british columbia-yukon region

' '"•- YUKON' NORTHWEST

• .. %'•BRITISHCOLUMBIA

Remainingthrough the season(and photographed on Decemberg, 1997) wnsthis Yellow-billedLoon in first-winterplumage at CrescentBeach, Surrey, . Photograph/IoAnn Mackenzie

JACKBOWLING winters, Siberian rarities were few, with Grebes winter in Harbor, but onlya Bramblingand a GreatKnot. they were presentin low numberson the CBC Dec. 28. A Clark'sGrebe frequented llcoldhail spellE1Nifio?? which If begannot for around atwo-week New Abbreviations: B.C. (BritishColumbia); Ok. the side channels of the Fraser R. near Sea Year's Eve, this would have been a record (Okanagan);P.6. (Prince 6eorge); p.v. (pending I., Richmond, Dec. 18-Feb. 27 (MKM, warm winter interval for almost the entire verificationby responsibleBird Records m.ob.), the 2nd consecutive winter this Regionas the superheatedocean currents Committee);Reifel (6eorge C. ReifelWaterfowl specieshas been in the area. transferredtheir warmth to the prevailing Sanctuary,Ladnet, s.w. B.C.);5TP (Sewage Two N. Fulmars and 25 Short-tailed westerlies.Even so, mfid temperaturere- TreatmentPlant/Ponds); Van. (Vancouver); Shearwaterswere off RoseSpit, Q.C.I., ]an. cordsfell almosteverywhere in December Van. I. (VancouverL); Vic. (Victoria);Whse. ! (MH, PH), drivencloser to shoreby a and February,especially inland. Precipita- (Whitehorse). cold NE wind. The arrival of the New Year's tion wasnear to locallyabove normal on coldsnap pushed a CattleEgret to desper- the coast,but meagerinland, with the only LOONS TO CRANES ate measures--itwas apprehended]an. 8 widespreadsnows falling in Januaryas the The youngYellow-billed Loon at Crescent trying to followpassengers aboard a Vic. coldsnap broke. The mild weatherand low Beach,Surrey, s.w.B.C., in Novemberre- commuter bus (P&G Goodwill, m.ob.)! valleysnowpacks allowed many speciesto mained there through winter (ph. JAM, The bird wassent by aircraftto California. linger north of their usual wintering m.ob.). At leasttwo other youngYellow- While anyswan would be unusualin the grounds,a recurringtheme in thefollowing billedsfrequented Van. Harbor through the Yukon in winter and assumed to be a summary.And a coupleof speciesfrom far period (MPr et al.). ChristinaL. in the W. Trumpeter,such was not the casewith a afieldshowed up in unlikelyplaces. As well, Kootenaydid not freezeover this winter, pair of TundraSwans on L. LabergeDec. 30 therewas ample evidence that the firstwave and there were 103 Horned Grebes tallied (tCE, tPS). A flock of sevenunidentified waseager to getthe northboundmigration on the CBC there Dec. 28 (RW), a high swanswas on theYukon R., just s.of Whse., underwayearly. And as is typicalof mild total for the season.Usually about 1000W. Dec. 17 (JS). Another ad. Tundra, rare at

244 FIELD NOTES any seasonon the Q.C.I., was in with a 51Bald Eagles at Veeken's Poultry Farm, s.e. Jan.3-8 (DM). Inland,a Sandhillwas pre- flockof Trumpetersnear Feb.7-27 of EG., Feb. 28 (CA, JB) representeda sent at Trout Creek Pt., s. Ok. L., Dec. 1-19 (B&N Watton). In an unusual location, record-highsingle-location winter tally for (m.ob.), and may have been seenthere four Tundra Swanswere at White L., S. Ok., the local checklistarea. Ten Bald Eagles againJan. 31 (J.Kitson). Record early to the Feb 26 (ILR). An Emperor Goosewas at werenoted along the KettleR. from Mid- Ok. Valleywere 50 Sandhillsflying N over the Chain IsletsoffVic. Dec. 21 (RWC), the way to BeaverdellFeb. 28 (GSD).New for NaramataFeb. 13 (C. Munro); two touched 2nd consecutive winter one has been seen winterin theNakusp area were N. Harriers: downon a playfield there a weeklater (T. on Van. I. Brant liked the waters around the a maleDec. 2 (GSD),an unaged bird on the Bomford). Q C I., with two CBCstallying new record- FauquierCBC Dec. 27 (JP), and a female h•gh numbers:37 at MassetDec. 20, and type on the NakuspCBC Jan.3 (GSD). SHOREBIRDS TO WOODPECKERS 483 at SandspitDec. 27. Three harriers on the EG. CBC Dec. 21 fur- Two Am. Golden-Ploversat SandspitAir- The eight Am. Black Ducks on the nishedonly the 2nd count occurrence. port Dec.27 (MH, PH) furnishedabout the Nanaimo CBC Dec. 28 suggestthat the Seldom seen in the Nanaimo area, 4th winterrecord for the Q.C.I. Lingering speciesis holdingon in their introduced two-threeRough-legged Hawks were there from fall, four Am. Avocetsremained at the enwronment. Mallards are rare but now Dec.27-28 (G.Monte et al.).Golden Eagles mouthof theSerpentine R., Surrey,through regularwintering birds in specificYukon foundthe S. Ok. magnetic,with ninetallied the period(m.ob.). A Willetwas at the n.e. locaUons.A flock of 10 at Mcintyre Wet- on the Penticton CBC Dec. 20, nine adults end of the TsawwassenJetty, Delta, Dec. landson the Dec. 26 Whse.CBC (CE) in- and four immatures on the Vaseux L. CBC 1-Jan.11 (m.ob.),and two Rock Sandpipers creasedto 19 Jan.31 (HG); nine were there Dec. 28, and another nine on the Oliver- were at the same location Dec. 28-Jan. 31 Feb 28 (JMcC, PN). In with the mallards OsoyoosCBC Jan. 1. Evenwith inevitable (KMacP,m.ob.). Another Rock Sandpiper Dec. 26 was a female Northern Pintail, duplication,these totals are impressive. was at CrescentBeach, Surrey, Dec. 1-Jan. prowdinga firstYukon documented winter They were also more common in the 19(m.ob.). Providing a 2ndpotential record recordOCE). This bird lingeredthrough Yukon,with singlesnear the DonjekR. in for the Regionwas the basic-plumaged Feb 22, survivingthe earlyJanuary cold January(DD), killinga fox at HoughtonL. GreatKnot presentfor onlya fewhours at snapinto the -40øsE Therewere no winter Jan.28 (DD, PM), in the Ruby Rangein Iona STP Jan.12 (p.v.,MTo, RTo,MWy). recordsof Am. Wigeon for the Upper earlyFebruary (DD), in thePelly Mts. near With a GreaterYellowlegs at ReifelFeb. 13 ArrowLakes area of theW. Kootenay,until the HooleR. in February(DD), and in the (RTk) wasa PectoralSandpiper, one of 3 two were spottedon the FauquierCBC Hutshi L. area Feb. 25 (DD, PM). The Am. winter seasonsightings on recordand no Dec 27 (GSD), and two more at Kestrel on the P.G. CBC Dec. 21 was the doubta lingererfrom the fall. Jan 10 (GSD). Tufted Ducks returned to first everfor the count.Rare inland sight- Now year-roundresidents of the Ok. LostLagoon in Van.'sStanley Park with a ingsof Gyrfalconincluded one on theOliv- Valley,two ad. and two imm. Glaucous- female Dec. 3-Feb. 10 (MPr, m.ob.) and a er-OsoyoosCBC Jan. 1, andanother 15 km wingedGulls were at the Pentictonend of male Feb. 16 throughthe period (MPr, s.e.of P.G.Jan. 29 (LL). Out on the coast,a Ok. L. Dec. 14 (RJC).The first-everCalifor- mob ). This is likelythe samemale seen Gyroverflew the entranceto Van.'sStanley nia Gulls recorded in winter in the c. interi- therethe previous 3 winters. Park Feb. 7 (MPr, M. Beck,B. Gordon), and or of B.C. were five on the Fort St. James An incrediblesky-darkening flyby of anotherfrequented the MartindaleFlats n. CBC Dec. 27. A first-winter Iceland Gull, 15,000-20,000Lesser Scaup over LostLa- of Vic. Dec. M-Jan. 2 (DM). Rare for the rare to the Region,was s. of Duncan,s.e. goonin Van.'sStanley Park occurred at 4 seasonand areawas a PeregrineFalcon at Van. I., Feb. 21-22 (DM et al.). Also in the p m. Jan.31 (MPr);half settled onto the la- ChristinaL. Dec.28 (RW). A PrairieFalcon areawas a 3rd-winterSlaw-backed Gull goon,while the otherhalf continuedon- waspresent at BrunswickPt., Ladner, at the Feb. 15-28 (DM, m.ob.). Another SlaW- wardThe young male Common Eider pre- mouthof the FraserR., throughthe period backedwas near the Hwy 99 & Hwy 10In- sent an Van. nearshore waters area since fall (m.ob.). terchangein Delta,B.C., Feb. 20 (fideDTy); 1996remained in the areathrough the pe- Justin casesomeone was wondering if thisspecies has become a regularvisitor to riod (m.ob.).An ad.male •ing Ei&'r, the there are any CaliforniaQuail left in the the n.e. Pacificcoast over the pastdecade, Regaon'spotential 14th and the first since Ok. Valley,2460 were tallied on the Pentic- mostlyin the winter.A RhinocerosAuklet, 1986,spent Dec. 21-Jan. 1 off GartleyRd. ton CBC Dec. 20, and 1844 on the Oliver- a rare visitor to inner waters, was off the m Royston(p.v., BMS, m.ob.). Two female- OsoyoosCBC Jan. 1. The previoushigh Iona S. JettyDec. 18 (RTo);the daybefore plumagedHarlequin Ducks at Castlegat countwas 1339on the 1981Oliver-Osoy- 15 Ancient Murrelets visited there (DJ, Jan 18 (LM), and anotheron the Ok. R. at oosCBC. Virginia Rails were noted in rela- RTo). The 18 Marbled Murrelets tallied on Ok Falls Feb. 26 (RJC), added to a handftil tivelylarge numbers from a coupleloca- the Port Clements,Q.C.I., CBC Jan.3 were of wanter interior records. The 138 Bar- tions. Three were tallied on the Penticton the first for the count. rowsGoldeneye on thePort Clements CBC CBC Dec. 20, 36 on the Nanaimo CBC Dec. A BarnOwl wasonce again found in the Jan 3 (C. French,MH, PH, SS) furnisheda 28, and seven on the Vaseux L. CBC the old barn on Rd. 22, Oliver, S.Ok., Feb. 15 new high winter countfor GrahamI. Also same day.Also heard on the VaseuxL. (P&B Morgenstern);more unusualwere on the Q.C.I.,a femaleRuddy Duck at Mas- countwas a •., onlypresent during mild two 50 km farther north in a house under setNov. 17-Dec. 29 (MH, PH, SS)provided wintersin the Ok. Valley Enioyingthe constructionin Penticton(fide RJC).On onlythe 4th recordfor thearchipelago. balmywinter were several Sandhill Cranes. Feb.23 in Vancouver'sPacific Spirit Park, a SeveralTurkey Vultures found easy On Van.I., a youngbird spentthe firsthalf Universityof B.C. classdiscovered a W. p•chngsthrough the period on s. Van. I. On of Decembernear the Jinglepotarea of Screech-Owlflying around in broadday- Feb 3, threewere eyeing a deercarcass near Nanaimo(fide SB), and two othersassoci- light in apparentdistress. Subsequent Ft RoddHill, Vic. (R Shortinghouse)The atedwith TrumpeterSwans s of Duncan searchinguncovered a predatednest with at

VOLUME52 (1998), ISSUE2 245 alongthe e. sideof SkahaL., S. Ok., Dec. 1-Jan. 15 (S. Schmiddem);and a bird com- ing to a McBride,c.e.B.C., feeder through the period(fide E. Stanley). Uncommonlyreported in the Yukon, Mt. Chickadeeswere scattered along the s. borderof the Territory:one was on theAu- riol Trail, Kluane N.P., Dec. 29 (RMa); a single was among Boreals and Black- cappedsat a Tagishfeeder Jan. 17 (HG, YBC); and one wasseen regularly through the periodat a Teslinfeeder (DD). White- breastedNuthatches are very localwinter visitors to c. interior B.C. Such was the case at Quesnd,with two-six birdsfrequenting a feederin the TenMile L. areathrough the period(Bridget Kollner). A Brown Creep- er, first reportedfrom the HainesJct. area in November,lingered through the period ($THe) for a first winter Yukon record. The remarkableXantus's Hummingbird at Gibson's,coastal British Columbia, FourRock Wrens were heard at Mcintyre first discoveredin November1997, remainedthrough the winter, Bluff, VaseuxL., S. Ok., Dec. 27 (ILR), the and was photographedon lanuary14, 1998. An additionalphoto firsttime morethan singlebirds have been of this birdappeared in the precedingissue of FieldNotes. recordedin winterin the Region. Photograph/RuthSullivan New for an E. Kootenaywinter census were four W. Bluebirds on the Cranbrook least2 eggs,the earliestnesting attempt on Dec.27; the femalewas irregular after that, CBC Dec. 28. Obviouslylost wasa Brown recordby abouta month(J. Smith et al.). A but the malewas seen through the period. Thrasher at Terrace in the w. foothills of solitarySnowy Owl wason the Delta,s.w. Anna'shave been fairly regularlate sum- the CoastRange on B.C:sinland N. Coast. B.C., farmlandsDec. 28 (MKM). There was ruer-fall visitors to the Q.C.I. since their The bird arrived at the end of November not evena shadowflight of Snowysafter last discoverythere in 1989.This is undoubted- and remainedthrough the period (p.v.,D. winter'sbig invasion.Northern Hawk Owls ly part of the overallincrease in the Anna's Walker, tDVG, m.ob.). This is the 2nd stayednorth---one first seen in thefall along Hummingbirdpopulation in coastalB.C. BrownThrasher to appearin Terrace,the McintyreCr. nearWhse. lingered through since 1970. A new record high 88 was first photographedon the localCBC Dec. Januaryto provideone of few areawinter recorded on the Vic. CBC Dec. 20. 19, 1976!Bohemian Waxwings were found records(CE, PS, LK, BrB). Other single A femaleplumaged Selasphorus hum- in normal numbers across the c. interior, Hawk Owls were reportedfrom Fort St. mingbird,thought to be a Rufous,was in but weredown to only 10% of normal in James,c. B.C.,Dec. 5 (WD), and Giscome,e. the companyof Anna'sat a W. Van. feeder the S. Ok. (fideRJC); in s.e.B.C.,they were of P.G., Dec. 10 (CA, MA). The 19 Short- Dec. 7-23 (v.t., S. Hosie, tMPr, m.ob.). It observedin flocksof up to 3000 in Cran- eared Owls seen on the P.G. CBC Dec. 21 couldfurnish about the 3rd acceptedwin- brookand Kimberley(fide MW), but were wasunprecedented. Two BorealOwls were ter recordfor the Region. scarcein the Nakusp area. Thirteen Bo- on Mt. Randolph,Penticton, Dec. 20 (RJC). A Red-breastedSapsucker at hemians made it across Hecate Strait to Daylight sightingsof Boreal Owls were Feb. 12 (JBuet al.) providedone of fewer ,Q.C.I., Jan.7, where they ate the made at Horse Cr. Dec. 25 (BrB, RMu), and than 5 winter records for the interior. Elu- fruit of a hawthorn tree (PH, MH) with 10 L. LabergeFeb. 18 (ph.KO, CE, LC). siveat the n. edgeof its range,a Pileated cm of snowon the ground--a typicalin- The femaleXantus's H. mmlngbirdat Woodpeckerwas observedat WatsonL., land winter scene.Lingering late so far Gibson's on B.C:s Sunshine Coast, which Yukon, Feb. 21 ($LE) for the first winter in north, a N. Shrike was present at L. first showedup in November,remained at least15 years. Laberge,Yukon, through Novemberand through the period, allowingover 1100 December(KO), and anotherwas in pur- birders to flock to the Patterson's feeders FLYCATCHERS TO FRINGILLIDS suitof redpollsand juncos at a Whse.feed- for a view of this waywardmidget. The Definitelythe mostcold-tolerant of all N. er Dec. 13 (HG). CrestedMynas were re- bird'sfeeding frequency decreased gradual- Americantyrannids, two Say'sPhoebes portedfrom 6 Van.locations, including one ly as the days warmed. Two "pairs"of wereat Osoyoos,S. Ok., Jan. 3 (RJC)during potential new nesting site under the Anna'sHummingbirds were seen at Queen the coldsnap. Blue Jays were concentrated GranvilleSt. Bridge (fide MPr). CharlotteCity, Q.C.I., feeders3.2 km apart in the s.e.part of the Region,with mostre- In additionto severalOrange-crowned (B. Eccles, N&G Gordon, MH, PH, D. ports coming from the Kootenays;most Warblers scattered around the s. coast of Younger).The firstfemale arrived Sept. 27, werepresent through the entire period. Ad- B.C., a youngYellow Warbler managed to a male and female were seen Dec. 27, and ditional locations included P.G., with one survive at Sooke at the s. end of Van. I. Jan. the femalewas last seen Feb. 27 duringhur- Dec.20 (NK, THe) and otherbirds irregu- 13 onward, for one of very few winter ricaneforce winds. The 2nd duo appeared larly throughthe period (DgW); another recordsin the Region(N. Hughes,m. ob.). in earlyOctober and bothbirds were seen 35 km n.w. of P.G. Feb. 16 (R. Case); one TwoYellow-rumped Warblers managed to

246 FIELD NOTES britishcolumbia-yukon

the mostnoteworthy at a DawsonCity Initialedcontributors, and subregional edi- feederDec. 14 (G. Bell, M. Yusch),likely the tors (in boldface):David Allinson, Cathy n tern of Yellow-thn•tedW•r- S A Lookingatthe vagrancy pat~ most northerlywinter recordfor the Re- Antoniazzi,Maria Antoniazzi,Steve Baillie, bier in N. America,every state in the gion. Five which lasted the seasonat a Daniel S. Bastaja(DSB), Bruce Bennett PacificNorthwest except Washington Whse. feeder included the Yukon's first (BrB), loan Burbridge (JBu), Linda hasthe specieson its checklist.It was well-documented"Oregon" type (ph. HG, Cameron, R. Wayne Campbell (RWC), thusonly a mild surprisewhen the Re- tCE, PS, LC, YBC). RichardJ. Cannln$$(RJC), Rosalyn Case gion'sfirst showed up at a GabriolaI., An influxof Red-wingedBlackbirds into (RC), Don G. Cecile (DGC), Caroline B.C.,feeder Jan..3 (p.v., v.t., ph. R. the Q.C.I. in mid-Februaryhad the locals Couch(CaC), Larry Cowan (LCo), Gary Mumford,m.ob.)• As is often the case shakingtheir heads;were they early mi- Davidson(GSD), Denny Denison, Wayne witha brightlyplumaged vagrant in grants?The first sightingincluded two ad. Diakow, CameronEckert, Lois Everett,D. analien landscape• thebird was ulti- Val George(DVG), LindaGerrand, Helmut matelypicked offby• accipiterJan. malesat OldMasset Feb. 13-14, followed by five ad. males and one female at Masset Mar. Grunberg, Peter Hamel, Todd Heakes .25,a scatteringof feathersall that (THe), MargoHearne, Jurg Hofer OHo), maine&Available evidence seems to 7, and two the sameday at PortClements (D. Jones,PH, MH, G, Johnson,E&M Dale Jensen,Burke Korol (BKo), Nancy pointtothe bird bei•g-a young male Krueger, Lee Kubica, Laird Law, Jim ofthe albilora forrg (fide DGC). Podd).Rarely lingering into winter, a pairof RustyBlackbirds was at the HainesJct. land- Lawrence,Io Ann Mackenzie(JAM), Kevin fill until at leastDec. 3 (THe). The Hooded MacPherson(KMacP), JeannetteMcCrie survivethe periodat ChristinaL. in the W. Oriolewhich first appeared in Terrace,B.C., (JMcC), Martin K. McNicholl (MKM), Rhonda Markel (RMa), Derrick Marven, Kootenaydistrict of s. B.C. (RW), and a Nov.23 remainedthrough the period(v.t., Peter Mennel, Libor Michalak, Robert Mur- Corn. Yellowthroat was observed at the ph. G&C Thomas,m.ob.). A diet of meal- kett (RMu),Patty Nash, Marie O'Shaugh- NakuspSTP Dec. 25 (GSD).Another yel- wormsand a hummingbirdfeeder full of nessy(MOS), Katie Ostrom, Mark P!alnney lowthroatwas at Addington Pt., Coquitlam, warmed"oriole mix" sawit throughthe (MPh), lira Prentice,Michael Price (MPr), Dec. 21-24 (DSB). Palm Warblers were winter.Is therecent spate of HoodedOriole I. Laurie Rockwell (ILR), Laurie I. Savard, more numerous than usual on the s. coast. sightingsan anomaly or a trend? Sightingsincluded two at CamelPt., Vic., SpencerSealy, Barbara M. Sedgwick(BMS), A femaleBrambling, more of a cold PamelaSinclair, Gall Spitlet,Jennifer Stani- Nov.30, and singlesat StoreSt., Vic., Dec. winter visitor, was at Port Alberni, C. Van. 23 (DA),Cowichan Bay Dec. 19 (DM), and forth, RussTkachuk (RTk), Mike Toochin I., Jan. 3-15 (DGC, V. Geist, v.o.). Pine (MTo),Rick Toochin (RTo), Danny Tyson the MartindaleValley in SaanichDec. 30 Grosbeak numbers were down in the s. (DTy),Ron Walker, Mildred White, Doug (Mr. Moore).Another single was at Iona Yukon,with peak flocks in the15-20 range Dec.21-Jan. 27 (RTo,m.ob.). Wilson (DgW), Mark Wynja (MWy), (m.ob.).Perhaps some of theYukon gros- YukonBird Club (YBC). A WesternT•mager, casual in winterin beaks made it out to B.C's n. coastahead of the Region,was at a Burnaby,s.w.B.C., the impendingcold snap, with 45 Pineson JackBowling, RRl-514-C41, Prince George, feederDec. 18-Jan.13 (LCo,m.ob.). Amer- BCV2N 2HB ([email protected]) theMasset CBC Dec. 20 constitutinga new icanTree Sparrows are extremelyrare in high for the Q.C.I. Cassin'sFinch from winterin theYukon. Surprising, then, were coastalareas are always noteworthy. A male severalWhse. area sightings: two birdsat a discoveredat the foot of RogersSt., Van., groundfeeder at HiddenValley mid-De- Dec.21 (V. Omen)was joined later by a fe- cemberto mid-January(LG, lHo), and mmetype; both birdsstayed in the area againnext door lan- 31 (CaC); two in with a largeflock of redpollsin MarwellDec. 28 untilDec. 30 (*JAM).White-winged Cross- (CE, PS); and one on the Whse. CBC Dec. billsinvaded the S.Ok. spruce-latchforests: CBC totals included 112 Dec. 20 in Pentic- 26 (M. Beauregard).They also favored the ton, 590 at Vaseux L. Dec. 28, and 478 on Kootenays,with two at the NakuspSTP Dec. 25 and six more there Jan.3 (GSD), the Oliver-Osoyooscount lan- 3. Common andone at the n. endof KootenayL., s.e. Redpollswere scarce across s. B.C.;howev- B.C.,Jan. 18 (GS, IL). A SggeSpin'row of er,they stagedtheir usuallate winter inva- the nevadensistype, a first recordfor the sioninto the c. interior of B.C.begining late localchecklist and one of veryfew for the February.Two adjacent flocks eating grass coast,was in the Dallas Rd., Vic., area Feb. seedin a largestubble hay field near Van- 16-19 (R. Barnes,R. Prior, ph. LJS,ph. derhoofFeb. 21 (CA, NK) totaledat least IAM, m.ob.).Harris's Sparrows were noted 1000birds. The flock of 44 at MassetJan. from severalareas. In the Kootenays,one 22-Mar. 2 comprisedthe largestever seen immaturespent the winter in Nelson,s.e. on the QueenCharlottes. Hoary Redpolls B.C. (LM, BKo), and another was at a are regularwinter visitorsto the s. Yukon; Nakuspfeeder sporadically lan. 24 through this yearonly a fewwere noted. A very theperiod (GSD). Another young bird win- white Hoary was at a Whse. feederFeb. teredat thew. endof LostLagoon in Van.'s 4-22, with a 2nd thereFeb. 5-18 (CE, PS). StanleyPark (m.ob.),and one wasseen on A PineSiskin spotted with redpollson the thePenticton CBC Dec. 20. Dark-eyed lun- Whse.CBC providedthe first documented coswere well reportedin the Yukon,with winterrecord for theYukon (•CE, PS).

VOLUME52 (1998), ISSUE2 247