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Mare Island Cultural Landscapes Report Alden Park July 01, 2011

Prepared by: PR&P Architects Denise Bradley, ASLA, Landscape Historian Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

0.1 INTRODUCTION Figure 1: Regional Map Figure 2: Location Map Figure 3: Mare Island Cultural landscape Report Areas

0.2 MARE ISLAND HISTORY OVERVIEW Historical Context for the Mare Island Naval Shipyard1 1854-1865: Founding of the Navy Base through the Civil War 1866-1897: Civil War to the Spanish-American War 1898-1918: Spanish-American War Through World War I 1919-1938: The Inter-War Years 1939-1945: World War II 1946-1996: Cold War Era Closure

Mare Island Cultural Landscape Overview Sanger Plan Land Use Areas Street Patterns and Circulation Landscape Character within Use Areas Open Spaces Vegetation Features

0.3 EVALUATION National Historic Landmark National Register of Historic Places California State Historical Landmark California Register of Historical Resources City of Vallejo Historic District City Landmark Designation

AREA 1- ALDEN PARK

1.1 ALDEN PARK HISTORY Research Information on Alden Park History of the Evolution of the Alden Park Cultural Landscape Location of the Park Development of the Formal North End of the Park Development of the Informal Portion of the Park Summary of the Historic Character of Alden Park

1.2 ALDEN PARK DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS Spatial Organization Topography

1 Draft note: The references in this section have not been added to the bibliography yet.

July 01, 2011 - 1 - Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Table of Contents

Vegetation

Circulation Formal North End Informal Southern Portion Paths Stairs Structures, Furnishings, and Objects Flagpole Bandstand Bomb Shelters Military Artifacts Light Fixtures Benches Trash Cans Fences Tree I.D. Signs Wisteria Trellis Miscellaneous Site Furnishings

1.3 ALDEN PARK TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

1.4 ALDEN PARK APPENDICES 1.4A Alden Park Arborist Report 1.4B Alden Park Arborist Map 1.4C Alden Park Arborist Enlarged Map 1.4D Alden Park Artifact Map 1.4E Alden Park Enlarged North End Artifact Map

9.1 BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES: A1 Mare Island Historic District Map

April 11, 2011 - 2 - Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Section 0.1 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Purpose of the Cultural Landscape Report

The purpose of the Mare Island Cultural Landscape Reports is to document the Character Defining Features of each area and to lay out the treatment recommendations to preserve or restore these key features.

Information in the Cultural Landscape Report

The first section of this Cultural Landscape Report provides information that sets the context for understanding the historical significance of each of the eight landscape sites. Included within this overview is the following information:

• A summary of the historical events and missions at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard.

• A summary of the development of the island's cultural landscape.

• A summary of the designations and listings that have been made for the Mare Island cultural resources at the federal, state, and local levels with information on the status of the landscape sites within each.

• Figure 1 provides a Regional Map.

• Figure 2 provides a Location Map.

• Figure 3 shows the relationship of each of the eight landscape sites to the various historic resources designations on Mare Island.

Following this overview section are chapters for each of the eight landscape sites, each of which contains the following information:

• A summary of the history of the specific landscape site.

• A description and analysis of the cultural landscape for the specific landscape site in order to identify the character-defining features that convey its historical significance.

• Treatment recommendations for the specific landscape site based on the Secretary of the Interior's Rehabilitation Standards and Guidelines

• A bibliography of the references used in preparing this report.

July 01, 2011 - 1 - Section 0.1 Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report INTRODUCTION

• An appendix with the following figures and information:

Historical Images that show the cultural landscape at different periods of its development.

Photographs that document the existing conditions.

An Arborist Report that identifies the trees and major shrub groups within the specific landscape site, identifies potential hazards, and provides ongoing maintenance guidance.

2 CULTURAL LANDSCAPES REPORT AREA

REGIONAL MAP FIGURE 1 LOCATION MAP 1000' 2000' FIGURE 2 ,. - 2000' CULTURAL LANDSCAPE REPORTS AREA MAP Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Section 0.2 MARE ISLAND HISTORY OVERVIEW

MARE ISLAND HISTORY OVERVIEW

Historical Context for the Mare Island Naval Shipyard1

This section is an excerpt of pages 8-16 of the historical context section prepared by Mary L. Maniery for the Integrated Cultural Resource Plan for Army Lands at Mare Island National Historic Landmark (2002) which is extracted from the comprehensive historical overview of Mare Island in the Mare Island Historic District National Register Registration Form prepared by JRP Historical Consulting Services (1996). This excerpt focuses on the development of Mare Island from 1854 to its closure in 1996 and the events that affected the developmental phases on the Shipyard. The longer history in the National Register Registration Form provides a broader view of Mare Island's role in national event and naval history.

1854-1865: Founding of the Navy Base through the Civil War

The founding of the Mare Island Naval Shipyard can be traced to the military occupation of California after the cession of the area from Mexico in the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and the closely related need to preserve civil peace during the chaotic Gold Rush years in California. California, admitted to the Union in 1850, was slow to develop civil institutions to manage the transfer from Mexican authority and the burgeoning Gold Rush population. The United States military, Army and Navy, represented an important stabilizing impact on the civil institutions of California during this period.

While the Army established many small installations throughout California during the 1850s, the Navy established only one base on the West Coast—Mare Island. Mare Island was the only such facility in California for many years.

After the Mexican War, the Navy’s Pacific Squadron, consisting of 14 vessels, remained the most obvious representative of U. S. strength in California. As such, the Navy was an important participant in the Gold Rush. Similarly, the Gold Rush had a significant impact on the Navy. With the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo the Navy was left with the task of defending a nation with two sea frontiers some 2,500 miles apart by land, but 14,000 miles apart by sea. The maritime commerce and trade initiated by the Gold Rush and the growth of San Francisco demonstrated the importance of the new sea frontier in the Pacific. The task of protecting California’s shores and the ships that sailed to and from her various ports led to the expansion of the Pacific Squadron as the mightiest naval power on the Pacific (Delgado 1990:123).

In 1852, Secretary of the Navy, William A. Graham, commissioned a board of naval officers to survey the San Francisco Bay for a protected site for a navy yard. In July of that year the board notified Secretary Graham that they considered Mare lsland to be the most suitable location in the region. On the recommendation of the Board of

1 Draft note: The references in this section have not been added to the bibliography yet.

July 01, 2011 - 1 - Section 0.2 Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report MARE ISLAND HISTORY OVERVIEW

Officers, the U.S. Government bought the island in 1853 for $83,491 and a floating dry-dock was moved into place in the Mare Island Strait (Lott 1954: 8-9, 21).

Based on observations made at the site, one of the board members, Bureau of Yards and Docks Engineer, William P. S. Sanger, conceived the original plans for the navy yard at Mare Island. The buildings at Mate Island were initially grouped according to the bureau that oversaw their function. Within the shipyard area shops that dealt directly with ship construction tended to be clustered around dry-docks and building ways, while those associated with manufacturing equipment were grouped at the northernmost end of the yard. The Bureau of Ordinance originally administered two groups of shops under its jurisdiction, one for manufacturing guns and shells in the shipyard and one for storing explosives at the south end of the island. Personnel from the Bureau of Surgery and Medicine oversaw the original dispensary and then later the hospital.

In August 1854, the Secretary of the Navy assigned Commander David Glasgow Farragut to Mare Island as the station’s first commandant. Farragut and his Superintendent of Yards and Docks, Daniel Turner, set about construction of the smithery, steam engineering complex, and storehouses (Lott 1954: 24).

During its early years, the shipyard existed chiefly to service commercial vessels, underscoring its role as a stabilizing influence on the development of California and the West Coast. When the base was founded in 1854 the Pacific Squadron consisted of only seven ships. Dozens of commercial ships, as well as ships of foreign registry, docked at Mare Island for repair. By 1858, the importance of the repair facilities at Mare Island for both private and public vessels was being realized. During the Civil War, the yard ensured that ships of the Pacific Squadron were available for service (Johnson 1963: 215; Lott 1954: 31; U.S. Navy 1858).

In 1856, Farragut received a request from the Acting Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography to temporarily store ordnance material at Mare Island. Around the same time the Bureau of Yards and Docks asked for recommendations for a site for a magazine to store ordnance from ships under repair at the Navy Yard. Farragut located the ammunition depot at the southern end of the island. The site was chosen for two reasons: warships could easily unload ordnance there for storage before proceeding to the shipyard for repairs; and the bluffs of up to 300 feet provided the shipyard buildings and personnel natural protection from explosion (Lott 1954:64; Vann 1995).

Given its rather limited function and the relatively few warships in the Pacific Squadron at the time (7 to 14 vessels), the Ammunition Depot remained small during this period. Except for the buildings described above, the depot required few other structures. The size of the Ammunition Depot remained relatively static until after 1892 when the Navy instituted changes in ordnance handling policy.

- 2 - July 01, 2011

Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Section 0.2 MARE ISLAND HISTORY OVERVIEW

1866-1897: Civil War to the Spanish-American War

After the Civil War the U.S. Navy lapsed into a period of decline that lasted nearly 20 years. At war’s end, the Navy, with over 700 ships, was one of the strongest in the world. Yet by the mid-1870s, the government had auctioned off or sold for scrap more than two-thirds of this force (Alden 1943:282).

The decline in the Navy and U.S. Merchant Marine that followed the Civil War did not have an immediate effect on the shipyard at Mare Island. In 1866, the floating dry-dock serviced over two dozen foreign and domestic ships. This number soon declined as the nation’s interest in sea trade waned and the Navy responded by cutting the fleet.

Despite the neglect American naval equipment suffered during this period, in 1872 the U.S. Congress recognized the defensive importance of a well-maintained Pacific fleet to the defense of the nation by authorizing construction of a stone dry-dock at Mare Island. The dry-dock was the Navy’s second and the first on the West Coast.

The process of reclaiming the tidelands south of the shipyard began prior to 1898. According to the Sanger Plan, material from the uplands was to fill this area to make it an even grade with the Shipyard North. By 1874, however, the only major improvement to the area was a roadway through the tules and a small pier that served as a landing for the hospital and stables complex (Johnson 1963:108; Lemmon and Wichels 1977: 3; Noel 1978: 242).

The function of the ammunition depot changed little during the early years of this period, with crews from each ship still responsible for the handling and storage of their own ordnance. This being the case, little improvement was needed except for additional storage as the number of ships in the Pacific Squadron increased. After an explosion killed 15 sailors in 1892, the Navy and the Bureau of Ordnance changed the policy of ordnance handling. In addition to having only qualified civilians do the work, the Bureau designated separate facilities for loading and unloading shells. The construction of a filling house and a gun cotton magazine in 1895 appear to reflect this policy change.

Throughout this period the south end of the island was used for pasture and farmland. Hay and grains were grown on the uplands for the many animals used on the island. A vineyard was planted near the location of Magazines 217 and 218 sometime between 1874 and 1878. This vineyard flourished for about 10 years.

Shortly after the establishment of Mare Island Naval Shipyard in 1854, Commander Farragut requested a Marine guard for the safety and protection of the station. It was not until 1862, however, that a contingent of 140 Marines was ordered to Mare Island. Captured and released by the Confederacy while in the Caribbean, the Marines finally arrived at Mare Island in 1863. They were temporarily quartered on the USS Independence, and then in the loft of the unfinished foundry. Permanent quarters were not established until 1871 (Lott 1954: 76; U.S. Navy 1863).

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1898-1918: Spanish-American War Through World War I

During the 1880s and 1890s, the United States watched the major powers of Europe and Asia increase their spheres of influence through territorial expansion. America’s program of expansion, including naval expansion, came to fruition during this period and the Mare Island facility grew enormously as a result.

The Spanish-American War (1898) was a momentous event in American history; it gave the United States a colonial empire, and it marked the emergence of this country as a world power. The Spanish-American War also demonstrated that two fleets were needed, for fighting against even one weak empire required operations in two oceans. Congress appropriated $50 million for national defense and the Navy rushed to mobilize. The far western Pacific naval bases were called upon to support the war effort in the Caribbean. In one month the work force at Mare Island almost doubled from 900 to 1,700. Mare Island Naval Shipyard continued to expand in the early 1900s, particularly during Roosevelt’s presidency (1901-1908). Before 1900 only 8 ships had been built at the Mare Island shipyard; in the next 18 years 30 ships were constructed at the building ways, 10 before World War I and 20 during the war years (1914-1918) (Braisted 1971; Lott 1954: 255; Munro 1964).

Mare Island yard crews were busy repairing ships for the Spanish-American war effort on the night of March 30, 1898, when a severe earthquake struck Mare Island, sending brick chimneys and walls and slate roofs tumbling down. The quake severely damaged the Steam Engineering shops at the north end of the shipyard, 14 officers’ residences on Walnut Avenue, and the naval hospital building (Lott 1954:125-127; U.S. Navy 1898b; Vallejo Evening Chronicle March 31, 1898). The Navy requested $350,000 for repair and reconstruction of 32 buildings at the navy yard damaged in the earthquake. The surgeon-general asked for another $100,000 to rebuild the hospital. The Marine Corps’ buildings suffered minor damages with repair costs estimated at $5,425 for damages to the Marine barracks and officers’ quarters (U.S. Navy 1898a, 1898b, 1898c).

The development of the waterfront and investment in public works by the Bureau of Yards and Docks was quite remarkable immediately after the Spanish-American War, and the trend continued through the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. During this ten-year period, 17 officers’ quarters, eight civilian employee residences, and 83 workshops, storehouses, offices, and miscellaneous structures were built on Mare Island. The Ammunition Depot, Hospital Reservation, and the Marine Corps area also expanded during this period.

During the nineteenth century, the Navy contracted the construction of most of its vessels to private industry. After the Spanish-American War, Mare Island and other naval yards insisted they be allowed to compete with private yards in shipbuilding. Finally, Mare Island was awarded the contract for building the steel-hulled training ship USS Intrepid, a full-masted sailing vessel. The launching of the USS Intrepid on October 8, 1904, signaled the emergence of Mare Island as a shipbuilding plant. Mare Island next constructed two steel colliers, the USS Prometheus (1908) and the USS Jupiter

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(1912) (Neuhaus 1938). The construction of the two successful collier projects was followed by construction of several smaller river boats in the years leading up to the outbreak of World War I. The only other large ships undertaken at Mare Island prior to the war was the 5,500-ton steel oil tanker USS Kanawha and her sister ship the USS Maumee (Lott 1954: 147-157).

Many improvements to the shipyard shops, storehouses, dry-docks, and shipways were undertaken at Mare Island to prepare for the coming of the Pacific Fleet in preparation for World War I. But even with all these improvements channel restrictions inhibited access to Mare Island shipyard by the largest battleships and cruisers of the fleet. Thus, Mare Island constructed only one battleship, the USS California launched on November 20, 1919. Construction of destroyers remained the yard’s specialty. Eight destroyers were launched at Mare Island during World War I and another eight commissioned during the war were launched by 1920. Supplying these vessels (and all others constructed or repaired at Mare Island) with ammunition was the responsibility of the Mare Island Ammunition Depot (U.S. Navy 1916 64:1).

During the mobilization effort, the Navy formulated a six-year building program that included an unprecedented expansion of Navy facilities by the Bureau of Yards and Docks. The preparedness program of 1916 provided for expansion of the fleet and dry- docks, Marine bases, fuel depots, training stations, arsenals, and other shore facilities to service the fleet. A large part of the Bureau of Yards and Docks activities pertained to improving and equipping Navy yards for the construction of ships. Another of the Navy’s immediate needs was trained men, and the Bureau built at least 35 training camps, many of which (like the training camp on the South Shipyard at Mare Island) were erected with temporary structures located on ungraded open space at existing naval facilities (Peltier 1961: 16-17). When the country eventually entered the war, one of the most complete mobilizations of the personnel and materials resources of the country was undertaken (U.S. Navy n.d.a.: 19).

1919-1938: The Inter-War Years

Following World War I, the Pacific Fleet was placed under the command of Admiral Hugh Rodman. To accommodate the fleet, the Navy planned the construction of new shore facilities on the Pacific coast and the enlargement of existing ones. Mare Island obtained waterfront improvements and a dramatic expansion of its shipbuilding capabilities.

The Helm Investigating Commission of 1916 recommended that the San Francisco Bay Area receive the main home base of the Pacific Fleet. However, that commission de- emphasized the importance of Mare Island as a home base because of the impracticality of bringing carrier and larger battleships into the shallow and narrow Mare Island Strait. Nearby San Pablo Bay and the Straits of Carquinez contained limited deep water for anchorage of the fleet. Furthermore, the Mare Island site was as limited in its land base as it was of a deep navigable channel. As the debate unfolded in the years following World War I, the Navy Department clearly favored a mid-bay site.

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For various reasons, including a Naval disarmament treaty in 1922, Mare Island evaded an attempt to downgrade its facility to a second-class naval yard. The shipyard retained its designation as the principal West Coast supply depot and its drydock facilities remained open for ship repair and refitting. Despite its physical disadvantages, Mare Island fulfilled its mission by improving the navigable channel in San Pablo Bay and Mare Island Strait, making waterfront improvements, modernizing its repair plants, enlarging the supply depot, and upgrading other facilities for the maintenance and operation of Naval forces in the Pacific (Braisted 1971: 225-230, 475-490; Lotchin 1992: 42-43). Mare Island and the other shipyards were kept busy completing shipbuilding work commissioned during World War I.

Mare Island also became the major West Coast submarine repair facility during this time. Special facilities to serve submarines, namely quarters for personnel, special supplies, and some special repair facilities, made it a significant submarine base. Mare Island Naval Shipyard continued to expand its submarine repair base throughout this period and was awarded a contract to build its first submarine in 1925.

The increasing appreciation of the strategic and commercial importance of the Pacific in the interwar years was reflected in the continued growth of the Yard. Shops were rearranged and modernized, transportation and docking facilities extended, and the shipbuilding ways improved. The hospital, ammunition depot, and submarine repair base areas were developed further with modern, Bureau of Yards and Docks designed fireproof buildings. Mare Island was finally connect to the mainland by a causeway in 1919. An unproved causeway was constructed some distance to the north in 1935. The latter structure is still in use (U.S. Navy n.d.b. “Causeway”).

Waterfront structures all around the island were rebuilt in the early 1920s to repair the damages done by the marine borer teredo that had invaded Mare Island Channel, destroying wharfs pilings, and piers. These damages were gradually overcome by the replacement of the wood structures with quay walls, piers, and wharfs constructed of concrete or stone. Much of this work was completed by 1925 using station labor (U.S. Navy 1925).

The 1930s brought fundamental physical changes to Mare Island that opened new areas to construction. One was the removal of Dublin Hill, a tract of high land near 5th and Walnut streets; the other was the reclamation of tule land through the construction of dikes and levees to capture the spoils of channel dredging.

Land reclamation in the 1930s roughly doubled the usable acreage on the island. The low-lying tule lands on the north end of the island were raised above the high tide line and became available for construction of housing, shops, storehouses, shipbuilding, and a proposed aviation field. Areas along the western, southern, and southeastern shoreline were also leveed and diked to reclaim additional acreage for expansion of the ammunition depot, additional berthing slips, and expansion of the south shipyard.

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After 1930 the Naval building programs of Japan, and later Italy and Germany, led the United States to reconsider its Naval requirements. During the period of 1933 to 1941, the Navy replaced over 200 obsolete, flush-deck, World War I-style destroyers. Three destroyers, USS Smith, USS Preston, and USS Hendley were built and·launched at Mare Island in 1936 and 1937 (Lemmon and Wichels 1977: 45-48; Potter 1955). The Mare Island shipyard also constructed three submarines between 1936 and 1939—the USS Pompano, USS Sturgeon, and USS Swordfish. The success and popularity of a later improved submarine design set the stage for the mass production of submarines at Mare Island Naval Shipyard that commenced in 1940 (Lott 1954: 198-203; Weir 1991: 42-43, 103-109).

In summary, the post World War I era was one of disarmament. Building activity on Navy Yards came to a virtual halt after the reduction of arms conference of 1922. Nevertheless, under a 1918 wartime appropriation Mare Island secured a modern shipbuilding plant. In the 1920s Mare Island also obtained a submarine repair base, developed a radio communications center, almost doubled its effective size through reclamation of tidelands, and dramatically expanded and improved its facilities for assembling ordnance and storing high explosives. In the early 1930s, and increasingly after 1933, shipbuilding activities escalated at Mare Island and the other Navy yards.

1939-1945: World War II

Mare Island Naval Shipyard underwent considerable growth as a result of a massive expansion of aircraft and shipbuilding industries during World War II. The number of buildings in the Industrial Department alone increased from 323 to 525 (U.S. Navy 1946).

Naval expansion and defense programs authorized building of combatant vessels and auxiliary, patrol, scout, and miscellaneous craft. Money to build the ships was released to the Bureau of Ships who in turn allotted funds to the Bureau of Yards and Docks to build the facilities to construct and repair the additional vessels (Lane 1951: 36-40; U.S. Navy 1947).

Many of the buildings erected on Mare Island during World War II were constructed as light wood frame temporary buildings. Their construction methods and their vast numbers reflect the emergency expansion of naval activities associated with World War II.

Major groupings of World War II buildings of the more permanent type occur in all sections of the base, but most notably in three areas. The North End was transformed into a major ship assembly plant with huge warehouses, barracks, vast storage yards, shops, and building ways. The Shipyard South area underwent a similar change with several of the major shops from the old shipyard relocating to this area into modem industrial shops, offices, and storehouses. These buildings are closely associated with repair of battle damaged vessels and construction of the larger warships and submarines built at Mare Island during and after the war. The waterfront in the

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Shipyard South region was also completely redesigned adding significantly to the docking and berthing capabilities of the shipyard. Finally, the Ammunition Depot continued to expand both its productive and storage capacities to handle the huge quantities of ordnance and explosives required by the war effort.

A fundamental redesign of the Shipyard South Area resulted from completion of the Finger Piers 21, 22, and 23 in 1942. These three 750-foot long piers integrated into the quay wall system added enough berthing space for 100 ships to be docked and fitted out at any given time. Other buildings were also constructed to support the bustling activity in the berthing areas.

A large number of buildings were constructed to support the Marine Security Detachment stated at Mare Island to protect the Naval Ammunitions Depot at the shipyard. These buildings included barracks, a canteen and brig, guard and sentry houses, and storage structures. Some of these buildings are within the RSC property at Mare Island.

Prior to the wartime expansion, Mare Island Navy Yard had a usable area of approximately 635 acres. By 1945, the yard covered an area of approximately 1,500 acres, including a substantial tract of reclaimed land at the north end of the island, and contained four dry-docks and eight shipbuilding ways (U.S. Navy 1946).

During World War II, the Mare Island yard was one of the busiest shipyard repair facilities in the Navy. Mare Island repaired some 31 cruisers, 43 destroyer escorts, 84 submarines, 117 auxiliaries, 165 destroyers, 9 aircraft carriers, 63 LSTs, and 5 LCTs. New construction also was undertaken during the war at Mare Island. The Mare Island Naval Shipyard constructed 5 submarine tenders, 19 submarines, 2 fuel oil barges, 4 seaplane wrecking derricks, seven floating workshops, 31 escort destroyers, 3 tank landing crafts, 6 water barges, 301 landing craft, and a 500-ton covered lighter during the war. The great majority of these ships were built between 1942 and 1944.

The shipyard was the heart of the base at Mare Island, but the other major commands at the island experienced great changes during the war also. The Marines guarded the island and continued to run the second largest naval prison in the country, prior to its closure in 1946. The ammunition depot maximized its explosive and munitions storage capacity and produced enough ordnance to supply ships constructed at the yard with ammunition. The hospital complex had ever increasing responsibilities caring for the large increase in Navy personnel stationed at the yard and treating battle casualties. The years between 1939 and 1945 were expansive ones for every command on the island.

1946-1996: Cold War Era

For Mare Island, the post-war era—until recently called the ‘Cold War’ era—was both a period of expansion and retrenchment. Many facilities, such as the hospital and prison, closed altogether, and other facilities, such as the Marines detachment, were scaled back. The shipbuilding function, the heart of Mare Island’s operation since the early

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twentieth century, essentially disappeared. Other functions, however, increased considerably, including the repair of nuclear submarines and key training functions. On balance, the Cold War meant for Mare Island a fundamental retrenchment from World War II, including a decline in personnel from 40,000 to about 10,000. The Marine Security Detachment, for example, experienced a significant decrease in its force level at the end of the war. As a result, many of the Marines’ support buildings were either abandoned or converted to other uses. Nonetheless, Mare Island remained an important facility in certain key areas.

In addition to the activation and deactivation of ships necessitated by the Korean War, Mare Island was assigned an important role in developing various specialized submarines. This early Cold War submarine work, Mare Island’s reputation as the West Coast’s submarine shipyard, and a growing emphasis on the submarine by the Navy appear responsible for Mare Island’s evolution during the Cold War into a nearly exclusive submarine-oriented shipyard (Ryan 1981).

The Cold War led Mare Island through an evolution from a major Naval Base to an ever smaller facility increasingly dependent upon its industrial activity as the basis for its existence. The frenzied pace of 1945, in which upwards of 40,000 workers were involved in the construction and maintenance of a variety of ships plus countless thousands more in the form of ships’ crews, hospital patients, and so forth, was initially replaced in 1946 by an equally frantic downsizing at World War II’s end. The long-term trend at Mare Island after 1945 was the deactivation of major facilities and their replacement with a handful of commands and missions of lesser size and importance scattered throughout the base. This trend ended with the final closure of Mare Island as a naval base in 1996.

Closure2

In 1989, there were approximately 10,000 employees on Mare Island. The downsizing of the Shipyard workforce began in 1989 due to a number of factors. Defense spending was cut to reduce the national deficit, newer naval vessels required less maintenance, and the end of the Cold War reduced the need for defense facilities and operations. The Base Closure and Realignment Commission (BRAC), in its June 1993 report to President Clinton, recommended the closure of Mare Island. President Clinton approved the Commission's recommendations in July 1993, and the 103rd Congress accepted the decision. When Congress confirmed closure in October 1993, Shipyard employment was limited to approximately 5,800 civilians. The Navy completed its scheduled work by the spring of 1995, and the Shipyard was closed on 1 April 1996 (City of Vallejo 2008: 11).

2 Excerpt from the Mare Island Specific Plan Amendment.

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Mare Island Cultural Landscape Overview

In the Mare Island Specific Plan Design Guidelines, Winter & Company analyzed the evolution of the island's landscape by comparing historical maps that were available from 1898 (when the island still was largely laid out according to the Sanger Plan), 1923, 1944, 1950, and 1971 and developed a typology of certain aspects of the landscape character of the island. These maps and historical photographs, reviewed by Winter & Company, indicated that development patterns on Mare Island were shaped by four primary factors—industrial uses, topography, circulation and access, and the range of military missions on the island. However, the predominant land use—the shipworks—was the primary force that shaped the development of the island's cultural landscape (Winter & Company 2005, I-3 to I-4).

The following discussion of these development patterns draws from the National Register Registration Form (JRP 1996), the Design Guidelines prepared by Winter & Company in 2005 as part of the Mare Island Specific Plan, and an unpublished manuscript (1974) that summarized the horticultural history of the island by the late E.D. Wichels, local historian and former Chief Clerk and Administrative Assistant at the Shipyard.

Sanger Plan

The original plan for Mare Island was developed by William P. S. Sanger, Civil Engineer of the Navy Department, in the mid-1850s based on site observations he made during the summer of 1852 as a member of the Board of Officers sent to choose a site for a California dock and naval yard. His drawings were then formalized by planners in the Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks (JRP 1996: 8-7; Cardwell 1985: 30).

The Sanger Plan covered the relatively level plateau at the original north end of the island (now, due to fill, the center of the island) and created five central north-south axes: the wharf or quay wall along Mare Island Strait, Dock Street (later renamed California Avenue), Railroad Avenue, Walnut Avenue, and Cedar Avenue (now called Azuar Drive). These axes, which are oriented parallel with the Mare Island Strait shoreline, established the primary orthogonal grid of the island. The first four streets provided access to the various locations within the shipyard area and supporting residential use areas, while Cedar Avenue served as the primary approach to the Marine base and hospital areas. Commander David Glasgow Farragut was sent to establish the new yard and took command on 16 September 1854. Farragut added the island's principal east-west axis, Central Avenue (now called 8th Street) to the plan. This street extended from the ferry slip on the wharf past the central administrative offices (Building 47) to the Commandant's Quarters. For most of the 19th century, Central Avenue provided the principal point of entry into Mare Island Navy Yard. Additional routes across the island were dictated by topography and/or marshlands. Although there were several roads extending to the southern tip of the island, these were either poor and muddy much of the year or else wound around over the high bluffs located at that end of the island (JRP 1996: 8-8; Cardwell 1985: 32).

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These roads established a basic framework that separated the land uses on the island into a three broad bands or tiers that were organized based on their need for proximity to the waterfront. The first tier contained the industrial land uses associated with the shipyards which required access to Mare Island Strait. The shipyard area was backed by a 100-foot roadway and a second tier with three blocks labeled as park spaces. (Cardwell in his 1985 history noted that at that time the word "park" on the plan did not necessarily mean a landscaped area but was rather a space which had been assigned a use [Cardwell 1985: 31-32]). The original administration building (Building 47) was built in this second tier and two major parks, Alden Park and Irwin Park, were ultimately developed on its south and north sides, respectively. These parks provided a buffer between the industrial area and the residential land uses, with the Officers' quarters and the original Marine Parade Grounds and barracks, which were developed in the third tier of the plan. Development during the first two decades followed the Sanger plan with the first major modification coming in 1874 when the stone drydock was added by Civil Engineer Calvin Brown, and at the end of the 19th century, Mare Island closely resembled the plan laid out by Sanger almost 50 years earlier ((Winter & Company 2005: I-3; Cardwell 1985: 33).

Land Use Areas

The locations of specific functions were initially influenced by the topography of the island. Munition storage was confined to the island's south end where it was segregated from active uses by the island's natural cliffs and hillsides. The shipyard was constructed on flat lands along the eastern side of the island adjacent to the Mare Island Strait. Accessibility by both land and water also dictated development patterns. Access from San Pablo Bay and Mare Island Strait required that buildings be aligned along the shorefront. The variety of activities required by the Navy created a diversity of land uses that closely resembled a municipality. Dating from the mid-1800s, Mare Island included residences, industrial facilities, medical facilities, and office buildings and had designated parks, open lands, and recreational facilities (Winter & Company 2005, I-3 to I-4).

The southern end of the island contained the Naval Ammunition Depot (NAD) and was the least densely occupied area where the natural landscape remained the least altered, due to its usage over time for munition storage. The landscape here was characterized by open spaces, dotted with magazines. The only area to be intensively developed was the eastern waterfront. Buildings in this area date from the 1850s through the end of World War II; the majority of these date to the two world wars. Ancillary uses located in the south end of the island include a golf course and reservoirs (JRP 1996: 7-10).

The Hospital (occupied today by Touro University) was located just north of the NAD near the center of the island (in an east-west direction). This area was intensively developed with large buildings (most pre-dating World War II), an internal circulation system, and formal landscaped spaces.

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The Marine Corps Area was located to the west of the Hospital in the areas on the east and west sides of the hillside that separates the east and west sides of the island. The Marine Corps Area was the least cohesive of the areas of the island in terms of the function, dates of construction, and architectural styles of the buildings and other elements of the built environment. The core of the area was the Marine Corps compound, which included a Parade Ground, barracks from 1917, officers' quarters dating from 1888 that were moved to their present location from elsewhere on the island around 1953, and ancillary buildings (including the Naval prison). The large amount of open land in this provided the site for an expansive post-World War II housing expansion, and the Marine Corps Area came to be dominated by post-1945 residences, most of which are duplexes built in the 1950s and townhouses dating from the 1960s. The curvilinear street patterns within these post-World War II housing areas were also distinct from established grid pattern in the older residential areas to the east. These modern residential areas (which ultimately comprised more than half of the Marine Corps Area) were not included within the Mare Island Historic District (JRP 1996: 7-10 to 7-11).

The Shipyard South was located along the flats on the east side of the island, east of the Hospital and the Marine Corps Area. This was the most exclusively industrial area of the island and was dominated by massive industrial buildings, most of which were built between 1920 and 1945. The open spaces around the buildings were essentially all paved or occupied by railroad tracks. The Shipyard South was bounded on the east by the Finger Piers and the World War II-era drydocks (JRP 1996: 7-11).

The Shipyard North was located just north of Shipyard South. It was bounded on the east by drydocks and a long quay wall. Like the Shipyard South area there was virtually no green space within this area, and all open spaces were paved. However, in comparison with the scale of the buildings in the Shipyard South area, this area was dominated by relatively small industrial buildings. This area contains the oldest industrial buildings on the island, and according to the National Register Registration Form: "Taking into account architectural merit and historical merit, the Shipyard North is the heart of historical Mare Island; it includes the oldest, most handsome, and historically significant buildings on the island" (JRP 1996: 7-11).

The Residential-Administrative Area was bounded by Shipyard North to the east, the Shipyard South to the south, the Marine Corps Area to the west, and the North End to the north. Historically, this area was built around Dublin Hill, a substantial hill near the center of the natural island. While the hill existed, this area was used almost exclusively for residential purposes and included a broad mix of military and civilian housing. Dublin Hill was removed incrementally during the early 20th century and was essentially gone by the 1930s. The leveling of this hill provided opportunities to construct large administrative buildings. (The excavated material from the hill was used for fill in the reclamation efforts in other parts of the natural island.) According to the National Register Registration Form: "This area competes with the Shipyard North when measured using the twin criteria of architectural merit and historical significance" (JRP 1996: 7-11).

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The North End consists entirely of fill area that was reclaimed chiefly during the 1920s and 1930s. By the 1930s, the North End had been partially built out but was not used intensively until World War II. However, the bulk of the World War II-era buildings were demolished in the post-World War II era leaving many areas of the North End vacant. Today, the North End can be characterized as having some remnants of the World War II-era expansion, many newer structures, and vast expanses of open space much of which is paved. Most of the North End was left out of the Mare Island Historic District because of the lack of integrity for the remnants of the pre-1946 built environment and the dominance of post-1945 buildings in this area (JRP 1996: 7-11).

Street Patterns and Circulation

Internal circulation on land within the industrial areas (Shipyard North and South) was initially dictated by rail accessibility along major rail lines and also along shorter spurs connecting individual buildings (Winter & Company 2005, I-3 to I-4).

The original street grid was established to provide direct connections between buildings and the shipyards. The physical configuration of the island and the long, unobstructed shoreline ensured direct, multiple routes between the water's edge of Mare Island Strait and the naval facilities. Initially, several east-west streets were constructed at regular intervals to allow for direct links to the waterfront; 8th Street was the earliest, followed by other numbered streets. Other streets ran the length of the Island and parallel to the waterfront (California Avenue, Railroad Avenue, Walnut Avenue, and Cedar Avenue/Azuar Drive). The intersection of these two street layouts created a strong orthogonal street grid that became the primary organizing element for development. All major streets aligned with the original orthogonal grid established by the Sanger Plan, with the exception of South Railroad Avenue, which wound through the munitions receiving and storage areas. Streets and avenues accessing major administrative facilities and larger-lot residential development also aligned on the Sanger Grid.

At the southern end of the Island, a change in the natural topography from level land to undulating hills resulted in a winding, curvilinear road that linked the shipyards to the munitions storage area. The road in this area hugs the base of the hills and continues around the island, paralleling the shoreline and connecting to munitions storage facilities on the southeastern end of the island.

By 1950, residential densities were increasing and the older established internal grid networks were supplemented with new concentric and curvilinear streets in the post- World War II housing built in the Marine Corps Area on the western side of the island; most of these new street layouts likely reflected emerging master planning and urban design principles of the era. Although the curvilinear streets did not reflect established development patterns, they responded to the nearby undulating shoreline. Three high- density, residential post-World War II developments in Coral Sea Village, Farragut Village, and Guadalcanal Village were laid out along curvilinear street patterns (Winter & Company 2005: I-11).

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Landscape Character within Use Areas

Most building orientation arrangements on Mare Island reflected the historic grid established by the Sanger plan. The majority of buildings aligned with street edges, resulting in view corridors down major streets. There are three notable exceptions to this rule. Bunkers and munitions storage facilities located atop the hill at the south end of the island were sited along topographic contour lines, historic residential housing (the Watchman's House) located atop the knoll overlooking munitions storage also followed contours, and some industrial buildings flanked railroad tracks that did not align with the Sanger Grid (Winter & Company 2005: I-12).

As would be expected, building setbacks varied according to land use. In the industrial areas, the majority of buildings aligned to create a distinct development edge along the street. The primary factors in determining industrial building setbacks were the amount of exterior storage as dictated by building function and/or land use and access requirements such as the need for rail access and any turning movements and associated radii for the railroad tracks. There were several very long and narrow buildings whose setbacks allowed for rail access between the buildings. Individual rail spurs required additional space to ensure adequate turning radii (Winter & Company 2005: I-12).

Residential setbacks varied according to housing type and density (which was dictated by the rank of military personnel), the location of the housing, and its date of construction. The historic Officer's Quarters along Walnut Avenue was set back from the street to allow for expansive front lawns, street trees, and sidewalks which created a landscaped streetscape along Walnut Avenue. Smaller single-family homes flanking Cedar Avenue were also set back from the street, although their setbacks were not as deep as those along Walnut Avenue. The presence of these setbacks in the residential areas resulted in a distinct street character that readily differentiated the areas of residential development from other parts of the island. Vegetation located in these setbacks helped to create both physical and visual buffers between the streets and adjacent land uses. Trees also help give character to the street itself, particularly along Walnut and Cedar avenues, the north-south aligned streets (Winter & Company 2005: I-11 to I-12).

Because Mare Island was under single ownership, individual parcel lines and public right-of-way boundaries were generally not established. However, by the end of the 19th century, separate and distinct residential lots along Walnut Avenue had been created. Historical photos dating from the 1920s residential show lot lines in the Officers' Quarters area delineated by fences and internal access roads. The landscapes within these individual lots were shaped by the families living in each quarters and so the arrangement of features (placement of outbuildings, location of gardens, pedestrian paths, etc.) varied from lot to lot (Winter & Company 2005: I-11).

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Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Section 0.2 MARE ISLAND HISTORY OVERVIEW

Open Spaces

Several open space and park elements contributed to the overall character of the island and within the historic core of the island provided buffers between different land use areas. These included a plant nursery, a cemetery, three designate parks, a parade ground, and various recreational facilities.

A nursery was established between the Marine Corps Area and Officers Quarters. This area included fields for growing or storing plants, flower gardens, and greenhouses. The nursery continued to appear on historic maps up until 1950 (Winter & Company 2005: I-11).

A cemetery was designated at the southeastern end of the Island, and appears on all maps and has remained the same size and general configuration since 1889 (Winter & Company 2005: I-11).

Parade Grounds were established in conjunction with the Marine Corps area. The original Parade Grounds transitioned into active recreational facilities that included ball fields and tennis courts. As the Marine Corps area expanded to the west, the Parade Grounds were eventually relocated and no longer served as the primary organizing element for the base. In 1953, Building 866 was constructed on the site of the original Parade Grounds and both the building and associated storage and surface parking utilized the entire area of the former parade grounds. New Parade Grounds were designated adjacent to the Marine Headquarters Building (M-37), which became the focal point of this area (Winter & Company 2005: I-12).

Through the end of the 19th century, the two original designated park areas—Alden Park and Irwin Park—were rectangular in shape and occupied entire blocks of the Sanger Grid on either side of the Administration Building. During the first half of the 20th century, industrial and administrative land uses expanded into the areas adjacent to these parks and building densities increased. Alden Park remained largely intact. However, by 1923, a number of buildings had been constructed on the western edge of Irwin Park, alongside Railroad Avenue. Additional buildings were added over time and by 1971, what had been Irwin Park was reduced to a small strip of land flanking Walnut Avenue. An additional park space was designated as a result of the construction of the St. Peter's Chapel in 1901. Chapel Park, as it became known, was located at the southern end of Walnut Avenue and buffered the historic Officers' Quarters housing development from the encroaching industrial development along Railroad Avenue. During the early 20th century the trees in these three parks along with the street trees along Cedar Avenue, and the trees on the Hospital grounds (including today's Clubhouse Drive Park) formed a spine stretching the length of the developed part of the island (Winter & Company 2005: I-12).

As housing on the island expanded, additional recreation facilities were introduced in the open space areas. Historical maps show tennis courts, baseball diamonds (some include bleachers), softball fields, children's playgrounds, volleyball courts, swimming pools and wading pools, and basketball courts. In 1944, Morton Field, located at the

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intersection of Causeway Road and Walnut Avenue, was established. At this time, expansion of the industrial uses extended to Sears Point Road. It was during this time that active recreation facilities were introduced into industrial areas as well. These facilities may have been considered acceptable substitutes for dedicated passive park lands, which remained limited to the three aforementioned Alden, Irwin and Chapel Parks (Winter & Company 2005: I-11 to I-12).

Vegetation Features

As noted in the description of land use areas above, the industrial areas of the island were largely devoid of green spaces and their open spaces were dominated by pavement. Formal landscape features such as street trees, lawns, and foundation plantings were confined to the administrative and residential areas. Administration buildings, including the Building 47 and those at the Hospital, had formal entrances were surrounded by expansive green spaces and associated gardens. The designated parks (i.e., Irwin, Alden, and Chapel parks) also were landscaped with trees, shrub groupings, and lawns. With the exception of the landscape immediately adjacent to the NAD quarters and the area for the golf course, the open spaces in the munitions area on the south end of the island and along the western edge of the island were not formally planted. The history of the development of the designed landscape areas— including the eleven landscape sites identified as contributing resources to the Mare Island Historic District's significance3—reflected these general patterns. The specific history of the designed landscapes for the eight landscape sites covered in this Cultural Landscape Report will be described in the chapters on each.

Overarching the history of the individual landscape sites was the history of the introduction and use of plant materials on Mare Island which came to be known for its wide variety of introduced species. Written records from 1854, by Commodore Farragut and others in his original group who established the naval yard, noted that in addition to tule grass there were groves of California live-oak, toyon, and buckeye on the bluffs at the southern end of the island. Within a few years, local plant materials were being added to the island's landscape and which began a long tradition horticultural diversity on the island. One of earliest additions was a gift of California walnut trees from Alameda County in 1858 and a wagon shipment about the same year from the Monterey area of a large number of native plant materials. E. D. Wichels, a local historian and the former Administrative Assistant to the Shipyard Commander who prepared a typewritten summary of the history of the horticulture on the island in 1974, noted that this shipment resulted in the creation of "several parks" of which only Alden

3 Eleven landscape sites were identified as contributing resources to the Mare Island Historic District; these included the Mare Island cemetery, palm trees near Building 505 in the radio station complex, the landscape around the Naval Ammunition Depot quarters, the Hospital grounds, Clubhouse Drive Park which contains the remnants of the setting for the chief medical officer's quarters, Chapel Park, Officers' Row on Walnut Avenue, Alden Park, Farragut Plaza in front of Building 47, the landscape around the Marine Commandant's quarters, palm trees along Azuar Avenue, and the Marine Corps Parade Ground (JRP 1996: 7-73).

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Park and the Mare Island Cemetery remain in some form today. These park areas were originally planted with "many hundreds of Monterey cypress, a few Monterey Pines, and some California Sycamore from the Big Sur region" (Wichels 1974: 1). A major change in the vegetation on Mare Island began in 1868. In August of that year Commodore James Alden assumed command of the Navy Yard. Previous Commandants believed that the climatic conditions and prevailing summer winds precluded the growth of large trees on the island. Alden concluded otherwise and shipped in a schooner full of shade, fruit, and ornamental trees including pine, poplar, locust, almond, apple, olive, bay, elm, eucalyptus, apricot, fig, and willow (JRP 1996: 8- 19; Lott 2005: 97-98). Alden left after only seven months but this tradition of bringing plants on ships bound for Mare Island continued. During the late 1860s plants from the East and Gulf coasts were brought. Wichels notes that "this was probably influenced by the fact that the successive commandants were easterner and yearned for eastern foliage. Because of the long voyage time between the Atlantic Coast and the Pacific Coast by sailing vessel . . . .only deciduous varieties were brought, and these during the dormant season" (Wichels 1974: 2).

During the late 1870s through the 1880s horticultural additions included a shipment of silk oaks from the Channel Islands off Santa Barbara and "the largest single shipment of many varieties from Norfolk Island which lies about 100 miles east of Sydney;" however, the only record of trees to remain from this shipment are the two iconic bunya-bunya trees in front of the Administration Building. A large variety of eucalyptus were introduced during this period. In 1888, someone (usually identified as a Vallejo minister) brought a slip from a wisteria plant the San Gabriel Mission in southern California (which was supposedly over 200 years old and the largest wisteria in the world) back to the island. This slip grew into the wisteria that covered the porch on the south side of the Administration Building up until 1962; today it is located in the southeast corner of Alden Park (Wichels 1972; Wichels 1974).

A Tree Inventory and Evaluation Study prepared for the island's trees in 1993 noted that "just as the architecture of Mare Island mirrors the history of this country through various periods, so do the landscape plantings. The trees planted in the Alden Park and Captains Row area in the late 1800s reflect the expansionist, colonial attitude of the age. Trees from Australia, China, Japan, and the Western Pacific dominate the plantings" (DeLorenzo Associates 1993: II-1). David Streatfield, who has written extensively on the gardens of California, characterized the tendency for many immigrants to attempt to adapt a new environment and make it more familiar by infusing elements from the places left behind. Alden's initial importation of plants from the eastern United States onto Mare Island was an example of this type landscape adaptation. Streatfield also noted that California gardens were soon influenced by the use of an extraordinarily wide range of plants. California’s nurseries helped to fuel this explosion of plant materials by providing a wide variety of plants—ones that were familiar to the East Coast, ones that had been grown in California during the Spanish and Mexican periods, and ones that were considered exotic (many from Australia). Nurserymen and gardeners were experimenting to see what types of plants would grow in California’s ornamental gardens. By the close of the 19th century California gardens encompassed a “daring experimentation with new plant material” (Streatfield 1985:

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62-65; Streatfield 1994: 37). (It was not until 1878 with the publication of Charles Shinn’s Pacific Rural Handbook that there was widely available information that addressed the climate and needs of California.) On Mare Island, this experimentation was reflected in the tradition of ships bringing plants from exotic locales to the island and then in the 20th century by trial plantings undertaken in association with the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

In 1925, the Shipyard entered into a relationship with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry. The island served as an arboretum to test the introduction of new imported drought resistant varieties. These included five varieties of acacias (Wichels does not provide the variety names in his history), coralbush, and several varieties of Tamarix. Wichels noted that between 1937 and 1940 "a large number of other plants were introduced" but that space permitted him describing only a few.4 This relationship with the Bureau of Plant Industry lasted until the beginning of World War II. These efforts as well as the oversight and management of the island's horticulture were overseen by two men who served as the head gardeners for the Shipyard, E. B. Burgle and James Wilson. The island's nursery was located in the area between the Marine Base and the Officers' Quarters and included a nursery, flower gardens, and greenhouses; this area appears on historical maps up until about 1950 (Wichels 1974; Winter & Company 2005: I-11).

Many of the early plantings from the late 19th century have been lost due to the realignment of streets and the development of former green spaces for industrial uses as the naval yard expanded. Additionally, droughts during the first 10 years of the 20th century and again in the early 1920s led to the loss of many plantings because of the prohibition against irrigation (due to the island's limited water supply. Locust, catalpa, poplar, ailanthus, and the American elm are examples of trees species that remain from this early period of planting (Wichels 1972; Wichels 1974).

The horticultural character of the island changed in the decades between the two world wards when older plantings were removed—some due to disease and some to mission changes that led to land use changes—and new species gained prominence on the island. For example, the streets in north Mare Island were planted with black acacia in the 1920s because this species was considered drought tolerant (and the island had

4 He listed the following: four varieties of Persica nectarines, a bottlebrush of a variety not commonly found in nurseries, a dwarf black mulberry from China (the last specimen died in the late 1960s), Albizzia thorelli from China, Alconsoa acutifolio from Peru, a Buddleia from 7,000 feet elevation in interior China, Celastrus from China, a clematis(from 9,000 elevation in Afghanistan (it had died by 1972), Desmodium from the Punjab in India via a "New Jersey Station" which "didn't like Mare Island and died," two hollies from Nanking China planted between Quarters M and N, several species of lantana from Peru (but "which resemble varieties obtainable in all nurseries"), Rhododendron aroreum from Madras India (he noted that it required high temperatures and had been planted in the shade and had "not succeeded"), Fuschia arborescen from Ceyon which was characterized by winter flowering (but had not grown well in the Mare Island climate), a jujube from China that grew "exceedingly well" and was located in Quarters A, a Hakea from Australia located at Quarters A (in 1974) and which was one of only two specimens in California (the other was in the City Park of Benicia), a Cryptocarya amiersii from Chile at Quarters H (the only other know specimen was in Capitol Park in Sacramento), the only Jacaranda on Mare Island at Quarters O (Wichels 1974).

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experienced several prolonged droughts during the first two decades of the 20th century); the acacias thrived until they were removed due to the World War II construction in this part of the island. In the early 1920s, a blight destroyed most of the remaining Monterey cypress on the island; these were replaced with other varieties of conifers including Sequoia giantea, coast redwood, Douglas fir, Sitka Spruce, and Jeffery pine (all purchased in 1929) which came to be the dominant evergreen species. Rhododendron and azalea varieties brought in from Mendicino and Humboldt counties were added during the 1920s.In other cases, certain varieties of trees simply did not flourish and left only limited evidence of their use—for example, the native dogwoods planted throughout the Officers' Quarters area in the late 1920s and flowering Japanese cherries which were planted to line the causeway in the 1920s.

The horticultural character of the island continued to be changed through the closure of the Shipyard in 1996 by the changing popularity of plants. For example in the 1970s, when a tree was removed, the policy was to plant a new tree, and the favored species at that time were Magnolia grandiflora, birch, California incense cedar, Sequoia gigantea, pistachio, podocarpus, camphor, ash, Chinese elm. The favored flowering trees and shrubs used during the 1970s included the arbustus, pittosporum, rhahiolepais, leptospermum, oleander, and camellias. Within the Officers' Quarters area, the plantings around the houses changed frequently due to the preferences of officers and their families who added and removed plants during their stays on the island and (Wichels 1972; Wichels 1974).

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EVALUATION

As the oldest shipyard and naval facility on the West Coast, Mare Island has been recognized for its historic significance by the federal, state, and local governments. The eight landscape sites in this Cultural Landscape Report have been identified as contributing to the historic significance of Mare Island as part of these previous evaluations and designations. No additional evaluation of these eight landscape sites was undertaken in this Cultural Landscape Report. Rather, the focus has been to identify the character-defining features that convey each landscape's historical significance and to provide treatment recommendations for the preservation and rehabilitation of these character-defining features in order to ensure the preservation of the landscape's historical significance. The following is a summary of the designations and listings that have been made for the Mare Island cultural resources at the federal, state, and local levels and identifies status of the eight landscape sites within each.

National Historic Landmark

National Historic Landmark (NHL) designation is made the Secretary of the Interior and is reserved for significant historic pales that possess exceptional value or quality in illustrating and interpreting the heritage of the United States. This is the highest level of federal recognition available for historic resources (NPS 2011a).

A portion of the Mare Island Naval Shipyard was designated as a NHL on 15 May 1975. This listing was divided into four geographically distinct areas or groupings and included 50 buildings and structures, 42 of which are extant. See Figure 3 for the location of NHL Areas A, B, C, and D.

Area A is the Historic Core which contains some of the most significant structures on the island, including the oldest shops, some of the oldest residences, the post chapel, the first drydock constructed on the West Coast, and the main Administration buildings. Alden Park, Farragut Plaza, the Officers' Quarters, and Chapel Park are located within the NHL Area A.

Area B is the U.S. Naval Weapons Annex at the south end of the Island. It contains munitions storage facilities and the original base cemetery. None of the landscape sites in this Cultural Landscape Report are located within NHL Area B.

Area C is the hospital complex. This elongated area along Azuar Drive (formerly Cedar Avenue) containing three 19th century buildings that are not physically contiguous but were grouped together due to their visual connection along Azuar Drive. The landscape around the Marine Commandant's Quarters and the palms along Azuar Drive are located within NHL Area C.

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Area D includes the four relocated officers' quarters which were moved to a small tract south of the Marine Corps Parade Ground around 1953. The original location of these quarters (1888) was on the north side of the Sangar Plan parade ground. None of the landscape sites in this Cultural Landscape Report are located within NHL Area D.

The entire NHL is located within the Mare Island Historic District boundaries (See National Register of Historic Places below) and the Specific Plan Area.

National Register of Historic Places

The National Register of Historic Places (National Register) is the nation's official list of cultural resources that have been identified as being worthy of preservation. Authorized under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, the National Register is part of a nation-wide program to coordinate and support public and private efforts to identify, evaluate, and protect America's historic and archeological resources. Listed properties include districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that are significant in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture (NPS 2011b). See Figure 3 for the location of the Mare Island Historic District boundaries.

The Mare Island Historic District was listed in the National Register on 21 January 1997. The National Register Registration Form provided the following summary statement of significance:

"The Mare Island Historic District is significant at the national level, with a period of significance extending from 1854 to 1945. It is significant under National Register criteria A, C, and D in the areas of: military history (Criterion A), relating to its role in defense of the nation during the Civil War, Spanish American War and World Wars I and II; industry (Criterion A), relating to its preeminence among shipyards on the West Coast during nearly the entirety of its period of significance; architecture (Criterion C), relating to its important collection of architectural specimens from many eras; engineering (Criterion C), relating to its inclusion of distinguished examples of structural engineering; and archeology—historic, non-aboriginal (Criterion D), relating to the known and predicted presence of subsurface deposits that contain information important to our understanding of the history of Mare Island shipyard, 1854-1920" (JRP 1996, 8-1).

As nominated by the U.S. Navy, the Historic District includes 502 buildings, structures, and landscapes and one archaeological site comprised of 27 separate features. These buildings, structures, and landscapes are not individually listed on the National Register but are identified as contributing resources on the Registration form. See Figure 3 for the boundaries of the Mare Island Historic District. The area within and contributing features of the Mare Island Historic District provide the basis for the California Register of Historical Places and City of Vallejo historic district designations.

Eleven landscape sites were identified as contributing resources to the Mare Island Historic District; these included Alden Park, the Mare Island cemetery, Clubhouse Drive

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Park, Chapel Park, Farragut Plaza, the hospital grounds, the landscape around the Marine Commandant's quarters, the landscape around the Naval Ammunition Depot quarters, Officers' Row on Walnut Avenue, palm trees along Azure Drive, palm trees near Building 505 in the radio station complex, and the Marine Corps Parade Ground (JRP 1996: 7-73).

Eight of these eleven landscape sites are included in this Cultural Landscape Report: Alden Park, Clubhouse Drive Park, Chapel Park, Farragut Plaza, the landscape around the Marine Commandant's quarters, Officers' Row on Walnut Avenue, palm trees along Azure Drive, and the Marine Corps Parade Ground.

California State Historical Landmark

State Historical Landmarks are sites, buildings, features, or events that are of statewide significance for their anthropological, cultural, military, political, architectural, economic, technical, religious, experimental, or other historical value (California OHP 2011).

The entire area within the Mare Island Historic District was listed as California State Historical Landmark No. 751 in 1979 due to its status as the "First U.S. Naval Station in the Pacific" (City of Vallejo 2008: 27).

California Register of Historical Resources

The California Register of Historical Resources (California Register) is the state version of the National Register program. For the most part, the California Register parallels the National Register in the criteria it provides for listing and protection. Pursuant to enabling legislation enacted in 1992 (AB 2881) the California Register automatically includes California properties formally determined eligible for or listed in the National Register, as well as all local listings and all California State Historical Landmarks beginning with listing No. 770 (California OHP 2011).

The Mare Island Historic District is automatically included on the California Register on based on its National Register listing and includes the boundaries and the same 502 buildings, structures, and landscapes and one archaeological site identified as contributing resources.

The eleven landscape sites identified in the National Register Historic District are also contributing resources to the California Register Mare Island Historic District (City of Vallejo 2008: 28).

Eight of these eleven landscape sites are included in this Cultural Landscape Report: Alden Park, Clubhouse Drive Park, Chapel Park, Farragut Plaza, the landscape around the Marine Commandant's quarters, Officers' Row on Walnut Avenue, palm trees along Azure Drive, and the Marine Corps Parade Ground.

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City of Vallejo Historic District

In 1999, the City of Vallejo Preservation Ordinance of the Vallejo Municipal Code (Chapter 16.38) was amended to include the Mare Island Amendment. The Mare Island Historic District, which is coterminous with the National Register Historic District, was then designated as a local historic district. For local regulatory purposes, all the contributing resources identified in the National Register Registration Form are also defined as contributing resources under the Mare Island Amendment.

The eleven landscape sites identified in the National Register Historic District are also contributing resources within the local historic district (City of Vallejo 2008: 28).

Eight of these eleven landscape sites are included in this Cultural Landscape Report: Alden Park, Clubhouse Drive Park, Chapel Park, Farragut Plaza, the landscape around the Marine Commandant's quarters, Officers' Row on Walnut Avenue, palm trees along Azure Drive, and the Marine Corps Parade Ground.

City Landmark Designation

Concurrent with the creation of the Mare Island Historic District in 1999, the City designated each of the 42 surviving NHLs as a City Landmark (City of Vallejo 2008: 28).

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HISTORY OF ALDEN PARK

Research Information on Alden Park

The focus of the research for the Alden Park in this Cultural Landscape Report was a review of primary and secondary sources for information that would aid in documenting the history of the park and in providing an analysis of its existing conditions. The collections at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) Pacific Region in San Bruno, the Vallejo Naval and Historical Museum, the Mare Island Mare Island Historic Park Foundation library, the University of California, Berkeley Earth Sciences Library Map Room, Pacific Aerial Surveys and in a number of online resources were reviewed.

The NARA Pacific Region in San Bruno is the official repository for the Mare Island Shipyard records. The Mare Island Historian's Subject Files (MIHSF) are located at NARA. These files contain a variety of information collected by Sue Lemmon during her tenure as Shipyard Historian. This collection consists of 60 boxes of topic folders arranged alphabetically; there is no index to this collection. These files are the best single source of information on the history of the evolution of Alden Park's cultural landscape and are the best source for historical photographs of the island. Of particular interest for Alden Park are the following: three folders in Box A-3 that are specific to Alden Park ("Alden Park History & Correspondence", "Alden Park 1870-1942", and "Alden Park :1943-[1996]"), the historical photographs in the folders for "Aerial Views" in Box A-1; photographs of lithographs in the folder "Lithographs" in Box L-26; and the historical photographs in the folders for "Street Scenes – Sidewalks" in Box S-54. The 1924 and 1926 planting plans (U.S. Navy Yard Mare Island 1924 and 1936) that are referred to in the Alden Park history narrative below are located in the "Alden Park History & Correspondence" folder in Box A-3. Unfortunately, according to NARA archivist Robert Glassman, plan files from the Shipyard's Public Works Department that might have contained plans for Alden Park were not archived.

The collections of the Vallejo Naval and Historical Museum include a number of resources that provide information on Alden Park including historical maps, a postcard collection, copies of the Grapevine (the Shipyard newspaper), an index to the Grapevine, an index to A Long Line of Ships (Lott 1954/2000), copies of the guide to the tree tour through Alden Park prepared by the Officers' Wives Club in 1973 and an updated version of the tour prepared in 1993, and historical photographs. Of particular interest are a series of photographs taken in 1938 of President Franklin Roosevelt's visit to the shipyard which show the formal north end of the park after the 1936 had been implemented.

The Mare Island Mare Island Historic Park Foundation's library has historical photographs. They also have a 1916 copy of Maps Navy Yards and Naval Stations; the plans in this volume provide a comparison between other Navy facilities and Mare Island; the plan of Mare Island shows buildings, roads, railroads, sidewalks, fences, water lines, streetlights, etc. Of particular interest for Alden Park is a photograph album presented to U.S. Representative Joseph R. Knowland in 1913 that provides images of Alden Park (Vallejo Citizens Executive Committee 1913).

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The University of California, Berkeley Earth Sciences Library Map Room has a collection of aerial photographs from 1965 that was flown at a low altitude (Cartwright Aerial Surveys Inc. 1965).

Previously prepared reports on the cultural resources of Mare Island that were reviewed include the Mare Island Specific Plan and its appendices (City of Vallejo 2005a, 2005b, 2007a, and 2007b), the Integrated Cultural Resource Management Plan for Army Lands at Mare Island National Historic Landmark (Maniery 2002), the Revised Predictive Archaeological Model for Mare Island (Parr Environmental Services, Inc. 2000), the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form for Mare Island Historic District (JRP 1996), and the Historical Survey of Mare Island Naval Complex, Final Report (Cardwell 1985). The Parr report contained reduced-sized copies of historical maps from 1851, 1861, 1878, 1883, 1899, 1916, 1936, and 1946.

Secondary sources that were reviewed include A Long Line of Ships (Lott 1954), Closure The Final Twenty Years of Mare Island Naval Shipyard (Lemmon 2001), Sidewheelers to Nuclear Power: A Pictorial Essay Covering 123 Years At the Mare Island Naval Shipyard (Lemmon and Wichels 1977). (Note: Copies of the historical photographs in Sidewheelers to Nuclear Power are located in the NARA MIHSF collection.)

Various National Park Service (NPS) publications were consulted for guidance on preparing this report. These included A Guide to Cultural Landscape Reports: Contents, Process, and Techniques (NPS 1998a) on the procedures related to research and documentation for cultural landscape; National Register Bulletin 18: How to Evaluate and Nominate Designed Historic Landscapes (NPS n.d.) on identifying and analyzing the character-defining features within the Alden Park cultural landscape; The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes (NPS 1996) on providing treatment recommendations for the Alden Park cultural landscape.

History of the Evolution of the Alden Park Cultural Landscape

Cultural landscapes are defined as geographic areas that have been shaped by human activity. They can result from a conscious design or plan, or they can evolve as a byproduct or result of people’s activities. They may be associated with a historic event, activity, or person or exhibit other cultural or aesthetic values.1

Alden Park, along with the Irwin Park, was one of the two original dedicated park spaces that framed either side of the Administration Building. Alden Park is located to the south of the Administration Building and Irwin Park (no longer extant) was located to the north. The park had its origins in the original development plan for the island. The design within the park was laid out by unnamed Navy personnel based on the directives of successive Shipyard commanders and in the formal north end of the park reflected naval traditions of displaying military artifacts and commemorating important naval battles or events.

1 NPS, The Secretary of the Interior’s Standard for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes (1996), 4.

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As it developed Alden Park consisted of two major areas: a formal landscape at the north end of the park that was used to display military artifacts and provided a site for military ceremonies, band concerts, and other community activities and an informal expanse of trees throughout the area south of the band stand. The history of these two areas and the key milestones and events that contributed to their evolution is summarized below.

Location of the Park

Alden Park's history can be traced back to the original 1854 Sangar Plan. The location of Alden Park as a buffer between the shipyard and the row of officers' quarters was shown as open space and labeled as "Park Platt" on the Sanger Plan. The park was originally rectilinear in shape. The north end was defined by 8th Street and extended to the end of the original officers' quarters on Walnut Avenue. Walnut Avenue defined its west side and it extended eastward to the alignment for Railroad Avenue. The north end and west side of the park have been consistently delineated by 8th Street and Walnut Avenue, respectively. However, the edges of the park on its south end and east side evolved up through the early 1900s. By the late 1890s, a road approximately at the location of the 10th Street alignment marked its south end. The edge along the east side of the park continued to be altered by the expansion of the shipyard buildings westward. By the late 1890s, the south half of the park (the area between 9th and 10th streets) had been reduced to about half of its original width and was only half wide as the north half (the area between 8th and 9th streets). Incrementally portions of the east edge of the park was eaten away by shipyard facilities. By 1936, the park was only about half as wide at its south end as it was at its north end. In plan view, the alignment of Railroad Avenue formed a diagonal edge along the park's east side so that the north half of the park (the area between 8th and 9th streets) resembled a quadrilateral; the south half of the park (the area between 9th and 10th streets) resembled a narrow rectangle (Historical Maps in Parr 2000; U.S. Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks 1916b; Google Earth 2011).

Development of the Formal North End of the Park

Commander David Glasgow Farragut took command of Mare Island on 16 September 1854 and directed the establishment of the new shipyard. He was responsible for adding the island's principal east-west street, Central Avenue (now called 8th Street), to the plan developed by Sangar. This street formed the northern edge of Alden Park. Its prominence as the principal point of entry into the Mare Island Navy Yard for first decades of the shipyard's existence played a critical role in the organization of the features at the north end of the park. Central Avenue extended from the ferry slip on the wharf past the central administrative offices (Building 47) to the Commandant's Quarters (located at the same site as present-day Quarters A) making this north end of Alden Park a highly public and centrally located space.

The flagpole, the first feature within the park, was erected shortly after Farragut's arrival, and the flag was first raised on 3 October 1854. The location of this flagpole has remained a consistent feature until the present-day—the focal point of the landscape at this north end and the basis for two axes that aligned with the central administrative offices (Building 47) and the Commandant's Quarters. When Building 1 (the Commandant's Quarters) was

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constructed in 1855, the front door of this residence was aligned with the flagpole. Originally this sightline or axis was to continue to the ferry slip but was altered in 1856 by the construction of Building 46. The original plans proposed that 8th Street would run directly from Building 1 to the ferry slip, and curve around the flagpole on either side. However when the workers began to build the foundations for Building 46 (originally the Pipe Shop, then the Smithery), the southeast corner of the building was moved about 40 feet north to be on firmer ground, and the alignment for 8th Street was shifted northward also (Lemmon n.d.). When the administrative headquarters (Building 47) was constructed in 1870, on the site of Commodore Farragut's original temporary headquarters building, its front door was aligned with the flagpole to create the second axis. Refer to Historic Images 1 and 2 for lithographs of Mare Island that illustrate the prominence of the flagpole within the landscape during the shipyards first years.

Historic Image 1. Mare Island 1857; view to east (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: H-I-L 25, Folder: Lithographs)

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Historic Image 2. Mare Island 1860; view to southwest; Lithograph by C. B. Gifford (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: H-I-L 25, Folder: Lithographs) The "beginning" of Alden Park is generally dated to 1868 when Commodore James Alden assumed command of the Navy Yard and initiate a concerted tree-planting effort on the island. Alden only commanded the shipyard for seven months but during that period established Alden and Irwin parks and planted nearly 1,000 Monterey cypress trees throughout the shipyard and in Alden Park. He is also generally credited with starting the tradition of having skippers bring flora from their voyages back to the island. This led to trees from the East and Gulf Coasts (such as locust, elm, birch, catalpa, poplar, American elm, etc.) and ultimately from more exotic travels being brought to the island (Wichels 1972 and 1974; Lemmon n.d.).

The construction of Building 47 in 1870 was another critical milestone in development of the Alden Park. As noted in a preceding paragraph, the front door of this building was aligned with the flagpole. Steps leading down the embankment in front of the building were also constructed on this same axis, and the slope in front of the building was landscaped. The axis between the entrances to the park and Building 47 and their respective ornamental plantings visually linked the two and created a formal landscape space along both sides of this block of 8th Street.

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A photograph taken around the mid- 1870s provides a view of the park during its first years. Refer to Historic Image 4 historical photograph for this view of the park. Already in this early period of the park's history, the north edge of the park was defined by a sidewalk and planting strip along 8th Street (a planked road at this point). The entrance into the park (on the north-south oriented axis) led into a broad unpaved circular space around the flagpole; some type of edging defined a Historic Image 3. Mare Island ca. 1870s; view to northeast; smaller circle in the area immediately trees in Alden Park are visible in the far background (Source: NARA , MIHSF, Box: C-D 14, Folder: Dawson Photos) around the flagpole. Although the ground within this circular display space appears to be unpaved, it is level and has the appearance of being highly maintained (by sweeping). The change in ground treatment (from dirt within the circle to grass outside) defined the edges of the circular space. A ring of bollards linked by a metal chain reinforced the edges of this space. A cannon ball sat atop each of the white painted bollards. Within the circular area, the practice of displaying military artifacts was already in evidence. At the time the photograph Historic Image 4. Alden Park ca. 1874; view to southwest th (Source: National Archives and Records Administration, Pacific was taken, a cannon (facing 8 Street) Region, MIHSF, Box: A-3, Folder: Alden Park: 1870-1942) with a pyramidal stack of cannon balls was located on eh side of the flagpole. The billet head from the USS Kearsarge is mounted on a tall iron column directly in front (north) of the flagpole.2 The landscape outside of the display circle was a contrast to this symmetrical and orderly space. There appears to be grass and a variety of deciduous and evergreen trees were scattered throughout the park creating a more informal green space around the display area. The planting island between the sidewalk and 8th Street was planted with a row of alternating evergreens (probably some of the Monterey cypress planted by Alden) and deciduous trees and two evergreens framed the entrance. A gas streetlight is visible on the west side of the entrance; these lights had been installed in 1868 (Lemmon n.d.; Lemmon 1986). This photograph illustrates the general characteristics of the park's formal north end that would remain consistent over the years: the flagpole as the central organizing element around which a formal and generally symmetrical plan was laid out; the entrance into the park in line with this flagpole and the axis between it and Building 47; the display of military artifacts; the delineation of a smaller circle around the flagpole to provide a standing platform for raising and lowering the flag; a well kept lawn (when compared to the area under the trees in the south portion of the park); a transition to a more informal landscape to the south; and a sidewalk and planting island along 8th Street.

2 This USS Kearsarge billet head and column were placed in this location on 28 October 1874 (Shipyard log quote in Lemmon 1986).

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Historic Image 6. Alden Park ca. 1907; view to south; Civil War era ordinance displayed in the area in front of the bandstand (Source: MIHPF Library, postcard image)

Historic Image 5. Alden Park ca. 1895; view to south (Source: National Archives and Records Administration, Pacific Region, MIHSF, Box: A-3, Folder: Alden Park: 1870- 1942) The next milestone in the evolution of the formal north end of the park occurred in 1895 when an octagonal, wood-frame Historic Image 7. Alden Park ca. 1913; view to north of ordinance display in front of the bandstand (Source: MIHPF Library, bandstand was built for a cost of $360 Photographic Album presented to U. S. Rep. Joseph R. Knowland) (Lemmon n.d.; Lemmon 1986). The bandstand was sited behind (south) of the flagpole so that its steps aligned with the flagpole—and the axis between the flagpole and the entrance to Building 47. There were originally only six steps leading up to its front (north) side; however by the early 1900s, the bandstand's base had been raised to its current elevation and additional steps were added. Historical photographs taken during the late 1890s and early 1900s illustrate both the consistency of the key organizing elements in this portion of the park and the periodically changing details. Refer to Historic Images 5 to 8 for views of the park during this era and for a comparison between the Historic Image 8. Ordinance Display ca. 1913 (Source: MIHPF Library, Photographic Album presented to U. S. Rep. Joseph R. two elevations for the bandstand. Knowland)

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Historic Image 9. Alden Park area ca. 1920s (Source: Historic Image 10. West edge of Alden Park ca. 1889; view NARA, MIHSF, Box: A-1, Folder: Aerials 1911-1930) north along Walnut Avenue (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: S- 54, Folder: Street Scenes – Sidewalks [up to] 1913)

Historic Image 11. West edge of Alden Park 1914; view south Historic Image 12. East edge of Alden Park 1919; view west along Walnut Avenue (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: S-54, (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: A-3, Folder: Alden Park: 1870- Folder: Street Scenes – Sidewalks [up to] 1913) 1942)

Historic Image 13. Spine of trees in Irwin, Alden, and Chapel Historic Image 14. Alden Park 1930 by photographer Clyde parks ca. 1920s (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: A-1, Folder: Sunderland, Oakland (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: A-1, Folder: Aerial Views 1911-1930) Aerials 1911-1930)

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During this pre-World War I era, the basic layout of this area retained its Victorian character. Historical photographs illustrate the growth of the trees and to a limited extent the types of trees planted in the park during the early 1900s; both eucalyptus and Monterey cypress appear to be present in these photos. However the number, type, and arrangement of the specific artifacts on display around the flagpole varied. This type of change continued over the course of the Shipyard's history and documented the evolving technology of weaponry and the new events being commemorated. Smaller changes in details that are visible in these photographs include the following: the first bollards outlining the display circular area had been replaced with the turrets of cannon buried vertically and linked by an anchor chain; some type of low hedge or perennial plant material was planted between the turrets; and small rocks were used to reinforce the edge of this circular display area. During World War I when all available iron was collected for the war effort, the cannons, chainlink fence, and iron column for the billet head were all removed; however, according to a 1986 Grapevine article, no record was ever found of what happened to the USS Kearsarge billet head (Lemmon n.d.; Lemmon 1986). T

A plan approved by the Public Works Department in January 1936 resulted in a more modern interpretation for the layout of the north end of the park. In this design, the location of the flagpole and bandstand, the use of the flagpole as the central organizing feature, and the basic axial relationships remained in tact. However, the artifact display was moved away from around the flagpole into two new beds; each bed formed a linear strip that began at the bandstand and curved toward the north edge of the park; in plan view the combined layout of the beds formed a semi-circle; and a narrow gravel strip located on each side of the bed reinforced this form. Cannons were aligned facing 8th Street and placed at equidistant intervals within these new display beds.

The second new element of the 1936 design was a sidewalk which encircled the flagpole and the bandstand; in plan view this sidewalk created a circle around the flagpole and then reflected the octagonal shape of the bandstand; the sidewalk was edged with concrete bands and paved with crushed gravel. This new path ended behind (south) of the bandstand (at least it is shown that way on the 1936 plan). At its north end, the path connected to the existing 8th Street sidewalk, which by this time had been paved with rectangular concrete pavers.

A mowed lawn was maintained in the area between the new display beds and the 8th Street sidewalk. The 1936 planting plan did not specify any plant materials for the new display beds, but several historical photographs show ivy in this area. A hedge of Escallonia rubra was planted along the back (south) side of the west display bed, and an Irish yew (Taxus baccata fastigiata) was planted on each side of the area behind (south) of the bandstand to frame the view. New evergreen trees including Giant Sequoia (Sequoia gigantean), coast redwood (S. semervirens), and deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara) were scattered about informally among the mature specimens of eucalyptus and pine in the area to the south (U.S. Navy Yard Mare Island 1936). Refer to Historic Images 15 to 18 for views of the park after these renovations.

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Historic Image 15. Alden Park 1939 (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box A-1, Folder: Aerials 1931-1940) Historic Image 16. View south along central axis in Alden Park 1937 (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: A-3, Folder: Alden Park 1870-1942)

Historic Image 17. Alden Park ca. 1930s, view southwest Historic Image 18. Alden Park 1938 (during FDR visit); view to (Source: MIHPF Library) southwest (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: A-3, Folder: Alden Park 1870-1942)

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1938 Alden Park during FRD visit.

1938 Alden Park during FRD visit.

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1936 Historical Map of the south end of Alden Park

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The 1936 design was altered by the addition of bomb shelters to Alden Park during World War II. These shelters were designed to protect personnel and residents during an attack by enemy airplanes. Because of its central location near residences, administrative offices, and the shops, Alden Park was basically filled with these bomb shelters. Supposedly construction began on 8 December 1941, the day after the Pearl Harbor bombing, and new shelters continued to be built until 1944 (Cardwell 1985). A row of bomb shelters were constructed in the area where the 1936 display beds had just been added only a few years earlier. These shelters created both a physical and visual boundary that essentially divided Alden Park into two separate landscapes. Their construction necessitated moving almost all of the military artifacts to new locations. Only those artifacts located in far northwest and northeast corners remained in place. These included the Centurion anchor in the northwest corner and the Nipsic propeller and a cannon remained in the northeast corner. A 1957 memo stated that the huge wood stock anchor from the Independence that had also been in the northeast corner before the war was moved to the Maritime Museum in San Francisco. Refer to Historic Images 19 to 24 for views of the formal area of Alden Park after these bomb shelters had been added to the front formal part of the park.

Historic Image 19. Alden Park December 1941, trenches for Historic Image 20. Alden Park after construction of bomb bomb shelter foundations (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: A-3, shelters, ca. 1952 (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: A-3, Folder: Alden Park 1870-1942) Folder: Alden Park 1943-)

Historic Image 21. North edge of Alden Park after construction of Historic Image 22. Alden Park after construction of bomb th bomb shelters, view to east along 8 Street, 1950 (Source: NARA, shelters, view to west, 1946 (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box MIHSF, Box: S-54, Folder: Street Scenes & Sidewalks) A-2, Folder: Aerial Views 1941-1950)

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Historic Image 23. Alden Park after construction of bomb Historic Image 24. Central core of Alden Park after shelters, view to southwest, 1942 (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: construction of bomb shelters, view to west, ca. 1952 (Source: A-3, Folder: Alden Park 1943-) NARA, MIHSF, Box: A-3, Folder: Alden Park 1943-)

After the war, vines were planted around the base of the shelters and allowed to grow up and over them, in an attempt to soften the intrusion of these large concrete structures into the formal landscape. The shelters in this part of the park were removed sometime between the mid-1950s and mid-1960s; in fact, the ground was still bare around the south edges of the formal landscape area where they had been removed in an aerial photograph taken in Historic Image 25. Alden Park 1965 (Source: UCBESL Map Room) 1965 (See Historic Image 25).

After the demolition of the bomb shelters this area was again used to display artifacts; however the layout of the park had a more haphazard appearance than had been the case when the 1936 design was intact. The arched planting bed which outlined the back (south) side of the lawn less clearly delineated. Most of the artifacts were clustered along the southern edge of the lawn area. However, two Cold War-era artifacts were added to the lawn area. An A-1 Polaris missile was placed in the middle of the lawn on the east side of the flagpole and a Subroc missile was added to the middle of the west-side lawn; visually these large objects competed with the flagpole. Benches were also added to the landscape in various places, apparently at random and also added to the visual clutter of the design that evolved after the removal of the bomb shelters. Essentially by 1980, this north end of the park had a very similar appearance to that that exists today. However, in 1989, the gravel path around the flagpole and bandstand was replaced with a concrete sidewalk. In the 1989 memo submitted to the California State Historic Preservation Officer, the Commander said the change was needed to "reduce grounds keeping labor costs

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associated with weeding the existing walk, to prevent tripping hazards, and to outline/highlight the historical gazebo."

Development of the Informal Portion of the Park

The area south of the bandstand has always had a more informal character in comparison to the formal north end of the park. There is less of a historical record to document the evolution of this part of the park – probably because this area did not have the same highly visible location and ceremonial function as the north end. This area has always been planted with trees that provided a pleasant, shaded place to sit and stroll and a visual buffer and transitional space between the Officer's Quarters along Walnut Avenue and the shops along Railroad Avenue. Additionally, the west edge of the park contributed to a picturesque streetscape view along Walnut Avenue (especially in the years before the street was paved and widened).

As stated earlier, the genesis of the tree planting in Alden Park occurred when Commodore James Alden planted Monterey cypress trees in the park in 1868 during his brief tenure (Wichels 1972 and 1974; Lemmon n.d.). Historical photographs provide a limited but valuable record of the character of the vegetation in this part of the park during its early years. A photograph taken around 1889 of Walnut Avenue shows the western edge of the park; see Historic Image 10. In this photograph, the edge was heavily planted with evergreen trees. There were no shrubs visible within the park, just the trees and whatever grass that managed to grow under the trees. Another photograph taken around 1914 of Walnut Avenue near its intersection shows a similar character; see Historic Image 11. The ground plane was more clearly visible in this photograph and appeared somewhat rough and uneven—in contrast to the highly maintained formal landscape around the flagpole. Another photograph taken about the same time (dated as 1919) showed the eastern edge of the park; see Historic Image 12. In this photograph, the far south end of the park was planted predominantly with Monterey cypress. Part of the slope that ran the length of the east side of the park, next to Railroad Avenue, and extended around the south end was also visible in this photograph. The general locations and types of trees shown in these photographs correspond very closely to the existing trees shown on a planting plan developed by John Gregg in 1924 (U.S. Navy Yard Mare Island 1924).3

Over years the composition of the trees within the park changed. In the early 1920s, a blight destroyed most of the remaining Monterey cypress on the island, and the cypress in Alden Park were undoubtedly affected by this blight. In his history of horticulture on the island, E.D. Wichels noted that the cypress were replaced throughout the island with other varieties of conifers including giant sequoia, coast redwood, Douglas fir, Sitka Spruce, and Jeffery pine and that these came to be the dominant evergreen species. Again this

3 Landscape Architect John Gregg (1880-1969) was a full professor and the director of the Division of Landscape Gardening and Floriculture (the predecessor to the university's Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Design in the College of Environmental Design). He taught at the University from 1919 until his retirement in 1947. He also maintained a private practice and worked with the University's Agricultural Extension Service. It is not clear what part if any of his planting plan, which recommended more shrub massing throughout the park, was installed. An oral history of Gregg's career at the University is available in the Bancroft Library.

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information corresponds with the trees that were recommended for planting on both Gregg's 1924 plan and the one prepared by the Public Works Department in 1936, which provided a record of the existing trees in the park. In 1924 the west edge of the park was heavily planted with pines, which appear to have originally been planted in two rows, and most of these trees remained in place in 1936. In the 1924 plan, cypress were shown scattered throughout the tree stand; these were virtually all gone in 1936. Eucalyptus planted in groups of three, four, or five were scattered throughout the tree stand on both plans and were the predominant species in the far south end. In comparing the two plans, the only trees that appear to have been planted between 1924 and 1936 were hickory trees along the south edge of the park in the area at the base of the slope (i.e. south of the fence that marks the southern end today), some locust scattered along the eastern edge, and two trees of heaven planted at the western edge of the park near the sidewalk that ended in front of Quarters E. Additionally groups of century plants are shown as growing on the slope along the eastern edge of the park in 1936. It does not appear that the 1924 plan was implemented since none of the tree recommended in the 1924 plan had been planted by 1936 and none of the 1924 recommendations for shrub groupings were present either.

Historic Image 26. Central core of Alden Park in 1980, view to Historic Image 27. Central core of Alden Park in 1989, east (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: A-3, Folder: Alden Park 1943-) view to south showing replacement of historic walks with new concrete sidewalks (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: A-3, Folder: Alden Park 1943-)

There were two main paths that developed or were intentionally laid out within this informal southern portion of the park. An 1899 map showed a path directly across from 9th Street extending in a straight line to the east edge of the park (i.e. in the alignment that this street would have taken if extended into the park) (Historic maps in Parr 2000). A 1916 map showed streetlights aligned diagonally from the northeast corner of the park to the area opposite Quarters E suggesting that a path led diagonally across the park (United States Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks 1916). The general alignment for these two paths remained over the years. A photograph from the late 1910s (Historic Image 12 above) and the two planting plans from 1924 and 1936 all show these paths; although they were labeled as paved by with "bitumen" in 1924 and with "asphalt" in 1936. Also by 1936 a set of steps had been added to the east end of the path aligned with 9th Street to connect to Railroad Avenue. At some point after 1936, a new branch path was added to the diagonal path that extended southward to end across from Quarters H.

Site furnishings within this portion of the park appear to have been limited to streetlights until around World War II. Lights were shown on a 1916 map along the diagonal path (they

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may have been there earlier but this was the earliest plan reviewed during this research effort that showed lights). Benches, identical to the ones that exist today (cast concrete frames with wood slat seats and backs), appear to have been placed in the park around the 1930s or early 1940s; the benches appear in the background of a photograph of the Centurion anchor leaning against a tree that is identified as dating from 1942 but which may be earlier since there are no bomb shelters visible (NARA MIHSF, Box A-3, Folder Alden Park 1870-1942).

The construction of bomb shelters during World War II had a dramatic impact on character of this part of Alden Park. Eleven bomb shelters were constructed in the park and ten more were added at its east edge at the Railroad Avenue level. The shelters blocked views across the park, required some minor realignment of the paths within the park, and likely required the removal of trees. Before the construction of the bomb shelters, the informal southern portion of Alden Park was one unified space. The dominant visual and spatial element within this portion of the park was the stand of trees, there were no structures, the trees were the dominant features, and views extended across and through the park in all directions. The east and west edges were open (with no fencing or shrubs), there were no shrubs planted within the park, and the vegetation along the ground consisted of grass. As soon as they were added, the bomb shelters became the dominant features in the park. They divided the space within the park into multiple sub areas and blocked views across, into, and out of the park.

The addition of the bomb shelters along Railroad Avenue created a hard, constructed edge along the east side of the park and replaced the sloped bank (although the bank at the far north end of the park retained its pre-World War II appearance). The original slope had provided a gradual rise in elevation between Railroad Avenue and the ground plane of the park. The bomb shelters cut into part of this slope and accentuated the difference in elevation and restricted the visual and physical connections between the park and the shops along Railroad Avenue. This eastern edge was planted with shrubs in that were maintained in highly pruned forms that filled the spaces between the bomb shelters and reflected their form and the new definitive edge of the park.

The park no longer provided same visual amenity that it had been prior to the war for the Officers' Quarters along Walnut Avenue, and in the 1960s, shrubs and small trees were added to this open western edge probably as a way of hiding the view of the bomb shelters from the quarters. Historical photographs taken in the decades after World War II illustrate these changes to the plantings along the edges of the park; see Historical Images 28-31. (Draft note: Were these planted with vines after the war, too?)

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Historic Image 28. Alden Park in 1961, eastern edge view to Historic Image 29. Alden Park in 1951, eastern edge view east (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: A-3, Folder: Alden Park to north (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: S-543, Folder: Street 1943-) Scenes & Sidewalks)

Historic Image 30. Alden Park in 1961, western edge view Historic Image 31. Alden Park in 1972, western edge view to to south (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: S-543, Folder: Street south (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box: S-543, Folder: Street Scenes Scenes & Sidewalks) & Sidewalks)

Summary of the Historic Character of Alden Park

Alden Park has it origins in the 1854 Sanger Plan which specified a "Park Platt" in this location. Although the only design plan for the park that was located during the research effort for this report was a plan prepared by the Shipyard Public Works Department in 1936, it is clear from the deliberate layout of the formal north end that a series of designs or directives guided the evolution of this portion of the park. The 1936 plan is the last design for the park that was implemented before end of the period of significance for the Mare Island Historic District (1945). This plan was a culmination of the features that had consistently been present within the design: the flagpole as the central organizing element around which a formal and generally symmetrical plan was laid out; the entrance into the park in line with this flagpole and the axis between it and Building 47; the bandstand located south of the flagpole on the principal axis and after the flagpole the second-most prominent structure within the landscape, an organized display of military artifacts; the delineation of a smaller circle around the flagpole to provide a standing platform for raising

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and lowering the flag; a well kept lawn (when compared to the area under the trees in the south portion of the park); a transition to a more informal landscape to the south; and a sidewalk and planting island along 8th Street. Additionally, the 1936 plan organized the artifact display into two beds located at the south side of the formal landscape area; each bed formed a linear strip that began at the bandstand and curved toward the north edge of the park; in plan view the combined layout of the beds formed a semi-circle. This semi-circle then defined the south edge of a lawn that was maintained in the area between display beds and the 8th Street sidewalk. The 1936 plan also included a sidewalk which encircled the flagpole and bandstand and reinforced the primary axis and symmetry of the plan. The construction of the bomb shelters during World War II resulted in the loss of this 1936 plan. After the war, the Navy eventually removed the bomb shelters. The appearance of the north end of the park that evolved after World War II retained some key features of the historic design—the location of the flagpole and bandstand and the axis with the entrance to Building 47—but lacked the clarity of form and symmetry of layout of the 1936 plan.

Similarly, the layout of paths, the planting of trees in rows and groups of three, four, and five reflected a deliberate design intent for the southern portion of the park. Up until World War II, the informal southern portion of Alden Park was one unified space. The dominant visual and spatial element was the stand of trees, there were no structures, the trees were the dominant features, and views extended across and through the park in all directions. The limited vegetation within the park reinforced this character; the east and west edges were open (with no fencing or shrubs), there were no shrubs planted within the park, and the vegetation along the ground consisted of grass. The construction of bomb shelters in the park during World War II altered the original design for this portion of the park. The shelters became dominant features in the park; they the amount of green space and number of trees; they divided the space within the park into multiple sub areas and blocked views across, into, and out of the park. The permeable boundaries along the east and west sides were lost due to wall of bomb shelters along Railroad Avenue and the addition of trees and shrubs along Walnut Avenue.

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ALDEN PARK DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS

As described in National Park Service publications on cultural landscapes, both the processes that helped to form the landscape and its individual components or character- defining features are critical to the understanding of a cultural landscape. Character- defining features are the prominent or distinctive aspects, qualities, or characteristics of the cultural landscape that contribute significantly to its physical character and convey its historical significance.

The processes that influenced the development of Alden Park were summarized in the preceding section on the history of the park. The following description and analysis of its existing condition includes a brief definition of the individual feature, followed by any noteworthy existing conditions issues and an analysis of the origins and evolution the

The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes (The Secretary of the Interior’s Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes) identifies spatial organization and land patterns as the organizational element within a cultural landscape and divides character- defining features into topography, vegetation, circulation, water features, and structures, site furnishings, and objects. The description for Alden Park is organized using these categories. (Water Features is omitted since this category does not occur within Alden Park.)

Features are considered historic if they were a part of the Park during the Mare Island Historic District's period of significance (1854-1945). Features are considered character- defining to the historic design of Alden Park if they reflect or contribute to the historic character of the park's design as summarized at the end of the "History" section.

Spatial Organization

Spatial organization refers to the three-dimensional organization and the patterns of space in a landscape and is analogous to the arrangement of rooms in a house. The organization of features in the landscape defines and creates spaces and often is closely related to land use. The functional and visual relationships between these spaces within the landscape are integral to the historical character of a property.

Alden Park's location is closely related to the historic land uses within the shipyard. The Park provides a buffer between the residential area along Walnut Avenue and the industrial land uses along Railroad Avenue and at its north end provides an extension to the setting for the Administrative Headquarters (Building 47) to the north.

The park's edges are defined by 8th Street, Walnut Avenue, Railroad Avenue, and a fence located approximately along the former 10th Street alignment. The north end and west side of the park have consistently been delineated by 8th Street and Walnut Avenue, respectively; however the current boundaries on the east side (Railroad Avenue) and south end reflect the expansion of the industrial land uses over the course of the Shipyard's history and explain the park' current shape. The park was originally rectangular in shape. However, today, in plan view, the alignment of Railroad Avenue forms diagonal edge along the park's east side so that the north half of the park (the area between 8th and 9th streets)

July 01, 2011 - 1 - Section 1.2 Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report ALDEN PARK DESCRIPTION & ANALYSIS resembles a quadrilateral and the south half of the park (the area between 9th and 10th streets) resembles a narrow rectangle. Today, the park is almost three times as wide at its north end as it is at its south end; the north end represents the original width of the park.

Alden Park has always been divided into two major use areas each with their own spatial organizational characteristics: (1) a formal landscape at the north end of the park that was used to display military artifacts and provided a site for military ceremonies, band concerts, and other community activities and (2) an informal expanse of trees throughout the area south of the band stand. This general arrangement continues today.

The formal north end of the park extends to just south of the bandstand where large shrubs and trees provide a visual boundary. Today, the layout of the north end of the park basically reflects its historic spatial organization characteristics. The north end of the park is organized around the location of the flagpole which is aligned with the entrance to Building 47. A secondary axis exists between the flagpole and the entrance to Quarters A (historically the Commandants Quarters). The entrance into the park and the bandstand are along the primary axis, and the flagpole is the central organizing element around which other features (the entrance sidewalk, location of planting bed, location of lawn, display of artifacts, etc.) are sited. However, the lack of definition to the southern edge of the lawn, the location and form of planting beds, and the locations of artifacts reflect the appearance of the park during the 1960s-1996 rather than during the years just before World War II, after the 1936 plan was installed but before the bomb shelters were added. These post- World War II changes have lessened the clarity of the historic spatial organization of this portion of Alden Park.

Before the construction of the World War II bomb shelters, the informal southern portion of Alden Park was one unified space. The dominant visual and spatial element within this portion of the park was the stand of trees. There were no structures, and views extended across and through the park in all directions. Today, the bomb shelters are the dominant features in the park. They divide the space within the park into multiple sub areas and block views across, into, and out of the park. Although this spatial character has existed since World War II (i.e., before the end of the period of significance for the Mare Island Historic District) is not consistent with the historic design intent for this portion of the park.

Topography

Topography is the shape of the ground plane and its height or depth, is a character- defining feature of the landscape. Topography may occur naturally or as a result of human manipulation. For example, topographic features may contribute to the creation of outdoor spaces, serve a functional purpose, or provide visual interest.

Alden Park is fairly level and has no major grade changes within the park boundaries, and along its north end and east side, the park is basically at the same elevation as the adjacent streets (8th Street and Walnut Avenue, respectively). However, it is located on a slight rise above the industrial area along Railroad Avenue, and this elevation change was historically reflected by a slope that ran the length of the east side of the park, next to Railroad Avenue, and extended around the south end. Today, the elevation difference between Alden Park and the industrial area continues to exist and is accentuated by the row of bomb shelters located along Railroad Avenue that create a vertical drop between the park

- 2 - July 01, 2011 Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Section 1.2 ALDEN PARK DESCRIPTION & ANALYSIS and the street. The original character of the slope is still visible at the north end near the intersection of Railroad Avenue and 8th Street and in some of the openings between the bomb shelters.

Vegetation

Vegetation features may be individual plants (such as a specimen tree) or groups of plants and (such as a hedge, planting bed, or a naturally-occurring plant community). Vegetation includes evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs, and ground covers, and both woody and herbaceous plants. Vegetation may derive its significance from historical associations, horticultural or genetic value, or aesthetic or functional qualities. It is a primary dynamic component of the landscape’s character; therefore, the treatment of cultural landscapes must recognize the continual process of germination, growth, seasonal change, aging, decay, and death of plants. The character of individual plants is derived from habit, form, color, texture, bloom, fruit, fragrance, scale and context.

A lawn extends across the front of the formal north end of the park from the 8th Street sidewalk to just south of the bandstand. The south side of the lawn is defined by ivy- planted beds that begin on either side of the path behind the bandstand and then extend toward the corners of the park. The origin of this layout dates from the 1936 plan. The construction of the bomb shelters during World War II removed the original beds, and when the Navy renovated the north-end landscape after the shelters were removed, they restored the planting plan from the 1936 plan to a limited extent. However, over the years the precise geometry of these beds—with a uniform width to each bed and the two beds forming a half-circle around the lawn area—has been lost. The bed on the west side of the bandstand still extends to the northwest corner but its edges meander and paths cut through the bed cutting it into pieces. The bed on the east side of the bandstand exists in two discontiguous sections—a straight section along the back of the lawn area and a separate section at the northeast corner. A variety of shrubs dot the areas within and next to the beds. The 1936 plan showed boxwood used to frame the entrance sidewalk at key points (the entrance, in front of the bandstand, and the bandstand stairs). Today, the two Grecian laurels (Laurus noblis) framing the entrance and the one on the west side of the bandstand partially reflect this planting arrangement.

The primary vegetation features within the southern portion of the park are the stand of mature trees and the grass lawn, and although the stand is made up of a variety of trees planted at different times throughout the park's history, the presence of a tree stand and use of grass as the predominant groundcover are character-defining vegetation features in Alden Park. The tree stand has historically been dominated by evergreen species and continues to be so today. The deciduous species were likely planted after World War II, but given their limited numbers within the overall tree stand, they are do present a conflict with the historic character of the park.

Today there are approximately 176 trees in the park made up of 37 different species. Blue gum eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara), and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) are the most used species in the park. The largest individual trees include examples of the eucalyptus, Monterey pine, and coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). The predominant use and the large specimens of these species are consistent with the history of the evolution of the trees in the park.

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Initially Alden Park was planted predominantly with Monterey cypress, but these trees were wiped out in the park (and island-wide) during the 1920s by blight. The pines and eucalyptus trees in the park are remnants of trees that were planted during the early 1900s (or earlier). The pines originally formed a double row along the western boundary of the park. Enough of the pines have been lost over the years that these rows are no longer evident, but there are still a considerable number of pine trees growing along the western side of the park. The eucalyptus were originally planted in groupings of three, four (forming a rectangle or square), or five (forming a circle) throughout the area south of the bandstand. When the bomb shelters were built some eucalyptus trees were removed, and these planting arrangements are no longer very easily seen. An example of a grouping of four trees remains near the south end of the park (Trees 80, 81, 82, and 83 on the Arborist report), and an example of the remains of a group of five is nearer the north end (64, 65, and 68). The present-day mature pines and eucalyptus pines most likely date from these early 20th century plantings and are character-defining vegetation features.

Deodar cedar and two species of Sequoia (coast redwood and giant sequoia) were among the evergreen trees that were predominantly planted during the years between the two world wars. These three species all are shown as recommended for planting on the 1 1936 plan. The mature specimens of these three species within Alden Park most likely date from this era and are character-defining vegetation features.

There are also large examples of incense cedars (Calecedus decurrens) planted in the vicinity of the interior paths and horsetail tree (Casurina cunninghamiana) at the far south end. Neither species appears as existing or recommended for planting on the 1936 plan but they are compatible with the historic character of the tree stand.

The west edge of the park along Walnut Avenue has scattered plantings of trees and large shrubs. The shrub border forms a dense mass along the northern portion of the park's west edge but is basically open in along the southern edge next to Walnut Avenue. Throughout most of its history, the west edge of the park was open with only large trees (historically rows of pines) planted along Walnut Avenue. Shrubs along this side of the park were added in the 1960s and 1970s or later. The presence of shrubs is not character-defining vegetation features for the western edge of the park. Refer to Photos 16 to 19 for representative images of the west side of the park along Walnut Avenue.

Vegetation along the east edge of the park is limited to a couple of planting groups: a group of agaves and a pine at the north end near the intersection of Railroad Avenue and 8th Street and a group of three Canary Island Date palms in the middle of the block. The dates when these plants were added to the park is not known for certain. Agaves (labeled as "century plants") were shown growing in several groups along the slope in the 1936 plan, and the present-day agaves may have their origins from these plantings. The palms are not shown on the 1936 plan and were likely planted sometime after World War II. The agaves and pine grouping is a character-defining vegetation feature and is an example of how the slope along this side of the park was treated before the bomb shelters were added. The palm grouping is likely not historic but is compatible with the historic character of the vegetation in the park. Refer to Photo 21 for a view of palms.

A wisteria vine supported by a wood trellis is located in the far southeast corner of the park. A wisteria slip taken from a plant at the San Gabriel mission was brought back to the island

- 4 - July 01, 2011 Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Section 1.2 ALDEN PARK DESCRIPTION & ANALYSIS in 1889 by a Vallejo minister and was planted along the veranda on the south side of Building 47. When the porch was removed from the building, it was then supported by a trellis. The plant was moved to this location in Alden Park when the drive and parking area in front of Building 47 was expanded. The wisteria is an iconic plant on the island but is currently located in a non-historic location.

Refer to the Arborist Report prepared by Baefsky & Associates in the Appendices for the locations, names, and sizes of the trees and shrub groups in the park. This report also comments on the condition of the plants and make notes about maintenance and safety issues.

Circulation

Examples of circulation features include roads, parkways, drives, trails, walks, paths, parking areas, and canals. Such features may occur individually or may be linked to form networks or systems. The character of circulation features is defined by factors such as alignment, width, surface and edge treatment, grade, materials, and infrastructure.

Formal North End

Movement within the formal north end of the park is along the edge of the park next to 8th Street and along the primary axis between the flagpole and bandstand. The circulation features include (1) the sidewalk at the north edge of the park next to 8th Street, (2) the concrete sidewalk feature that begins at the 8th Street sidewalk, encircles the flagpole and bandstand, and ends south of the bandstand, and (3) three rows of concrete pavers that provide a link between the sidewalk and the flagpole.

The two sidewalks are character-defining circulation features whose historic materials have been altered as described below.

A sidewalk along 8th Street appears on the earliest historical photographs of this part of Alden Park. The west end and part of the east end retain the historic rectangular concrete pavers (probably added around 1900); however there are cracks and settling problems in some of the pavers that threaten their material integrity. The pavers at the entrance to the park (in the area in front of the flagpole) and at the far eastern end have been replaced with a monolithic concrete pavement. The concrete at the entrance was added in 1989 when the concrete for sidewalk around the flagpole was installed and matches its detailing. The date for the addition of the concrete at the far east end happened sometime after 1989.

This particular alignment for the sidewalk around the flagpole and bandstand dates from the 1936 plan and was laid out to reinforce the axis between the flagpole and the entry to Building 47. It was originally a gravel path with concrete edging. In 1989, the historic alignment was retained but the gravel was removed and replaced with concrete in the pattern that exists today (etching along the edges that references the historic edging of the gravel walk).

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The three rows of concrete pavers that provide a link between the sidewalk and the flagpole have their genesis with the 1936 plan. In that plan one row of pavers led to the flagpole; the date when the two addition rows were added is not known. The current arrangement is compatible with the historic character of the 1936 design.

Refer to Photos 31 to 35 for images of these features.

Informal Southern Portion

Paths

There are four asphalt-paved paths within the informal southern portion of Alden Park.

Path 1 traverses the park between Walnut Avenue (at 9th Street) and Railroad Avenue. An asphalt-paved path in this general location (traversing the park between Walnut Avenue and Railroad Avenue) is a character-defining circulation feature. Evidence of a path is this general location appears on a map from 1899 (and the path may have existed earlier than this date). The path was shown as paved with asphalt on a 1924 plan.

Path 2 begins at the far northeast corner of the park (near the intersection of 8th Street and Railroad Avenue), follows the eastern edge of the park, and connects to Walnut Avenue near Quarters E. An asphalt-paved path in this general location is a character-defining circulation feature. Evidence of a path in this general alignment (along the east edge of the park and continuing diagonally across the park) appears on a 1916 map ((and the path may have existed earlier than this date). During World War II, the portion along the eastern edge was moved west to accommodate the construction of the bomb. The original path was paved with asphalt by 1924.

Path 3 begins just south of the bandstand and links to Path 2. This asphalt-paved path was added sometime after 1936 to provide a connection into the southern portion of the park from the north end. It is a continuation (although with different paving materials) of the north end's central sidewalk that ends just south of the bandstand. The transition between the two sidewalks is framed by ordinance shells placed on either side of the asphalt path. Although its construction date is not known, it is compatible with the character of the two historic paths in the park and is compatible with the overall historic character of the park.

Path 4 begins near the western end of Path 2 and continues to the far southwestern corner of the park where it connects into a sidewalk along Walnut Avenue. This sidewalk was added sometime after 1936. Its alignment was readjusted slightly in 2007 to deal with drainage problems and to connect to a new Walnut Avenue sidewalk. Although its original construction date is not known, it is compatible with the character of the two historic paths in the park and is compatible with the overall historic character of the park.

Stairs

Four sets of concrete stairs provide access between the eastern edge of the park and Railroad Avenue. The stairs that align with Path 1 date appear on the 1936 plan (they may date from even earlier) and are a character-defining circulation feature.

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The other stairs likely date from World War II since they are all located between bomb shelters and appear to have been built as part of the shelters' construction. They were built within the Mare Island Historic District's period of significance (which ended in 1945) and so are associated with the Shipyard's World War II history. However these are not character- defining circulation features for the park.

Refer to Photos 39 to 42 for images of the various examples of stair features.

Structures, Furnishings, and Objects

Cultural landscapes often contain various types of buildings and structures that serve the human needs related to the occupation and use of the land. The distinction between the two is generally defined as buildings are designed to shelter human activity, and structures are designed for functions other than shelter.

Small-scale features in the landscape may be functional, decorative, or both. Examples include site furnishings, fences, culverts, and monuments or memorials. They may be movable, used seasonally, or permanently installed. They may be designed or built for a specific site, standardized and available though a catalog, or created as vernacular pieces associated with a particular region, cultural group, or functional use.

Flagpole

A flagpole is located at the north end of the park on axis with the entrance to Building 47. The date for this present flagpole structure is not known, but a flagpole has been a continuous feature in this location since 1854. Refer to Photos 1, 5, and 7 for images of the flagpole.

The flagpole—including its location and its role as the central organizing element within the formal and generally symmetrical plan for the north end of the park—is a character- defining feature for Alden Park.

Bandstand

An octagonal wood-frame bandstand is located in the formal north end of the park to the south of the flagpole. It is on the axis with the flagpole and the entry to Building 47. This structure was built in 1895. There were originally only six steps leading up to its front (north) side; however by the early 1900s, additional steps had been added when the bandstand's base was raised to its current elevation. Refer to Photos 1 and 35 for images of the bandstand.

The bandstand structure—including its location south of the flagpole and aligned with the axis between the flagpole and entrance to Building 47—is a character-defining structure within the Alden Park landscape.

Bomb Shelters

July 01, 2011 - 7 - Section 1.2 Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report ALDEN PARK DESCRIPTION & ANALYSIS

There are approximately 11 bomb shelter structures located in Alden Park and another 10 located along its eastern edge that are entered from the Railroad Avenue elevation. Rectangular in shape with offsets, the shelters are constructed of reinforced concrete with 12-inch-thick walls and roofs. The exterior dimensions of the bomb shelters vary depending on the number of compartments or rooms. The roof is flat and is about 8 feet high. Refer to Photos 22, 24, and 28 to 30 for representative images of the bomb shelters.

The bomb shelters were identified as contributing structures to the Mare Island Historic District because they were constructed before 1946, the end date for the district's period of significance. They are associated with the history of the shipyard during World War II. However, they are not character-defining features of the Alden Park design and are not compatible with the historic character of the park. Up until World War II, when the bomb shelters were built, there were no structures within this southern, informal portion of the park; the trees were the dominant features, and view extended across and through the park in all directions. Today the bomb shelters are the dominant features in the park. They divided the space within the park into multiple sub areas and blocked views across, into, and out of the park.

Military Artifacts

The formal north end of Alden Park has historically been used to display of military artifacts and continues to be used for this same function today. Most of the artifacts displayed here were in place before the close of the shipyard in 1996; however, a few, as noted below, have been added after then.

A loose row or grouping of artifacts is displays along the southern edge of the lawn area. Beginning at the northeast corner of the park and proceeding clockwise, they include the following:

• A square concrete block (Photo 56)

• Concrete supports for missing canon (Photo 56)

• A Dahlgren smooth bore cannon from the USS Hartford (Photo 57)

• A 24-pounder cannon from the USS Independence (Photo 58)

• A memorial honoring Fourth Marine Division, 1943-1945 (Photo 59)

• A memorial honoring the "Original 2125" (Photo 60)

• A marker for a breech loading cannon captured in Korea (11 June 1871) by the USS Benicia; the cannon is missing (Photo 61)

• The Shipyard's historic Start/Stop Work Bell (1860) (Photo 62).

• A 55 M. M. Hotchkiss revolving cannon from the USS Thetis (Photo 63)

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• Two shells which mark each side of the path south of the bandstand (Photos 64 and 65)

• A German marder and torpedo (Photo 66)

• A 32-pounder Dalgren smooth bore cannon from the USS Narragansett (Photo 67).

• Concrete supports for missing cannon (Photo 68)

• The anchor from the HMS Centurion which is the oldest artifact in the display (Photo 69); note the problem with the bench placement which blocks the view of the anchor (Photo 70).

In the 1960s, the Navy added several artifacts in lawn area.

On the west side of the lawn these include:

• A Subroc missile (Photo 72) and

• A Civil War era spar torpedo located on the west side of the bandstand (Photo 73).

On the west side of the lawn these include:

• Another Civil War era spar torpedo located on the east side of the bandstand (Photo 74) and

• A Polaris missile (Photo 75).

A monument honoring military and civilians who worked at Mare Island 1854-1996 was dedicated in 2004 and is located in the center of the west side of the lawn (Photo 71).

The bell from the USS Wachusett is mounted on the flagpole (Photo 76).

The display of military artifacts is a character-defining feature of the design of the formal north end of the park. The arrangement and specific artifacts displayed changed throughout the Shipyard's history as the technology of weaponry evolved and new events were commemorated. The locations of all but the Centurion anchor post-date World War II (after the end of the Mare Island Historic District's period of significance). The construction of bomb shelters in this north end of the park necessitated the removal of the 1936 display beds and the artifacts. During the war, the Centurion anchor may have remained in its location near the northwest corner and a non-extant cannon (denoted by remaining concrete support) and the Nipsic propeller (now located along the waterfront in Vallejo) remained in the northeast corner. After the bomb shelters were torn down, the Navy began putting artifacts back on display in the park but in a less organized way than when the 1936 was in place. However, the current display of the artifacts no longer has a well- thought out arrangement. Some of the artifacts are located in the ivy bed on the west side (an area that approximates the 1936 display bed but that lacks its clear definition), some

July 01, 2011 - 9 - Section 1.2 Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report ALDEN PARK DESCRIPTION & ANALYSIS are located at the edge of the lawn (Start/Stop Work Bell, Fourth Marine Division memorial, "Original 2125" memorial, marker for the missing breech-loading cannon) increasing the difficulty of mowing the lawn and the likelihood that the artifact's base will be damaged by a mower or weed-trimmer and the Independence cannon's concrete supports are being displaced by a tree. Additionally the artifacts located in the center of the lawn area (Polaris missile, Subroc missile, two Civil War era spar torpedoes, and monument honoring military and civilians who worked at Mare Island 1854-1996) detract from the flagpole as the most prominent feature in this end of the park.

In summary, the artifacts themselves are compatible with the historic character of the park; however, their current arrangement is not historic, creates maintenance issues and conflicts with the flagpole as the central feature within this north end of the park.

Light Fixtures

There are three styles of light fixtures in the park.

Historic streetlight fixtures (tapered metal post with a fluted base and a glass acorn globe) are located along 8th Street. These streetlights are a character-defining feature for Alden Park. Refer to Photo 43 for an image of this historic light fixture.

Two types of none historic streetlights are located along the paths in the southern portion of the park Refer to Photos 44 and 45 for images of these two non-historic light fixtures. Neither of these streetlight types are character-defining site furnishings.

Benches

There are approximately 21 benches (cast concrete frames with wood slat seats and backs) located in various locations throughout the park: next to the bandstand, around the edge of the lawn in the north end, along paths, and next to the bomb shelters. This type of bench appears in a historical photograph taken in the 1930s or 1940s. However, the locations of the benches have changed throughout the years. Several of the benches have awkward or illogical locations (for example, in areas where they conflict with the display of artifacts or are in the middle of the lawn area in the north end of the park). Some of the benches have broken or damaged wood slats. Refer to Photos 46 and 47 for images of these benches.

These benches are character-defining site furnishings; however their current locations are not historic.

Trash Cans

Round metal trash cans are located at various locations throughout the park. These trash cans are utilitarian in appearance and are not character-defining site furnishings. Refer to Photo 48 for a representative image of a trash can.

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Fences

Chainlink fences are located along the eastern and southern edges of the park. These fences are modern additions (i.e., were added after the end of the Mare Island Historic District's period of significance in 1945). The fence along the east side of the park blocks access to historic pedestrian connections between the park and Railroad Avenue. Refer to Photos 20, 22, 23, 54, and 55 for representative images of these fences.

The fences are not character-defining features.

Tree I.D. Signs

Tree identification signs (engraved black plastic signs mounted on wood) are nailed to some of the trees. These signs date from a 1972-73 project by the Officers' Wives' Club that identified trees in the park which were then keyed to a self-guided walking tour. Refer to Photo 49 for a representative image of one of the tree identification signs.

These tree I.D. signs are not character-defining features but are compatible with the historic character of the park.

Wisteria Trellis

The wood trellis for the wisteria which is located in the far southeast corner of the park is not a historic structure that was added to Alden Park when the wisteria vine was moved from in front of Building 47 to this location. The posts that support the trellis show signs of deterioration at the bottom.

Miscellaneous Site Furnishings

There are three site furnishings that are one-of-a-kind features: (1) a concrete slab bench with a curved concrete slab seat, (2) a concrete pedestal (missing whatever ornament or object that was originally mounted on the top) located near the eastern edge of the park, and (3) a non-functioning water fountain mounted on the side of a bomb shelter. The dates when these features were added is not known. Refer to Photo 50 for an image of the bench; to Photo 51 for one of the pedestal; and to Photos 52 and 53 for the water fountain.

None of these miscellaneous site furnishings (concrete bench, concrete pedestal, or water fountain) are character-defining site furnishings features.

July 01, 2011 - 11 - Mare Island Alden Park

Existing Conditions Photographs

Photo 1. Overview of the Alden Park, view to east. Photo 2. 8th Street and Walnut Avenue, view to east.

Photo 3. 8th Street and Railroad Avenue, view to southwest. Photo 4. 8th Street and Railroad Avenue, view to southeast.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 1 Photo 5. View from bandstand of axis between bandstand, flag staff, and Photo 6. View from flagstaff of axis between bandstand, flag staff, and entrance entrance to Building 47, view to northwest. to Building 47, view to northwest.

Photo 7. View from Building 47 of axis between bandstand, flag staff, and Photo 8. Path into park is aligned with axis. View from bandstand to southwest. entrance to Building 47, view to southwest.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 2

Photo 9. Sidewalk that defines the north edge of Alden Park, view to southwest. Photo 10. Sidewalk that defines the north edge of Alden Park, view to northeast.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 3

Photo 11. Panorama of the area west of the bandstand. Part 1 of 3. Photo 12. Panorama of the area west of the bandstand. Part 2 of 3.

Photo 13. Panorama of the area west of the bandstand. Part 3 of 3.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 4

Photo 14. Panorama of the area east of the bandstand. Part 1 of 3. Photo 15. Panorama of the area east of the bandstand. Part 2 of 3.

Photo 16. Panorama of the area east of the bandstand. Part 3 of 3.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 5

Photo 17. West edge of park bordering Walnut Avenue, view to east. Photo 18. West edge of park bordering Walnut Avenue, view to north.

Photo 19. View out of park toward the Officers' Quarters from the west edge of the park, view to west.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 6 Photo 20. East edge of park bordering Railroad Avenue, view to south. Photo 21. Slope that defined edge to park before the addition of the bomb shelters, view to south.

Photo 22. Near the south end of park's east edge showing row of bomb shelters Photo 23. Slope that defined edge to park before the addition of the bomb that define edge of park, view to south. shelters, view to southwest.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 7

Photo 24. Bomb shelters along the east edge of park, view to south. Photo 25. View out of park toward Railroad Avenue, view to north.

Photo 26. South edge of park, view to north. Photo 27. Wisteria located in the southeast corner of park.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 8 Photo 28. Examples of trees growing adjacent to bomb shelters. Photo 29. Examples of bomb shelters which create sub zones within the park and block views both into and out of park, view to southwest toward Quarters E.

Photo 30. Examples of bomb shelters, view to northwest. Photo 31. Historic concrete block pavers remain in the west half of the sidewalk that defines the north edge of Alden Park, view south.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 9 Photo 32. Examples of the cracks and settling condition issues in the historic Photo 33. Historic concrete block pavers have been replaced with monolithic concrete block pavers. concrete sidewalk (ca. 1989) in the east half of the sidewalk that defines the north edge of Alden Park, view northeast.

Photo 34. Historic gravel in the paths around the flagstaff and bandstand have Photo 35. Some of the historic concrete block pavers have been used to create been replaced with monolithic concrete paving (1989), view to east. stepping stones between the sidewalk and flagstaff.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 10 Photo 36. Asphalt-paved path along the east side of the park, view to southwest. Photo 37. Path was realigned to correct drainage problems.

Photo 38. Path was realigned to connect to new sidewalk system along Walnut Photo 39. Example of a pedestrian connection between the east side of park and Avenue. Railroad Avenue currently blocked by fence, view to southwest.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 11 Photo 40. Pipe handrail in Photo 39. Photo 41. Example of stairs, located between bomb shelters, on the east side of the park, view to south.

Photo 42. Example of a pedestrian connection between the east side of park and Railroad Avenue currently blocked by fence, view to southwest.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 12

Photo 43. Historic light fixture type located along the north edge Photo 44. Light fixture type. of Alden Park.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 13

Photo 46. Example of the typical bench (front) located throughout the park.

Photo 45. Light fixture type.

Photo 47. Bench (back).

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 14

Photo 48. Example of trash cans that are located throughout the park. Photo 49. Example of tree identification signs.

Photo 50. One-of-a-kind concrete bench. Photo 51. One-of-a-kind concrete pedestal.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 15

Photo 53. Another view of the water fountain.

Photo 52. One-of-a-kind water fountain.

Photo 54. Chainlink fence along east edge of park.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 16

Photo 55. Chainlink fence along the south edge of park. Photo 56. Square concrete block and concrete supports for missing canon.

Photo 57. Dahlgren Smooth Bore Cannon from the USS Hartford. Photo 58. 24 Pounder cannon from the USS Independence.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 17 Photo 59. Memorial honoring Fourth Marine Division, 1943-1945.

Photo 60. Memorial honoring the “Original 2125.”

Photo 61. Marker for Breech Loading Cannon Captured in Korea (11 June 1871) by USS Benicia; cannon is missing.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 18

Photo 62. Start/Stop Work Bell (1860). Photo 63. 55 M. M. Hotchkiss Revolving Cannon from USS Thetis.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 19

Photo 64. Ordinance marks each side of the path (south of the bandstand).

Photo 65. Detail of ordinance in Photo 64.

Photo 66. German Marder and Torpedo.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 20

Photo 67. 32 Pounder Dalgren Smooth Bore Cannon from USS Narragansett. Photo 68. Concrete supports for missing cannon.

Photo 69. Anchor from HMS Centurion. Photo 70. Bench placement blocks view of anchor from HMS Centurion (Photo 69).

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 21

Photo 72. Subroe missile.

Photo 71. Monument honoring military and civilians who worked at Mare Island 1854-1996.

Photo 73. Civil War era spar torpedo, located on west side of bandstand.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 22

Photo 74. Civil War era spar torpedo, located on east side of bandstand.

Photo 75. Polaris missile.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 23

Photo 76. USS Wachusett bell.

Alden Park Existing Conditions Photographs 24 Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Section 1.3 ALDEN PARK TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

Introduction

Several factors were taken into consideration in relation to the treatment recommendations for the rehabilitation for Alden Park.

First the property will be used as a contemporary public park within the Mare Island community. However this use should to be accommodated in such a way that protects the character-defining features of Alden Park's historic cultural landscape.

Second, the bomb shelters—which are historic structures in the Mare Island Historic District but are not character-defining features to Alden Park—would be expensive to remove and for the foreseeable future will be a part of the landscape. Additionally removal of the shelters would likely have an adverse impact on historic eucalyptus trees that are growing adjacent to these structures. However, by understanding the long-lasting impact that the addition of these structures has had on the park, future changes that would adversely impact the park's historic character can be avoided.

Third, the treatment and management of Alden Park’s cultural landscape will be an ongoing process that will require incremental actions over an extended period of time. There are constraints related: (1) to the city’s budget, (2) to staff resources, (3) to the realities of balancing multiple priorities within a public park, and (4) to the possibility of changing or unforeseen conditions. While these issues cannot be addressed in this CLR, they are acknowledged as realities that the city staff must factor into the process of managing the Alden Park cultural landscape. The information in this report provides a framework for guiding routine and reoccurring maintenance in a way that preserves the park's historic character and for planning future projects within the park. Additionally, now that the character-defining features of the park have been identified, the potential for impacts to the Alden Park cultural landscape can be identified prior to undertaking any action and the individual features and the overall historic character of the park can be better protected.

Goal I: Preserve the historic character and character-defining feature in the formal north end of Alden Park with an ultimate goal of rehabilitating this area to reflect its character during the years immediately preceding World War II as reflected by the 1936 plan.

This report describes the character-defining features and character of the formal north end during the years immediately preceding World War II. Additionally, the 1936 plan and historical photographs provide primary source information. These three resources (this report, 1936 plan, and historical photographs) and the Secretary of the Interior's Rehabilitation Standards (as discussed under Goal III, Part D) should guide all planning, management, and treatment decisions.

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A. Follow the general treatment guidelines for Alden Park presented under Goal III in order (1) to preserve the components of the historic spatial organization that remain and (2) to implement maintenance practices and to plan for projects that will promote the rehabilitation of the 1936 design.

B. Preserve the following features which remain intact:

1. The flagpole as the central organizing element

2. The entrance into the park in line with this flagpole and the axis between it and Building 47

3. The bandstand located south of the flagpole on the primary and after the flagpole is the second-most prominent structure within the landscape

4. The delineation of a smaller circle around the flagpole to provide a standing platform for raising and lowering the flag and concrete pavers leading to this circle

5. Street lights along 8th Street

C. Rehabilitate the following:

1. Lawn and the two display planting beds located at the south side of the formal landscape area.

a. Rehabilitate the display beds to the 1936 plan form—a linear strip that begins on either side of the bandstand and curves toward the north edge of the park; in plan view the combined layout of the beds should form a semi- circle.

b. This semi-circle should then define the south edge of a lawn located in the area between display beds and the 8th Street sidewalk.

2. Organized display of military artifacts

a. Undertake a survey of the condition of the military artifacts and their supporting structures and implement procedures to preserve and repair them, as necessary.

b. After the rehabilitation of the display planting beds, move the artifacts into a display in these beds. Refer to the information in the report, the 1936 plan, and historical photographs for guidance on developing the display.

c. Review the possibility for relocating the Polaris and Subroc missiles to new locations within the Mare Island Shipyard so that they no longer detract from the flagpole as the most prominent feature within the north end of the park. Until that time, preserve and maintain these two military artifacts in their current locations.

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Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Section 1.3 ALDEN PARK TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

d. Develop guidelines or criteria to guide the addition of new military artifacts. Factors that should be considered include that any new feature should relate directly to the history of Mare Island, should not detract from or alter the historic spatial organization, should not be placed where it may cause damage to or be intrusive to the spatial organization, and should be visually compatible in size, scale, design, materials, color, and texture to those artifacts historically displayed in the park.

3. 8th Street sidewalk

a. Preserve and repair the historic concrete pavers in the 8th Street sidewalk.

b. Restore the planting island along 8th Street.

4. Benches a. Move the benches off the lawn and away from military artifacts.

5. Undertake the recommendations for maintenance to the trees identified in the Arborist Report.

Goal II. Preserve the historic character and character-defining feature in the informal southern portion of Alden Park with an ultimate goal of rehabilitating this area to reflect its character during the years immediately preceding World War II as reflected by the 1936 plan.

This report describes the character-defining features and character of the informal south end of the park in the years immediately preceding World War II. Additionally, historical photographs and the 1936 plan provide primary source information. These three resources (this report, 1936 plan, and historical photographs) and the Secretary of the Interior's Rehabilitation Standards (as discussed under Goal III, Part D) should guide all planning, management, and treatment decisions.

A. Follow the general treatment guidelines for Alden Park presented under Goal III in order (1) to preserve the components of the historic spatial organization that remain and (2) to implement maintenance practices and to plan for projects that will promote the rehabilitation of the 1936 design.

B. Specific treatment recommendations include the following:

1. Bomb shelters

a. Preserve the bomb shelters as long as they remain a feature within the park. It is accepted that the bomb shelters—which are historic structures in the Mare Island Historic District but are not character-defining features to Alden Park—would be expensive to remove and are for the foreseeable future a part of the landscape. Additionally removal of the shelters would likely have an adverse impact on historic eucalyptus trees that are growing adjacent to these structures.

July 01, 2011 - 3 - Section 1.3 Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report ALDEN PARK TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

b. Develop interpretive signage that places into context the function of the shelters and the reason for their location in the park.

2. Vegetation

a. Preserve and maintain the historic trees in the park and the grass lawn as the primary vegetation features in the informal south end of the park.

b. Undertake the recommendations for maintenance to the trees identified in the Arborist Report.

c. Maintain the predominance of evergreen trees in the tree stand and replace evergreen trees that must be removed for any reason in kind or with a compatible evergreen species.

d. Preserve the agaves along the west edge of the park

e. Preserve the wisteria. This historic plant is located in a non-historic location. Undertake a review to determine if the plant can be relocated to Building 47 to become part of a rehabilitated entry design.

f. Remove the shrubs along the western edge next to Walnut Avenue to order to restore the open character that existed prior to 1960.

3. Circulation

a. Preserve and maintain the existing paths.

b. Do not add additional paths to the park.

c.. Restore the functionality of the stairs along the west side of the park that connect to Railroad Avenue.

4. Topography

a. Preserve the examples of the historic slope that remain along the west edge of the park.

5. Site Furnishings

a. Repair and preserve the benches and relocate individual benches that are placed too close to trees or bomb shelters, that are placed facing away from the paths, or are unstable.

b. Remove the non-historic light fixtures and replace with new fixtures that are compatible with the historic fixtures on 8th Street (at north end of the park) at key locations along the paths in order to provide adequate night lighting.

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Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Section 1.3 ALDEN PARK TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

c. Remove the chainlink fence along the west side of the park to open up the view and to restore the access to the stairs that connect to Railroad Avenue (a historic circulation feature).

d. Remove the existing trash cans and replace with new trash receptacles that are compatible with the historic character of the park.

e. Remove the miscellaneous site furnishings: non-functioning water fountain, one-of-a-kind concrete bench, and one-of-a-kind pedestal. Conduct additional research to try to determine the history or origin of the bench and pedestal before they are removed. If they are found have historic value, offer them to the Mare Island Historic Park Foundation.

f. Monitor and repair as necessary the wood trellis that supports the historic wisteria.

Goal III. All planning, management, and treatment decisions for the Alden Park cultural landscape should follow the Secretary of the Interior’s Rehabilitation Standards.

The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties (Secretary's Standards) are “best practice” concepts that provide a common language and a consistent framework for historic preservation practices. The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards are neither technical nor prescriptive but are intended to promote responsible preservation practices. The standards consist of a series of concepts that address issues related to: (1) maintaining, repairing, and replacing historic materials and (2) designing new additions or making alterations. The Secretary's Standards define four management strategies or treatments—preservation, restoration, reconstruction, and rehabilitation.

Of these options, Rehabilitation is the recommended treatment approach for the Alden Park cultural landscape. The landscape requires more intervention that afforded by preservation to reflect its historic character when the 1936 plan was extant. However, realistically resources are not available to fund a true restoration of the park to the 1936 plan era. Rehabilitation assumes that there have been and will be changes and provides guidance to allow for a compatible contemporary use of the property through alterations and additions while preserving those portions or features which convey its historical, cultural, or architectural values. The Secretary's Standards and Guidelines for Rehabilitation:

• Provide guidelines for incorporating a contemporary use of the property while preserving the portions and features of the property which are significant.

• Focus attention on the preservation of those materials, features, finishes, spaces, and spatial relationships that, together, give a property its historic character.

• Emphasize the retention and repair of historic materials but provides more latitude for replacement because it is assumed the property is more deteriorated (than that of a property requiring only preservation).

July 01, 2011 - 5 - Section 1.3 Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report ALDEN PARK TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

• Provide guidance for the replacement of extensively deteriorated, damaged, or missing features using either traditional or substitute materials.

A. Secretary's Standards for Rehabilitation

The Secretary's Standards for Rehabilitation are the ten principles that should guide all planning and treatment for the Alden Park cultural landscape and against which are treatment decisions should be judged:

1. A property will be used as it was historically or be given a new use that requires minimal change to its distinctive materials, features, spaces, and spatial relationships.

2. The historic character of a property will be retained and preserved. The removal of distinctive materials or alteration of features, spaces, and spatial relationships that characterize a property will be avoided.

3. Each property will be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use. Changes that create a false sense of historical development, such as adding conjectural features or elements from other historic properties, will not be undertaken.

4. Changes to a property that have acquired historic significance in their own right will be retained and preserved.

5. Distinctive materials, features, finishes, and construction techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize a property will be preserved.

6. Deteriorated historic features will be repaired rather than replaced. Where the severity of deterioration requires replacement of a distinctive feature, the new feature will match the old in design, color, texture, and, where possible, materials. Replacement of missing features will be substantiated by documentary and physical evidence.

7. Chemical or physical treatments, if appropriate, will be undertaken using the gentlest means possible. Treatments that cause damage to historic materials will not be used.

8. Archeological resources will be protected and preserved in place. If such resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures will be undertaken.

9. New additions, exterior alterations, or related new construction will not destroy historic materials, features, and spatial relationships that characterize the property. The new work will be differentiated from the old and will be compatible with the historic materials, features, size, scale and proportion, and massing to protect the integrity of the property and its environment.

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Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Section 1.3 ALDEN PARK TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

10. New additions and adjacent or related new construction will be undertaken in a such a manner that, if removed in the future, the essential form and integrity of the historic property and its environment would be unimpaired (NPS 2007).

B. General Rehabilitation Guidance for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes

In addition to these general principles, the Secretary’s Standards provide detailed guidelines to address the unique characteristics of cultural landscapes (i.e. ones that are not addressed or required for the treatment for buildings and structures) in The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes (NPS 1996) (Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes). This publication is organized into “Recommended” actions and techniques that are consistent with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and “Not Recommended” actions and techniques that should be avoided. The Rehabilitation Guidelines in this manual should be consulted for guidance when questions arise that were not specifically addressed in this CLR.

C. General Rehabilitation Guidance for Historic Buildings

The Secretary of the Interior’s Rehabilitation Standards & Illustrated Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings. (NPS 1995) (Rehabilitation Guidelines for Historic Buildings) is a companion publication for historic buildings. This publication provides guidance specific to historic buildings and structures. These Guidelines for the Treatment of Historic Buildings should be consulted for guidance related to the treatment for the bandstand and the bomb shelters within Alden Park.

D. General Treatment Guidelines for Alden Park

The following general guidance should be followed for all planning, management, and development within Alden Park:

1. Guidelines for Character-Defining Features

a.. Refer to the "Description and Analysis" section of this report to identify the character-defining features and materials for Alden Park.

b. Protect, preserve, and repair character-defining features and materials and replace deteriorated character-defining features that were identified in this report.

c. Interpret missing character-defining features when it is not practical or advisable to replace them.

d. Document any character-defining that for some reason (such as health and safety) must be altered or removed.

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e. Replace key missing character-defining features that are essential to the public understanding of the property.

2. Guidelines for Non-Character-Defining Features or Uses

a. Identify and remove non-character-defining features that are not compatible with the historic character of Alden Park.

3. Guidelines Related to New Features or Uses

a. Additions of new uses or new features must be compatible with the preservation of the historic character of Alden Park.

Some of the guidelines to follow to ensure compatibility of new features or uses include the following:

i. A new feature or new use should not change, obscure, or destroy park's character-defining spatial organization patterns, circulation features, vegetation, structures, site furnishings, or objects or their materials. The appearance of the park in the years immediately preceding World War II as reflected by the 1936 plan serves as the baseline for these features.

ii. A new feature location, materials (including texture and color), scale and proportion, form, and massing or a new use should be compatible with the historic character of the park. The appearance of the park in the years immediately preceding World War II as reflected by the 1936 plan serves as the baseline for the historic character.

iii. The additions of a new feature or new use should be reversible so that if removed in the future, the essential characteristics and integrity of Alden Park would be unimpaired.

iv. The presence of a new feature or new use should not preclude the option of restoring or reconstructing missing features from the period immediately preceding World War II as expressed in the 1936 plan.

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BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING

ALDEN PARK Mare Island, Vallejo CA

ARBORIST REPORT

February 8, 2011

Report Prepared for: Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. 690 Walnut Ave., Suite 100 Vallejo, CA 94592

P.O. Box 311, ORINDA, CA 94563 [email protected] - email 925.254.7950 – Phone 925.254.4729 - Fax

Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY...... 3

INTRODUCTION...... 4

BACKGROUND...... 4

ASSIGNMENT...... 4

LIMITS OF ASSIGNMENT...... 4

OBSERVATIONS ...... 5

METHODS...... 5

DATA ...... 5

DISCUSSION ...... 6

CONCLUSIONS ...... 7

RECOMMENDATIONS...... 7

APPENDIX A –Data...... 9

APPENDIX B – Recommendations ...... 19

APPENDIX C – Digital Images ...... 26

APPENDIX D - CERTIFICATE OF PERFORMANCE...... 45 GLOSSARY...... 46 REFERENCES ...... 47 LOCATION MAP ...... 48

@Baefsky & Associates 2011. All rights reserved. This report, dated June 30, 2011 is for the exclusive and confidential use of Baefsky & Associates clients and their representatives for this project only, and shall not be reproduced in whole or in part on other occasions without the written permission of Baefsky & Associates.

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 2 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011

SUMMARY One hundred and seventy-six trees were evaluated in and around Alden Park in December 2010. Tree species are mainly exotic, with several native to California, and none indigenous to the site. Thirty-seven different species of trees are represented. Eucalyptus globulus (blue gum eucalyptus), Cedrus deodara (deodar cedar), and Pinus radiata (Monterey pine) are the three dominant species on site, both in terms of numbers of specimens, but also in terms of size.

Tree diameters ranged from three inches, to seventy-two inches, averaging twenty-five point two inches for single-trunk trees. E. globulus, P. radiata and Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood) were species with the largest individual trees.

Health or vigor of the trees ranged from very poor to excellent, averaging fair. Trees of excellent vigor were small or large specimens that dominate the park. Vigor of the trees has been negatively influenced by excessive pruning, growth of ivy within the rooting zones and up trunks of trees, growth of turf up to tree trunks and mower damage to roots.

Tree structural characteristics ranged from very poor to excellent, averaging poor. Pruning damage has caused structural defects including heavy end-weight on branches, poorly connected scaffolds (caused by topping), wounds with included bark, cavities and decay in trunks and at the bases of resprouted scaffolds, and poor branch distribution.

Failure potential is generally high for the large E. globulus, C. deodara and Grevillea robusta (silk oak) due to topping, flush cuts and lions-tailing pruning. An unusual triple-tree cable system has created failure prone trunks of all three trees, due to trunk girdling. Branch failures from C. deodara have been noted in the past several yearsi in this park.

Notable trees evaluated on site include the following: • Large E. globulus trees creating shade, wind screens, and view sheds, as well as blocking views of historic building from various vantage points, and making up the most failure- prone and hazardous components of the park • Large declining P. radiata trees near the park entrance and along Walnut Avenue • One E. sideroxylon (red ironbark - #97), Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress - #57) Catalpa speciosa (western catalpa - #95), C. atlantica (Atlas cedar = #75), and Thuja orientalis (Japanese arborvitae - #134) the only trees of these species in the park • One Quercus lobata (valley oak - #99), and two Juglans hindsii (CA black walnut - #130, #139) are the only native CA species that are locally indigenous in the region • One stump sprouted grove of Ulmus americana (American elm - #52-55), the only example of this species identified on the island to date • Best quality Calocedrus decurrens (incense cedar) trees found on island • One CA native Thuja plicata (western red cedar), the only one found on the island to date • Several interestingly trunk decayed, declining Schinus molle (CA peppertrees) • One large C. deodara (#140) with a very large trunk cavity, on north side of 8th Street, caused by irrigation hitting trunk

Immediate recommendations include aerial inspections for hazard and failure potential, pruning for health and safety, cutting turf and ivy away from trees, and tree removal. Priorities are assigned for recommended pruning, and a pruning schedule is provided.

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 3 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011

INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND

Location Alden Park is located in between Walnut Avenue and Railroad Avenue, bounded on the north by 8th Street and on the south by buildings, on Mare Island, Vallejo CA.

Setting The park faces Railroad Avenue and a row of buildings on its northeastern side. A row of large houses faces the park on Walnut Avenue on the parks opposite side. The park entrance is across the street from a complex of buildings known as Farragut Plaza.

Other features noted include: • Bomb shelters are the dominant hardscape feature in the park, and trees are located in between the shelters, and in some cases right up against them • A band shell and crow’s nest mark the entrance area of the park facing Eighth Street, and a variety of plaques, cannons and missiles are displayed in this same area. • Concrete paths connect the sidewalk with the band shell. • An asphalt path winds through the park. • The asphalt path was adjusted in 2007 during its renovation to avoid damaging trees in its vicinity. • Some of the trees have wooden signs on them with their species names. • A small number of trees have tags from a previous inventory carried out on the trees.ii

Topography is relatively flat, and Diablo silty clay is the mapped soil seriesiii on site. This soil type has up to fifty inches of silty clay top and subsoil, resting on shale and fine grained sandstone bedrock. This is a slowly permeable soil type, but is usually well drained.

Tree Failures Branch failures of C. deodara have been noted in the past several years in the park interior. Evidence of branch failures from G. robusta is visible on the large specimens located across the street from the park on Walnut Ave.

Removals Dead and dying trees have been removed from this site in the recent past, due to unacceptable hazard posed to park users.iv

ASSIGNMENT I was hired by Paul Roberts & Partners Inc. to number, identify to species, measure trunk size and evaluate tree condition.

LIMITS OF ASSIGNMENT Trees were not tagged, nor were individual tree hazard evaluations provided. This tree inventory was carried out on visually the ground, aerial inspections were not provided, nor were any diagnostic methods used to evaluate trunk soundness.

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 4 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011

OBSERVATIONS METHODS

Field Survey I evaluated trees in the park, within fifteen feet of the curb on Walnut Avenue facing the park, and outside of the chain-link fence facing Railroad Avenue on December 13-23, 2010 in a ground survey that assessed tree health/vigor and structure (condition) by looking at the following parameters: • Rooting zone quality; disturbance, moisture, perviousness, compaction • Root crown region; damage, soil burying • Trunk; damage, taper, cavities, lean • Scaffolds; damage, failures, taper, distribution, balance, dieback, attachment • Smaller branches; distribution, dieback, attachment, • Twigs; dieback, distribution, growth • Foliage; size, color, dieback

Trunk circumferences and/or diameters were measured at fifty-four inches above grade. Multiple trunk trees were measured at the same height, and each individual trunk reported

DATA • One hundred and sixty-seven trees were evaluated

• Thirty-seven different species of trees were identified

• Dominant overstory species are Eucalyptus globulus (blue gum eucalyptus), Cedrus deodara (deodar cedar), and Pinus radiata (Monterey pine) in terms of numbers of specimens and size

• Main understory species are Pittosporum undulatum , P. tobira (mock orange) and Ligustrum lucidum (glossy leaf privet)

• Size measured by tree diameter ranged from three inches to seventy-two inches, averaging twenty-five inches for single-trunk trees

• Health ranged from very poor to excellent, averaging fair

• Structural characteristics ranged from very poor to excellent, averaging poor.

• Failure potential is high from branch failure, due to the large number of topped, lions- tailed and flush cut specimens, and the proclivities of represented species to fail in this manner, along with history of tree failure on this site

• One C. deodara tree (#140) is in imminent danger of failing from a cavity on its trunk, and its hazard potential is high due to its location next to sidewalk and 8th Street

• One G. robusta (#145), on the west side of Walnut Avenue is in imminent danger of failing from cavities in its trunk, and its hazard potential is high due to its location next to sidewalk and Walnut Avenue

Appendix A includes a spreadsheet with observations summarized for each tree. BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 5 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011

DISCUSSION Thirty-seven different species of trees are represented in and adjoining the park. E. globulus, C. deodara, and P. radiata are the three dominant species on site. Individuals in these species are also the largest specimens.

E. globulus is the main species dominating this park. It is of Australian origin and has become known in CA as an invasive exotic species, undesirable in most urban settings due to inherent fire hazard, large branch failures, invasive root system and profuse shedding of bark, seed capsules and foliage. In this park specimens screen views and wind, create viewsheds and shade, and tower over bunkers and other trees. Apis mellifera (European honeybee) use the flowers, especially in winter months when few other flowering plants are available. They have nested in E. globulus trunk cavities in several trees near the park. Raptors use the trees for nesting, roosting and perching, although no nests were noted in this park during the recent tree evaluations.

P. radiata is another widely planted tree in this park. It is a CA native tree, indigenous to coastal central CA. Specimens in the park are declining, except one sapling. Several pests and diseases attack and reduce aging trees, but the trees in this park display no infections or infestations currently. Mowed roots, stubbed branches, and excessive pruning have hastened the decline of these trees and increased their failure potentials.

C. deodara is a dominant species that is native to regions of the Himalayas and well adapted to the climate of the site. Branch failures have occurred in this park from trees of this species during storm and wind events. Specimens are declining. Their decline is characterized by branch, trunk and root failures. Many are competing for light with other specimens, and have developed leaning trunks that may predispose them to root failure in areas of poor drainage.

Tree condition at this park is not good, and most of the trees on site are declining. This is the result of competition from groundcovers, other trees and shrubs, the presence of bunkers in many areas, and historic pruning practices that include lions-tailing and topping. Some of these practices were common in the two previous centuries, but in the past twenty years have proven to be harmful, and are currently understood to be the cause of many tree failures and early tree mortality.

Failure of large branches is most likely for the large E. globulus, C. deodara and G. robusta that have been poorly pruned for much of their lives. Topping, flush cuts, and lions-tailing has created failure prone trees, with the most likely failures being large scaffold branches. Most trees have been excessively pruned, further weakening them. Additional pruning, cabling and tree removal will be necessary to reduce potential failures from occurring. Aerial inspections are needed to fine tune this observation and develop more detailed preservation or removal plans.

Two trees (#140 & #145) have high hazard potential due to their condition, failure potential, species profile and location over sidewalks and streets.

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 6 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011

CONCLUSIONS 1. E. globulus, C. deodara, and P. radiata are the dominant trees in this park, with E. globulus the most dominant.

2. E. globulus trees screen views and wind, create viewsheds and shade, and provide pollen, nectar and harborage for European honey bees.

3. P. radiata trees are declining at a normal rate for the species in this region. Their decline is exacerbated by surface roots that are mowed, excessive pruning, and groundcovers.

4. C. deodara trees are declining in ways that are normal for the species in this region, which includes an increase in branch failures.

5. Tree condition on site is generally declining due to species, maintenance practices and age of specimens.

6. Branch failures from the three largest, most dominant species is very likely, due to species characteristics, maintenance practices, and the maturity of the trees.

7. Hazard potential of two trees (#140 and #145) requires immediate attention.

RECOMMENDATIONS Adjust irrigation so sprinklers do not hit trunk

Aerial Inspection Large failure-prone trees of all species require immediate evaluations due to structural defects noted from the ground. Most E. globulus, C. deodara, and G. robusta require immediate evaluations. One G. robusta (#145), located on the west side of Walnut Avenue, should be inspected immediately, as its cavity appears to be very significant.

Pruning Clearance pruning, crown cleaning, weight reduction and the removal of hazardous deadwood are the pruning methods that I recommend for improving the safety and aesthetics of trees in Alden Park.

CROWN CLEANING: Remove dead, broken, rubbing, or diseased branches using thinning cuts. Also, remove all weakly attached branches.

HAZARDOUS DEADWOOD REMOVAL: Remove all deadwood that is greater than two inches in diameter. Use thinning cuts, or reduction cuts. If using reduction cuts, reduce length of branch back to a live lateral that is at least one-third the diameter of the cut stem.

WEIGHT REDUCTION: Using thinning or proper reduction cuts to reduce weights on branch ends by up to twenty-five percent

OTHER recommended pruning includes allowing inner branches to grow in, cutting back adjoining or competing vegetation prune for balance

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 7 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011

Cut-Away Turf & Ivy Turf, ivy and trees are not compatible. Minimize turf and ivy around trees by removing concentric circles of turf or ivy, as far away from the trunks as is possible. A twelve-inch radius is the minimum recommended, based on tree and groundcover condition, and is usually recommended for individual trees may be more tolerant of that competition. Trees that are less vigorous, and/or more sensitive to the competition have recommended setbacks of (minimum) from twenty-four to thirty-six inches.

Remove Hazardous Trees • Tree #145 has a very large cavity in its trunk, caused by irrigation and soil build-up around the tree trunk, and its trunk and branches overhang a sidewalk and street • Tree #144 has large cavities in the upper crown and is overhanging street, sidewalk and landscaped areas. • #3,14,17,21,26,73,111,135,138 and 147 have a lower level of hazard, and the dangers they pose to potential targets is currently less immediate.

OTHER Recommended Actions • bump sidewalk out to allow tree to safely coexist with sidewalk and street • cut back weeds invading planting pits and growing up against existing tree trunks • cut girdling roots, cover rootballs, restake and install root barriers for newly planted trees • cover rootballs of newly planted trees • irrigate trees according to their water use requirements, especially newly planted and old declining trees • mulch all areas with bare soil

PRUNING CYCLES Recommendations for pruning at one, two, three, five and ten year intervals are provided. These intervals are suggested as ideal minimums for the trees on site. Young trees will need annual pruning for up to five years in order to build a good structure. Mature trees may not need pruning at all, but should be looked at for pruning needs at least every five years.

URGENCY (PRUNING PRIOTITIES) A scale of one to five is use, with one being the most urgent and five being the least urgent. An example of an urgent need would be a failure prone or hazardous tree. Less urgent, but also important would be the annual training pruning that new trees need. Mature trees with no visible defects and not interfering with other vegetation are examples of trees that would be rated least urgent.

See Appendix B for more details.

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 8 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011 APPENDIX A –DATA

# SPECIES NAME DIAMETER HEIGHT VIGOR STRUCTURE NOTES (inches) (feet) 1 Pinus radiata Monterey 46.5 80 FAIR FAIR USS Independence pine cannon at root crown, large lower scaffold stubbed, interior branches missing, surface roots 2 Pinus radiata Monterey 18.0 35 POOR POOR old sign, leaning, pine girdling roots, surface roots 3 Prunus avium Monterey 2.8 9 VERY VERY POOR engulfed by ivy pine POOR 4 Picea pungens Colorado 6.2 20 FAIR POOR leaning, ivy blue suppressing spruce 5 Juglans regia English 9.4 35 FAIR FAIR leaning, ivy walnut suppressing 6 Phoenix Canary 39.0 17 GOOD GOOD bird planted canariensis island palm 7 Eucalyptus blue gum 48.7 95 FAIR POOR topped at 40', ivy globulus eucalyptus up root crown, leaning & twisted 8 Eucalyptus blue gum 61.0 100 POOR POOR topped at 40', globulus eucalyptus resprouts crowded, one-sided, leaning, root crown & buttress decay 30- 45% 9 Eucalyptus blue gum 54.0 100 POOR POOR large trunk cavity globulus eucalyptus (35%)twisted, top only, species name sign 10 Pinus radiata Monterey 36.7 85 POOR POOR ivy up root crown, pine leaning, top only 11 Pittosporum victorian 6.0 50 GOOD FAIR #10 understory undulatum box 12 Pinus radiata Monterey 27.6 65 POOR POOR topped, no taper, pine leaning, name sign 13 Sequoiadendron giant 39.8 85 FAIR GOOD old name sign giganteum sequoia 14 Sequoiadendron giant 22.2 45 VERY VERY POOR old name sign giganteum sequoia POOR 15 Eucalyptus blue gum 49.5 95 FAIR POOR scaffolds topped at globulus eucalyptus 40', multiple scaffolds, large buttress 16 Pittosporum victorian 6.9,7.6 40 GOOD POOR undulatum box 17 Prunus (plum) plum 8.1,4,4 17 POOR VERY POOR understory 18 Cedrus deodara deodar 38.6 85 FAIR FAIR old sign cedar

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 9 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011 # SPECIES NAME DIAMETER HEIGHT VIGOR STRUCTURE NOTES (inches) (feet) 19 Cedrus deodara deodar 30.6 75 POOR POOR leaning, thin, cedar unbalanced 20 Cedrus deodara deodar 36.6 85 FAIR FAIR old sign cedar 21 Ailanthus tree of 1.0 7 GOOD FAIR bird planted, next altissima heaven to path, twisted 22 Podocarpus yew pine 7.4 25 FAIR FAIR macrophyllus 23 Podocarpus yew pine 7.2 20 FAIR POOR old sign macrophyllus 24 Podocarpus yew pine 3.5,4.5,5 22 FAIR POOR macrophyllus 25 Cedrus deodara deodar 14,13.7,37.6 85 FAIR FAIR over bunker cedar 26 Cedrus deodara deodar 33.5 55 POOR VERY POOR uprooting, severe cedar lean 27 Cedrus deodara deodar 34 75 FAIR POOR upright co- cedar dominant scaffolds at 40', embedded wire 28 Pinus radiata Monterey 30.3 75 FAIR POOR leaning old sign pine 29 Pinus radiata Monterey 31.9 55 FAIR POOR ivy up trunk, few pine remaining scaffolds 30 Sequoiadendron giant 53.8 75 GOOD GOOD ivy up trunk giganteum sequoia 31 Ligustrum wax leaf 18.8 40 GOOD FAIR large trunk cavity lucidum privet with ivy up trunk 32 Podocarpus yew pine 3.8,3.5 10 FAIR POOR macrophyllus 33 Pseudotsuga douglas 31.2 85 GOOD FAIR trunk bleeding, old menziesii fir topping wounds 34 Ligustrum wax leaf 13.1, 55 GOOD POOR old sign, co- lucidum privet 19.3,10.5,14.9 dominant stump sprout, cavities in scaffolds 35 Eriobotrya loquat 9, 7.3 25 FAIR POOR old sign, bird japonica planted against bunker 36 Pinus radiata Monterey 42.9 80 POOR POOR top only, old sign, pine historically cabled 37 Schinus molle CA 16.6 25 POOR POOR twisted, previously pepper suppressed tree 38 Sequoia coast 34.0 75 POOR G foliage stunted sempervirens redwood 39 Pittosporum victorian 9.3,8.2,4.4 45 GOOD FAIR undulatum box 40 Pittosporum victorian 10.5,10.5,10.1, 45 FAIR POOR stump sprout, undulatum box 10.4,9.9 included bark 41 Pittosporum victorian 8.1,7.5,5.7 35 POOR POOR undulatum box

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 10 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011 # SPECIES NAME DIAMETER HEIGHT VIGOR STRUCTURE NOTES (inches) (feet) 42 Casurina horsetail 23.8 60 POOR POOR ivy up trunk - cunninghamiana tree northern in row 43 Casurina horsetail 38.3 55 POOR POOR old sign, co- cunninghamiana tree dominant scaffolds with included bark 44 Casurina horsetail 16.9 40 POOR FAIR top dieback cunninghamiana tree 45 Pittosporum victorian 8.8,8.8,7.2,10.2 35 FAIR POOR stump sprout, old undulatum box sign 46 Pittosporum victorian 4.4,3.8,5.4,5,3.4 25 POOR POOR stump sprout undulatum box 47 Ailanthus tree of 16.0 50 GOOD VERY POOR uprooting, severe altissima heaven lean & correction, bird planted 48 Sequoia coast 34.7 75 GOOD FAIR broken branch sempervirens redwood 49 Ailanthus tree of 9.5 25 GOOD POOR stump sprout , bird altissima heaven planted 50 Pinus radiata Monterey 27.2 75 POOR POOR old sign, top only pine 51 Pinus radiata Monterey 31.3 75 FAIR FAIR twisted pine 52 Ulmus American 19.3,16.6,10.2,1 65 GOOD POOR stump sprout americana elm 0.2 53 Ulmus American 7.3,11.0 60 FAIR POOR root sprout americana elm 54 Ulmus American 7.3,9.2,7.2,10 55 FAIR POOR root sprout americana elm 55 Ulmus American 9.6 50 FAIR POOR root sprout americana elm 56 Pinus radiata Monterey 31.5 60 POOR POOR top only pine 57 Cupressus Arizona 14.8 45 POOR FAIR leaning, ivy up arizonica cypress trunk 58 Sequoia coast 19,29.5 80 GOOD FAIR near bunker sempervirens redwood 59 Sequoia coast 49.0 95 GOOD GOOD near bunker sempervirens redwood 60 Eucalyptus blue gum 77.2 120 FAIR POOR near bunker, globulus eucalyptus topped at 50', resprouts upright, foliage sparse 61 Cedrus deodara deodar 38.1 75 FAIR POOR irregular structure cedar 62 Cedrus deodara deodar 33@3', 16,15 95 FAIR POOR irregular structure, cedar 63 Cedrus deodara deodar 24.0 75.0 FAIR POOR top broken out cedar 64 Eucalyptus blue gum 60.7 120 FAIR POOR girdled twice from globulus eucalyptus cables

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 11 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011 # SPECIES NAME DIAMETER HEIGHT VIGOR STRUCTURE NOTES (inches) (feet) 65 Eucalyptus blue gum 39.4 120 POOR POOR topped at 40-50', globulus eucalyptus resprouts upright, growing into bunker 66 Eucalyptus blue gum 52.0 100 POOR VERY POOR girdling f from globulus eucalyptus cable, through bolted 67 Cedrus deodara deodar 34.9 75 FAIR VERY POOR girdling from cable, cedar leaning, cavity 68 Calocedrus incense 21.0 60 GOOD FAIR slight lean decurrens cedar 69 Calocedrus incense 27.9 70 FAIR GOOD dieback in shade decurrens cedar 70 Calocedrus incense 23.0 70 GOOD GOOD leaning & twisted, decurrens cedar into eucalyptus 71 Calocedrus incense 18.7 60 FAIR POOR leaning & twisted, decurrens cedar into eucalyptus 72 Sequoia coast 44.5 55 POOR GOOD old sign, thin sempervirens redwood canopy 73 Malus spp. crabapple 6.8 22 POOR VERY POOR severe lean 74 Calocedrus incense 21.2 55 GOOD FAIR decurrens cedar 75 Cedrus Atlas 19.4 50 POOR FAIR blue foliage, very atlantica cedar sparse & stunted foliage 76 Acacia Baily 28.7 50 GOOD POOR up against bunker, bailyeana acacia leaning & corrected, twisted 77 Cedrus deodara deodar 20.2 55 FAIR POOR poor taper, cedar unbalanced , cavity at root crown 78 Calocedrus incense 27.8 60 FAIR POOR leaning, co- decurrens cedar dominant scaffolds with included bark, twisted 79 Calocedrus incense 20.3 50 POOR POOR missing branches - decurrens cedar unbalanced, leaning 80 Eucalyptus blue gum 46.5 120 POOR POOR topped at 50' globulus eucalyptus 81 Eucalyptus blue gum 45.1 120 POOR POOR topped at 50' globulus eucalyptus 82 Eucalyptus blue gum 35.8 110 POOR POOR ivy up trunk , globulus eucalyptus topped at 50' 83 Eucalyptus blue gum 43.7 100 POOR POOR twisted, one-sided, globulus eucalyptus large trunk cavity, topped at 50' 84 Eucalyptus blue gum 56.6 100 FAIR POOR topped at 50', globulus eucalyptus 85 Eucalyptus blue gum 66.3 120 FAIR POOR topped at 50', globulus eucalyptus 86 Calocedrus incense 18.8 55 FAIR POOR next to bunker, ivy decurrens cedar up trunk 87 Cedrus deodara deodar 34.5 110 GOOD FAIR cedar

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 12 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011 # SPECIES NAME DIAMETER HEIGHT VIGOR STRUCTURE NOTES (inches) (feet) 88 Casurina horsetail 24.5 90 FAIR FAIR minimal taper cunninghamiana tree 89 Casurina horsetail 24.3 80 GOOD POOR minimal taper, cunninghamiana tree unbalanced, ivy trunk 90 Casurina horsetail 23.9 80 FAIR FAIR unbalanced, ivy up cunninghamiana tree trunk 91 Casurina horsetail 18.5 75 POOR POOR minimal taper, cunninghamiana tree unbalanced , ivy up trunk 92 Casurina horsetail 17.2 80 POOR POOR minimal taper, cunninghamiana tree unbalanced , turf up to trunk 93 Cedrus deodara deodar 28.7 80 POOR POOR topped at 60', cedar multiple tops- failure prone, unbalanced 94 Casurina horsetail 18.5 75 POOR POOR historically cunninghamiana tree suppressed, unbalanced, ivy up trunk 95 Catalpa western 10.3 20 VERY VERY POOR lawnmower blight, speciosa catalpa POOR previously suppressed 96 Acacia Baily 14.8 45 FAIR POOR twisted, topped, bailyeana acacia unbalanced 97 Eucalyptus red 41.4 90 FAIR POOR lawnmower blight, sideroxylon ironbark top weight only, top heavy 98 Acacia Baily 1.6 65 FAIR POOR twisted, leaning, bailyeana acacia large trunk cavity 99 Quercus lobata valley oak 14.2 40 GOOD G slight lean & twisted, turf up to trunk, watering tube in trunk 100 Pittosporum mock 15.8,12.1,25.5 60 GOOD FAIR co-dominant trunks tobira orange with included bark, cavities on scaffolds 101 Pinus radiata Monterey 22.9 68 POOR POOR leaning into #100, pine large trunk cavity where branch broke out, 102 Pittosporum mock 20.5 55 FAIR GOOD topped at 45', good tobira orange taper 103 Ligustrum wax leaf 13.7,14.2 55 GOOD POOR included bark at co- lucidum privet dominant trunks 104 Pittosporum victorian 9.6,11.3,9.2,10. 45 FAIR FAIR normal undulatum box 5 105 Pittosporum victorian 11.5 35 FAIR POOR normal undulatum box 106 Eucalyptus blue gum 40.9 120 POOR POOR large trunk cavity, globulus eucalyptus poor taper, branches on top 107 Eucalyptus blue gum 46.8 120 POOR POOR topping wounds, globulus eucalyptus very poor structure BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 13 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011 # SPECIES NAME DIAMETER HEIGHT VIGOR STRUCTURE NOTES (inches) (feet) 108 Pittosporum victorian 15.6 55 GOOD FAIR normal undulatum box 109 Pinus radiata Monterey 38.1 100 FAIR FAIR top heavy, slight pine lean 110 Eucalyptus blue gum 39.5 100 POOR POOR unbalanced globulus eucalyptus 111 Pinus radiata Monterey 27.4 90 VERY VERY POOR twisted, declining pine POOR 112 Eucalyptus blue gum 42.0 120 POOR POOR trunk cavities, co- globulus eucalyptus dominant sprouts 113 Eucalyptus blue gum 38.9 110 POOR VERY POOR ivy up trunk, globulus eucalyptus growing into bunker, trunk cavities, co- dominant sprouts 114 Eucalyptus blue gum 53.5 110 FAIR POOR upright topping globulus eucalyptus sprouts 115 Eucalyptus blue gum 57.3 120 POOR POOR ivy up trunk, globulus eucalyptus upright sprouts 116 Pinus radiata Monterey 29.9 90 POOR POOR leaning, top heavy pine 117 Pinus radiata Monterey 3.5 25 EXCELL EXCELLENT pine LENT 118 Cedrus deodara deodar 30.3 90 FAIR FAIR cedar 119 Cedrus deodara deodar 22.9 95 FAIR FAIR nice branch cedar distribution 120 Cedrus deodara deodar 23.7 90 FAIR FAIR old sign, over bench cedar 121 Ailanthus tree of 17.4 40 FAIR FAIR bird planted, next altissima heaven to path, twisted 122 Eucalyptus blue gum 56.1 100 FAIR POOR ivy up trunk, trunk globulus eucalyptus galls, topped at 40', upright resprouts, twig dieback 123 Cedrus deodara deodar 19.3 55 FAIR POOR old sign, topped, cedar minimal taper 124 Schinus molle CA 12.4 35 POOR POOR trunk cavities, pepper leaning & twisted, tree sparse 125 Acacia Baily 18.8 40 FAIR POOR leaning over street, bailyeana acacia trunk cavities, included bark scaffolds 126 Schinus molle CA 12.4 35 FAIR POOR ivy up trunk, pepper leaning & twisted, tree trunk cavities 127 Acacia Baily 18.3 80 GOOD GOOD root crown into bailyeana acacia bunker, large low poorly attached scaffold 128 Acacia Baily 13.7 50 GOOD GOOD stump sprout, bailyeana acacia leaning

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 14 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011 # SPECIES NAME DIAMETER HEIGHT VIGOR STRUCTURE NOTES (inches) (feet) 129 Quercus illex holly oak 6.8 25 GOOD POOR bird planted, sapsucker damage to trunk 130 Juglans hindsii CA black 7.3 25 GOOD FAIR bird planted walnut 131 Pinus radiata Monterey 24.8 55 GOOD FAIR measured at 5.5', pine leaning 132 Phoenix Canary 36.0 40 GOOD GOOD ivy up trunk canariensis island palm 133 Phoenix Canary 20.0 20 GOOD GOOD ivy up trunk canariensis island palm 134 Thuja orientalis oriental 34.0 20 FAIR FAIR ivy up trunk arborvitae 135 Ligustrum wax leaf 6,3,3,3,3,3,3 45 FAIR VERY POOR ivy up trunk , lucidum privet stump sprout 136 Ailanthus tree of MULTIPLE 30 GOOD VERY POOR *root sprouts altissima heaven

137 Eucalyptus blue gum 6.7 25 FAIR POOR ivy up trunk globulus eucalyptus 138 Ailanthus tree of 4,3,2,2,4,1,3,33, 25* GOOD VERY POOR *root sprouts altissima heaven 3,3,3,2,2,2,23,3, 2,1,2,3,1,2,1,2,3 ,2,1,2,2,1

139 Juglans hindsii CA black 30 VERY POOR trunk & scaffold walnut POOR wounded, sidewalk at trunk, uplifting sidewalk 140 Cedrus deodara deodar 29.7 80 POOR FAIR leaning over cedar street, 25-33% decayed root crown rot from sprinklers and ivy 141 Pittosporum victorian 25 FAIR FAIR bare soil, undulatum box included bark at scaffolds 142 Grevillea silk oak 1.0 7 EXCELL VERY POOR new tree, weeds robusta LENT up to trunk 143 Grevillea silk oak 1.0 6 GOOD VERY POOR planted deep robusta 144 Grevillea silk oak 0.5 6.5 FAIR VERY POOR planted deep robusta

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 15 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011 # SPECIES NAME DIAMETER HEIGHT VIGOR STRUCTURE NOTES (inches) (feet) 145 Grevillea silk oak 29.1 70 POOR POOR roots lifting robusta curb, weeds up to root crown, leaning over street, cavities at major scaffolds crotch, cavities on scaffolds, 35% twig dieback 146 Grevillea silk oak 1.0 7.5 GOOD FAIR weeds in robusta planting basin (mulched) 147 Grevillea silk oak 36.3 80 FAIR VERY POOR uplifting curb, robusta weeds up to trunk, scaffolds split, very large cavity, included bark, imminent failure, 148 Grevillea silk oak 22.9 65 POOR POOR turf up to trunk, robusta large trunk cavity from branch failure, chlorotic foliage, 25% twig dieback , 149 Grevillea silk oak 1.0 7 GOOD FAIR weeds in robusta planting basin (mulched) 150 Gleditsia honey 0.5 7.5 POOR POOR newly planted triacanthos locust 151 Ulmus evergreen 0.5 8 GOOD VERY POOR newly planted parvifolia elm 152 Gleditsia honey 0.5 8 FAIR VERY POOR newly planted triacanthos locust 153 Fraxinus Modesto 26.3 35 POOR VERY POOR large trunk velutina ash cavities, twisted, 'Modesto' leaning over street 154 Ulmus evergreen 0.5 8 FAIR VERY POOR newly planted parvifolia elm 155 Thuja plicata western 16.9 45 EXCELL EXCELLENT stubbed over red cedar LENT sidewalk 156 Gingko biloba ginkgo 0.5 6 POOR VERY POOR stakes on trunk

157 Schinus molle CA 1.0 7.5 FAIR FAIR pepper tree pepper psyllid, stakes tree too close 158 Schinus molle CA 1.0 8 FAIR FAIR girdling rootball pepper exposed pepper tree tree psyllid, stakes too close 159 Schinus molle CA 21.0 35 POOR VERY POOR cavities pepper throughout, tree leaning over sidewalk

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 16 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011 # SPECIES NAME DIAMETER HEIGHT VIGOR STRUCTURE NOTES (inches) (feet) 160 Schinus molle CA 24.8 50 POOR POOR hazardous pepper deadwood over tree sidewalk, leaning over street, cavities throughout 161 Schinus molle CA 26.8 45 POOR POOR uplifting pepper sidewalk, cavities tree throughout, leaning over street 162 Eucalyptus blue gum 23.1 110 FAIR FAIR cavities where globulus eucalyptus topped 163 Gingko biloba ginkgo 0.5 7.5 POOR VERY POOR new tree 164 Cinnamomum camphor 45 FAIR FAIR lions tailed camphora tree 165 Eucalyptus red 1.0 10 FAIR POOR stakes wounding ficifolia flowering tree gum 166 Eucalyptus red 0.3 5 FAIR VERY POOR new tree ficifolia flowering gum 167 Eucalyptus red 0.3 6 FAIR VERY POOR new tree ficifolia flowering gum

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 17 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011

APPENDIX B – RECOMMENDATIONS # Species Diameter RECOMMEND PRUNING URGENCY REMOVAL (inches CYCLE 1 Pinus radiata 46.5 irrigate in dry years - 5 5 check irrigation, avoid hitting trunk with sprinklers 2 Pinus radiata 18.0 aerial inspection 5 1 3 Prunus avium 2.8 3 YES 4 Picea pungens 6.2 cut ivy back 24" from 5 4 trunk 5 Juglans regia 9.4 cut ivy back 24" from 5 4 trunk 6 Phoenix 39.0 cut ivy back 12" from 5 4 canariensis trunk 7 Eucalyptus 48.7 aerial inspection, 5 5 globulus remove ivy from root crown 8 Eucalyptus 61.0 aerial inspection, 1 1 globulus drill or resistograph test 9 Eucalyptus 54.0 aerial inspection, 5 1 globulus drill or resistograph test 10 Pinus radiata 36.7 cut ivy back 12" from 5 1 trunk, aerial inspection 11 Pittosporum 6.0 10 5 undulatum 12 Pinus radiata 27.6 aerial inspection 5 1 13 Sequoiadendron 39.8 10 5 giganteum 14 Sequoiadendron 22.2 1 YES giganteum 15 Eucalyptus 49.5 aerial inspection 2 1 globulus 16 Pittosporum 6.9,7.6 10 5 undulatum 17 Prunus (plum) 8.1,4,4 3 YES 18 Cedrus deodara 38.6 5 4 19 Cedrus deodara 30.6 aerial inspection 5 1 20 Cedrus deodara 36.6 5 4 21 Ailanthus 1.0 5 YES altissima 22 Podocarpus 7.4 10 5 macrophyllus 23 Podocarpus 7.2 mulch 10 5 macrophyllus 24 Podocarpus 3.5,4.5,5 mulch 10 5 macrophyllus

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 18 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011 # Species Diameter RECOMMEND PRUNING URGENCY REMOVAL (inches CYCLE 25 Cedrus deodara 14,13.7,37. 5 4 6 26 Cedrus deodara 33.5 2 YES

27 Cedrus deodara 34 aerial inspection 5 1

28 Pinus radiata 30.3 aerial inspection 2 1 29 Pinus radiata 31.9 remove ivy 36" from 2 4 trunk, mulch 30 Sequoiadendron 53.8 remove ivy 12" from 10 5 giganteum trunk 31 Ligustrum 18.8 cut ivy back from 5 5 lucidum trunk 32 Podocarpus 3.8,3.5 mulch 10 5 macrophyllus 33 Pseudotsuga 31.2 5 4 menziesii 34 Ligustrum 13.1, 5 5 lucidum 19.3,10.5,1 4.9 35 Eriobotrya 9, 7.3 10 5 japonica 36 Pinus radiata 42.9 aerial inspection 2 1 37 Schinus molle 16.6 10 5 38 Sequoia 34.0 5 4 sempervirens 39 Pittosporum 9.3,8.2,4.4 10 5 undulatum 40 Pittosporum 10.5,10.5,1 10 5 undulatum 0.1, 10.4,9.9 41 Pittosporum 8.1,7.5,5.7 10 5 undulatum 42 Casurina 23.8 cut ivy back from 5 4 cunninghamiana trunk 43 Casurina 38.3 mulch 5 4 cunninghamiana 44 Casurina 16.9 remove hazardous 5 1 cunninghamiana deadwood 45 Pittosporum 8.8,8.8,7.2, 10 5 undulatum 10.2 46 Pittosporum 4.4,3.8,5.4, 10 5 undulatum 5,3.4 47 Ailanthus 16.0 5 3 altissima 48 Sequoia 34.7 5 3 sempervirens 49 Ailanthus 9.5 5 4 altissima

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 19 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011 # Species Diameter RECOMMEND PRUNING URGENCY REMOVAL (inches CYCLE 50 Pinus radiata 27.2 aerial inspection 5 1

51 Pinus radiata 31.3 5 4

52 Ulmus 19.3,16.6,1 5 1 americana 0.2,10.2 53 Ulmus 7.3,11.0 5 3 americana

54 Ulmus 7.3,9.2,7.2, 5 3 americana 10 55 Ulmus 9.6 5 3 americana 56 Pinus radiata 31.5 aerial inspection 5 1

57 Cupressus 14.8 remove ivy 12" from 2 2 arizonica trunk 58 Sequoia 19,29.5 5 4 sempervirens

59 Sequoia 49.0 5 4 sempervirens 60 Eucalyptus 77.2 aerial inspection 5 1 globulus 61 Cedrus deodara 38.1 5 4 62 Cedrus deodara 33@3', 5 4 16,15 63 Cedrus deodara 24.0 5 1 64 Eucalyptus 60.7 aerial inspection, drill 1 1 globulus or resistograph test 65 Eucalyptus 39.4 aerial inspection 2 1 globulus 66 Eucalyptus 52.0 aerial inspection, drill 2 1 globulus or resistograph test 67 Cedrus deodara 34.9 aerial inspection, drill 1 1 or resistograph test 68 Calocedrus 21.0 5 4 decurrens 69 Calocedrus 27.9 hazardous deadwood 5 1 decurrens 70 Calocedrus 23.0 aerial inspection 5 1 decurrens 71 Calocedrus 18.7 cut back eucalyptus 5 1 decurrens 72 Sequoia 44.5 5 4 sempervirens 73 Malus spp. 6.8 3 YES 74 Calocedrus 21.2 5 4 decurrens 75 Cedrus deodara 19.4 5 4

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 20 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011 # Species Diameter RECOMMEND PRUNING URGENCY REMOVAL (inches CYCLE 76 Acacia 28.7 5 4 bailyeana 77 Cedrus deodara 20.2 5 1 78 Calocedrus 27.8 5 1 decurrens 79 Calocedrus 20.3 5 1 decurrens 80 Eucalyptus 46.5 aerial inspection 2 1 globulus 81 Eucalyptus 45.1 aerial inspection 2 1 globulus 82 Eucalyptus 35.8 remove ivy, hazard 2 1 globulus inspection 83 Eucalyptus 43.7 aerial inspection 2 1 globulus

84 Eucalyptus 56.6 aerial inspection 2 1 globulus 85 Eucalyptus 66.3 aerial inspection 2 1 globulus 86 Calocedrus 18.8 remove ivy 24" from 5 4 decurrens trunk 87 Cedrus deodara 34.5 5 4 88 Casurina 24.5 2 4 cunninghamiana 89 Casurina 24.3 remove ivy 24" from 2 1 cunninghamiana trunk 90 Casurina 23.9 remove ivy 24" from 2 1 cunninghamiana trunk 91 Casurina 18.5 remove ivy 24" from 2 1 cunninghamiana trunk

92 Casurina 17.2 cut back turf 12" 2 4 cunninghamiana from trunk

93 Cedrus deodara 28.7 reduce weight of 2 1 resprouts 94 Casurina 18.5 remove ivy, prune for 2 1 cunninghamiana balance 95 Catalpa 10.3 cut back turf 12" 5 10 speciosa from trunk 96 Acacia 14.8 prune for balance 2 1 bailyeana 97 Eucalyptus 41.4 safety prune 2 1 sideroxylon 98 Acacia 1.6 thin to reduce weight, 1 1 bailyeana keep light, prop 99 Quercus lobata 14.2 cut back turf 12" 5 4 from trunk

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 21 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011 # Species Diameter RECOMMEND PRUNING URGENCY REMOVAL (inches CYCLE 100 Pittosporum 15.8,12.1,2 reduce weight on 10 1 tobira 5.5 trunks & scaffolds 101 Pinus radiata 22.9 drill test cavities 10 4

102 Pittosporum 20.5 reduce end weight 10 1 tobira 103 Ligustrum 13.7,14.2 reduce end weight 10 1 lucidum 104 Pittosporum 9.6,11.3,9. mulch near trunk 10 5 undulatum 2,10.5

105 Pittosporum 11.5 10 5 undulatum 106 Eucalyptus 40.9 monitor 3 4 globulus 107 Eucalyptus 46.8 monitor 3 1 globulus 108 Pittosporum 15.6 10 5 undulatum 109 Pinus radiata 38.1 monitor 2 4

110 Eucalyptus 39.5 monitor 3 4 globulus 111 Pinus radiata 27.4 5 3 YES

112 Eucalyptus 42.0 aerial inspection, drill 2 1 globulus or resistograph test 113 Eucalyptus 38.9 aerial inspection, drill 2 1 globulus or resistograph test, remove ivy from trunk 114 Eucalyptus 53.5 aerial inspection 2 1 globulus 115 Eucalyptus 57.3 aerial inspection, drill 2 1 globulus or resistograph test, remove ivy from trunk 116 Pinus radiata 29.9 monitor 2 1 117 Pinus radiata 3.5 mulch 5 5 118 Cedrus deodara 30.3 excavate root crown, 5 4 cut back turf 119 Cedrus deodara 22.9 excavate root crown, 5 4 cut back turf 120 Cedrus deodara 23.7 move bench, cut back 5 4 turf 121 Ailanthus 17.4 install root barrier 3 4 altissima 122 Eucalyptus 56.1 aerial inspection for 2 1 globulus cabling, remove ivy from trunk

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 22 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011 # Species Diameter RECOMMEND PRUNING URGENCY REMOVAL (inches CYCLE 123 Cedrus deodara 19.3 aerial inspection 3 1

124 Schinus molle 12.4 bump sidewalk out 5 4

125 Acacia 18.8 root crown 2 1 bailyeana excavation, cavity & hazard inspections 126 Schinus molle 12.4 evaluate trunk 5 4 cavities, remove ivy 127 Acacia 18.3 reduce weight on 2 1 bailyeana scaffolds 128 Acacia 13.7 reduce 3 1 bailyeana 129 Quercus illex 6.8 reduce end weight, 5 4 cut away adjoining sprout, excavate root crown 130 Juglans hindsii 7.3 cut back adjoining 5 4 vegetation 131 Pinus radiata 24.8 reduce weight on 2 1 downhill side 132 Phoenix 36.0 cut back ivy 5 4 canariensis 133 Phoenix 20.0 cut back ivy 5 4 canariensis 134 Thuja orientalis 34.0 cut back ivy 5 4 135 Ligustrum 6,3,3,3,3,3, 5 4 YES lucidum 3 136 Ailanthus MULTIPL YES altissima E

137 Eucalyptus 6.7 cut back ivy 5 4 globulus 138 Ailanthus 4,3,2,2,4,1, 4 YES altissima 3,33,3,3,3, 2,2,2,23,3, 2,1,2,3,1,2, 1,2,3,2,1,2, 2,1 139 Juglans hindsii bump sidewalk out 5 4 140 Cedrus deodara 29.7 drill or resistograph 2 1 test cavity 141 Pittosporum mulch 7 4 undulatum 142 Grevillea 1.0 spray out weeds, add 1 4 robusta mulch 143 Grevillea 1.0 replant high 1 4 robusta 144 Grevillea 0.5 replant high 1 4 robusta

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 23 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011 # Species Diameter RECOMMEND PRUNING URGENCY REMOVAL (inches CYCLE 145 Grevillea 29.1 evaluate root crown 2 1 robusta & cavities (drill test or resistograph), cut back weeds 146 Grevillea 1.0 remove weeds 1 4 robusta 147 Grevillea 36.3 1 YES robusta 148 Grevillea 22.9 cut back turf 2 1 robusta 149 Grevillea 1.0 remove weeds 1 4 robusta 150 Gleditsia 0.5 1 4 triacanthos 151 Ulmus 0.5 1 4 parvifolia 152 Gleditsia 0.5 1 4 triacanthos 153 Fraxinus 26.3 evaluate cavity, 1 1 velutina reduce weight over 'Modesto' street

154 Ulmus 0.5 1 4 parvifolia 155 Thuja plicata 16.9 crown clean 3 3

156 Gingko biloba 0.5 restake 1 4

157 Schinus molle 1.0 restake 1 4 158 Schinus molle 1.0 cut girdling roots, 1 4 cover rootball, restake 159 Schinus molle 21.0 drill test cavities 2 1

160 Schinus molle 24.8 remove hazardous 2 1 deadwood, drill test cavities 161 Schinus molle 26.8 drill test cavities 2 1

162 Eucalyptus 23.1 aerial inspection 3 1 globulus 163 Gingko biloba 0.5 1 4 164 Cinnamomum allow inner branches 3 4 camphora to grow in 165 Eucalyptus 1.0 restake 1 4 ficifolia 166 Eucalyptus 0.3 1 4 ficifolia 167 Eucalyptus 0.3 1 4 ficifolia BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 24 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011

APPENDIX C – DIGITAL IMAGES

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 25 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011

APPENDIX D - CERTIFICATION OF PERFORMANCE

I, Michael Baefsky certify:

• That I have personally inspected the trees referred to in this report, and have stated my findings accurately. The extent of the evaluation is stated in the attached report;

• That I have no current or prospective interest in the vegetation or the property that is the subject of this report and have no personal interest or bias with respect to the parties involved;

• That the analysis, opinions, and conclusions stated herein are my own;

• That my analysis, opinions, and conclusions were developed and this report has been prepared according to commonly accepted professional practices;

• That no one provided significant professional assistance to the consultant, except as indicated within the report;

• That my compensation is not contingent upon the reporting of a predetermined conclusion that favors the cause of the client or any other party.

I further certify that I am a member of the American Society of Consulting Arborists, and am Certified Arborist #WE0222A, and have been involved in the practice of Arboriculture, Integrated Pest Management, Plant Health Care and Ecological Soils Management, and the study of soils and horticulture for over twenty-five years.

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 26 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011

GLOSSARY exotic (plant species) – originating in area other than where it is planted flush cuts – pruning cuts that damage trunks and create cavities, weaken tree and open trunks to decay organisms included bark – bark in between a branch and the trunk, or two trunks, or two branches that have developed separately, next to each other, and do not have overlapping branch tissue, a weak connection that is prone to failure in many species lions-tailing – pruning that removes interior branches and leaves branches on large branch ends, resulting in weakening of tree and branches, end heavy branches, and branch failures locally indigenous – evolved in the region, were not transported or transplanted from another region, state or country overstory – plant species that overshadow or dominate others in the shade below it soil series – taxonomic identification of soil type, analogous to Genus stubbed – branches that were headed back, or pruned back without respect to branch bark collars, or future dieback stump sprout – regrowth from stump of tree that was cut down topping – removal of trunk or upright branch ends at heights irrespective of branching, resulting in large cavities, poorly connected resprouts, weakening of tree and branch failure understory – plants that grow in the shade of other trees vigor – ability of a plant to resist disease and grow normally

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES 27 ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING Paul Roberts & Partners, Inc. Alden Park Arborist Report February 8, 2011

REFERENCES i Personal observation, Michael Baefsky ii Tree Inventory and Evaluation Study. 1993. DeLorenzo Associates, inc. iii CA Soil Survey, Online Soil Survey (D.E. Beaudette and A.T. O'Geen) http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/drupal/node/27 iv Draft Memo to City of Vallejo, 2006. Baefsky & Associates

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Basefsky & Associates Environmental Landscape Consulting 2011 Arborist Report for Alden Park, Mare Island, Vallejo, CA. Prepared for Paul Roberts & Partners.

California Office of Historic Preservation 2011 California Historical Resources. http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/listed_resources/ (accessed 11 March 2011).

Cardwell, Kenneth 1985 Historical Survey of Mare Island Naval Complex, Final Report. Berkeley, CA: Mighetto and Youngmeister. Includes DPR523 records prepared in 1984 and 1985.

Cartwright Aerial Surveys Inc. 1965 State of California, Highway Transportation Agency, Department of Public Works, Division of Highways, Aerial Survey Contract Number 676-15, Bay Area Transportation Study. Sacrament: Cartwright Aerial Surveys Inc. Available as Air Photo 17 in University of California, Berkeley, Earth Sciences Library, Map Room Aerial Photograph Collection.

City of Vallejo 2008 Mare Island Specific Plan. Adopted March 1999, Amended and Restated December 2005, Amended July 2007, Amended June 2008. http://www.ci.vallejo.ca.us/uploads/89/img-926145406-0001.pdf (accessed 11 March 2011).

2007a Mare Island Specific Plan Amendment Appendix B. 1: Historic Project Guidelines and Appendix B.2 Exhibits to Historic Guidelines. Adopted 2005, Amended 2007. http://www.ci.vallejo.ca.us/uploads/89/082008%20- %20Appendix%20B.1%20Historic%20Project%20Guidlines.pdf (accessed 11 March 2011)

2007b Mare Island Specific Plan Amendment Appendix B.2 Exhibits to Historic Guidelines. Adopted 2005, Amended 2007. http://www.ci.vallejo.ca.us/uploads/89/082008%20- %20Appendix%20B.1%20Historic%20Project%20Guidlines.pdf (accessed 11 March 2011)

2005a Mare Island Specific Plan Amendment Appendix B.3: Catalogue of Historic Resources. http://www.ci.vallejo.ca.us/uploads/89/082008%20- %20Appendix%20B.3%20-%20Historic%20Resources%20Catalogue.pdf (accessed 11 March 2011)

2005b Mare Island Specific Plan Amendment: Appendix B.4 Design Guidelines Mare Island Historic District. Prepared by Winter & Company for the City of Vallejo. http://www.ci.vallejo.ca.us/uploads/89/1887.pdf (accessed 11 March 2011)

July 01, 2011 - 1 - Section 0.4 Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report DRAFT BIBLIOGRAPHY

DeLorenzo Associates Inc. 1993 Tree Inventory and Evaluation Study. Prepared for Department of the Navy, Western Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, San Bruno, CA.

Glass, Robert (NARA Archivist) 2011 Personal communication with Denise Bradley about the Mare Island collection at NARA, 6 January.

Goodwin, R. Christopher, Project Director, et al. 1995 National Historic Context for Department of Defense Installations, 1790-1940, Volumes I-IV, August 1995. Prepared by R. Christopher Goodwin and Associates, Inc. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District.

Google Earth. Various dates Aerial photographs (assembled from various sources) that show Mare Island.

JRP Historical Consulting Services with PAR Environmental Services 1996 National Register of Historic Places Registration Form for Mare Island Historic District, Vallejo, California. January 1996. Prepared for Tetra Tech and Engineering Field Activity West, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, San Bruno, CA.

[Lemmon, Sue] n.d. "Nursery (also see Water." Typewritten page describing history of nursery. NARA MIHSF Box: N-O 32, Folder: Nursery.

Lemmon, Sue n.d. Index to A Long Line of Ships. Typewritten manuscript available in the VNHM collections.

n.d. Various typewritten memos on the aspects of the history of Alden Park. NARA MIHSF, Box A-3, Alden Park folders.

1986 "Alden Park bandstand center for concerts, many activities." Grapevine, 12-12- 1986: 7.

2001 Closure: The Final Twenty Years of Mare Island Naval Shipyard. Vallejo, CA: Sue Lemmon and Silverback Books Inc.

Lemmon, Sue and E. D. Wichels 1977 Sidewheelers to Nuclear Power: A Pictorial Essay Covering 123 Years At the Mare Island Naval Shipyard. Annapolis, MD: Leeward Publications Inc.

Lott, Arnold S. 1954 (2000) A Long Line of Ships: Mare Island's Century of Naval Activity in California. Reprint Edition. Vallejo, CA: Mare Island Historic Park Foundation.

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Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Section 0.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Maniery, Mary (Parr Environmental Services Inc.) 2002 Integrated Cultural Resource Management Plan for Army Lands at Mare Island National Historic Landmark, Vallejo, Solano County, California. Prepared for the U. S. Army Reserve Regional Support Command Environmental Division, Los Alamitos, CA.

Mare Island Historic Park Foundation Library Collections.

Mare Island Officers' Wives' Club ca. 1973 Alden Park and Environs Tree Tour. Available in the VNHM collection.

1989 Fruit of the Isle: Fruit Trees and Their Locations on Mare Island. NARA MIHSF.

1993 Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Alden Park Tree Tour. Available in the VNHM collection.

Mares Tale 1975 Officers Wives Club to mark trees." Mares Tale, 3-28-1975. NARA MIHSF, Box A- 3, Folder: Alden Park History & Correspondence.

National Archives and Records Administration, Pacific Region, Mare Island Historian's Subject Files Collection (NARA MIHSF).

NPS. See United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service.

Pacific Aerial Surveys. 1984, 1991, 1993, and 1997. Aerial photographs that show Mare Island. Oakland, CA: HJW Geospatial Inc.

Parr Environmental Services, Inc. 2000 Revised Predictive Archaeological Model for Mare Island, Vallejo, Solano County, California. Prepared for Mellon & Associates, Sherman Oaks, CA. Available in Mare Island Specific Plan Appendix B.2.

Shinn, Charles H. 1878 Pacific Rural Handbook. San Francisco: Charles H. Shinn.

Streatfield, David C. 1985 “Where Pine and Palm Meet: The California Garden as a Regional Expression,” in Landscape Journal, 4, 2 (Fall 1985): 63-74.

1994 California Gardens: Creating a New Eden. New York: Abbeville Press.

Suffran, J. and J. Hoffman 1960 "List of Trees Found Adjacent to Sidewalks Along Walnut Avenue, etc." Handwritten list on the back of blueprint sheet, October 1960. [There is no mo map or key to the list that would show the location of the list of trees.] NARA MIHSF, Box A-3, Folder: Alden Park History & Correspondence.

July 01, 2011 - 3 - Section 0.4 Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report DRAFT BIBLIOGRAPHY

United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey (USGS) 1916, 1942 Mare Island, Calif. [Quadrangle]. Topographic map, 15-minute series (scale 1:62,500).

1946 1942 Mare Island, Calif. [Quadrangle]. Topographic map (scale 1:50,000).

1951, 1959, 1968, 1980, 1995 Mare Island, Calif. [Quadrangle]. Topographic map, 7.5-minute series (scale 1:24,000).

United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service (NPS) n.d. National Register Bulletin 18: How to Evaluate and Nominate Designed Historic Landscapes. Prepared by J. Timothy Keller and Genevieve P. Keller. http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb18/ (accessed 10 February 2011).

1994 Preservation Brief 36: Protecting Cultural Landscapes Planning, Treatment and Management of Historic Landscapes. Prepared by Charles A. Birnbaum. Washington DC: NPS. http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/tps/briefs/brief36.htm (accessed 30 January 2011)

1995 The Secretary of the Interior’s Rehabilitation Standards & Illustrated Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings. http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/tps/tax/rhb/index.htm (accessed 20 March 2011).

1996 The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes. Edited by Charles A. Birnbaum with Christine Capella Peters. Washington, D.C: NPS. http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/hli/landscape_guidelines/index.htm (accessed 20 March 2011).

1998a A Guide to Cultural Landscape Reports: Contents, Process, and Techniques. Prepared by Robert R. Page, Cathy A. Gilbert, and Susan A. Dolan. Washington, D.C.: NPS, 1998.

1998b Guide to Developing a Preservation Maintenance Plan for a Historic Landscape, Revised Edition. Cultural Landscape Publication No. 7. Prepared by Margaret Coffin and Regina M. Bellavia. Boston: National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation. http://www.nps.gov/oclp/Guide%20to%20Developing%20a%20Preservation% 20Maintenance%20Plan%20for%20an%20Historic%20Landscape.pdf (accessed 20 March 2011)

2002 National Register Bulletin 15: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. Prepared by the staff of the National Register of Historic Places, finalized by Patrick W. Andrus, edited by Rebecca H. Shrimpton, 1990. Revised 1991, 1995, and 1997. Revised for the Internet 1995, 2001, and 2002. Washington, D. C.: NPS. http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb15/ (accessed 30 January 2011)

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Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Section 0.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY

2011a National Historic Landmarks Program. http://www.cr.nps.gov/nhl/ (accessed 30 January 2011).

2011b National Register of Historic Places Program. http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/ (accessed 30 January 2011).

United States Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks. 1916a Maps of Navy Yards and Naval Stations. Available at MIHPF.

1916b Plan of U.S. Navy Yard Mare Island, California, July 1916. In U.S. Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks, Maps of Navy Yards and Naval Stations, 1916.

United States Navy Yard Mare Island, California, Public Works Department 1924 Alden Park Trees & Shrubbery Names and Locations. November 1924 [revised December 1924]. PW Drawing No. 1516-2. Note on plan: "Tree & Shrubbery locations as laid out by John William Gregg [landscape architect, Berkeley, CA] modified so as to conform with the New Street& Sidewalks for Alden Park." NARA MIHSF, Box A-3, Folder: Alden Park History and Correspondence.

1936 Navy Yard Mare Island Cal. Alden Park Planting Diagram Approved Jan 1936. PW Drawing No. C 1516-4. NARA MIHSF, Box A-3, Folder: Alden Park History and Correspondence.

University of California, Berkeley, Earth Sciences Library, Map Room Aerial Photograph Collection, Air Photo 17. See Cartwright Aerial Surveys.

Vallejo Citizens Executive Committee 1913 [Photograph Album Presented] To Honorable Joseph R. Knowland, Representative, Sixth Congressional District, California, Compliments of Citizens Executive Committee, Vallejo, California. Available in MIHPF.

Wichels, Ernest D. 1972 "Pages From The Past: mare Island Flora." [Vallejo] Sunday Times-Herald, 10-01- 1972, Sect. 2, p. 1, col. 1. NARA MIHSF, Box A-3, Folder: Alden Park History & Correspondence.

1974 Mare Island Flora. Typewritten manuscript. NARA MIHSF, Box A-3, Folder: Alden Park History & Correspondence.

Winter & Company. See City of Vallejo, Mare Island Specific Plan Amendment: Appendix B.4 Design Guidelines Mare Island Historic District.

July 01, 2011 - 5 - Section 0.4 Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report DRAFT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abbreviations

NARA: National Archives and Records Administration, Pacific Region, San Bruno, CA

NARA MIHSF: Mare Island Historian's Subject Files

MIHPF: Mare Island Historic Park Foundation Library

VNHM: Vallejo Naval & Historical Museum

UCBESL Map Room: University of California Berkeley, Earth Sciences Library, Map Room

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