The history of water and waste water services Second level Description of module This is the module most focused on some historical aspects of water. It does this by looking at the development of technology, and explores this by means of research, and by challenging pupils to match the ingenuity of ancient peoples. Main experiences and outcomes Expressive arts I have the opportunity to choose and explore I can compare and contrast a society in the an extended range of media and technologies past with my own and contribute to a to create images and objects, comparing and discussion of the similarities and differences. combining them for specific tasks. SOC 2-04a EXA 2-02a Technologies Health and wellbeing When exploring technologies in the world Opportunities to carry out different activities around me, I can use what I learn to help to and roles in a variety of settings have enabled design or improve my ideas or products. me to identify my achievements, skills and areas TCH 2-01a for development. This will help me to prepare for the next stage in my life and learning. By applying my knowledge and skills of HWB 2-19a science and mathematics, I can engineer 3D objects which demonstrate strengthening, Literacy and English energy transfer and movement. As I listen or watch, I can make notes, organise TCH 2-12a these under suitable headings and use these to understand ideas and information and create Through discovery and imagination, I can new texts, using my own words as appropriate. develop and use problem-solving strategies LIT 2-05a to construct models. TCH 2-14a Social studies I can use primary and secondary sources Having evaluated my work, I can adapt and selectively to research events in the past. improve, where appropriate, through trial SOC 2-01a and error or by using feedback. TCH 2-14b I can interpret historical evidence from a range of periods to help to build a picture of ’s heritage and my sense of chronology. SOC 2-02a SWEDTH 1 08/13

The history of water and waste water services Activity 1 Learning intentions Success criteria To develop children’s concept of chronology Pupils can demonstrate a clear by focusing on one aspect: the development understanding of the sequence of events in of the toilet, for example. The development the development of technology and of the bath, shower or taps could also be engineering connected to water and waste considered water treatment To develop children’s understanding of the Pupils can distinguish clearly between fact importance of looking critically at evidence and opinion

Suggestions for teachers

This activity is based on research, using Introduce the project the children will carry whatever is available either on the Internet or out: to research the history of toilets for on books or a mixture of both. It is essential example, using your selected resources. that pupils do grasp the difference between Glow is a help here, and BBC Education verifiable facts based on evidence on the one Scotland has some good material. Also, see hand and conjecture or opinion on the other. the Scottish Water website for more on This first activity is designed to do that, whilst history of water. There are plenty of books at the same time establishing the idea of a around, too, especially of the Horrible History timeline. type (HH also has interactive games that are worth playing). Talk about what life was like without toilets in the home and how people 1 Key points disposed of household/toilet waste Have a look at the timeline together – (gardy loo). resource sheets 1 to 4 – and pick out some key points on the first page. The first page 3 covers almost 500 years, but there Suggested groups are more pages showing the next 200 It is suggested that the class is organised into years. Discuss why. Children could draw a groups: pictorial entry from the timeline to illustrate technological development. Romans 17th Century (alternatively Union of the Crowns until the Union of the Parliaments, 2 History of water approximately) Introduce to children about how much of Modern times: 1900 onwards Planet Earth is covered by water (80%) and how important water is in terms of exploration If the class is small, there would be three and trade (i.e. building communities near groups; if larger, more than one group could rivers). research each period

The history of water and waste water services Activity 1 continued

4 Fact and opinion 6 Presentation points Each group could be given Post It notes of two A proper presentation of the research could colours. On one set, children would write any follow, perhaps set in terms of a challenge: interesting facts they found. On the other they could write anything that was opinion, either Your group must show what you have along the lines of ‘people think that the found out on a poster Romans might have…’ or ‘I think this would You must talk about your poster to the rest have been disgusting because…’. These could of the class be stuck on large sheets of paper divided into The poster must have a good title two areas, labelled Fact and Opinion. There should be a large, clear picture The poster should have 10 interesting facts and two interesting opinions shown on it The poster must be attractive I think this might You have just 1 hour to complete this have been a good idea because it would not challenge! block the toilets. People think that the Romans used a sponge on a stick instead of toilet paper. Alternatively, pupils could record a video as if People think that the the toilet has just been invented – plan, write, Romans used communal toilets. and produce a news bulletin to inform the public of this exciting development/invention (however, be sure to stress that people didn't have televisions in that era but if they did….). I think this would Then pupils could have a screening of their have been disgusting becausereally it would bad! smell video in the class or at assembly.

7 Assess 5 Fascinating facts After the presentation, pupils could peer As a plenary for this research part of the assess, perhaps by going round in their project, each group could pick out two of the groups looking at the posters, and writing most fascinating facts to tell the rest of the one positive comment each on a Post It class, and one opinion. Discussion could be about each presentation. Thus, each group guided to highlight the fact that, would end up with a selection of comments technologically, the Romans were in many posted on their work, which they could read ways more advanced than people who came and discuss. The assessment should be based after them. You may like to speculate, with the on the list above, which could be presented children, what might come on the next page as success criteria. The pupils could also self of the timeline. Throughout, the pupils should assess their work using resource sheet 5. be making a clear distinction between fact and opinion, and might even challenge some facts, which could lead to a useful debate.

The history of water and waste water services Activity 2 Learning intention Success criterion To help pupils appreciate the ingenuity of Pupils understand how the Romans came ancient peoples in solving problems up with their bridge and aqueduct designs by drawing and building examples themselves.

Suggestions for teachers

1 Discussion 5 More suggestions Discuss the problem of bringing fresh water to A more controlled method is to cut a template. Roman towns and cities whilst showing If two concentric semicircles are drawn on card resource sheet 6. Resource sheet 7 shows with radiating lines drawn between the curved how this was done. There are many examples lines, these could be cut out as templates for of Roman aqueducts to be found in books and individual plasticine blocks. Another method is in Google Images, for example. Draw attention to lay a squared sausage of plasticine along the to the arches: used for aqueducts, bridges and semicircles and chop it up into blocks. buildings. 6 Water channel 2 Aqueducts When the pupils are setting up the arch, they Pupils could sketch aqueducts before the next may discover the need for a temporary tasks. They could each be given a start and semicircular support underneath. Those end point on the page, then once they have children using the template approach could completed their drawings, the pages can be make this, perhaps from two shaped pieces joined together to create an aqueduct frieze of cardboard glued together with a wood that can be displayed around the classroom block spacer between, and wooden supports wall. on either side for stability. Pupils then create a channel for water to travel along. 3 Build an arch Give groups of children cubes – preferably 7 Billy Goats Gruff challenge! good sized wooden cubes – and ask them to The most creative way is to frame the activity try to build an arch. It isn’t possible, so don’t as a challenge. See resource sheet 8. let them get too frustrated. Discuss ways they, and the Romans might have solved the 8 Recording the activity problem. Show pictures of some stone arch It would be useful to take photographs or a bridges (some good ones if you Google video as the children work. Apart from anything ‘stone bridges of Greene County’) and draw else, this would show which children were attention to the shape of the blocks. participating, which were leading, which were 4 hanging back and which were doing the practical Which way to go? work. A written record could be structured in From here, there are several ways to go. The scientific form: what we used, what we did, and simplest is to get groups of children to create what we found out. The discussion of what the trapezoidal blocks from plasticine and build pupils found out could reinforce the point that freestyle. they were trying to solve the same problem as the Romans did thousands of years ago. The history of water and waste water services Activity 3 Learning intention Success criterion To help pupils appreciate the ingenuity of Pupils demonstrate their models and how ancient peoples in solving problems they work

Suggestions for teachers There are many other activities which could be used to show how ancient peoples moved water. These are some.

1 Shaduf 2 Pumps Make a shaduf. This is shown in many books, Disassemble a balloon pump or bicycle and also in the Save It module. pump to show how it works, and explain that instead of blowing, a water pump sucks Groups of pupils use scrap or construction water from under the ground. A transparent kits to build model shadufs or traditional soap dispenser shows this quite well. Link wells. This could be done in the form of a with WaterAid activities on challenge: to design and build a working www.wateraid.org/uk/audience/schools#/ get-involved model. Pupil’s designs and models could be and elsewhere. put on show for the rest of the school.

Alternatively, a class model shaduf could be 3 made from, say, broomsticks and skipping Archimedes screw ropes. This is best outside, with the Make an Archimedes screw. This is quite broomsticks securely stuck in the ground. difficult, but there are some suggestions on There’s a lot of good science to be gained YouTube, for example, that will appeal to the from this, with the idea of pivot and practically-minded pupils who are up for a challenge. counterweight coming in.

Pupils could record how the shaduf works.

Shaduf The history of water and waste water services Resource sheet 1 History of water and waste water timeline

1574 - 1582 Peter Morris (a Dutchman) installed an ingenious pump 1325 below London Bridge. It was Franciscan Friars lay a driven by a waterwheel and pipeline into Cambridge forced water up a tower over from a spring 1km outside 1439 100 feet high where it entered a the town. Religious The mayor of London 1460 cistern. The water was then communities acquired a asked the Abbot of A system of lead pipes strained through a mesh and fed good reputation for Westminster to help was laid under the streets through large wooden pipes and management provide fresh water for of Hull. Householders small lead pipes to houses in in the 12th, 13th and 14th the 55,000 people of paid for pumps to extract London. There were five wheels centuries. the city. the water. by 1582.

1677 1605 1596 1584 In York, water from the Oxford used covered Britains first flushing Sir Francis Drake helped River Ouse was pumped gullies to collect spring toilet called a water Plymouth Corporation to by wind power into a tank water from Hinksey Hill. closet (W.C.) was get an act of Parliament on the top of Lendal Tower. The gullies lead to a designed by Queen allowing them to bring This gave a good head of 20,000 gallon (90,000 Elizabeth's godson. water 25km, across water for the houses inside litre) tank protected by moorland to the town. the walls of the city. a stone house. Water was taken to cisterns in Plymouth to be used without charge. The supply served for 300 years. 1775 Alexander Cumming reinvented the water closet.

1808 Richard Gillespie devised a filter system 1777 1778 for 's Cranston Hill waterworks James Prosser improved it. Joseph Bramah perfected it. which used a layer of sand and gravel. The history of water and waste water services Resource sheet 2

History of water and waste water timeline continued 1826 1840 collected John Roe helped solve water from near Bridge the problem of blockages 1820s of Dee driving a tunnel in sewers by devising the Robert Thom in Scotland and alongside the river and eggshaped sewer in which James Simpson in England thereby gaining filtered water force contained within perfected mechanical and sand water seeping from the the steeply sloping sides filtration respectively. river bed. carried solids away.

1852 1848 1847 The General Board of Manchester builds five The fouling of drinking Health recommends reservoirs in the water was made a criminal building new sewers in Langdendale Valley offence. Bristol obtains every town. 15km from town. water by aqueduct and 1853 pipeline from sources 25km Leicester was the first distant. town to set up a waste water treatment works. 1869 The "Native Guano Co." at Hastings 1859 and Leamington Glasgow's Loch Katrine dried, pressed and works were opened and sold sewage as gave 230 million litres manure. per day. At the time the 1865 Corporation was warned The first interceptor about the dangers of lead sewers of London, 1867 - 68 pipe corrosion by soft acid conceived by Joseph Franchise Reforms and waters. Balgazette, were Public Health Acts completed and carried enabled local 1861 London's sewage authorities to take Aberdeen extended its down the banks of the water organisations River Dee extraction to Thames to be dumped and systems into 28 million litres per day. into the estuary. public ownership. The history of water and waste water services Resource sheet 3

History of water and waste water timeline continued

1880 Liverpool impounds 1892 the River Vyrnwy in 1885 1890 Birmingham gets 18,000 Powys by use of a First attempts at Bacterial and activated hectares (45,000 acres) masonary dam, the the bacteriological sludge beds were of Wales to build three first all-stone dam in examination of devised for "purifying" reservoirs in the Elan Britain. water. waste water. Valley - opened in 1904.

1945 1930s 1900 The Water Act led to By the 1930's the routine way Manchester enlarged reorganisation and to treat water was to: Thirlmere in the Lake regrouping within the • Screen it to catch branches, District. industry and greater solids and dead animals; efficiency. • Treat it with sulphate of 1963 alumina to coagulate The Water Resources Act remaining solids; created 29 River • Chlorinate it against Authorities charged with bacterial infections conserving, redistributing and augmenting the water resources of their river basins. 1975 The 9 new Scottish Regional Councils and 1967 the Islands Councils The Central Scotland obtained the functions Water Development of public water supply, Board was set up and 1973 sewerage and sewage 1982 concerned itself with The Water Bill for disposal broadly similar Kielder Reservoir developing new bulk England and Wales to those of the Regional opened - one of supplies for sale to created 10 Regional Water Authorities in the biggest lakes Local Authorities. Water Authorities. England and Wales. in Europe. The history of water and waste water services Resource sheet 4

History of water and waste water timeline continued

1996 Three new Scottish water authorities were created (East, West and North of Scotland 1989 Water). They took over The Authorities in water and waste England and Wales water services from were privatised by the the former Scottish Water Act of 1989. Regional Councils.

2011/12 2002 During its 10th anniversary Scottish Water was year, Scottish Water delivered formed to transform the £491 million of investment, in improving drinking water Scotland by improving supplies, protecting the service, investing wisely environment and supporting and operating more the local economy across efficiently for the benefit Scotland. The total investment of its 5 million customers. in water and waste water It replaced the 3 former services by Scottish Water in the water authorities. last 10 years (2002-12) reached £5.5 billion. The history of water and waste water services Resource sheet 5

Self assessment sheet

Name …………………………………………………………………

Date …………………………………

Other group members ……………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Describe how you organised your group to do this challenge. Who did what, in other words.

What things did your group do well?

What did you do well?

What might you do differently next time, if you had to do something like this again? The history of water and waste water services Resource sheet 6 Fascinating facts

Water is heavy and collecting and carrying water takes a long time. Our ancestors built many of their villages and towns near 1 springs and rivers so that they could get water easily.

There is evidence around the world of our ancestors using pipes and ditches for moving water to where people lived. They were 2 also digging deep wells and making dams to collect and store water.

The Roman Empire is famous for its baths and examples of these can be seen around Britain. The average Roman used more than 3 1300 litres of water every day, mostly for bathing and ornamental fountains.

The Romans were also among the first to think about how to get rid of waste water. In Rome there is a sewer that was built 24 4 centuries ago that is still in use today. It is called the Cbaca Maxima and is open to the public.

The Romans knew that getting clean, fresh water was very important. They built aqueducts - great stone channels - to carry 5 water to their towns and cities. Sometimes these aqueducts had to cross valleys, and then a bridge had to be built to carry the water across to the other side. The history of water and waste water services Resource sheet 7 Roman aqueduct

This diagram shows how an aqueduct takes water across a valley.

Aqueduct Reservoir Water flow City bridge

Valley

Conduit

Construction of an aqueduct was a huge project so even in ancient times the Roman aqueducts were attractions. Built and designed for their appearance as well as function.

Early aqueducts had to rely on the force of gravity to move water over long distances. The water could only move from a high point to a lower point, but they could carry large amounts of water very efficiently.

Modern aqueducts use electric pumps to move water along. The history of water and waste water services Resource sheet 8

The Billy Goats Gruff challenge! The Billy Goats’ bridge has been washed away by a flood. Oh no! The goats need to get across to the lovely green grass on the other side, but they need your help to build a new bridge.

You can use: • Plasticine, made into blocks (but you can’t squidge them together, • because you couldn’t do that if they were stone – stone doesn’t squidge!) • 2 sheets of A4 card • A pair of compasses • A protractor • A knife • Cardboard sheet • Scissors • Sellotape • Glue • Pencils

Your bridge must be made of nothing but plasticine blocks: no glue, no 1 sellotape, no cardboard - nothing else to hold it up!

You might like to make models of the 2 goats and the troll as well. When it is finished, Great Big Billy Goat (your teacher) will test the bridge to see 3 if it strong enough. You have 1 hour to complete this challenge.

Good luck - the Billy Goats are depending on you!