M A R C H 2 0 2 1

SCOTLAND'S CLIMATE ASSEMBLY

PRE-ENGAGEMENT EVIDENCE SUMMARY CONTENTS 01 Introduction

Mechanisms of Change and Fairness Systems change and economics. Business. Tax, regulation 03 and subsidies. Decision making. Targets. Education. Media. Fairness and inequality. Covid-19. COP26. Population. Assembly.

Energy 18 Fossil fuels. Alternative energy. Carbon capture. Just transition. Global justice in energy.

Diet and Lifestyle Biodiversity and rewilding. Tree planting. Soil. Peatland. 25 Carbon sequestration. Food. Agriculture. Allotments. Fishing. Consumption. Ownership.

Work and Travel Active travel. Public transport. Cars. Air travel. Infrastructure 42 and city planning. Working environment. Green jobs. Wellbeing.

Homes and Communities Heating. Improving our homes. Water use. Communities 54 and decision-making. Communities and infrastructure. Sharing. INTRODUCTION

Grounded in Scotland's Climate Change Act (2019), Scotland’s Climate Assembly brings together over 100 people who are broadly representative of the Scottish population. The Assembly Members, who together create a ‘mini Scotland’, have been learning about climate change, deliberating on how it should be tackled, and making recommendations in response to the question:

‘How should Scotland change to tackle the climate emergency in an effective and fair way?’

The Assembly will report to the Scottish Parliament on the outcomes of their deliberations. While participation in the Assembly as a member, expert lead, or speaker is by invitation only, a public engagement exercise was conducted in October 2020, before the assembly started meeting, in order to include the views of wider society. The public was invited to make suggestions on an online platform regarding what they thought the Assembly should discuss, who should speak at the Assembly, and their ideas about how Scotland should reach net-zero targets.

The online platform, Dialogue, was launched at 3pm on 9th October 2020 and closed at 3pm on 26th October 2020. All ideas and comments published on the platform are available to view here.

In November 2020, the Secretariat produced a report, Pre- engagement Overview, which outlined the key themes that emerged from this public engagement exercise. This report can be found here.

1 The key themes identified in the Pre-engagement Overview guided the selection of expert speakers and organisation of evidence throughout the Assembly process. This report will summarise the key themes that were identified in the Pre-engagement Overview and highlight the evidence presentations that included these ideas, in order to show which suggestions from the Dialogue Exercise were incorporated into Scotland’s Climate Assembly.

The report is divided into the same thematic chapters of the Pre- engagement Overview. The chapters are: Mechanisms of Change & Fairness, Energy, Diet & Lifestyle, Work & Travel, Homes & Communities. However, the chapters have been reordered to better reflect the structure of the Assembly. The dual focus on effectiveness and fairness in the overarching Assembly question led to discussions about how to achieve effective and fair changes at a systemic level throughout the Assembly's duration. Energy was a key theme with particular attention paid in the first couple of weekends. For Weekends Three, Four and Five the Assembly was divided into three work streams; Diet & Lifestyle, Work & Travel, Homes & Communities.

Tackling climate change is complex because contributing factors are deeply ingrained in our everyday lives. Information presented to the Assembly needed to be balanced and cover a wide range of issues. Unfortunately, time constraints meant that some aspects of climate change could not be discussed in as great depth as others. For this reason, some suggestions made on the Dialogue were not incorporated into the Assembly. This has been highlighted throughout the report.

It is important to note that this report is intended to provide an overview of the evidence presented to Scotland’s Climate Assembly as it pertains to the key themes identified in the Dialogue Exercise. The comprehensive collection of evidence can be found on our website and YouTube channel.

2 MECHANISMS OF CHANGE & FAIRNESS

How to make change ‘fair’ and ‘effective’ was integral to the question put to the Assembly and fairness and effectiveness were therefore themes explored throughout the process. The curated evidence illustrated where climate change and climate policies may disproportionately affect some groups more than others. However, ultimately Assembly members themselves defined what they deemed as fair; creating a set of guidelines against which they could judge their own recommendations. Dr Anna Birney, Director of the School of System Change at Forum for the Future joined the Assembly as a member of the Evidence Group. With the support of several colleagues she set out to help members understand what effective change may look like. This is discussed in detail under ‘Systems change and economics’ in this chapter.

Some sections from the Pre-engagement Overview have been grouped together to better reflect how they were discussed in the Assembly. Additionally, ‘Green Jobs’ is not included in this chapter unlike the first analysis as it is a theme that has been continually documented in other chapters.

This chapter considers the following themes:

Systems change and economics Business Tax, regulation, and subsidies Decision making Education Media Fairness and inequality Green jobs Covid-19 Targets COP26 Population Assembly 3 1.1 Systems Change and Economics

Many [users] mentioned the need for a circular economy or a systems approach, one which focuses on sharing resources and nature. - Dialogue Overview, p. 34

Systems Approach Forum for the Future brought a systems change perspective to the design of the Assembly. This involved two key components; developing four pathways to the future and integrating levels of change into members' deliberations.

Pathways The four pathways were intended to help ensure that the evidence put to the Assembly represented diverse views on how to address climate change. The four options were:

‘Climate Mobilisation’ -Looking at state emergency powers that could be used to maintain habitable climates and access to resources. ‘Collaborative Communities’ - Using public participation and commons management principles to build community trust and respond to climate change. ‘Technological Optimism’ - Using innovation and research to advance technological responses to climate change mitigation and adaptation. ‘Civic Provision and Regulation’ -Tackling climate change through state economic regulation and state delivery of public services.

Each grouping placed slightly different emphasis on the importance of profit and the role of a centralised decision making as illustrated by the diagram below.

4 During Weekends three to five, the Assembly was divided into three Streams to consider how specific areas of society and their relevant industries can address climate change. Each Stream considered four sub-questions to guide their deliberations which can be found at the beginning of the 'Diet & Lifestyle', 'Work & Travel' and 'Homes & Communities' chapters.

For each sub-question, an Informant explained the current context and four Advocates, each roughly representing one of the four pathways, proposed possible recommendations. It is important to note that speakers and their subsequent suggestions do not fall neatly into each quadrant. This exercise did not constrain speakers but instead aimed to ensure that the Assembly heard a breadth of balanced views. In some instances, it was deemed that three speakers would be enough to do so.

In Weekend Two, the pathways were used as a lens to explore what effective change may look like. This took the format of a Q&A video presentation between Dr Anna Birney and John Ward (Grantham Institute), Rachel Statham (Institute for Public Policy Research), Phil Prentice (Scotland's Towns Partnership) and Professor Julia Steinberger (University of Leeds) to represent the four pathways. This conversation explored the differing role of businesses and governments in addressing the climate emergency as well as exploring barriers to change.

In Weekend Three, four fictitious stories were developed to illustrate how recommendations associated with each pathway could come together to shape our future. For example, the Climate Mobilization story explored rationing and retraining schemes. The Techno Optimism story considered personal carbon allowance and geo-engineering. While the stories were exaggerated, they were based on plausible climate policy suggestions and were told from the viewpoint of an ordinary person. The discipline of foresight is used by academics and policy makers to encourage long-term thinking and accountability to future generations. It was used to help Assembly members understand that the decisions made today could shape what is possible tomorrow. Members were not expected to prescribe to a single pathway. Instead, they were given time after seeing the stories to reflect on which aspects of each scenario they valued and which aspects they opposed.

5 Levels of Change During Weekend Two, Assembly members heard from Dr Dan Barlow, Councillor Steven Heddle, Sam Gardner and Zarina Ahmad to illustrate how different actors can facilitate change. Dr Dan Barlow from the Edinburgh Centre for Carbon Innovation outlined the influence that the government can have in supporting climate action. Councillor Steven Heddle covered local authority powers. Sam Gardner, Head of Climate Change and Sustainability for Scottish Power spoke about the role of the business sector and Zarina Ahmad discussed the importance of community action.

Assembly members were introduced to the diagram below, often referred to as the ‘rainbow chart’, as a tool to investigate how change can happen at different levels of society and to consider who are the key actors. During their deliberations in Weekends Three to Five, members were encouraged by facilitators to examine where their ideas and potential recommendations fell onto the chart. The intention was to help members understand who their recommendations could be directed towards and consider change at a number of levels.

Many users focused on reforming our economic system and the need to move away from a society focussed on profit and GDP to benefit the climate and social inequalities, therefore focussing on wellbeing. - Dialogue Overview p. 34

6 During Weekend Four, Katherine Trebeck from the Wellbeing Economy Alliance explained to the Work & Travel Stream what Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures and suggested that we should recognise that “simply growing the rate of GDP does not lead to good lives for all their citizens and are thinking more about the direction and composition of growth than just simply the rate.” Trebeck explained that in a wellbeing economy “growth is a means to an end, not a goal in itself” and that Scotland’s National Planning Framework takes into account other metrics to assess progress. She suggested Scotland should “follow Wales and create a Commissioner for the Wellbeing of Future Generations whose job is to check all policies and work with government agencies to make sure what they are doing is in service of the wellbeing of people and planet”.

The respondent also mentioned needing a system change relating to ownership; buildings and land would be restored to community ownership and privatised energy, transport and production systems restored to the public. - Dialogue Overview, p. 35

See section 3.11 and section 5.1 for more detail on community ownership.

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1.2 Business

Respondents agreed that we should focus on Scottish businesses rather than using overseas cheap labour to cut down on emissions and create more green jobs. - Dialogue Overview, p. 36

During Weekend Four, Craig Dalzell from Common Weal advocated for import substitution reindustrialization. He explained that this “gives us the key to how we deal with imports. Instead of importing cheap things that we intend to throw away, we should make many more high quality things ourselves, which we intend to keep. Or in your case, food, replace bad food with good local food.”

Other speakers also promoted manufacturing and buying locally. Jim Skea from the Just Transition Commission covered the importance of retraining those in oil and gas to work in other sectors like renewables. He stated “it needs Government to support a strong manufacturing base in Scotland so that jobs don't move overseas. And this has unfortunately already happened to some extent.”

7 1.3 Tax, Regulation and Incentives

Respondents thought that taxes should increase for industries that are having an adverse effect to the climate…..Respondents thought that the profits should help fund climate restoration projects and reduce inequality.

Users thought that we should recognise and reward farmers for mitigation of emissions and sustainable farming….Comments also included that subsidies should be stopped to polluting companies, building/maintaining airports – instead the money could be redirected to retraining employees of that company to create well paid green jobs.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 35-38

During Weekend Two, John Ward from the Grantham Institute introduced how policy and finance could be used to tackle climate change. He explained five options including: providing information, subsidising to make low carbon activities cheaper, taxing to make high carbon activities more expensive, regulating to control the parameters of certain activities and using public procurement to shift the market. He also considered how we can encourage investment into a low carbon society, explaining “In terms of who puts the money up front a range of different options available. As you can see, we have public options in terms of the Scottish Government, in terms of a Westminster Government, we have infrastructure banks like the Scottish National Investment Bank, as well as private companies. Equally important we have to consider how is that money going to get paid back over time. Some of them, some options which we have available are attractive because they actually pay for themselves.” Ward also highlighted it was possible to divest money going into carbon intensive industries to greener enterprises.

John Ward’s presentation helped establish the foundational knowledge on which other speakers built. Across the streams, speakers explained in greater details how these mechanics can be used to tackle contributing factors of climate change. For example, Bruce Wilson from the Scottish Wildlife Trust suggested using subsidies to reward landowners and farmers for implementing nature based solutions that lock up carbon. Leo Murray, Director of Innovation and a co-founder of Possible proposed a frequent flyer levy, with tax increasing incrementally on each additional flight taken within a given year. Rab Bennetts OBE, Bennetts and Associates Architecture Firm, called for tighter regulation on the construction of new build homes.

8 1 Ideas and comments highlighted that individuals should have to enter an annual figure reporting their carbon footprint based on a government methodology into the national database.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 37

Sam Frankhauser Director of the Grantham Research Institute proposed a carbon tax and dividend scheme and a personal carbon allowance as two possible ways to put a price on carbon emissions. The latter is similar to what Dialogue users proposed above. As Frankhauser explained “carbon allowances would be allocated to everybody by the government for free and each time you buy something carbon-intensive... part of your allowance gets used up. If you have spare allowances at the end of the year, you can sell that surplus. If you have a shortfall, you have to buy more allowances.”

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1.4 Targets

There were varying responses to the target of net-zero by 2045. Some thought that this was not early enough, whereas others thought that net- zero isn’t enough and that Scotland should be striving for absolute zero.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 37

During Weekend Two, Professor Kevin Anderson from the University of Manchester gave his view on what the Paris Agreement means for Scotland and its relation to Scotland’s net-zero targets. He claimed “the most important timeframe to think about for deep cuts in emissions is between now and 2030. At Scotland's current level of emissions, it would have exceeded its fair budget in just 6 to 9 years. And when it comes to negative emission technologies, we must research and develop these but we must not use those as substitutes for deep and challenging policies today. Ultimately, for energy emissions we need real zero by 2035, not net zero by 2050.”

Chris Stark, Chief Executive of the Climate Change Committee offered a slightly different perspective noting that Scotland’s targets were already ambitious. He claimed “we [the Climate Change Committee] haven't been able to model a way of getting to Scotland's 2030 target. That's because the 2030 target is so challenging. In the next 10 years or so, we're going to need to half Scottish emissions, something that took us 30 years to prior to that.”

9 1.5 Decision Making

Users thought that the amount and pace of democracy needs to be increased. Citizen’s assemblies were seen as a good way to involve the public in decision making, and they were widely supported among respondents. Respondents were keen for communities to have a real say in budgets, spending and priorities.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 37

During Weekend Two, Daisy Narayanan from Sustrans outlined the importance of empowering communities. She argued that “our response to climate emergency should involve placing people's needs at the centre of decision-making about the services and about investment and where they live, ensuring that communities are empowered to be actively involved in the conversation and the process around making change.” During Weekend Five, Narayanan proposed Local Place Plans as a means to “enable a community to prepare a plan focused specifically on their local area, capitalising on local knowledge.”

Another idea was that we should create an Article of Peace with Nature, by which the natural world would be placed above humans. In this idea, citizens would have the right to appeal for any law to be examined for ecological safety by expert judges, and struck down if it is considered unsafe.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 37

Speakers did discuss changing how we value the natural world. For example, Katherine Trebeck from the Wellbeing Economy Alliance emphasised that the environment is a “life support system” for all of us and has “value for its own sake”, but suggested it has predominantly been treated as an input for production. Speakers did not specifically suggest writing this into law. However, as discussed above Assembly members were provided with a ‘Rainbow Chart’ which suggested different levels of change, including policy and societal norms. Therefore there was space for them to suggest new governance systems that could prioritise and preserve the natural environment.

10 1.6 Education

Respondents thought the population should be educated on matters of climate change, ecology, diet and consumerism.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 38

Education was a cross-cutting theme that was mentioned by several speakers in each stream. For example, Laurence Bourton from UK Health Alliance on Climate Change advocated for information campaigns to inform consumers on what a healthy and sustainable diet looks like.

Education was more frequently mentioned in the Work & Travel Stream. It was commonly cited as a tool to help those currently working in high carbon activities to transition into greener roles. Sarah Thaim, Chief Executive of the Scottish Council for Development and Industry (SCDI), advocated for “the Scottish Government to give everyone in Scotland to have a right to lifelong learning alongside equal access to credits which they could use to fully or partially fund education, training or other learning opportunities to learn new skills to help tackle the climate emergency. It’s especially important that there are more ‘bitesize’ learning opportunities – such as traditional four-year university degrees or two- year apprenticeships unbundled into short modules.”

Additionally, the Children’s Parliament was invited by the Secretariat to support the participation and engagement of children under 16, to ensure their views, experiences and ideas are part of the discussions. The children also divided their climate change discussions by topic, one of which was ‘Work & Learn’. As one of their tasks the children were asked to write or draw ideas inside an outline of a person what 'green' skills and knowledge children and adults should learn to help tackle the climate emergency today and in the future. They were also asked to include how they can learn these skills and knowledge.

11 1.7 Media

Some users focused on using the media to disseminate information and create more awareness about climate change.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 38

While speakers did discuss the importance of information distribution, the media was not often suggested as a tool to do so. However, as part of a wider engagement strategy, Scotland’s Climate Assembly’s website and social media channels (Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Youtube and LinkedIn) have shared education material on climate change and deliberative processes. As a consequence of moving the process online due to the Covid-19 pandemic, many of the resources shared with Assembly members have been shared with the public, including speaker’s video presentations. These presentations have produced a wealth of educational materials that can be more widely distributed. In addition, traditional media has been engaged with the process through press releases and newsletters.

1.8 Fairness and Inequality

[Users highlighted] that there are many people who do not consume as much energy as the richest few.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 39

During Weekend One, Iain Stewart explained that written into the Paris Agreement are three key principles of equity, differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities. He pointed out that Scotland ranks 5th in the world for its total carbon dioxide emissions while “there are also countries that are going to feel the effects of climate change the most, but have barely contributed to causing it and don’t have the resources to adapt to it.” In his presentation, Iain Stewart made the case that Scotland has an important role in tackling the climate emergency despite currently only contributing 0.1% of the global emissions. He argued that “Scotland has had a long history of extracting and using fossil fuels….We also have higher slightly higher CO2 emissions per person than the average globally. Additionally, Scotland is rich, not just in terms of monetary wealth, but rich in resources, including renewable energy potential and also land capital” Kevin Anderson also noted that even within Scotland, the wealthiest are more often the highest emitters.

12 Respondents also thought supporting women to support the climate was important.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 39

In Weekend One, Tahseen Jafry from Glasgow Caledonian University explained that “Fair for some looks like this: putting the most vulnerable first, protecting those who have contributed least to climate change, but are suffering the most.” Over the course of the Assembly, the evidence identified such possible vulnerable groups and suggested how they may be impacted by climate change differently.

For example, John Dickie, Director of the Child Poverty Action Group in Scotland, pointed out that “people who already don't have enough to live on are disproportionately affected by climate related events like severe flooding, they just don't have the resources to rebuild from such events. It's also important to ensure that solutions proposed to tackle climate change do not increase poverty or widen inequalities in Scotland.” Similarly, Daisy Narayanan from Sustrans pointed out “Our transport system is designed around nine to five office commutes. This overlook shift work that is often lower paid it's disproportionately carried out by women and people of black or minority ethnic backgrounds.”

Speakers highlighted that it was important to include the voices and experiences of everyone. For example, Susie Fitton from Inclusion Scotland suggested “When planning for low carbon cities, we need to ensure that those who cannot walk, cycle, or use buses and trains, are not disadvantaged”

Eilidh Watson, a PhD student at Glasgow Caledonian University argued for intergenerational justice to ensure a “safe and cleaner future for generations to come.”

Ideas also extended this support to refugees fleeing due to the climate crisis.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 39

13 While the term climate refugee was not explicitly used, Tahseen Jafry did explain why climate change may cause people to be displaced. She noted “countries and communities are experiencing the impacts of climate change in different ways. Some places are experiencing droughts, making it difficult to grow food and so feeding your families becomes challenging. Other places are experiencing heavy rainfalls and flooding, which is forcing people to find new places to live because they are having to move their homes.” Kate Crowley from University of Edinburgh, highlighted how local changes in climate could impact political stability globally, using the 2011 drought in China as an example. See section 3.7 for more details.

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1.9 Covid-19

Users focused on ensuring a green recovery from Covid-19 and that this shouldn’t be ‘going back to normal’ because there are so many changes that need to happen. - Dialogue Overview, p. 39

The Covid-19 pandemic was often cited by speakers as an example of how change can happen rapidly across society. In Weekend One, Dr Anna Birney the Director of School of System Change at Forum for the Future encouraged members to believe that change is possible. “Change happens - think of where we were a year ago with COVID, we never thought we would probably be sitting in our own homes, working from home. Or where we were ten years ago and the digital change we’ve seen and how much Zoom would never have been part of our lives.” During Weekend Four, Katherine Trebeck from the Wellbeing Economy Alliance, pointed out that the pandemic was causing many people to question what aspects of their lives were of value to them.

Councillor Steven Heddle, from the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA) highlighted that COSLA had committed to a green recovery as part of their strategy for a just transition to net zero by 2045. Heddle argued that “The COVID pandemic has shown more than ever that we live in a changing world in which radical action is possible, if there is the will to carry it out. …. If we can pull together and align our ambitions for tackling climate change in the same way we have done for tackling the COVID pandemic then I believe we have a real chance to make a difference.” In Weekend Five, Chris Stark, Chief Executive of the Climate Change Committee, similarly advocated for a green recovery. Stark argued that green investment could help the economy recover from the adverse economic repercussions of the pandemic and create new green jobs to tackle unemployment.

14 1.10 COP26

Users thought that Scotland has a real opportunity to show leadership at the next COP. - Dialogue Overview, p. 40

During Weekend One, Iain Stewart introduced the commitments made by countries when they signed the Paris Agreement and explained the process of renewing nationally determined contributions. “Every five years, countries are expected to revisit their commitments and improve on them. This year all the countries were intending to meet again in Glasgow at a global conference called COP26 to update their targets, but this has been delayed until November 2021 because of Coronavirus.”

In the same presentation, Iain Stewart explained why Scotland has a responsibility to tackle the climate emergency given the country’s historic emissions and current resources. He highlighted “Scotland has a huge opportunity to demonstrate global leadership on climate change”.

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1.11 Population

Population control proved to be a contentious subject in the dialogue. Users thought the western style of living is unsustainable and that the population needs to be reduced. - Dialogue Overview, p. 34

In 2019 Scotland recorded its lowest number of births since records began. The Assembly considered carbon footprint discrepancies between populations, for example Professor Kevin Anderson from the University of Manchester told the assembly that Scotland’s carbon footprint per person is “twice the global average. It's 70% higher than the average Chinese person, six times higher than the average Indian person, and 20 times higher than a Nigerian citizen.” There was also consideration given to discrepancies in carbon footprint within the Scottish population. For example, Leo Murray, Director of We Are Possible highlighted that “in Scotland, over 50% of the population take zero flights at all in a given year. And UK wide, about 15% of the population takes 70% of all flights.” To address these discrepancies between and within populations, the Assembly focused on how resources and services could be better managed to meet everyone's needs whilst still cutting emissions.

15 In addition, some of the evidence looked at changing what is considered a ‘western style of living’. For example, when discussing why emissions from food may become the biggest contributor to climate change Professor Sarah Bridle from the University of Manchester stated “That’s partly because there are more people in the world and also because the average person is eating more meat and dairy each year - especially as other countries start eating a more Western diet.” Following this, many advocates discussed strategies on changing what constitutes a ‘Western diet’, suggesting it should include more fruit and vegetables and less meat and dairy.

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1.12 Assembly

Users mentioned that the assembly needed to cause action quickly and instil a sense of urgency in the population. It was also important to users that the assembly actually has real power to make the changes. Respondents thought that the assembly should discuss targets and timescales for Scotland’s various institutions to move out of investments in the fossil fuel industry.

It was also important to users that the assembly have a broad representative of speakers provide evidence at the assembly.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 40

Urgency and Timescales Throughout the duration of the Assembly, speakers frequently mentioned the need for urgent action and some included specific targets and dates alongside their proposals. Fabrice Leveque from the Climate Emergency Response Group (CERG), gave a brief overview on the Scottish Government’s Climate Change Plan Update, highlighting areas where CERG felt it could be more ambitious with clearer timeframes. Examples for each Stream have been highlighted below.

Diet & Lifestyle “The Climate Change Plan repeats previous commitments from [the] Government that it will set out guidance on sustainable diets to help people make better choices and encourage behaviour change. So whilst that's really positive, no timescale is given for when this will actually happen and in a previous assessment, the Climate Emergency Response Group rated this area ‘red’ for progress, as there's very little evidence of activity. The proposal itself is also quite weak.”

16 Work & Travel “The Climate Change Plan sets a welcome new target to reduce car kilometres by 20% by 2030 and that's to be delivered by extra investment in walking and cycling infrastructure, investment in public transport, applying the 20 minute neighbourhood concept to our communities...So this target’s great, but there aren't any new policies to actually deliver it so it's not clear that it's achievable.”

Homes & Communities “The Climate Change Plan says the Government will consult on this [upgrading homes] by 2022 and introduce the measure by 2025 so we’re concerned that it's quite a slow pace of action and the details are still quite vague...So it could be closer to 2030 before we see this really driving this scale of change that we need, by which point we may have lost a decade during which we could have been doing these upgrades.”

Speakers See section 1.1 for discussion on how speakers were selected. A complete list of speakers can be found in Annex I.

17 ENERGY

Analysis from the Dialogue revealed there was an overall consensus from contributors that, in order to mitigate climate change, the use of fossil fuels must be phased out. There were further contributions about how to best manage this transition and which alternative energy sources were most appropriate for a greener energy mix.

Given that much of our day-to-day life is dependent on energy, it is unsurprising that energy was a theme that ran across all Assembly meetings. However, particular attention was paid to the matter during Weekends One and Two. This was when the Assembly heard evidence on the causes of climate change, the emissions landscape for Scotland and the current policy instruments in place to deliver emissions reductions.

To determine which ideas from the Dialogue Exercise have been covered in the Assembly process, this chapter considers the following themes: Fossil fuels Alternative energy Carbon capture Just transition Global justice in energy

18 2.1 Fossil Fuels

Respondents suggested that the use of fossil fuels was the “core driver of climate change” and that in order for Scotland to achieve net-zero, fossil fuel usage should be dramatically reduced and replaced with renewable energy sources. - Dialogue Overview, p. 27

Explaining the causes of climate change, Iain Stewart, Director of Sustainable Earth Institute at the University of Plymouth stated “human activity has caused an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. We’ve done this by cutting down and burning living carbon – trees - and by taking fossil carbon -coal, oil and gas - and burning it to create energy, releasing CO2 into the air.” In Weekend One, Dave Raey from the University of Edinburgh illustrated that globally energy is the biggest cause of greenhouse gas emissions through its use in industry, transport and buildings. He noted that the key to limiting emissions is transitioning away from fossil fuels.

Contributors referenced Scottish and UK subsidies to the fossil fuel industry and called for financial support and licensing to end. Respondents called for state intervention, suggesting that the Scottish Government should buy majority shares in oil and gas companies or nationalise them. They hoped this would enable the Scottish Government to oversee and speed up the transition to net-zero in the industry. Contributors argued that a market- led approach meant companies were driven by profit and any positive transition efforts were seen as lacking.

There was a view that to meet Scotland’s energy needs using green energy there needed to be significant investment in building the necessary infrastructure. It was hoped that some of the existing structures used for oil and gas could be repurposed for renewables.

- Dialogue Overview, pp. 27-28

Investment During Weekend Two, John Ward from the Grantham Institute explained that moving towards a low carbon society will need significant investment. However, this does not necessarily mean new investment; it may mean “the investment which is currently going into brown activities to instead be going into green activities.” See section 1.3 for more information on policy and finanace.

19 Market-led approach Contrary to opinions expressed by users on the Dialogue, Keith Anderson from Scottish Power explained how businesses have been shifting the market away from fossil fuels to renewables. “I’m really proud that Scottish Power is leading the way and is already generating 100% renewable electricity and building the network our future demands and it will allow the decarbonisation of both transport and heat.”

Infrastructure During Weekend 4, Iain Gulland from Zero Waste Scotland detailed how infrastructure from the North Sea oil and gas industry could be repurposed for renewables. “We're currently creating a lot more infrastructure in terms of North sea wind farms, and they all need a considerable amount of steel in terms of the towers that support the blades. So, how can we create a system which is pulling the waste steel from the North sea, which is coming out from the redundant oil fields and oil platforms. How can we reprocess, how can we create a systems approach to re-purpose and remanufacture”.

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2.2 Alternative Energy

While the need to transition away from fossil fuels was widely agreed upon, there was considerable debate around which alternative energy sources were most reliable, clean, and affordable. Alternative sources included renewables, nuclear, biofuels, hydrogen and fracking.

- Dialogue Overview, pp. 28-30

Renewables During the Assembly’s first meeting, Dave Reay outlined the different types of renewables available including solar, marine, tidal and hydroelectric energy. He noted that Scotland was particularly well suited for wind energy. Andy Kerr from Climate-KIC explained that the energy sector is now the fourth biggest sector, behind transport, industry and agriculture. It used to be “by far the biggest sector when we were using a lot of coal and gas for our power sector. But now in Scotland, we're predominantly powered by renewables with some nuclear, and we only have a couple of much smaller plant which are used as gas, used as backup”.

20 Keith Anderson from Scottish Power made it clear that we still have some way to go, and like several Dialogue users he suggested research and innovation as tools to assist the transition to net zero in the energy sector. “We need to build much more renewable energy generation, allowing us to switch off the last few remaining fossil-fuelled power stations. We need to keep innovating and strengthening our supply systems, making them smarter, more active, more intelligent. There are many exciting developments, including battery storage, hydro storage, and the possible future solution of hydrogen or compressed air storage.”

Nuclear Nuclear energy was a controversial topic on the Dialogue, with disagreement over how clean and safe it is. Nuclear was only touched upon during the Assembly, with speakers explaining that it made up a small part of Scotland’s energy generation. The percentage share that nuclear energy contributes to Scotland’s energy generation. The percentage share that nuclear energy contributes to Scotland’s overall energy output is expected to decrease, partly due to the falling costs of renewables. Scotland has two EDF-owned nuclear stations currently generating electricity: Hunterston B and Torness; and three Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA)-owned civil nuclear sites at advanced stages of decommissioning: Dounreay, Chapelcross and Hunterston A. EDF recently announced Hunterson B will begin decommissioning in 2022.

Hydrogen Dave Reay and Keith Anderson introduced hydrogen as an alternative energy source during Weekend One. This was picked up again during Weekend 4, in the Work and Travel stream by Jillian Anable from the University of Leeds. She stated “we're making some progress as well in the uptake of electric buses and hydrogen buses, but they're really expensive compared to their diesel counterparts. So if you want to accelerate those, then we have to accept as taxpayers that we need to pay for it a little bit and subsidise the public transport operators to get them into their fleet.”

Biofuel Biofuel received mixed levels of support in the Dialogue. Some users suggested waste could be used to create biofuels used to heat our homes. However, some respondents felt that the emphasis should be on reducing waste. Dr Craig Dalzell from Common Weal addressed both of these points. He advocated for using natural materials to make things which at the end of their life can “go along with food waste into bioreactors, which turn them into two things, compost and biogas. The biogas can heat your houses” and the compost would go “back to the land to regenerate our soil, which has been worn away”.

21 Importantly, Dr Dalzell and several other speakers made it clear that reducing waste through repair and reuse is priority. Additionally, Professor Sarah Bridle from the University of Manchester and Laurence Bourton from UK Health Alliance on Climate Change highlighted reducing food waste is an important way to reduce emissions associated with our diet.

Dialogue users also questioned growing organic matter for biofuel and whether it is as green as some were initially implying. During Weekend Five of the Assembly, Chris Stark, Chief Executive of the Climate Change Committee suggested three ways Scotland could reach net zero earlier than the rest of the UK, one of these was to grow bioenergy crops. However, Stark made members aware this was a controversial proposal and would need to be used in conjunction with carbon capture technology.

Fracking Fracking was only brought up by one Dialogue user. Given that it is banned in Scotland, it was not included in the Assembly.

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2.3 Carbon Capture

Several respondents made the case that as well as transitioning to green energy sources, Scotland will need to capture and store carbon dioxide.

Contributors put forward carbon capture storage and direct air capture as possible technological solutions. Some felt that fossil fuel companies should be the ones to invest in the technology as they have the resources, i.e. money and infrastructure to do so.

Some respondents stated that research into and the development of carbon capture technology is still in its early phases and were consequently more reluctant to rely on it.

- Dialogue Overview, pp. 30-31

22 During Weekend Two, Andy Kerr from Climate-KIC explained to members how carbon capture technology worked, but cautioned against relying on it. “Negative emission technologies are a suite of human made technologies which are driven by absorption technologies by membrane technologies, by chemical means, which actually essentially suck carbon dioxide out of the air. Now in one sense, this sounds like a silver bullet, you know, we can just carry on as we were per normal and that will just sort all our problems out. But the problem with that is that there are real challenges in how you can scale up these types of technologies. Because A) they are very, very expensive at the moment. And B) they're also very energy intensive. They take a lot of energy to actually absorb the CO2 out of the air.” Dave Reay and Kevin Anderson gave similar warnings. Anderson from the University of Manchester, argued that current policies across the world have already assumed that carbon capture technologies will be able to work on a huge planetary scale despite “still mostly [existing] in the imagination of professors, and a few very small pilot schemes around the world.”

During Weekend five, Chris Stark, Chief Executive of the Climate Change Committee (CCC) outlined the CCC’s predictions on how emissions in the UK will fall over the next 30 years. Stark suggested that carbon capture will be one of the many low carbon technologies adopted in order to meet net zero.

See sections 3.2-3.5 for discussion on nature based carbon sequestration.

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2.4 Just Transition

Respondents acknowledged that the domestic oil and gas industry supported a significant number of careers in Scotland and expressed concerns over job security as Scotland transitions away from fossil fuels.

Citizens’ called for a “strong process of job relocation”, which engages and consults with all workers “to ask what they need to make the change to non- carbon jobs”. For a just transition, citizens hoped support and education would be offered to help workers gain employment in climate friendly jobs, particularly in renewable energy.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 31

23 Similarly to Dialogue respondents, speakers emphasised the need to support workers in the high carbon industry during the transition to net zero. Jim Skea, Chair of the Just Transition Commission, explained “Scotland and the UK are world-leading in terms of offshore operations and many of the skills needed for offshore oil and gas platforms can be redeployed for offshore renewables [...] But all this won't happen by itself. It needs skills, development and retraining.”

Sophie Guy-Person advocated for the role of the oil and gas industry in leading the transition to net zero in the sector. “ We've got a lot of the skills, technologies, supply chain capabilities that will be needed to unlock a net zero future. Many of those things are transferable to other industries such as CCS and hydrogen, which we know will be vital to us achieving our net zero ambitions.”

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2.5 Global Justice in Energy

A small number of users highlighted the need to look at global inequalities in energy use.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 31

During Weekend Two, Kevin Anderson from the University of Manchester, suggested a discrepancy between the Scottish Government's pathway to net zero and Scotland's fair share of the global carbon budget according to the Paris Agreement. He argued that “if the rest of the world followed Scotland's example, global emissions will be much nearer 2.5°C to 3°C of warming, not the 1.5°C to 2°C that was called for” and that “As a consequence, other poor nations will have to accept a smaller portion”.

During Weekend One, Iain Stewart, Director of Sustainable Earth Institute at the University of Plymouth broke down the three key principles of equity, responsibility and capability outlined in the Paris Agreement and what that meant for Scotland. “Starting with responsibility and equity, Scotland has had a long history of extracting and using fossil fuels, from coal mining at Culross that dates back to 1575 to the North Sea oil today. We also have higher, slightly higher, CO2 emissions per person than the average globally. Additionally, Scotland is rich, not just in terms of monetary wealth, but rich in resources, including renewable energy potential and also land capital. We have large areas of peatlands which can absorb and store carbon dioxide. So, we could argue that Scotland has the capabilities.”

24 DIET, LAND USE AND LIFESTYLE

During the Dialogue Exercise, respondents focused on the need to preserve our land and improve biodiversity. They suggested nature-based solutions for climate change, like increasing the capacity of carbon sinks through rewilding, reforestation and peatland restoration. They also hoped that members would discuss changes to the ways we grow and consume food. Additionally, users suggested that we should prioritise a circular economy, focused on reducing consumption and promoting recycling.

Over Weekends Three and Four, members in the Diet & Lifestyle stream heard presentations on the following questions: 1.How should Scotland rebalance its diet to tackle the climate emergency in an effective and fair way? 2.How should Scotland change how it uses its land to tackle the climate emergency in an effective and fair way? 3.How should Scotland manage its materials and resources to tackle the climate emergency in an effective and fair way? 4.How should Scotland change how it buys things to tackle the climate emergency in a fair and effective way?

To determine which ideas from the Dialogue Exercise have been covered in the Assembly process, this chapter considers the following themes: Biodiversity and rewilding Tree planting Soil Peatlands Carbon sequestration Food Agriculture Allotments Fishing Consumption Ownership

25 3.1 Biodiversity and Rewilding

Many respondents agreed that we need to increase regulation in our natural areas to improve biodiversity and protect local species and habitats. Rewilding was also a strong argument for restoring Scotland's nature. - Dialogue Overview, p.7

The connection between the climate and the ecological emergency was highlighted to members by Clive Mitchell from NatureScot who stated, “Climate- nature have co-evolved for the last 4 billion years, and they're not going to stop doing that anytime soon….. we need to improve the state of nature by tackling the main drivers of biodiversity loss, including of course, climate change.”

Bruce Wilson from Scottish Wildlife Trust touched on several rewilding principles and their benefit, for example sustainable urban drainage systems, which were also advocated for in the Dialogue, and green roofs. As a possible recommendation for the Assembly, Bruce Wilson suggested establishing a Scottish Nature Network and a Scottish Biodiversity Strategy as tools “to help us strategically plan for nature and highlight in the landscape where the best areas to put nature based solutions would be”.

Stephen Young from Scottish Land and Estate cautioned against a one size fits all approach stating, “ It's very much about the right activity in the right place at the right time...Rewilding, what areas are suitable for this? And what type of rewilding are we talking about?”.

In Weekend 2, Pete Smith (Science Director at ClimateXChange and Professor at the University of Aberdeen) also advised “not to rely on nature-based solutions to meet our climate change targets. The land can’t do it all. We can’t plant enough trees or restore enough peatland to mop up all of our emissions. So immediate and aggressive action is needed across all sectors of the economy.”

Increasing regulation of large hunting estates was often mentioned as a way to increase biodiversity. Many suggested that the Highlands is no longer wild because it is managed by large estates. They felt it could be reforested, to both increase biodiversity and act as a carbon sink.

- Dialogue Overview, p.7

26 Regarding the role of private landowners, speakers in the Diet & Lifestyle stream offered a range of perspectives. Stephen Young from Scottish Land and Estate, emphasised that private landowners could be incentivised to develop natural capital. He suggested adopting Regional Land Use Partnerships to facilitate cooperation and peer learning, and using accreditation schemes to encourage best practice.

Bruce Wilson from Scottish Wildlife Trust, also advocated for developing land management and agricultural policies that facilitates and rewards landowners and farmers for implementing nature based solutions that lock up carbon, manage water or provide habitat for biodiversity. He suggested that subsidies from the Government could be a possible tool to support this.

Mike Daniels from John Muir Trust, promoted a land tax based on the polluters pay principles. The revenue would be used to fund green initiatives, such as reforestation. He advocated for developing a tax banding system based on evaluation of landowners’ current emissions and potential reductions –allowing exemptions for those who are already making a contribution to public goods and small landowners. He noted that this would be a win-win situation, not simply reducing emissions but also actively encouraging carbon sequestration and improvements to natural habitats to increase biodiversity. Discussing shooting estates specifically, he said: “We have models that already exist. Local authorities have recently evaluated sports shooting for non-domestic rates at a rate of about two to five pounds per hectare.”

Calum Macleod from Community Land Scotland offered a more radical perspective, advocating for land reform to support community ownership. He pointed out “Most of Scotland's rural land, around 83%, is privately owned. 50% of that privately owned land is in the hands of around 400 owners. That's 0.008% of Scotland's population…. There's a structural problem with concentrated monopoly, private land ownership. Conspicuous consumption rather than social justice is a feature of the private estates market in Scotland.” He offered a variety of solutions that would restructure land monopolies, see section 3.11 for more details.

Users also thought it was important to create a healthy relationship with nature and to improve access to it to make people more willing to protect it.

- Dialogue Overview, p.7

27 Amanda Thompson from UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology touched upon access to nature as a means to improve wellbeing and carbon sequestration, “Including more green space and trees in urban areas can both store carbon and make them more pleasant places to live in”.

Speakers discussed our relationship with our environment more frequently when considering food. Professor Sarah Bridle from the University of Manchester, stated, “local food-growing projects can also get us closer to the food we buy, and make us less likely to waste food because we understand how hard it is to grow it in the first place and they can even bring communities together and improve our mental health.” Keesje Avis from Nourish Scotland emphasised the interconnectivity of the food system and claimed, “local food communities, where relationships between producer and eater flourish, and are mutually beneficial mak[ing] us more resilient.”

Users highlighted that working to rewild and increase biodiversity would create new green job opportunities.

- Dialogue Overview, p.7

The implementation of nature-based solutions was identified by many of the speakers as an opportunity to create new green jobs. For example, Mike Daniels from the John Muir Trust stated “by increasing the woodland cover and restoring these peatlands, we could provide a whole lot of opportunities for rural communities. This would enable, for example, [...] mountain bike trails, ecotourism, woodland and timber products, log cabins, places to live. So overall by restoring our natural environment, we're also restoring our opportunities for local rural communities.”

Debbie Adams, Director for The Conservation Volunteers (Scotland and Northern Ireland) and Deborah Long, Chief Officer at Scottish Environment LINK, presented to the Work & Travel stream the National Nature Service as a means to boost employment in green jobs. They explained, “National Nature Service is a jobs programme that will enable unemployed people to find paid work and training in nature conservation, give a range of transferable skills for future jobs at the same time as rebuilding depleted natural resources. The idea is based on the successful ‘Citizen Conservation Corps’ work programme enacted by Roosevelt following the Great Depression.”

28 3.2 Tree Planting

Reforestation was mentioned many times with the proposed combined benefits of increasing biodiversity, rewilding and acting as carbon sinks. However, people were concerned about the type of trees planted.

- Dialogue Overview, p.8

Reforestation Reforestation, alongside peatland restoration, was one of the most commonly discussed nature-based solutions by speakers in the Diet & Lifestyle stream. Amanda Thomson, explained that since the 1940s, semi- natural habitats, such as native woodland, heather moorland and blanket bog have declined, mostly replaced by non-native woodland plantations and rough grazing land. She pointed out that Scottish Government has committed to increase Scotland's woodlands area to 21% by 2032; this is still well below European forestry coverage which currently sits at 42%.

Tree species Amanda Thomson echoed Dialogue respondents concerns over the type of trees planted. She explained “tree species that are native to this country might have slower rates of growth, but they have many other benefits. And if left to grow, will store more carbon over a hundred years than non-native conifers that are regularly felled and replanted.” Bruce Wilson called for native trees to make up 50% of new planting.

Another point mentioned was that individuals should stop buying products which have caused deforestation/ the destruction of the rainforest. Instead, people should focus on locally grown sustainable produce.

- Dialogue Overview, p.8

Deforestation During Weekend Three, Kirsten Bash, Chair of Food Special Interest Group at the Faculty of Public Health, emphasised that much of the greenhouse gas emissions associated with agriculture are a result of land use changes. Professor Sarah Bridle pointed out that “globally about 80% of all agricultural land is used to feed animals - and it takes about 16 times as much land to produce one calorie of meat than one calorie of plant- based food…This means that it's not so much about whether to use land to grow food for animals or grow food for humans…but for me it's actually more about whether we use the land for food production at all - or whether we use it for some other purpose for example to help climate change”. As a possible solution, Jessica Sinclair from Feedback suggested banning the most harmful products for example, “chicken, that's been fed soy, grown in parts of the world where growing that soy has caused deforestation”. 29 3.3 Soil

Dialogue users agreed that the quality of our soil needs to be improved, and that we should prevent the topsoil from desertification.

“find new ways of maintaining soil fertility that do not depend on the hugely energy demanding Haber-Bosch (or similar) process to make nitrate rich fertilisers.” - Dialogue Overview, p.9

Informant Amanda Thompson explained, “Scotland's soils already contain a lot of carbon. So there is less potential for additional carbon storage in soils than there is elsewhere in the world... Sustainable management by farmers can protect the soil already there, and there is a lot of research into how it might be possible to increase soil carbon stocks, particularly in grassland, by techniques like mob grazing or by adding biochar, a special kind of charcoal to the soil”.

Stephen Young (Scottish Land and Estate) and Martin Kennedy (National Farmers’ Union of Scotland) also advocated for regenerative techniques such as soil mapping, variable rate fertiliser application and grazing management programs. Kennedy put forward the multiple benefits of improving soil quality; “[Soil health] not only helps the productivity of the farm but makes a huge impact on the ability of the soil to hold more carbon through sequestration. Improving on productivity through better soil management also leads to lesser emissions of nitrous oxide as additional nutrient input is more targeted leading to better uptake from the plants.”

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3.4 Peatlands

Many Dialogue users highlighted that peat is a good carbon sink, and that it should be preserved and restored to decarbonise Scotland.

A user also mentioned that peat can still be found in horticulture/gardening soil and that this should be banned – they pointed out a target was set in 2010 to remove all peat from this soil, which was not reached.

- Dialogue Overview, p.9

30 Restoration Amanda Thomson explained to assembly members that “Natural peatlands are a special habitat with high water tables, so moss and other plants don't fully decay when they die, and carbon accumulates over time…..When peat soils are drained, they can be valuable for agriculture, but they also have high rates of greenhouse gas emissions….It can take decades for restored peatlands to fully recover to the point when they can act as a carbon sink again. However, restoring peatlands avoids further carbon losses, and they're able to store water better, which may help with flood regulation”.

Furthermore, Clive Mitchell (NatureScot) pointed out that the Scottish Government's Climate Change Plan update commits to restoring 250,000 hectares of peatland by 2030. Mitchell explained this equates to approximately a third of Scotland's peatlands being restored compared to the Climate Change Committee's advice of 50%.

Peat in Horticulture The use of peat in horticulture was not explicitly covered by speakers. The Scottish Government has already committed to phasing out the use of peat in gardening in the National Peatland Plan and the Climate Change Plan as part of the Scottish Government’s commitment to restore peatlands.

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3.5 Carbon Sequestration

Among points made above (reforestation, peatland preservation), another method of carbon sequestration was a recreation of the Azolla event.

- Dialogue Overview, p.9

Azolla event Speakers did not suggest recreating an Azolla event, Clive Mitchell (NatureScot) in fact cautioned against “geoengineering because interfering in planetary scale ecosystems tends not to end well.”

31 3.6 Food

Contributors expressed a need for the way food is grown, marketed and consumed to change. Respondents felt consumers should be made aware of the impact of importing foods. An example suggestion, supported by many users, was the introduction of a traffic light system on food packaging so consumers could make informed decisions about purchases. Respondents asked for greater awareness to be created around food waste. They hoped consumers could be educated about buying the right amount of food and not throwing any away. Another user suggested food waste could be turned into biogas. - Dialogue Overview, pp. 9-10

Growing, marketing and consumption Jessica Sinclair from Feedback claimed that “waiting for social norms and for markets to catch up with climate realities is not going to get us there fast enough”. She noted that meat and dairy consumption (some of the most polluting food groups) remains high and may even be increasing slightly. She highlighted the need for a systems framework to bring about change and introduced a ladder of interventions to members. At the bottom of the ladder included more light touch policies like information campaigns and making vegetarian or vegan the default option. Several speakers suggested that the Scottish Government could use its procurement power to shape the market by introducing minimum environmental standards for catering within the public services. Moving up the ladder policies became increasingly interventionist. This included incentivising more vegetable consumption through voucher schemes or providing support for horticultural farmers, as well as disincentivising excessive consumption of damaging products by introducing a carbon tax on high impact foods. At the top of the ladder the intention was to reduce choice. This could be done by using plain packaging, restricting advertising or banning the most damaging products.

Keesje Avis from Nourish Scotland likewise emphasised changes needed in the food system. Avis stated “Scotland needs better governance of the food system so that the aim of growing, making and selling food is to nourish us all, not purely for profit. To do this, Nourish recommends that at a national level, the right to food is included in Scots law, to ensure that we are all eating well, and to ensure a food system that treats people and planet fairly.” Dr Anna Gyrka-Macphail (Obesity Action Scotland, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow) also supported this idea, mentioning that Scotland had proposed a new law on food called the Good Food Nation Bill.

32 Avis recommended establishing an independent statutory food commission and a national food plan to provide oversight and continuity. Laurence Bourton from UK Health Alliance on Climate Change (UKHACC) advised forming a “cross departmental, ministerial working group to bring together thinking on food, farming, health, climate change, and trade, because it was all part of one big picture and can't be viewed independently”.

Informed decisions Raising awareness on the consequences our diet has on the environment and climate change was a message shared across several speakers. For example, Bourton (UKHACC) remarked “existing public information campaigns on diet should include climate messages, and health professionals and patients should be supported with more information on transitioning to a climate friendly diet.” Dr Anna Gyrka-Macphail argued that national dietary guidelines could be extended to include sustainability principles and speakers gave examples of the Eatwell Guide, the One Blue Dot project and the EAT-Lancet Guide.

Traffic light system Speakers also advocated for introducing food carbon labelling. This would be similar to nutritional labelling but instead illustrate the environmental impact of food products. This could be introduced in the form of a traffic light system as Dialogue users suggested. Laurence Bourton (UKHACC) highlighted that “there's strong public support for that as well. A YouGov poll in 2019 showed that two thirds of the public support that idea”.

Food waste Professor Sarah Bridle, University of Manchester, informed Assembly members that about one third of all food is lost or wasted and in Scotland about 60% of food waste happens in the home. As a possible solution, Bourton proposed that the government should end the practice of buy-one- get-one-free promotions for unhealthy and perishable foods. He claimed “many foods, especially highly processed and perishable foods are only available in bulk and frequently sold in buy-one-get-one-free deals. And our research suggests that these deals as well as contributing to food waste and associated emissions also contribute to obesity.”

Biogas In Weekend Four, Dr Craig Dalzell discussed with Assembly Members how a circular economy could reduce waste and make the most of resources already in circulation. He suggested that “if we make things from natural materials like wood and paper and bioplastic, then these can go along with food waste into bioreactors, which turn them into two things, compost and biogas. The biogas can heat your houses.”

33 3.7 Agriculture

Many users focused on having a shift towards local, organic, seasonal produce as ways to reduce our carbon footprint and reduce food miles. It was suggested that we should create a national natural farming programme as a method of creating more jobs in rural communities as well as a method to supply organic food.

Respondents felt that Scotland currently relies heavily on food imports and that eating local instead would reduce food miles and also provide Scotland with more food security.

Contributors also mentioned that Scotland should also reduce the amount of factory farming and reject imported beef from farms which are cutting down the rainforest. Others suggested that we should move towards a plant-based diet because agriculture is one of the largest GHG emitters.

- Dialogue Overview, p.10

Eating local versus food imports Keesje Avis, Nourish Scotland, was a strong advocate for eating local organic produce. In Weekend 3, Avis emphasised that eating locally can strengthen the relationship between producer and consumer. She claimed it could bring us closer to the food we eat and enable us to understand where our food comes from and the impact it has on the planet. She stressed that growing organic produce can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by relying “on natural cycles, rather than on fossil fuel intense pesticides and nitrogen fertilizer”. Using several examples, Professor Sarah Bridle illustrated that the carbon footprint associated with a product depends not just on the distance travelled but also the method of transport. She stressed that products transported by plane had a significantly higher footprint than those that were shipped.

Growing locally can have the additional benefit of improving food security in Scotland. As Bridle pointed out, “at the moment, the UK imports over half its fruit and veg from overseas, and we’re not even eating the recommended daily amount of 5-a-day. At the same time, we need to look ahead in case of potential shocks to the food system. So that’s big disruptions that could come from pandemics, political instability or climate change. All these factors say we would be wise to increase the amount of vegetables that we grow in the UK”.

34 National farming programme A national farming programme was not explicitly advocated for. However, numerous speakers did suggest greater support for farmers, including incentives, subsidies and knowledge exchange.

Food security A number of speakers touched upon the consequences climate change would have on agriculture and our supply chains. In Weekend One, Kate Crowley from the University of Edinburgh informed the Assembly that we are likely to see changes in food prices as crops yields reduce globally. Sarah Bridle pointed out this decrease will be a result of warmer temperature and/or extreme weather events. Kirsten Bash, Chair of Food Special Interest Group at the Faculty of Public Health, also noted that increased levels of carbon dioxide have the potential to decrease the level of nutrition in several staple crops. In addition, Crowley mentioned that fresh water supplies are likely to decrease globally, particularly impacting areas that rely on snow or glacial melt. She also highlighted how local changes in climate could impact political stability globally, using the 2011 drought in China as an example. “There was a big drought [in China] and this led to a failure of the wheat crops in that year …And wheat prices doubled. Now, this led to an increase in bread prices globally. And in particular, this created an additional stress in places that were already under a lot of tension for many other reasons, and then Egypt for example, where there was a lot of political turmoil. People were really suffering already. Bread prices tripling was the final straw people couldn't cope with the situation any longer. And this led to civil unrest…. And if you look at images of the Arab Spring, very early on in the riots, you'll see people with bread on their heads and then rioting because of the bread prices”.

Plant-based diet In Weekend Two, Professor Pete Smith (Science Director at ClimateXChange and Professor at the University of Aberdeen) explained to members that “Agriculture itself was responsible for about 18% of our greenhouse emissions. Globally, food was responsible for 26% of greenhouse gas emissions on the planet. Of this 58% arose from animal products and of these, half come from beef and lamb…. That’s because cattle and sheep are ruminants and their digestive system produces methane as the food is broken down”.

Turning towards a more plant-based diet is not only beneficial for the planet but also for our health. Kirsten Bash, Chair of Food Special Interest Group at the Faculty of Public Health, explained that sustainable dietary guidelines typically advocate for “more plant foods and moderate amounts of animal-based foods, moderate to low amounts. These are pretty universal if you look at food-based dietary guidelines across the world really.” 35 Dr Anna Gyrka-Macphail (Obesity Action Scotland, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow) stated “While some people may be worried that moving towards a more plant based diet will mean not enough protein. It is not a dietary risk because supply and consumption of protein in the UK is adequate. And in fact it would remain adequate, even if we stopped eating meat.” Methods of encouraging a more plant-based diet can be found in section 3.6.

It is worth noting that not all speakers promoted a plant-based diet. Martin Kennedy claimed that “soil health lies with the livestock sector, particularly beef and sheep …. it must be recognised that methane is a flow pollutant not a stock pollutant. The difference being that a flow pollutant is part of a sequestration cycle through photosynthesis so there is no overall increase in carbon emissions, whereas carbon continues to build in the atmosphere and remains there for a few hundred years. This is very relevant from a Scottish perspective in that 85% of our agricultural land is deemed a less favoured area which makes anything other than livestock farming a real challenge and, in most cases, impossible. However, given our climatic conditions and our topography we are extremely well placed to produce high quality protein through grazing livestock.” He mentioned that grazing management could improve biodiversity and prevent wildfires.

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3.8 Allotments

Allotments were suggested by users as methods to supplying people with seasonal local produce as well as a method to improving lifestyle and wellbeing. …The user suggested that more should be available to create a sense of community and reduce food mileage.

- Dialogue Overview, p.10

Please see section 5.5 in the chapter for discussion on allotments. Please see section 3.1 and section 3.7 for more details on wellbeing and food miles.

36 3.9 Fishing

Users thought that fishing waters and coasts should be preserved. Rationale suggested for this was to improve biodiversity and sequester carbon.

- Dialogue Overview, p.11

Initially, evidence on fishing was not incorporated into the Diet & Lifestyle stream due to time constraints. While it was recognised that fishing does have an impact on biodiversity and climate change it was noted that it was significantly less than those compared to beef and sheep farming. Consequently, these aspects of diet were prioritised. However, following Weekend Three Assembly Members requested information on fishing. Professor Sarah Bridle provided a written response, found below, that was uploaded to the Members’ Hub.

“The fish on our plates generally come from two different sources (i) caught fish (ii) farmed fish. The climate impacts of caught fish come mainly from the fuel used by the fishing vessel to travel out to sea and run the equipment, including refrigeration. The climate impact of farmed fish comes largely from producing food for the fish, including soy. By coincidence, these two very different fish production methods end up with similar climate impacts, which are comparable to those from chicken (which also has a large fraction of climate impacts from producing food for the chicken).”

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3.10 Consumption

Consumption was heavily discussed, with themes such as reduce, reuse, recycle, circular economy and local consumption. Users thought that the government should support Scottish manufacturing and increase regulation to ensure everything is sustainable …The population could then rely on local workforces, to create new green jobs and pay a fair wage.

Consumption of packaging was also discussed often. Users suggested that if it could not be reused/recycled, it should be banned and that single-use consumables should be banned altogether. Another possibility highlighted was that tax on single use consumables could be to disincentivise purchase, or that plastic could be made from hemp to be biodegradable.

- Dialogue Overview, pp. 11-12

37 Circular economy Professor Deirdre Shaw from University of Glasgow highlighted that 40% of UK emissions come from households and our consumption-based behaviour is the driver behind that figure. Deirdre explained “consumption is a more encompassing term that refers to the process of acquisition, use, our appreciation and then, as we fall out of love with items, devaluation and disposal”. Currently many of our consumption habits are based on a linear model where resources are continually extracted and discarded on a limited planet. A more circular approach aims to minimise extraction and waste by maximising the use of resources already in circulation. Deirdre suggested several ways we can alter our consumption habits including: buying less, buying second hand, renting, repairing existing items, switching brands, buying local and detoxing from devices (e.g. social media and shopping apps) to remove temptations to buy.

Iain Gulland from Zero Waste Scotland focused on how we can manage our materials within a circular economy. He defined the circular economy as “a different approach, a different system, in terms of, we're looking at those resources materials kind of going round, again, and again, and so we're making better use of them.” Iain Gulland offered five ways we can make the most of our resources: - Reprocessing e.g. using spent coffee grounds from cafes and turning it into a substitute for Palm oil - Remanufacture e.g. using waste steel from the redundant oil fields in the North sea and turning them into wind turbines - Creating repair and reuse infrastructure to extend a product’s life - Designing products that can be repaired or upgraded easily - Shifting from purchasing to renting or leasing which would allow companies to retain ownership of the equipment so at end of life they can easily repurpose and remanufacture it.

Michael Cook from Community Resource Network Scotland used the concept of a waste hierarchy to illustrate the different methods we can use to manage products at the end of their life and how beneficial each of these are for the planet.

“We start at the bottom. Burying resources in the ground (landfill), or burning them by incineration (energy recovery), are the most damaging options. The best thing most people aim for is recycling, but you can see that we're only halfway up the hierarchy and there are much better options further up. If you repair something, instead of replacing it, that might mean you need only a new part instead of a whole new product. And when you reuse, i.e. sell and buy second-hand, that saves a new product from being made and another going to landfill. And lastly, when you refuse a new purchase, there was literally no carbon impact to a product you don't buy.”

38 Local consumption, manufacturing and green jobs Dr Craig Dalzell from Common Weal advocated for investment into advanced manufacturing in Scotland which could help develop materials like bio-plastics. He argued that the Government should invest in training a new generation of environmental design experts and retrain low-paid shop workers to high-paid repair engineers in order to support the circular economy. Iain Gulland claimed that for every job in a disposal economy, there are five in a recycling economy, and eight in a circular economy.

Regulation, legislation and tax Speakers proposed using regulation, legislation and tax as tools to bring about a more circular economy. Below are some of their recommendations they put to assembly members in Weekend 4: - Improve extended producer responsibility through differentiated fees that the producers have to pay or take back commitments - Introduce ‘pay-as-you-throw’ or ‘save as you recycle’ schemes to incentivise to households to reduce their waste - Introduce targets to reduce our overall consumption of virgin materials - Put a price on carbon through schemes such as a personal carbon allowance or carbon tax and dividend - Tax virgin material and introduce targets to reduce our overall consumption of virgin materials - Reduce or remove VAT on repair and refurbishment to make repair more affordable and attractive - Tax disposable products - The Scottish Government should set reuse targets and reporting - Tax and fine companies that throw away good stock

Packaging Mike Barry, former Sustainability Director and Marks & Spencer, drew members' attention to the problems of packaging, stating that “the world used 120 billion pieces of packaging for beauty products” alone. He suggested taxing high carbon products “and also those that are difficult to recycle, whether it's plastic packaging or consumer goods as well”. Dr Craig Dalzell proposed auditing all disposable products and packaging and using regulation to phase them out. Phoebe Cochrane from Scottish Environment LINK mentioned that the UK government is introducing a plastic tax, which would tax drink bottles that contain less than 30% recycled content as a way to target packaging. However, Craig Dalzell argued that “manmade materials degrade each time they are recycled and can't be recycled infinitely. Plastics are especially bad for this”. He advocated for the use of natural materials instead.

39 Reducing landfill was corroborated in another idea where a user suggested introducing council repair, reuse and recycle schemes.

- Dialogue Overview, pp. 11-12

A clear message from the majority of the speakers was that recycling does not make the best use of our resources and the focus should be on repair, reuse or refuse. Speakers outline several recommendations that they felt would promote these habits: - Government should develop a National Reuse Charter to help transition recycling centres to become reuse centres - Introduce deposit return schemes and take-back schemes - Create a National Leasing Service providing top quality repairable products with a maintenance contract - Government and local authorities should fund thousands of tool libraries and other sharing schemes - Waste collection should be gradually replaced with collection for reuse with jars, coffee cups, et cetera, collected for washing and redistribution back to business - Encourage business shift to service models where products are leased rather than owned

Another user highlighted the need to reduce food waste and suggested the government should provide local composting sites.

- Dialogue Overview, pp. 11-12

Dr Craig Dalzell from Common Weal advocated for using natural materials like wood and bioplastics for manufacturing. He argued that Scotland should have a National Waste Service which would invest in bio reactors to turn waste materials into biogas or compost. The compost would go “back to the land to regenerate our soil, which has been worn away”.

40 3.11 Ownership

Land ownership was a key theme in the dialogue. Participants thought there should be large government buy-out schemes to allow for small scale local farming. This would benefit biodiversity, GHG emissions (due to a reduction in overseas importing) and create green jobs.

“We have an inequitable land distribution. Most of Scotland is owned by a select few landowners, many of whom do not even live in Scotland. Ordinary people have no chance of owning land because it is too expensive and there is no land available for sale.”

- Dialogue Overview, p.12

Calum MacLeod, Community Land Scotland, pointed out the unequal distribution of land ownership in Scotland. He put forward several recommendations that would enable communities to harness land for green initiatives, including:

- Introducing pre-purchase public interest test for all significant land purchases - Increasing the annual budget for the Scottish Land fund to £20 million - Introducing a compulsory community right to buy land - Introducing a community carbon land fund to enable carbon mitigation projects on community-owned land - Supporting development and installation of community-led renewable energy initiatives - Incentivising private renewable energy developers to involve communities

41 WORK AND TRAVEL

The central ideas identified in the Pre-engagement Overview, relating to the topic of work and travel, were improving public transport (buses, trains) and active travel accessibility (cycle paths and walkways) in order to reduce reliance on cars.

Over Weekends Three and Four, members in the Work & Travel stream heard presentations related to the following questions:

1.How should Scotland change how it travels by land to tackle the climate emergency in an effective and fair way? 2.How should Scotland change how it travels by air to tackle the climate emergency in an effective and fair way? 3.How should Scotland change its working practices to tackle the climate emergency in an effective and fair way? 4. How should Scotland support people to change work and tackle the climate emergency in an effective and fair way?

To determine which ideas from the Dialogue Exercise have been covered in the Assembly process, this chapter considers the following themes: Active travel Public transport Cars Air travel Infrastructure and city planning Working environment Green jobs Wellbeing

42 4.1 Active Travel

Respondents were keen to create better cycle and walking networks to encourage active travel.

Users thought that cycle and walking networks needed to be safe, well signposted, well connected and well maintained, to promote public use and deter reliance on car travel. The Dutch cycle systems were used as an example of good practice, which particularly highlighted the importance of youth engagement.

Another suggestion was that city centres could be pedestrianised, or low traffic neighbourhoods could be made, to allow for more opportunities for active transport. - Dialogue Overview, pp. 14-15

Better cycle and walking networks Matt McDonald (Communications Officer for Transform Scotland) noted that “the updated Climate Change Plan committed to building active freeways” which will “link up major towns, cities, and landmarks with segregated walking and cycling routes”, thus highlighting the current policy landscape and plans for active travel networks in Scotland.

Dutch cycle systems These systems were mentioned by Jillian Anable (Professor of Transport and Energy at the University of Leeds) but there was no explicit reference to youth engagement: “In the Netherlands, they cycle a huge amount more than we do in Scotland. But actually, the average per capita carbon footprint travelling in the Netherlands is just as high as it is in Scotland. And that's because they do lots of cycling, but they also do lots of car travelling, and lots of long distance car travelling as well, because that's not limited in any way.”

Regarding youth engagement, all Assembly Members heard a presentation from the Children's Parliament in Weekend Five which mentioned transport. One child commented, “we should swap to electric cars but they are too expensive to buy for many people”. Another suggested, “there should be a rule: one car per household and public transport should be cheaper to use. There should be more cycle-to-school, cycle-to-work schemes so that more people are encouraged to cycle and walk”. Another child referred to a scheme in France where children can travel to school in a S’Cool Bus - a pedal-powered bicycle bus.

43 Pedestrianised/low traffic neighbourhoods Stuart Hay (Scottish Director of Living Streets) promoted 20 minute neighbourhoods in the Work & Travel stream. To achieve this, Hay highlighted the need to deter reliance on car travel and “make walking easier and more pleasant through better, more convenient crossings, priority at junctions, wider, clutter-free and well-maintained pavements, street trees and greening, 20 mph speed limits on all residential and shopping streets”.

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4.2 Public Transport

Respondents thought that there needs to be a more positive image of public (and active) transport to inspire more people to use it. One respondent suggested that all elected individuals should refrain from driving because they should be role models for the wider public. Additionally, as active travel options would make them happier and healthier, environmentally friendly policies would also be created quicker.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 15

Positive image of public (and active) transport Ellie Harrison (Chair of Get Glasgow Moving) noted the importance of a large-scale “re-branding of our public transport network that will be necessary after the [COVID-19] pandemic to get people back on the bus”. Anna Hughes, Director of Flight Free UK, also highlighted the need for “better promotion” of public transport.

Elected individuals Regarding the involvement of elected individuals, members in the Home & Communities stream heard from Councillors Anna Richardson and Lesley Macinnes about how Glasgow and Edinburgh City Councils are tackling the climate crisis, such as designing out private car use and strengthening the public transport network.

The ownership of our public transport systems was a key theme for respondents. Affordability of public transport was also a key theme. Some participants wanted cheaper public transport whereas some wanted public transport to be free.

Importantly, participants agreed that public transport links need to be extended and improved to allow for a reduction in car travel. Respondents said that these transport links should also be connected to cycle and walkways for a mixture of public and active transport. - Dialogue Overview, p. 15

44 Speakers on the Work & Travel stream presented different visions of public transport, considering issues such as ownership, cost and accessibility.

Ellie Harrison (Get Glasgow Moving) compared public transport systems in Switzerland, Austria and Germany to privatised transport in Scotland: “The only reason we’ve failed to deliver [publicly-planned and controlled transport] in Scotland is because of the deregulation and privatisation of our buses and trains which happened in the 1980s and 1990s [...] Buses are now run for profit and not as a public service.”

Harrison called for “fully-integrated public transport”: “That means our buses, trains, and subway being planned and coordinated to work together in harmony to serve all our communities. We want quick, efficient interchanges, with one simple and affordable ticket for use across all transport modes.”

Anna Hughes (Flight Free UK) also proposed investing and extending transport networks: “investment in reliable regular rail, cheaper, more consistent fares, better booking systems, and better promotion.”

Alastair McInroy (Technology Scotland) outlined the concept of “mobility as a service” which he believes will reduce private car use and encourage more people to use public transport. This service involves: providing information (e.g. fares, scheduling, real time vehicle positioning data) to passengers via an app; processing payment for multiple journeys as a single ticket; providing information about cancellations/delays and presenting alternative travel options for passengers; and understanding passenger preferences to guide these options (e.g. whether the passenger’s travel choices are driven by cost or carbon footprint).

The importance of combining transport links with cycle and walkways was noted by several speakers, as discussed in section 4.1.

Bus capacity was also highlighted by participants, particularly the importance of having space for bikes on buses.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 15

This subject was not explicitly discussed, however, as noted throughout this chapter, several speakers emphasised the importance of improving public transport (including buses) and cycle networks in order to encourage more people to use public transport and tackle transport emissions.

45 The integration of transport links was well supported. Expansion of railways was also highlighted by participants, as some areas in Scotland are not connected by rail.

There was a mixture of fuel suggestions for public transport, including hydrogen and electric. The general consensus was to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. - Dialogue Overview, pp. 15-16

Integration Ellie Harrison (Get Glasgow Moving) called for a fully-integrated, coordinated, simple, affordable public transport system (including buses, trains, and subways). This was echoed by several other speakers as noted earlier in this section.

Expansion of railways As noted above, the expansion of railways was discussed by Anna Hughes (Flight Free UK) who proposed investing in rail to achieve a reliable service, and “perhaps more night trains, even night trains that go as far as Paris.”

Fuel suggestions for public transport, including hydrogen and electric Many Work & Travel speakers discussed reducing fossil fuel dependence. Matt McDonald (Transform Scotland), “welcomed the commitment to electrify the railway by 2035.” Jillian Anable, Professor of Transport and Energy at the University of Leeds, explained that hydrogen and electric buses are more expensive than diesel options so operators require subsidies to be encouraged to alter their fleets.

On the Home & Communities stream, Councillor Anna Richardson explained that Glasgow Council is “upgrading [their] entire fleet of vehicles to electric or hydrogen ahead of 2030”. Stuart Stevens (Assistant Chief Officer with the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service (SFRS)) noted SFRS investment in “electric vehicles and associated charging infrastructure”. Kathryn Dapré (Head of Energy & Sustainability at NHS National Services Scotland) highlighted one of the commitments made by NHS Scotland Chief Executives: “NHS Scotland transport emissions from its owned fleet (that’s small and medium vehicles) will be net-zero by 2025, and our larger fleet will follow by 2030.”

A suggested method of creating good public transport habits was to raise the driving age to 25. - Dialogue Overview, p. 16

This was not explicitly mentioned by the speakers.

46 4.3 Cars

Some respondents thought that personal car use should be banned, with the exception of disabled use. They said that this would decarbonise our travel and put more of a focus on active/public transport.

Alternatively, other respondents mentioned creating car taxes which depended on how environmentally friendly the vehicle was.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 16

Jillian Anable (University of Leeds) commented on the insufficiency of upcoming transport restrictions: “So even though we have a ban on the sale of internal combustion engine vehicles, petrol and diesel vehicles, from 2030, even those cars that are sold right up into the late 2020s, will still be running around and burning petrol and diesel into the 2040s.”

Professor Anable presented alternative options: “We may want to ban those large cars from sale a lot earlier than 2030. If we don't do that, we might want to heavily tax them so that they are dis-incentivised. [...] We need to ban lorries from the centre of towns because people are less likely to walk and cycle when there are heavy lorries running about [...] And every pricing strategy can have exemptions for low incomes, or at certain places at certain times, every road closure can actually be special access for certain vehicles.”

Like Dialogue users, Susie Fitton from Inclusion Scotland pointed out that climate policies should not unnecessarily disadvantage those with disabilities. She explained “many disabled Scots are reliant on cars or taxis, as public transport is not accessible to them. When planning for low carbon cities, we need to ensure that those who cannot walk, cycle, or use buses and trains, are not disadvantaged.”

Many focused on the electrification of cars. Specifically, users thought that EV charging points should become more accessible for people over Scotland. A respondent also implied that the EV charging points are often mains powered, which is powered by fossil fuels. An idea was that the EV charging points in the Highlands and Islands are often close to burns which could provide hydropower for the charging points.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 16

47 As previously mentioned, members in the Home & Communities stream heard about electric vehicles (EVs) from Councillor Anna Richardson and SFRS. SFRS specifically referenced investment in EV charging infrastructure.

On the Work & Travel stream, Jillian Anable (University of Leeds) noted that the rise of EV use has been accompanied by a rise in the sale of large petrol and diesel cars. She supported the continued provision of “grants to people, ordinary people and businesses, to buy electric vehicles” and highlighted the current high costs of hydrogen and electric vehicles. She proposed multiple initiatives to speed up the transition to low-carbon transport including: make all public sector organisations buy only EVs; subsidise bus, train, and ferry operators to buy EVs; and give people grants to buy EVs.

Reducing speed limits on roads was also suggested because this would reduce the amount of fossil fuels being burned, helping to decarbonise and dis-incentivise car travel. Users also suggested this would make driving and roads safer therefore improving wellbeing.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 17

As noted in section 4.1, Stuart Hay (Living Streets) proposed “20 mph speed limits on all residential and shopping streets” to “make walking easier and more pleasant”. Councillor Anna Richardson noted that Glasgow has “26 primary schools with car-free zones around them, promoting behaviour change, while also giving children cleaner, quieter, safer streets, on the way to and from school”. Councillor Richardson also discussed the establishment of cycle lanes and improvement of the public transport network across the city.

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4.4 Air Travel

Respondents thought that air travel should be heavily taxed, including aeroplane fuel. Another point mentioned was that the carbon footprint for every flight should be made clear – for example, this could be printed on every ticket, so the purchaser can make informed decisions about choosing to fly.

Respondents also thought that the public should generally be cutting down on air miles altogether, with penalties for frequent flyers. One idea was to have a voucher system; each person has an allocated amount of air miles for every 10 years which would hopefully reduce the amount of flying.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 17

48 Leo Murray, Director of Innovation and a co-founder of Possible, commented that “there’s certainly scope for taxing air travel higher” but “most of the reduction in flights comes from people at the bottom of the income spectrum, and you effectively make air travel the preserve of a wealthy elite”. Instead, Murray proposes a frequent flyer levy: “give everybody one tax-free flight each year, with tax kicking in at the second flight and rising incrementally with each additional fly after that within a given year.”

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4.5 Infrastructure and City Planning

Many ideas focused on the need for better infrastructure and city planning to decarbonise our society, in ways like reviewing all major road building projects and diverting money towards active travel networks.

Large roads were also seen as problematic due to the destruction of habitats, deforestation, increased GHG emissions and the isolation of rural communities (as the user suggested that large roads often only connect cities). - Dialogue Overview, p. 17

Matt McDonald, Transform Scotland, commented on the “huge road building programme the Scottish Government continues to pursue” which “will lock us into unequal, unjust future high emissions as the car continues to dominate transport spending in Scotland”.

As noted in section 4.1, active travel networks were promoted by several speakers.

Another point highlighted the need for improved housing estate planning. The user suggested that new houses are currently being built in places where tenants must rely on their cars. They hoped that our planning system could be changed so that neighbourhoods are not built around the need for personal cars. - Dialogue Overview p, 17

Housing estate planning Lori McElroy, on the Home & Communities stream, explained that a lot of the land which has been “banked” by housing developers is not near transport hubs. Therefore, the construction of new homes in these areas will increase road traffic and residents will require private cars in the absence of alternative transport options.

49 Sandy Halliday (Gaia Group) added: “Our transport choices contribute 18% of our domestic carbon footprint. But for many people, these are not choices at all, but the consequence of poor planning and negligence of real needs. The dominance of new houses or peripheral estates eating up green field land, with parking for two cars but no access to amenities, no local shops, child or medical care, jobs or play. These create reliance on high impact travel - people have little choice but to drive to the supermarket, conveniently located as planning gain.”

Planning system During Weekend Four, members of the Home & Communities stream discussed how Scotland should change how it plans its communities to tackle the climate emergency in an effective and fair way. Daisy Narayanan, Sustrans, provided an overview of the planning system, referring to the National Planning Framework and promoting Local Place Plans. Heather Claridge, Architecture and Design Scotland, discussed how to take a whole- place approach to planning. Councillors Anna Richardson and Lesley Macinnes discussed the climate action plans in place for Edinburgh and Glasgow.

Infrastructural changes to the public transport system There was no explicit mention of priority bus lanes however, as noted above, several speakers supported investment in public transport including buses and trains. Councillor Lesley Macinnes explained to members on the Home & Communities stream that Edinburgh City Council is investigating “freight transport hubs on the edge of our city and greener delivery methods into our city, businesses and residents” but she did not explicitly describe a shift to rail.

Jillian Anable, University of Leeds, also mentioned the transport of goods: “We need to think about how we reduce the amount of freight miles, as we call it - how many miles our goods travel that we're buying - and seeing if we can make and buy things closer to home is a big part of the solution”.

50 4.6 Working Environment

Many respondents highlighted that working-from-home (WFH) and reducing commuting reduces pollution and GHG emissions. The effect of WFH on people's mental health was mentioned, as it can be potentially detrimental and increase feelings of loneliness. Local work hubs were suggested for this.

A four-day working week was also suggested as a new way of working, which would reduce commuting as well as improve mental wellbeing.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 18

Working from home David Symons, UK Director of WSP, discussed the misconception that working from home is better for the environment: “It's commonly assumed that those of us that are fortunate to be able to work from home are improving the environment. But a recent study that we led in WSP showed that actually, that is not always the case.” This statement was based on the finding that if only one person is WFH, heating their house and using electricity throughout the day, then the emissions from commuting to work will actually be less. WFH becomes a more sustainable option when more than two people from a single household are WFH.

Four-day working week Regarding mental health, Will Stronge, Director of Research at Autonomy, advocated for a shorter working week, referencing studies that show a strong correlation between long working hours and the carbon intensity of our economies. He stated: “I think whether we think about it from an environmental angle, a mental health angle or social economic justice angle, I think a shorter working week is something which we need to move to this century.”

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4.7 Green Jobs

Users thought we should re-train those who work in big carbon-polluting industries to move Scotland away from fossil fuel reliance and create greener jobs. The users thought that opportunities should be given to unemployed people, who could help educate about climate change.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 18

51 Jim Skea, Chair of the Just Transition Commission, explained “Scotland and the UK are world-leading in terms of offshore operations and many of the skills needed for offshore oil and gas platforms can be redeployed for offshore renewables [...] But all this won't happen by itself. It needs skills, development and retraining.”

In a conversation about effective change, Rachel Statham, Senior Research Fellow at IPPR Scotland, stated that “government has a really important role to play in shaping [the] transition [...] by creating new green jobs that are accessible to everyone, by supporting people to retrain or to gain new skills to make them move from high carbon industries, like oil and gas, into good quality jobs in growing low carbon industries”.

Sara Thiam, Chief Executive of the Scottish Council for Development and Industry (SCDI), discussed how work, education and training need to change to enable Scotland to transition to net-zero. She noted that “shortages of green skills are a major barrier, especially in renewable energy, construction, manufacturing, energy efficiency and renovation and resource efficiency”. Thiam proposed a “green skills revolution”: “The prize is to create new jobs in the new green industries of the future, right here in Scotland, raising wages and living standards, boosting productivity and attracting inward investment as a result.”

Elizabeth Leighton (Existing Homes Alliance) also explained the need to work with industry and grow green jobs in Scotland through “skills, training, apprenticeships.”

Representatives from The Conservation Volunteers and Scottish Environment Link, promoted the concept of a National Nature Service: “A jobs programme that will enable unemployed people to find paid work and training in nature conservation, give a range of transferable skills for future jobs at the same time as rebuilding depleted natural resources”.

Dr. Calum Macleod (Policy Director for Community Land Scotland) referenced Bridgend Farmhouse, located in one of Edinburgh's most socially deprived areas, which provides training and volunteering to build local residents’ skills and confidence.

52 4.8 Wellbeing

Many ideas focused on creating a sense of community in our societies to create a sense of togetherness. Ideas included creating networks to pool resources and different skill sets. - Dialogue Overview, p. 18

Several speakers on the Home & Communities stream discussed sharing cultures. Heather Claridge (Architecture and Design Scotland) described eight principles of carbon conscious design including, “a place that supports sharing... That encourages the sharing of assets and services in places to enable lower carbon living and connects people to their neighbourhoods. This can range from sharing tools, bikes, electric vehicles, to sharing accommodation and civic facilities.” Amanda Grimm (Transformation of Culture Officer at Creative Carbon Scotland) referred to the Circular Arts Network which “allows arts and craft organisations to swap and share materials, like a specialist Gumtree.” Members were also shown a video of Marmalade Land - a co-housing scheme in Cambridge.

Another user mentioned it’s worth looking at the benefits of changing our lifestyle to our health. They mentioned that reduced air pollution meant less respiratory diseases, active travel contributed to healthier individuals and adopting universal basic income or shorter work week reduced stress. The user said that this would then reduce the burden on the NHS.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 18

Health Kathryn Dapré, Head of Energy & Sustainability at NHS National Services, commented on the link between the climate emergency and health referencing the particularly striking statistic that “poor air quality, which is caused mainly by transport and building emissions, accounts for around 2,000 premature deaths each year in Scotland”.

Universal basic income Jamie Cooke from the Royal Society of Arts, promoted universal basic income as a tool to provide stability in our changing society as we address the climate emergency: “People are living precarious lives, if they are struggling to survive the week, then it can makes it an awful lot harder for them to be able to challenge and change behaviours that take longer term thinking that we'll have a longer term benefits and impact… [universal basic income] gives that trust and security to individuals, to be able to build and choose how to live their lives more successfully.”

Shorter work week As noted above in section 4.6, this was discussed by Will Stronge, Autonomy.

53 HOMES AND COMMUNITIES

In the Dialogue Exercise, respondents showed a keenness to improve the energy efficiency of homes and upgrade heating systems. However, users identified several barriers to doing so, including costs and unclear guidance. Communities was the most dispersed across the Dialogue Exercise, intersecting with several other themes.

Over Weekends Three and Four, members on the Home & Communities stream heard presentations on the following questions:

1.How should Scotland change its existing homes to tackle the climate emergency in an effective and fair way? 2.How should Scotland change how it builds new homes to tackle the climate emergency in an effective and fair way? 3.How should Scotland change how it plans its communities to tackle the climate emergency in an effective and fair way? 4.How should Scotland change how it delivers community services to tackle the climate emergency in an effective and fair way?

To determine which ideas from the Dialogue Exercise have been covered in the Assembly process, this chapter considers the following themes: Heating Improving our homes Water use Communities and decision-making Communities and infrastructure Sharing

54 5.1 Heating

Respondents requested “a review of the market distortions favouring gas” and called for the end of gas boiler installation, particularly in new builds.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 20

Market distortions Elizabeth Leighton (Director of the Existing Homes Alliance) explained that current subsidies have created an economic landscape which disproportionately favours gas. She called for incentives, loans and grants in order to “level the playing field for electricity”.

In a conversation about effective change in Weekend 3, John Ward from the Grantham Institute explained how market conditions are shifting in favour of renewable energy: “12-14 years ago, it cost around about three times more to generate a megawatt hour of electricity from offshore wind than it did from gas fired power generation [...] Today, both costs are pretty much the same and, looking out into the future, I think we can be confident that many renewable energy technologies will actually be cheaper than the traditional technologies.”

End of gas boiler installation Rab Bennetts OBE (Bennetts Associates) promoted a shift “from gas boilers and generators to heat pumps that work off renewable electricity”. This subject was also referenced by Lori McElroy, discussed in detail below.

Participants suggested that alternative fuel sources included geothermal energy, heat pumps, solar heating systems and hydrogen boilers. Users expressed their frustration at the costs of alternative heating systems.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 20

Alternative fuel sources During Weekend 3, the informant for the Home & Communities stream was Lori McElroy, Professor of Architecture at the University of Strathclyde. During her introductory presentation on new build homes, McElroy referred to the Scottish Government’s New Build Heat Standard which is being developed to ensure that, from 2024, new buildings use heating systems which produce zero direct emissions at the point of use. She explained, “it is already enshrined in law that no new houses will have gas heating after 2024”.

55 Regarding alternative fuel sources, speakers on the Homes & Communities stream discussed a range of solutions:

- Elizabeth Leighton described options for low carbon heating in rural, suburban and urban settings. These solutions included heat pumps (powered by air, water or hydrogen), electric storage heaters, biomass, and “local heat networks where there’s a source of renewable energy generation in the area”. - Matt Lipson (Energy Systems Catapult) promoted the concept of “heat as a service” using heat pumps, hydrogen boilers and district heat. - Rab Bennetts OBE (Bennetts Associates) promoted a shift “from gas boilers and generators to heat pumps that work off renewable electricity”.

Costs In response to the inclusion of ‘fairness’ in the overarching Assembly question, speakers in the Homes & Communities stream were asked to consider issues such as cost and accessibility:

- Lori McElroy provided definitions of fuel poverty and explained that the “Scottish Government is investing heavily in energy efficiency, while also moving us towards low carbon and renewable heat” in order to tackle this issue. - Elizabeth Leighton suggested “work[ing] with industry to reduce the upfront costs” of alternative energy systems, and proposed that “vulnerable and fuel poor households should get priority and grant support”. - Matt Lipson introduced members to the concept of “heat as a service” which would allow people to use a phone application to keep track of their heating and spending, and enable fuel-poor households to be identified and supported.

Some respondents claimed it was currently unclear which alternative was most suitable when trying to replace an existing boiler and felt it was up to the Government to make it more evident.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 20

56 In order to make the adoption of alternative energy solutions easy and fair, Elizabeth Leighton proposed “a big engagement campaign with advice, support, incentives, building on what’s already offered by Home Energy Scotland.” She also suggested the creation of local plans which detail the possible heat solutions in each area so that consumers can make informed choices about their energy system, answering questions such as: “Is there going to be a heat network that you can connect to, or should you go for your own heat pump?” In addition, Leighton suggested the creation of individual building renovation maps so that occupiers know “what’s already been done to [their] house and what needs to be done in the future to get to net-zero”.

In contrast, Matt Lipson (Energy Systems Catapult) explained the complexity of home heating and argued, “people care more about their experience than how it's delivered”. He placed less emphasis on public knowledge of low-carbon heating, focusing instead on the role of energy providers in delivering energy-efficient, low carbon heating: “We’ll pick the temperatures we want, our provider can recommend the best solution for us, and we can all go low carbon when we replace our boilers.”

In the Dialogue exercise, some respondents expressed frustration at the lack of control/ power people had to make changes to their homes, particularly when living in private rental properties. It was suggested that incentivising landlords to upgrade from existing boilers could simultaneously mitigate climate change and alleviate fuel poverty.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 21

Tenants’ lack of control/ power over changes to their rental properties was not explicitly referenced in the Assembly. However, several speakers made suggestions about how to assist and encourage landlords to drive a transition to low carbon energy systems.

Elizabeth Leighton proposed that the Scottish Government “produce a clear roadmap so everyone knows what needs to be done and by when”. She proposed, “national standards for all homes, a high energy efficiency standard by 2030 and a phasing out of fossil fuel heat” - solutions which provide “certainty for the homeowner and landlord to invest and for the supply chain to grow their workforce to meet a guaranteed demand”.

Lori McElroy stated, “the Government’s [Energy Efficient Scotland Route Map] is designed so that not all homes have to meet the standards at the same time to give homeowners and private landlords a chance to catch up with the social rented sector”.

57 She explained there are “various funding mechanisms in place to support this'' including loans and schemes targeted at hard-to-heat homes, elderly people, people with health conditions and people in fuel poverty.

Jon Turner, Chief Executive of Link Group (a registered social landlord), also made a recommendation regarding the challenges faced by social landlords in Scotland: “[We] need a short life working group set up between the Scottish Government and registered social landlords to look at how are we going to set targets [...] After that, I think once you've agreed that direction of travel, you can look at the really important issue of affordability.”

Community ownership of energy was a common idea by users and was frequently suggested for heating schemes.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 21

During Weekend Four, representatives from Community Energy Scotland and Uist Wind discussed community-led implementation of energy systems. The representatives referenced the following example: “On the island of Barra, the community has developed its own local energy plan with the wider community, learning where their energy comes from, how much they use and what it's used for. The community is looking to assess the feasibility of potential supply and demand options, create viable financial models for investment in energy distribution infrastructure, and business models for energy delivery. Through learning and engagement and their own energy system, the community is empowered to plan its own energy future, tackling fuel poverty and enabling everyone to action on climate change by lowering their consumption and switching to renewable energy.”

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5.2 Improving our Homes

Respondents agreed that retrofitting can reduce energy demand and energy waste. Many felt that double glazing and insulation was a priority, suggesting there should be loans and grants for retrofitting, and support for not-for-profit, trusted, community-led initiatives. Contributors identified other barriers to home improvement: up-front costs, the need for planning permission to make changes to homes, and high VAT on energy efficient products.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 21

58 Retrofitting Retrofitting was the focus of the Saturday afternoon session of Weekend 3. Assembly members heard presentations and discussed, “How should Scotland change its existing homes to tackle the climate emergency in an effective and fair way?”

Rab Bennetts OBE (Bennetts Associates) made suggestions regarding the creation of new energy efficient buildings and the retrofitting of existing buildings, including: - Use biogenic materials e.g. timber structures instead of concrete/steel - Avoid high cement content in concrete and plasterboard - Use recycled materials and recyclable materials - Avoid petroleum-based products e.g. nylon, carpet tiles - Obtain materials locally to avoid excessive transport emissions

Specific features of energy-efficient homes were also identified in discussions on Passivhaus standards. For example, Jonathan Hines, Managing Director of Architype, described the principles of Passivhaus design which include: “increased insulation, triple glazed windows, and airtight construction”.

Loans and grants for retrofitting & up front costs As noted above, Elizabeth Leighton of the Existing Homes Alliance discussed the provision of loans, grants and subsidies to support the adoption of low energy heating. Lori McElroy also commented on the existing “funding mechanisms in place'' to support the Government’s Energy Efficient Scotland Route Map.

Jonathan Hines, Architype, referenced the funding in place for passivhaus design: “[Scottish Futures Trust] have set an energy target for all new schools in Scotland, which local councils have to achieve every year for 25 years, in order to receive capital funding from Scottish Government. This is creating a transformation across Scotland – every local council, every architect, every engineer and every contractor is now looking for the best way to deliver to the energy standard.”

Support for community-led initiatives, planning permission and high VAT There was no explicit mention of the support available for community-led retrofitting initiatives.

Planning permission was not mentioned by speakers however, Elizabeth Leighton and Lori McElroy highlighted the importance of providing support for landlords to make changes to their properties.

59 High VAT for energy efficient products was not explicitly mentioned although, as noted above, several speakers emphasised the importance of affordability and proposed loans/ grants/ incentives to support the transition to low carbon.

The efficiency of new builds was also frequently mentioned, with respondents claiming that energy efficiency standards and quality control checks of new builds were poor. Many users called for legislative commitments and tighter regulations on energy efficiency standards, demanding that all new buildings should be carbon neutral. In particular, passive houses (Passivhaus) were viewed as the model standard to aim for.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 21

Legislative commitments and tighter regulations Rab Bennetts OBE (Bennetts Associates) referred to the lack of regulations for the construction of new buildings. He described the carbon produced during construction as “an elephant in the room” because it is “completely unregulated at the moment - it comes from all the new materials from their original sources, through manufacturer delivery and erection on site, but it also includes maintenance”.

Bennetts explained that operational carbon from the building in use (e.g. heating, cooling, lighting, lifts) is regulated but the emissions from users (e.g. computer, server rooms, production lines in factories, technical equipment in theatres, canteens) are “currently unregulated”. He therefore concluded by recommending the following: “We need to create carbon targets for the users of buildings as these activities are not currently regulated.”

Clive Wilding (Artisan Real Estate) proposed a “Kitemark benchmark system” (diagram to follow) which “measures all aspects of sustainability” including well being, waste management, water reduction, energy, sustainable construction materials, transport, land use. This would give the public a clear understanding of “how sustainable, how low- carbon” homes are: “If we were able to turn that into something, such as a Kitemark, that could help buying public drive up the low carbon agenda in housing, then maybe the industry would respond quicker.”

60 Jonathan Hines also commented on current Building Standards: “firstly the energy standards within them are simply too lax; and secondly, in reality, buildings perform much worse than those standards, sometimes as much as 3-5 times worse.”

Passivhaus Jonathan Hines, Architype, detailed the elements of good Passivhaus design including “improving the building fabric with increased insulation, triple glazed windows, and airtight construction… looking at the form and orientation of the building to maximise useful warmth from the sun, whilst shading out sun that would cause overheating… [and] third party certification [to ensure] that the construction is to the same high standard as the design”.

Chris Morgan, director at John Gilbert Architects, also referenced Passivhaus standards: “We as architects design energy efficient new buildings and renovations and we're doing Passivhaus renovations as we speak”.

Respondents noted that retrofitting and building energy efficient homes has the added benefit of creating more skilful green jobs. However, several warned that workers must be well trained to meet the necessary standards.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 22

Elizabeth Leighton highlighted the importance of growing green jobs in Scotland through the provision of skills, training, and apprenticeships. She commented that “we already have a good start with firms such as Mitsubishi, Star Renewables, Sunamp.”

61 Lori McElroy also commented on the employment potential of green energy: “It’s estimated that there are already 13,500 people employed in the low energy and energy efficiency sectors and that there is potential to create 1,200 jobs for every £100million invested. Initial investment is sitting at around £1.6billion which is equivalent to over 19,000 new sustainable jobs.”

Specific training for Passivhaus design was not explicitly mentioned however Jonathan Hines, Architype, explained, “Passivhaus has been around for more than 30 years across Europe and for the last 15 years Architype has been designing buildings in the UK to the Passivhaus standard”. This indicates that training for Passivhaus design is possible and already in motion.

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5.3 Water Use

Water usage was less frequently discussed on the platform, although some respondents did mention that water use was connected to energy use and therefore had an impact on climate change.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 22

Water usage was not explicitly mentioned in the Home & Communities stream however, it was mentioned in the Diet & Lifestyle stream in relation to water usage in textile production.

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5.4 Communities and Decision-Making

A common theme across the Dialogue was the need for communities to be more included and active in decision-making. It was felt that local groups were only included late in decision making processes and usually only asked to “comment” on plans rather than engage in their development. Respondents stressed that communities should be invited to work with decision makers from the very start and should have power over local issues such as land use and budget allocation. - Dialogue Overview, p. 23

62 Matthew Logan from Community Energy Scotland put forward several recommendations for community involvement, noting that “whilst energy is not yet a devolved power, there are a number of issues on which Scottish Government should lobby Westminster for action”. Some such issues are as follows:

- Implement a structured programme of support for community groups across Scotland to help them understand the energy transition, and to identify the opportunities and challenges this might bring, accelerating the shift towards more engaged, knowledgeable and confident community organisations - Utilise approaches that build on local knowledge and reflect the characteristics, risks and priorities of local communities - Support the development of community-led local energy plans across Scotland - a local energy plan enables communities to look at existing and future energy needs, identify priorities for action, and creates opportunities for local authorities and community organisations to collaborate

Daisy Narayanan, informant for the Communities section, also commented on the importance of community engagement in the creation of 20 minute neighbourhoods: “What should be in a 20 minute neighbourhood? These will be defined by communities who live there. Each community will have its own unique expectation of the services and facilities that they need.”

Heather Claridge, Architecture and Design Scotland, highlighted community engagement as a key principle of good design: “The fourth principle is a place designed for and with local people. This involves placing people’s needs at the centre of decision-making, service provision and investment in our places, and ensuring that everybody with an interest in a place takes an active role in key stages of the design process.”

Current democratic systems were seen as failing local communities and respondents requested greater funding. Some felt that regional citizens’ assemblies could be a tool to facilitate community action.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 23

There was no explicit mention of regional citizens’ assemblies but, as noted above, community engagement was a central theme in many presentations.

63 5.5 Communities, Infrastructure and Ownership

Community ownership and community-led initiatives were widely discussed across the themes. For example, participants thought that communities should be supported in buying and managing land.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 23

Members in the Homes & Communities stream heard from representatives of Community Energy Scotland and Uist Wind about community-led implementation of energy systems. In addition to the recommendations listed in the section above, Matthew Logan from Community Energy Scotland proposed several other actions for the government:

- Take a more proactive, innovative and forward looking approach to developing the national energy grid in order to future proof the energy system and support community energy development - Act now to prepare communities for the energy transition - Go beyond investing in the technical side of energy systems and focus on behavioural change and engagement - Stop imposing energy interventions and help local people understand their relationship with energy and how they may benefit from system change

Respondents felt that access to nature was important for wellbeing and would encourage people to protect nature. It was suggested retiring farmers could be encouraged to hand land over to communities.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 23

Phil Prentice, Scotland’s Towns Partnership, described the Love Local campaign which involves “reminding people that they can’t change the world but what they can do is change the stuff around them that's meaningful, for their families, for their local environment, for the green space, for their local high street, for resilient food supply, supply chains, etc.”

There was no explicit mention of farmers handing land over to communities. See section 3.0 and 3.11 for more details on land ownership.

Users had several other ideas for community land use including community rewilding projects, providing more green spaces (such as parks and gardens), and access to allotments for small scale growing and animal husbandry.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 23

64 As noted above, Phil Prentice, Scotland’s Towns Partnership, described the Love Local campaign which involves community-led, meaningful change “for their families, for their local environment, for the green space, for their local high street, for resilient food supply, supply chains, etc.”

Regarding allotments, Dr. Calum MacLeod of Community Land Scotland provided the following example of a community project: "Bridgend Farmhouse, located in one of Edinburgh's most socially deprived areas provides training and volunteering to build local residents skills and confidence and reduce social isolation. Much of that work is done through Bridgend's garden kitchen, which sources local food from its allotments. This is community ownership as social renewal with climate benefits; helping people to eat healthier, locally sourced food and reinforcing their place as valued members of the community.”

Professor Sandy Halliday from the Gaia Group also mentioned allotments and in reference to the long waiting times and lack of choice surrounding food options she said, “the average waiting time for allotments exceeds 10 years.”

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5.6 Sharing

Participants felt that by promoting a sharing culture we could simultaneously tackle throw-away habits and foster community cohesion through initiatives like community wardrobes, shared fridges, tool libraries, toy libraries and car and cycle share schemes.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 24

Heather Claridge from Architecture and Design Scotland described eight principles of carbon conscious design including, “a place that supports sharing... This encourages the sharing of assets and services in places to enable lower carbon living and connects people to their neighbourhoods. This can range from sharing tools, bikes, electric vehicles, to sharing accommodation and civic facilities.”

65 Amanda Grimm, Transformation of Culture Officer at Creative Carbon Scotland, also supported a sharing culture, referring to the Circular Arts Network which “allows arts and craft organisations to swap and share materials, like a specialist Gumtree.”

See section 3.10 for more information on sharing in a circular economy.

However, contributors also identified financial barriers and expressed a desire to see the Scottish Government invest in sharing culture schemes.

- Dialogue Overview, p. 24

Caro Overy, Carbon Management Planning Officer at Creative Carbon Scotland, explained that “Creative Scotland, the arts funding body, asks every cultural organisation to which it gives financial support to report their annual carbon emissions and to create a plan to reduce their carbon footprint”. She states that this gives artists and organisations “permission [...] to spend time, effort and money on working their way towards net-zero”. She asked, if “perhaps this should be part of all grants from local government or other bodies? And perhaps promoting the sustainability work could be a funding requirement?” In the same presentation, Amanda Grimm from Creative Carbon Scotland described a sharing culture - where “arts and craft organisations swap and share materials” - thereby linking the idea of government funding with a sharing culture.

66 ANNEX: SPEAKER LIST

Alan Renwick, UCL Alastair McInroy, Mobility as a Service (MaaS), Technology Scotland Alice Larkin, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Amanda Grimm, Creative Carbon Amanda Thomson, UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Ameena Camps, Uist Wind Andy Kerr, Climate-KIC Andy Smith, Loganair Anna Beswick, Adaptation Scotland, Sniffer Anna Birney, Forum for the Future Anna Gyrka-Macphail, Obesity Action Group, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow Anna Hughes, Flight Free UK Anna Richardson, Councillor, Glasgow Arabella Kennard, Community Energy Scotland Ben Twist, Creative Carbon Bruce Wilson, Scottish Wildlife Trust Calum MacLeod Community Land Scotland Caro Overy, Creative Carbon Chris Morgan, John Gilbert Architects Chris Stark, Climate Change Committee Chris Warhurst, University of Warwick Clive Mitchell, NatureScot Clive Wilding, Artisan Real Estate Craig Dalzell, Common Weal Craig McCormack, Green City Wholefoods Daisy Narayanan, Sustrans Dan Barlow, ClimateXChange Dave Reay, University of Edinburgh David Harkin, Historic Environment Scotland David Symons, WSP (professional services) Debbie Adams, The Conservation Volunteers Deborah Long, Scottish Environment LINK Deirdre Shaw, University of Glasgow Eilidh Watson, Young Royal Scottish Geographical Society Elizabeth Leighton, Existing Homes Alliance Ellie Harrison, Get Glasgow Moving Fabrice Leveque, Climate Emergency Response Group, WWF Scotland Goldsmith Street (YouTube video)

67 Heather Claridge, Architecture & Design Scotland Hwyel Lloyd, Active Building Centre Iain Docherty, University of Stirling Iain Gulland, Zero Waste Scotland Iain Stewart, University of Plymouth Iona Taylor, Link Group Jamie Adam, Community Energy Scotland Jamie Cooke, RSA Scotland Janette Webb, University of Edinburgh Jessica Sinclair-Taylor, Feedback Jillian Anable, University of Leeds Jim Skea, Just Transition Commission John Dickie, Child Poverty Action Group John Ward, Grantham Research Institute Jon Turner, Link Group Jonathan Hines, Architype Jonathan Hinkles, Loganair Julia Steinberger, University of Leeds Kaisie Rayner, Royal London Group Kate Crowley, University of Edinburgh Katherine Trebeck, Wellbeing Economy Alliance Kathryn Dapré, NHS Scotland Keesje Avis, Nourish Scotland Keith Anderson, Scottish Power Kevin Anderson, University of Manchester Kristin Bash, Faculty of Public Health, Food Special Interest Group Laurence Bourton, UK Health Alliance on Climate Change Leo Murray, Possible Lesley Macinnes Councillor, Edinburgh Libby Peake, Green Alliance Lori McElroy, University of Strathclyde Lucy Gillie, South Seeds Marmalade Lane (YouTube video) Martin Kennedy, National Farmers’ Union of Scotland Matt Lipson, Energy Systems Catapult Matt McDonald, Transform Scotland Matthew Logan, Community Energy Scotland Megan Kennedy-Woodard, Climate Psychologists Michael Cook, Community Resources Network Scotland Mike Barry, Former Director of Plan A and Sustainable Business for Marks and Spencer Mike Berners-Lee, Lancaster University Mike Daniels, John Muir Trust Patrick Kennedy-Williams, Climate Psychologists Pete Smith, University of Aberdeen Phil Prentice, Scotland’s Towns Partnership Phoebe Cochrane, Scottish Environment LINK

68 Rab Bennetts, Bennetts Associates Rachel Statham, Institute for Public Policy Research Richard Hardy, Prospect Rona Mackay, Community Energy Scotland Sam Fankhauser, Grantham Research Institute Sam Gardner, Scottish Power Sandy Halliday, Gaia Group Sara Thiam, Scottish Council for Development and Industry Sarah Bridle, University of Manchester Sophie Guy-Pearson, OGUK Stacey Allen, Scottish Environment LINK Stephen Young, Scottish Land and Estates Steven Heddle, COSLA Stuart Hay, Living Streets Stuart Stevens, Scottish Fire and Rescue Service Susie Fitton, Inclusion Scotland Tahseen Jafry, Glasgow Caledonian University Will Stronge, Autonomy Zarina Ahmad, CEMVO Scotland

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