social Care, of England or UK-wide, we will contentious as it contains obligations or international the Northern Ireland protocol. Lord Keen responded by tabled a motion under section consult Parliament; wherever provisions for Ministers to make legal arrangements that we Following discussions with telling the House “we are not 98 of the Coronavirus Act to possible, we will hold votes before regulations to determine how have entered into?” backbenchers, the Government showing scant regard for our be debated on 30 September such regulations come into EU state aid law is applied, The Secretary of State tabled an amendment similar to treaty obligations. We are 2020. Section 98 provides force. But of course, responding including in a way that could responded by saying “yes, that of Sir Robert Neill’s which endeavouring to allow for a that the motion, moved by a to the virus means that the modify the Northern Ireland this does break international was agreed by the House at contingency that may arise Minister of the Crown, must Government must act with speed protocol. The protocol is law in a very specific and Committee stage. At the Third very soon, which will require be approved if the temporary when required.” The motion was an agreed part of the UK’s limited way…There are clear Reading division, there were us to ensure that we can provisions of the Act which agreed by 330 votes to 24. Withdrawal Agreement with precedents of this for the UK notable abstentions, including discharge our obligations to received Royal Assent in March the EU. and, indeed, other countries former Prime Minister, Rt Hon. Northern Ireland.” were to remain in force for Brexit bills and ping-pong another six months. Several significant Government Eight amendments were On 16 September 2020, Kingdom.” Lord Judge’s Bills relating to Brexit continue tabled to the motion, with Lord Keen resigned from motion was agreed to with their passage through the UK The Secretary of an amendment by the UK Government. In his 395 votes to 169. This was the Rt Hon. Parliament as the end of the

State responded resignation to the UK Prime biggest Government defeat in Sir Graham Brady, MP transition period approaches. (Con) receiving over 80 by saying “yes, Minister, he stated: “I have the House of Lords since the The Agriculture Bill passed the cross-party signatories. The found it increasingly difficult to reform of the House in 1999. At House of Lords and returned this does break amendment would insert reconcile what I consider to be the time of writing, the House to the House of Commons with the words “provided that… international law in my obligations as a Law Officer of Lords were considering 46 amendments, including six Parliament has an opportunity a very specific and with your policy intentions with over 180 amendments tabled Government defeats. The UK to debate and to vote upon respect to the UKIM Bill.” for Committee stage whilst Government was defeated limited way…There any secondary legislation A regret motion was tabled negotiations between the United seven times at Report stage with effect in the whole of of the Immigration and Social are clear precedents by Rt Hon. Lord Judge, a Kingdom and the EU continued. England or the whole United of this for the UK Crossbench peer and former Security Co-ordination (EU Kingdom before it comes into Withdrawal) Bill in the House Lord Chief Justice of England COVID-19 response and the and, indeed, other effect.” The amendment also of Lords. At the time of writing, and Wales, to the Second use of secondary legislation made reference to regulations countries needing Reading motion. The regret A number of MPs raised both Bills continue to ‘ping- made under the Public Health to consider their motion inserted “but that this concerns over the use of pong’ between the Houses. (Control of Diseases) Act. House regrets that Part 5 of the secondary legislation by the The House of Commons international The Speaker of the House Bill contains provisions which, UK Government in response returned the Fisheries Bill to of Commons, obligations as if enacted, would undermine to the COVID-19 pandemic. Rt Hon. Sir the House of Lords with 101 , delivered a circumstances the rule of law and damage Secondary legislation had often Lindsay Hoyle, MP amendments and the Trade Bill statement to the House before the reputation of the United been made under the ‘made awaits its Report stage in the change.” the motion was debated. He House of Lords.

with support from the Green Party, ditched the Smokefree Environments and Regulated previous Bill and consulted widely with union Products (Vaping) Amendment Bill THIRD READING: NEW ZEALAND and business interests, then introduced the The Smokefree Environments and Regulated Equal Pay Amendment Bill in the House on Products (Vaping) Amendment Bill passed But I think there has been a reasonably that landlords would simply leave the market the 125th anniversary of women’s suffrage in its Third Reading under urgency on 5 June constructive process along the way.” as a consequence of the legislation. “In order New Zealand. 2020, with support from all parties across Ms Jenny Marcroft, MP (New Zealand First) to address the issues of a few, this Bill is going Although Opposition Member, Ms Nicola the House. This Bill amends the Smoke- praised the Minister in charge of the Bill: “This to cause problems for all … That will ultimately Willis, MP (National) reiterated the Nationals’ free Environments Act 1990 to bring the is an amazing tool, and congratulations to the see rents increase … purely limiting the support for the Bill, she took issue with the provisions of the Act up to date and to Minister, the Hon. Jenny Salesa, for bringing landlords’ [rent] increase to every 12 months Government’s decision to replace the former ensure that all regulated products (tobacco this to the House. You have made a wonderful won’t cut it; they will simply double, or take it Bill with a new one: “What that meant was smoking products, herbal smoking products, contribution to society, to the health of our even steeper.” we then waited and waited for a Bill to be smokeless tobacco products, and vaping young people, and for that I commend you.” He also criticised the process employed introduced, and, of course, the Bill was products) are adequately covered. Dr Shane Reti, MP (National) discussed by the Government, stating that National symbolically introduced at the anniversary Hon. Jenny Salesa, MP (Labour) said: the effectiveness of vaping: “It’s a pleasure was “disappointed that, less than two hours of women’s suffrage, which … actually, just “The Bill will prohibit children under the age to see this Bill finally to the House, because, ago, the Supplementary Order Paper was amounted to delay.” of 18 being sold a regulated product and will on net balance, we do believe that the tabled.” Hon. Alfred Ngaro, MP (National) The Third Reading speeches were restrict access to a wide range of flavours vaping products are effective - that vaping agreed: “I rephrased and reframed the Bill uncharacteristically short, and few calls were to specialist R18 vape stores. The Bill also as a mechanism is effective - in smoking the ‘Residential Tenancies (I Hate Landlords) taken, reflecting the unanimity amongst all reduces the normalisation of vaping and reduction.” Bill’, and that’s really clear. Now, some may parties and the lateness of the hour, the Third using heated tobacco devices, prohibits Ms Marama Davidson, MP (Green) said say that that’s a bit harsh, but when you look Reading having begun at 11.37 pm. their use in legislated smoke-free areas, and the Green Party are “pleased, after the careful at the comments that have been made from On 24 July 2020, the Support Workers prohibits the advertising and promotion of consideration and work that happened at the a number of landlords, when you look at the (Pay Equity) Settlements Amendment Bill these products, including on TV and social Select Committee stage … that this absolutely comments in submissions - we had 1,436 passed its Third Reading with the unanimous media. The Bill will also ensure that smokers is about public health and safety and a submissions - a number were opposed to this support of the House as part of the same have access to vaping and heated tobacco positive journey to becoming smoke-free, Bill.” marathon sitting. devices that meet safety standards. We’re rather than vaping itself being an activity that The Minister of Defence, New Zealand Speaking at the Third Reading, Hon. Chris here because, on average, every year stands on its own, and rather than people First Party MP, Hon. Ron Mark, confirmed Hipkins, MP (Labour) explained: “This Bill around 5,000 New Zealanders - or 13 lives going towards vaping.” that his party would continue to support implements the new pay equity settlements a day - die because of smoking or second- The Smokefree Environments and the legislation, stating: “New Zealand First for mental health and addiction workers, hand smoking exposure. This is more than Regulated Products (Vaping) Amendment Bill has noted in its speeches the concerns of and vocational disability workers who are the number of people that we collectively received Royal Assent on 11 August 2020. landlords around the removal of the 90-day employed by Oranga Tamariki [Ministry lose from road crashes, alcohol, other ‘no cause’ eviction notice. We are mindful, of Children] and the Ministry of Social drugs, suicide, murders, drownings, and The Residential Tenancies Amendment Bill though, that it’s only really been used on 3% Equal Pay Amendment Bill their male co-workers. However, jobs that are Development.” The Bill would bring the pay earthquakes combined. … We’re also here The Residential Tenancies Amendment Bill of occasions.” The Equal Pay Amendment Bill is one of many dominated by women remained underpaid rates of those workers into line with workers because we recognise that vaping products passed its Third Reading under urgency on Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand Bills whose passage had been delayed due and the gender pay gap had not closed. in the aged care, disability, and home and are not harmless and should not be attractive 4 August 2020. The Bill, in the name of the co-leader and Government support partner, to reduced House sitting hours during the At the Bill’s First Reading, Hon. Ian Lees- community support sectors, all of whom had or easily accessible to our tamariki and our Associate Minister of Housing, Hon. Kris Ms Marama Davidson, MP explained, COVID-19 lockdown. Galloway, MP (Labour) acknowledged the benefited from settlement of the claim raised young people.” Faafoi, MP (Labour) was first introduced to however, that Māori and Pasifika communities With the Parliament of New Zealand important role of Kristine Bartlett, an aged-care by Kristine Bartlett. Hon. Michael Woodhouse, MP (National) the House on 17 February 2020 and was in New Zealand are overrepresented in the scheduled to rise ahead of the 2020 general worker who complained to the Employment Hon. Maggie Barry, MP (National), expressed the Opposition’s support for the considered by the Social Services and rental sector: “Almost half of our population election, the New Zealand Government Court that her employer did not provide equal the Minister for Seniors in the previous Bill: “there’s actually broad support for this, not Community Committee. Mr Faafoi explained in this country are renting a home and do progressed a raft of legislation under urgency pay: “The courage and perseverance of Government, said: “Those of us in this only across the House but across society. I do that since the original Residential Tenancies not own their own home. For Māori, that is in marathon sittings from 21 to 24 July 2020. Kristine and her union resulted in a settlement House who have had experience with being note, however, that the amount of harm that Act came into force some thirty years ago, well over 60%, and for Pacific Islanders, it is All parties supported legislation to amend to address gender-based undervaluation involved with aged care and with mental is understood to be caused by the products the proportion of New Zealand households in well over that again.” She stressed the need New Zealand’s law on equal pay for women. in the aged-care sector. They made legal health and addiction care … will be well aware that we are now regulating is so low that the the rental market had increased significantly: to correct what she perceives as a power The Minister for Women, Hon. Julie Anne history and breathed new life into a statute of … the work that these people do.” Attorney-General gave a New Zealand Bill “Home ownership is now at a 60-year low, imbalance between renters and landlords: Genter, MP (Green), described the Equal Pay that was thought moribund.” Speaking for the Green Party, Ms Jan of Rights Act fail on the prohibition on the and nearly a third of all households, or “Yes, we will see some complaints from Amendment Bill as: “an important step in the Bartlett brought her case in 2013 but Logie, MP said: “What a great couple of days marketing of these products, because there approximately 600,000, now live in a rented those who are wanting to protect that power journey towards workplace gender equality, it was only in 2017, following a protracted for women and for justice in this country, wasn’t sufficient evidence that they were property.” He explained that the Bill aligns imbalance … If people using housing as a building on the Equal Pay Act to make it negotiation process, that the claim was settled where last night, just on the mark of midnight, harmful. … I did appreciate as the health New Zealand’s rental laws with “the present- business are not able to run a business in a easier for women to ensure they are paid and given effect to by special legislation. The we passed the pay equity legislation … This is spokesperson at that time, the manner in day realities of renting”, improving tenants’ way that is fit for human decency, then that is fairly for their work.” previous National Government proposed a really momentous time for us as a country in which the Associate Minister was prepared security and stability whilst continuing to up to them to choose some other way to run In earlier readings, several Members an amendment to the Equal Pay Act 1972, terms of righting longstanding wrongs.” to engage once she had finally done her bit protect landlords’ interests. a business.” referenced the Equal Pay Act 1972, which which did not pass before the change of Both Bills received the Royal Assent on 6 to bring the Bill into shovel-ready shape for Opposition spokesperson for Housing and The Bill was passed with 63 votes to 55 achieved a long-fought for right for women in Government in 2017. August 2020. First Reading, that she did engage me. I was Urban Development, Mr Simon O’Connor, and received the Royal Assent on 11 August New Zealand to share the same pay rates as The Labour - New Zealand First coalition, wishing that we could have done that sooner. MP (National) disagreed. Mr O’Connor stated 2020.

TH As I have pledged, the launch political culture, most of the PRESIDENT OPENS THE 9 PARLIAMENT OF SRI LANKA of the methodical mechanism people’s representatives, to protect the people against after they get elected, neglect “The Government will take all start on 20 August 2020 with promote, finance, encourage of Sri Lanka, His Excellency social evils such as the activities the prime duty of going to measures to eradicate terrorism, the election of a new Speaker or advocate the establishment Gotabaya Rajapaksa of the underworld and the the people. When I travelled extremism, underworld and the swearing-in of newly of a separate State within the commenced. drug menace that have been round the country in the recent activities, and drug trafficking elected Members of Parliament, territory of Sri Lanka.” Arrangements were made a hindrance to the day-to-day past, this was confirmed by in the country” - President followed by the election of a After MPs were sworn in, under the instructions of the lives of the people has also the people who voiced their Gotabaya Rajapaksha Deputy Speaker and a Deputy the name of Kegalle district MP, President to hold his arrival Parliament. Images copyright: Sri Lanka increased the confidence of the grievance on this matter. Chairman of Committees. Ranjith Siyambalapitiya was at the Parliament buildings in public.” Henceforth, Ministers, State The Parliament of the All three appointments were proposed for the post of Deputy a very simple and charming Tabling his policy manifesto Ministers as well as Members Democratic Socialist Republic made unanimously. Matara Speaker by Minister Mahinda manner and so accordingly, in Parliament, President of Parliament will fulfill this of Sri Lanka is the supreme district SLPP MP, Mahinda Amaraweera and seconded there were no gun salutes or Rajapaksa presented his views expectation of the people legislative body of Sri Lanka. Yapa Abeywardena was by State Minister Nimal Lanza vehicle parades. on eliminating the corruption by visiting them often to It alone possesses legislative elected as the Speaker of the while SLFP Jaffna district The invited dignitaries of a democratic state is its stability of the Parliament and and waste in the Government understand their issues and supremacy and thereby 9th Parliament in accordance Parliamentarian, Angajan arrived from 2.15pm and Constitution. Our Constitution, people’s direct representation.” Ministries and institutions find solutions to their issues.” ultimate power over all with Standing Order No. 1 of Ramanathan’s name was Members of Parliament were the which has been amended President Rajapaksa stated as well as the derelictions of President Rajapaksa other political bodies in the Parliament. He was escorted proposed for the post of Deputy first to arrive at the Parliament 19 times, from its inception in that his Government will politicians in the future. emphasised that he will island. The Parliament of Sri to the Speaker’s Chair by the Chairman of Committees by buildings. Following the 1978, has many ambiguities take all measures required “In the National Policy take the country towards Lanka is modeled after the two MPs who proposed and Minister Nimal Siripala de Silva arrival of the new Speaker of and uncertainties, presently to exterminate terrorism, Framework ‘Vistas of prosperity while safeguarding Westminster parliamentary seconded him following which and seconded by State Minister Parliament, the Prime Minister resulting in confusion. As the extremism, underworld Prosperity and Splendor’, the people and protecting the system. It consists of 225 Abeywardena took his oaths Duminda Dissanayake. of Sri Lanka, Hon. Mahinda people have given us the activities and drug trafficking in we promised the people that sovereignty of the country Members known as Members before the Secretary-General The Speaker recognised Rajapaksa arrived, followed by mandate we wanted for a the country. we would eradicate waste without succumbing to any of Parliament (MPs). Members of Parliament, Dhammika Dinesh Gunawardena as the arrival of the President. constitutional amendment, The President further and corruption. This is a core force. The introduction of a are elected by proportional Dasanayake. the Leader of the House and The new Speaker of our first task will be to remove stated: “When we took responsibility of all of us. We new system to identify the th representation for five-year This was followed by all MPs Minister Johnston Fernando Parliament and the Secretary the 19 Amendment to the over the Government, the will take steps to completely welfare and happiness of terms, with universal suffrage. taking their oaths before the as the Chief Government Whip. General of Parliament received Constitution. After that, all of us confidence of the people in eradicate waste and corruption the general public, taking To fulfil the above for the 9th Speaker. The MPs read out the The Leader of Samagi Jana the President of Sri Lanka will get together to formulate the security of the country in all the Ministries and forward the projects planned Parliament, the general election oath, made available in all three Balawegaya, Colombo District at the main entrance of the a new Constitution suitable for had been severely dented institutions. In future I will not during the Government of was held on 5 August 2020 languages, pledging to uphold MP, Sajith Premadasa was parliamentary complex. the country. In this, the priority due to the Easter Sunday hesitate to enforce the law Mahinda Rajapaksa, promoting to elect 196 Members, with 29 and defend the Constitution recognised as the Leader of the The President of Sri will be given to the concept of attacks that occurred in 2019. against those who are involved investments of businesses that Members selected from the of the Democratic Socialist Opposition. Lanka ceremonially declared one country, one law for all the Establishing firmly that the in fraud and corrupt actions, provide products and services National list to complete the Republic of Sri Lanka. The Thereafter, sittings were open the first session of the people. prime policy of our Government irrespective of the status of to regional nations, developing count of 225 Members overall. new MPs also pledged to “not, suspended till 3pm, when the Ninth Parliament and the An unstable Parliament is national security, we have any such perpetrators,” the the road network in the The Ninth Parliament of directly or indirectly, in or outside ceremonial sitting of the House, Government’s Policy Statement that cannot take firm decisions restructured the security President stated. “Constantly country, creating the provision Sri Lanka got off to a smooth Sri Lanka, support, espouse, presided over by the President as provided by Article 33(2) of and succumbs to extremist apparatus and intelligence I will review the progress of of jobs to thousands of youth the Constitution was presented influences very often is not services, eliminating the the achievement of the goals belonging to low-income to the House on the same day suitable for a country. While fears of the people, thereby of the Government that are families, developing technology at 3pm. Presenting the policy introducing a new Constitution, restoring the security of the implemented through Ministries in the agriculture, plantation statement of the Government, it is essential to make changes country. We have re-created an and the public sector. If I find and fisheries industries are President Gotabaya Rajapaksa to the current electoral system. environment where any citizen any Ministry failing to achieve some of the objectives of the emphasised that a constitutional While retaining the salutary can live freely without any fear its set targets, I will not hesitate President’s policy statement change must be made for a aspects of the proportional for the safety of themselves to effect necessary changes towards establishing Sri Lanka powerful Executive, Legislature representation system, these and their families. to implement policies of the as the hub and commercial and independent Judiciary that changes will be made to ensure Government. In the current center of Asia. Images copyright: Sri Lanka Parliament. Images copyright: Sri Lanka ensures the people’s mandate. The move will strengthen the President’s role and powers because the country will return to its previous constitutional status, in which the President could head Ministries, appoint and dismiss Ministers, appoint officials for the police, judiciary and public service and dissolve Parliament any time after one year. The President noted: “The basis of the success

CPA Patron, Officers, Executive Committee, Regional Representatives, Commonwealth Women CPA Small Branches Steering Committee CPA Regional Parliamentarians (CWP) and CPA Small Branches Steering Committees and CPA Regional Secretaries CANADA CPA SMALL BRANCHES CANADA Secretaries Mr Michel Patrice CARIBBEAN, AMERICAS PATRON: VICE-PATRON: CHAIRPERSON Hon. Nils Clarke, MLA Parliament of Canada AND THE ATLANTIC Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II Vacant (Canada Region) Hon. Niki Rattle, Speaker of the Speaker of the Legislative AFRICA Head of the Commonwealth Mr Steven Kagaigai CARIBBEAN, AMERICAS & Hon. Bridgid Annisette-George, Parliament of the Cook Islands Assembly, Yukon Parliament of Tanzania ATLANTIC MP, Speaker of the House, (2019-2022) (2019-2022) Mr Pedro E. Eastmond Trinidad & Tobago, (2017-2021)* CPA Executive Committee ASIA Executive Committee Members’ dates of membership are indictated below each name. AFRICA CARIBBEAN, AMERICAS Parliament of Barbados Mr Syed Shamoon Hashmi

Portrait of The Queen © John Swannell/Camera Press Correct at time of printing. *Terms extended as no CPA General Assembly held in 2018 and 2020. Hon. Andy Glenn Daniel, MP Hon. Gervais Henrie, MNA AND THE ATLANTIC Parliament of Pakistan Speaker of the House of Deputy Speaker, Seychelles Vacant INDIA (2019-2021) (2020-2023) Smt Snehlata Shrivastava Officers Regional AUSTRALIA Assembly, St Lucia, (2019-2022) Representatives AUSTRALIA Parliament of India PRESIDENT: (2019-2021)*: Hon. Dwayne Taylor, MHA AUSTRALIA PACIFIC Ms Alex Cullum Hon. John Ajaka, MLC, President Hon. Anthony Rota, MP Speaker of the House of Hon. Joy Burch, MLA Hon.Tofa Nafoitoa Talaimanu Parliament of Australia PACIFIC AFRICA of the Legislative Council, New Speaker of the House of Assembly, Turks & Caicos Speaker of the Legislative Keti, MP, Samoa Ms Wendy Hart South Wales, (2016-2021)*, Also Commons (Canada Federal) (2019-2022) Assembly, Australian Capital (2019-2022) BRITISH ISLANDS & Parliament of New Zealand Hon. Bernard Songa Sibalatani, CPA Vice-Chairperson. Territory (2019-2021) MEDITERRANEAN MP, Vice-Chairperson of the VICE-PRESIDENT: (2019-2021)*: INDIA Also: Vice-Chairperson of the SOUTH-EAST ASIA Mr Jon Davies SOUTH-EAST ASIA National Council, Namibia Hon. Bruce Atkinson, MLC Rt Hon. Aaron Mike Oquaye, MP, CPA Small Branches 2020- Vacant Parliament of the United Mr Nizam Mydin bin Bacha Mydin (2016-2021)* Victoria, (2017-2021)* Speaker of Parliament (Ghana) Shri Premchand Aggarwal, MLA 2021. (2019-2020) Kingdom Parliament of Malaysia Speaker of Legislative Assembly, Hon. Lazarous Chungu Bwalya, Senator Hon. Scott Ryan CHAIRPERSON OF THE Uttarakhand , (2016-2021)* BRITISH ISLANDS AND The CPA Small Branches Steering MP, Zambia President of the Senate Committee comprises the CPA Small CPA Headquarters Secretariat EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Completing term started by other Member. MEDITERRANEAN (2016-2021)* Australia Federal, (2019-2022) Branches Chairperson and seven (2017-2021)*: Hon. Juan Watterson, SHK Members who represent the seven out Stephen Twigg Shri Hitendra Goswami, MLA Hon. Emilia Monjowa Lifaka, MP Speaker of the House of of the nine Regions of the CPA with CPA Secretary-General Hon. Dr Makali Mulu, MP BRITISH ISLANDS AND Speaker of the Legislative Small Branches. Deputy Speaker (Cameroon) Keys, Isle of Man Kenya MEDITERRANEAN Assembly, Assam, (2017-2021)* (2017-2021)* (2020-2023) Commonwealth Parliamentary Tel: +44 (0)20 7799 1460 VICE-CHAIRPERSON Association, CPA Headquarters Email: [email protected] Hon. Stuart McMillan, MSP Shri Anurag Sharma, MP, Lok (2019-2021)*: Secretariat, Richmond House, www.cpahq.org Rt Hon. Sephiri Enoch Scotland (stand-by Branch for Sabha, India Union, (2019-2022) Hon. John Ajaka, MLC Houses of Parliament, London Twitter @CPA_Secretariat Motanyane, MP, Speaker of the Northern Ireland), (2016-2021)* President of the Legislative National Assembly, Lesotho PACIFIC SW1A 0AA, United Kingdom. Facebook.com/CPAHQ Council (New South Wales) (2017-2021)* Hon. Leona Roberts, MLA Regional Representative, Falkland Islands, (2017-2021)* Vacant Australia Region (2016-2021)* Hon. Mensah Bonsu, MP New Zealand, (2016-2021)* A full listing of all CPA Branches can be found at: www.cpahq.org/cpahq/directory Ghana, (2019-2022) Hon. Ian Liddell-Grainger, MP TREASURER (2019-2022): United Kingdom, (2019-2022) Hon. Therese Kaetavara, MHR Hon. Datuk Shamsul Iskander Rt Hon. Dr Abass Bundu, MP Deputy Speaker, Bougainville, Md. Akin, MP (Malaysia) Speaker of the Parliament of CANADA (2017-2021)* Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians (CWP) Steering Committee Sierra Leone, (2019-2022) COMMONWEALTH WOMEN CWP PRESIDENT ASIA CANADA PACIFIC Hon. François Paradis, MNA Hon. Sir Ratu Epeli Nailatikau PARLIAMENTARIANS (CWP) Speaker of Parliament of Fiji Vacant Hon. Munaza Hassan, MNA Hon. Lisa Thompson, MPP Hon. Anahila Kanongata’a- ASIA Québec, (2016-2021)* To complete CHAIRPERSON (2019-2022): Canada Federal Pakistan Ontario Suisuiki, MP term started by other Member. (2019-2022) (2019-2021) (2018-2021) (2020-2023) New Zealand Parliament Hon. Shandana Gulzar Khan, Hon. Dr Fehmida Mirza, MP MNA (Pakistan) SOUTH-EAST ASIA (2017-2020) Pakistan, (2016-2021)* Hon. Kevin Murphy, MLA CWP CHAIRPERSON AUSTRALIA CARIBBEAN, AMERICAS Speaker of the House of CPA SMALL BRANCHES Hon. Suhaizan Kayat, MLA Hon. Shandana Gulzar Khan, Hon. Michelle O’Byrne, MP AND THE ATLANTIC SOUTH-EAST ASIA Hon. Dr Lal Chand Ukrani, MPA Assembly, Nova Scotia CHAIRPERSON Speaker of Johor State Legislative MNA, Pakistan Tasmania Hon. Jeannine Giraudy- Hon. Alice Lau Kiong Yieng, MP Sindh, (2017-2021)* (2017-2021)* (2019-2022): Assembly, (2016-2021)* (2019-2022) Acting CWP Rep (2019-2022) McIntyre, MP Malaysia Hon. Niki Rattle, Speaker of President of the Senate, St (2019-2022) Hon. Mahinda Yapa Hon. Yasmin Ratansi, MP Parliament (Cook Islands) Hon. Mr Lim Biow Chuan, MP AFRICA BRITISH ISLANDS AND Lucia Abeywardana, MP Canada Federal Deputy Speaker, Singapore, Hon. Zainab Gimba, MP MEDITERRANEAN (2018-2021) Speaker of Parliament (2019-2022) The CPA Coordinating Committee (2017-2021)* Nigeria Hon. Samantha Sacramento, MP comprises the CPA Chairperson, Sri Lanka, (2019-2022) Vice-Chairperson, Treasurer, (2019-2022) Gibraltar INDIA Hon. Datuk Wira Dr Mohd Hatta CPA Small Branches Chairperson Also CWP Vice-Chairperson (2019-2022) Smt. Kirron Kher, MP and Commonwealth Women *Executive Committee Members’ terms extended as no CPA General Md Ramli, MP, Malaysia (2019- (2019-2020 and 2020-2021) Lok Sabha, India (2017-2020) Parliamentarians (CWP) Chairperson. Assembly held in 2018 and 2020. 2022)

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