Accelerating Pathways Bibliography

ACCELERATING PATHWAYS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Youth Economic Strategy Index 2015

BASED ON RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS BY: Bibliography

General

Adams, Arvil V., Sara Johansson da Silva and Setareh Razmara. 2013. Improving Skills Development in the Informal Sector: Strategies for Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank.

A.T. Kearney, 2014 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook: Global Cities, Present and Future. Arlington: A.T Kearney. [http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/4461492/Global+Cities+Present+and+Future-GCI+2014.pdf/3628fd7d-70be- 41bf-99d6-4c8eaf984cd5]

Betcherman, Gordon, Martin Godfrey, Susana Puerto, Friederike Rother and Antoneta Stavreska. 2007. “A Review of Interventions to Support Young Workers: Findings of the Youth Employment Inventory”. Social Protection Discussion Paper No. 0715. World Bank.

Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). 2014. The Global Youth Wellbeing Index. Washington, DC: CSIS and the International Youth Foundation.

Christensen, Jens Dyring and Martin Clemensson. 2010. “How to build an enabling environment for youth entrepreneurship and sustainable enterprises”. Paper presented at the Integrated Youth Employment Strategies event with the Small Enterprise Programme, International Labour Organisation (ILO), 17-19 February, Moscow.

Cunningham, Wendy, Lorena M. Cohan, Linda McGinnis and Sophie Naudeau. 2008. Supporting youth at risk: A policy toolkit for middle-income countries. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Ernst & Young Global Limited (EY). 2014. Avoiding a lost generation: Ten key recommendations to support youth entrepreneurship across the G20. London: EY.

Frederick, Carl B., Robert D. Putnam and Kaisa Snellman. “Growing Class Gaps in Social Connectedness among American Youth”. White Paper presented at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government Saguaro Seminar: Civic Engagement in America, 8 August 2012, Cambridge, Mass.

Ibarrarán, Pablo and David Rosas Shady. 2009. “Evaluating the Impact of Job Training Programs in Latin America: Evidence from IDB funded operations”. Journal of Development Effectiveness, June 1(2):195-216.

International Labour Organisation (ILO). 2013. Global Employment Trends for Youth: A generation at risk. Geneva: ILO.

International Labour Organisation (ILO). 2013-2015. Work4Youth project national reports. W4Y Publication Series. Geneva: ILO. [http://www.ilo.org/employment/areas/youth-employment/work-for-youth/publications/national-reports/lang--en/ index.htm]

International Youth Foundation (IYF). 2012. Opportunity for Action: Preparing youth for 21st century livelihoods. Baltimore: IYF.

Legatum Institute.2014. Legatum Prosperity Index. London: The Legatum Institute Foundation.

ManpowerGroup. 2012. How Policymakers Can Boost Youth Employment. Milwaukee, WI: MangpowerGroup.

2 McKinsey Global Institute (MGI). 2011. Urban World: Mapping the economic power of cities. Washington, DC: McKinsey & Company.

McKinsey Global Institute (MGI). 2012. Urban World: Cities and the rise of the consuming class. Washington, DC: McKinsey & Company.

Metropolitan Policy Program at Brookings. 2014. Global MetroMonitor 2014: An Uncertain Recovery. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.

Opportunity Nation. 2014. Connecting Youth and Strengthening Communities: The Data Behind Civic Engagement and Economic Opportunity. Boston and Washington: Opportunity Nation. [http://opportunitynation.org/app/uploads/2014/09/ Opportunity-Nation-Civic-Engagement-Report-2014.pdf]

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2012. Policy Brief on Youth Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Activities in Europe. Luxembourg: Local Economic and Employment Development Division, OECD and the European Union.

Population Reference Bureau (PRB). “2013 Data Sheet”. The World’s Youth 2013. Washington, DC: PRB.

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC). 2013. Cities of Opportunity: Building the Future. New York: PwC. [http://www.prb.org/pdf13/ youth-data-sheet-2013.pdf]

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC). 2014. Cities of Opportunity 6. London: PwC.

The Commonwealth. 2013. Youth development Index. London: The Commonwealth of Nations.

The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). 2013. Hot Spots 2025. New York: EIU.

The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU).2014. EIU Liveability Index. New York: EIU.

United Nations (UN). 2010a. “Fact Sheet: Youth and Education”. Paris: UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) and UN Programme on Youth. [http://social.un.org/youthyear/docs/Youth_Education_Fact_Sheet_FINAL.pdf]

United Nations (UN). 2010b. “Fact Sheet: Youth employment”. Geneva: International Labour Office (ILO) and UN Programme on Youth. [http://social.un.org/youthyear/docs/youth-employment.pdf]

United Nations (UN). 2012. World Population Monitoring: Adolescents and Youth. New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations.

United Nations (UN). 2014. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights. New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations.

United Nations Capital Development Fund. Financial Inclusion of Youth. New York: United Nations Programme on Youth (UNDESA).

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO).2005.The Youth Development Report and the Youth Development Index (YDI). Brasilia: UNESCO Brasilia Office. [http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/ ydiJulioWaiselfisz_YDIBrazil.pdf]

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT).2007. “Global Urban Indicators Database. Version 2”. Nairobi: Global Urban Observatory (UN-HABITAT). [http://www.cityindicators.org/Deliverables/Global%20Urban%20Indicators%20 Databa_12-4-2007-1028705.pdf]

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). 2012a. “Harnessing the Dual Global Trends of Urbanisation and the Demographic Youth Bulge”. Issue Paper. UN-HABITAT. [http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/julyhls/pdf13/hls_issue_ note_un_habitat.pdf] January 2015.

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). 2012b. State of the Urban Youth 2012/2013: Youth in the Prosperity of Cities, Overview and Summary of Findings. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT.

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). 2013. State of the World’s Cities 2012/2013: Prosperity of Cities. New York: Routledge.

3 United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). 2010. The Case for Investing in Young People as part of a National Poverty Reduction Strategy. Second Edition. New York: UNFPA.

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). 2014. The Power of 1.8 Billion: Adolescents, Youth and the Transformation of the Future. New York: UNFPA.

World Bank. 2012. World Development Report 2013: Jobs. Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Bank. 2014. “Brief: Youth Employment”. Social Protection & Labour. Washington: The World Bank Group. [http://www. worldbank.org/en/topic/socialprotectionlabor/brief/youth-employment]

Youth Employment Inventory (YEI) Consortium. 2013. Youth Employment Inventory. YEI Consortium. [http://www.youth- employment-inventory.org/]

4 Specific City Bibliography

Bangkok, Thailand

Interviews

John B Trew, Plan International in Asia. Personal interview. 15 May 2015.

References

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. [http://www.bangkok.go.th]

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. 2013. Statistical Profile. [http://www.bangkok.go.th/main/backoffice/upload_editor/ file/stat2013(ENG).pdf]

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. 2013. “Executive Summary: 20-Year Development Plan for Bangkok Metropolis, Phase 1 (2013 – 2017)”. [http://www.bangkok.go.th/main/backoffice/upload_editor/file/summa- ry_20y_phase1.pdf]

Bangkok Post. March 2012. “Firms ignore new graduates to save money”. [http://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/ news/286617/firms-ignore-new-graduates-to-save-money]

Bangkok Post. June 2014. “Act now to boost youth employment”. [http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/417623/ act-now-to-boost-youth-employment]

Bangkok University. “Scholarships”. [http://www.bu.ac.th/eng/academic-international-program-bu-creative-scholarship. html]

Department of Children and Youth. [http://www.opp.go.th]

Encyclopedia.com. 2000. “Bangkok”. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Bangkok.aspx]

International Business Times. February 2014. “Top Five Countries with Highest Rates of Child Prostitution”. [http://www. ibtimes.co.uk/top-five-countries-highest-rates-child-prostitution-1435448]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). 2009. “Youth Enterprise in Asia: Policies and Programmes”. [http://www.ilo.org/ wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-jakarta/documents/publication/wcm_041835.pdf]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). April 2012. “Social Protection for Thailand’s Informal Economy Workers”. [http:// www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/features/WCMS_177229/lang--en/index.htm]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). June 2013. “ILO and Thai Trade Unions hold workshop on further promoting ratifi- cation of ILO C.87 and C.98 and protection of young and migrant workers”. [http://www.ilo.org/asia/info/public/newsitems/ WCMS_215961/lang--en/index.htm]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). “Occupational safety and health country profile: Thailand”. [http://www.ilo.org/ safework/countries/asia/thailand/lang--en/index.htm]

5 Meetup. “Bangkok Mentorship Programme”. [http://www.meetup.com/Bangkok-Mentor-and-Mentee-Connection/]

Ministry of Education. [http://www.moe.go.th]

Ministry of Labour. 2012. “National Master Plan on Occupational Safety, Health and Environment (2012-2016)”. [http://www. ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/documents/policy/wcms_230542.pdf]

Office of the Prime Minister. 2011. “The Eleventh National Economic and Social Development Plan (2012-2016)”. [http:// www.nesdb.go.th/Portals/0/news/plan/p11/Plan11_eng.pdf]

Office of Welfare Promotion, Protection and Empowerment of Vulnerable Groups. 2012. “The National Child and Youth Development Plan (2012-2016)”. [http://www.youthpolicy.org/national/Thailand_2012_Youth_Development_Plan.pdf]

Plan International. “Thailand”. [https://plan-international.org/where-we-work/asia/thailand]

The Nation. April 2012. “Reform Needed in Devising Higher Education Student Loans”. [http://www.nationmultimedia.com/ opinion/Reform-Needed-in-Devising-Higher-Education-Student-30179992.html]

The Revenue Department. “Personal Income Tax”. [http://www.rd.go.th/publish/6045.0.html]

TripsThailand.com. “Bangkok Metropolitan Youth Centre”. [http://www.tripsthailand.com/places_bangkokmetropolitan. php]

VOA Learning English. August 2014. “HIV/AIDS Cases Rise Among Young in Thailand”. [http://learningenglish.voanews.com/ content/hiv-aids-youth-thailand/2427791.html]

Wikipedia. “Bangkok#Economy”. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok#Economy] World Bank et al. “Youth Employment Inventory”. [http://www.youth-employment-inventory.org]

World Economic Forum (WEF). “The Thai Youth Anti-Corruption Network (Thailand)”. [http://www.weforum.org/best-practices/creative-good/thai-youth-anti-corruption-network-thailand]

Youth Career Initiative (YCI). “Thailand”. [http://www.youthcareerinitiative.org/country/thailand/]

Beijing, China

Interviews

Expert who wishes to remain anonymous. Interview via email. 3 May 2015.

References

Beijing Government Online. 2010. “Beijing Department of Health”. [http://www.bjhb.gov.cn]

Beijing Government Online. 2014. “Beijing Local Taxation Bureau”. [http://www.tax861.gov.cn]

Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics. 2014. 2014 Beijing Statistical Yearbook. [http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/nj/main/2014- tjnj/CH/index.htm]

Beijing University. 2014. “ Beijing University Career Centre”. [http://scc.pku.edu.cn/home.action]

Caixin.com. 2014. “Housing – The No.1 Concern for Young Professionals in Beijing”. [http://opinion.caixin.com/2014-12- 25/100767801.html]

China Education Online. Sina Higher Education Session. “Tuition Fee for Different Universities in China”. Accessed at Peo- ple: [http://society.people.com.cn/n/2015/0320/c1008-26722708.html]

6 China Education Online. 2014. “Types of Tuition Assistance Loans”. [http://gaokao.eol.cn/html/g/zxdk.shtml]

Jing Hua Daily Newspaper. 20 March 2015. “Beijing Zhong Guan Cun Will Build a Street on Startups for Students”. Accessed at People: [http://society.people.com.cn/n/2015/0320/c1008-26722708.html]

Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (MOHRSS). 2014. “Six New Measures to Facilitate Employment for Fresh College Graduates”. People’s Republic of China. Beijing, 4 May 2014. [http://www.bjld.gov.cn/xwzx/zxfbfg/201503/ t20150312_39380.htm]

Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (MOHRSS). 2015a. “Announcement for Ensuring College Graduates Em- ployment in 2015”. No.21 2015. People’s Republic of China. [http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/SYrlzyhshbzb/ldbk/jiuye/gaoxiaobi- yesheng/201502/t20150216_152203.htm]

Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (MOHRSS). 2015b. “Announcement on a Month-long-Activity on Graduate Employment Services and Public Service Employment on Campus”. People’s Republic of China. Beijing, 12 March 2015. [http://www.bjld.gov.cn/xwzx/zxfbfg/201503/t20150312_39380.htm]

Bogota, Colombia

Interviews

Jorge Garcia, VP Products, Kuepa. 11 May 2015.

Gabriel Sanchez Zinny, president and founder, Kuepa. 11 May 2015.

References

Bogota Chamber of Commerce. “Fundaciones y Asociaciones (ESAL - ONG)”. [http://www.ccb.org.co/Preguntas-frecuentes/ Inscripciones-y-Renovaciones/Fundaciones-y-Asociaciones-ESAL-ONG]

Bogota City Government. “Bogota.gov.co”. [http://www.bogota.gov.co/]

Bogota City Government. June 2012. “Plan de Desarollo: 2012 - 2016”. [www.canalcapital.gov.co/component/banners/ click/136]

Bogota City Government. “Presupuesto 2015, mejora en recursos para la mujer, los jóvenes, cultura, arte, deporte, convivencia y seguridad y movilidad”. [http://concejodebogota.gov.co/presupuesto-2015-mejora-en-recursos-para-la-mujer-los-jovenes-cultura-arte-deporte-convivencia-y-seguridad-y-movilidad/cbogota/2014-12-06/104642.php]

Bogota City Government. December 2014. “Bogota Humana presenta resultados de la encuesta distrital de juventud”. [http://www.bogotahumana.gov.co/article/bogot%C3%A1-humana-presenta-resultados-la-encuesta-distrital-juventud]

Bogota City Government. April 2015. “Víctimas del conflicto armado se gradúan como técnicos laborales de contact center”. [http://www.bogota.gov.co/content/v%C3%ADctimas-del-conflicto-armado-se-grad%C3%BAan-como-t%C3%A9cnic- os-laborales-de-contact-center]

Colombia Joven. “Publicaciones realizadas por Colombia Joven”. [http://www.colombiajoven.gov.co/programa/Paginas/ publicaciones.aspx]

Colombia Joven. June 2014. “Colombia Joven Emprende”. [http://www.colombiajoven.gov.co/quehacemos/Paginas/colom- biajovenemprende.aspx]

Committee for the Democratization of Information (CDI). [http://www.cdi.org.co/]

Department for Social Prosperity. April 2015. “DPS impulsa enganche laboral de jovenes en accion”. [http://www.dps.gov. co/contenido/contenido.aspx?conID=11434&catID=127]

7 Department for Social Prosperity. “Familias en accion”. [http://www.dps.gov.co/Ingreso_Social/FamiliasenAccion.aspx]

Department for Social Prosperity. “Jovenes en accion”. [http://www.jovenesenaccion.co/PC/incentivos.html]

Direccion de Impuestos y Aduanas Nacionales. [http://www.dian.gov.co/]

District Secretary of Social Integration. 2014. “Política Pública de Juventud 2006 - 2016”. [http://www.integracionsocial.gov. co/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12&Itemid=26]

El Tiempo. August 2014. “La discriminación laboral comienza por las hojas de vida”. [http://www.eltiempo.com/economia/ finanzas-personales/discriminacion-laboral-en-colombia/14398996]

Fedesarollo. May 2014. “Informe mensual del mercado laboral”. [www.fedesarrollo.org.co/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ IML-Mayo-2014_Web.pdf]

GEM Consortium. January 2015. “GEM Colombia 2013 Policy Brief”. [http://www.gemconsortium.org/docs/3618/gem-colombia-2013-policy-brief]

Government of Colombia. 1997. “Law 375 of 1997”. [http://www.mineducaion.gov.co/1621/articles-85935_archivo_pdf.pdf]

Government of Colombia. 2005. “Politica Nacional de Juventud: Bases para Plan Decenal de Juventud 2005 - 2015”. [http:// www.youthpolicy.org/national/Colombia_2005_National_Youth_Policy.pdf]

Government of Colombia. 2006. “Law 1014 of 2006”. [http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_1014_2006. html]

Government of Colombia. “Si Joven”. [https://www.gobiernoenlinea.gov.co/web/guest/educacion-y-becas]

Government of Colombia. September 2014. “Decree 1649 of 2014”. [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwsp.presidencia.gov.co%2FNorma- tiva%2FDecretos%2F2014%2FDocuments%2FSEPTIEMBRE%2F02%2FDECRETO%25201649%2520DEL%252002%252 0DE%2520SEPTIEMBRE%2520DE%25202014.pdf&ei=VUhcVd6TC8absgHBy4NA&usg=AFQjCNFGUYUOMZKsc1rR2EBu- 2Cu2E74hCA&sig2=pnXVdh_0xJ0dIzOIkcojXg&bvm=bv.93756505,d.bGg]

ICEF Monitor. February 2013. “Colombia seeks best path forward for tertiary sector”. [http://monitor.icef.com/2013/02/colombia-seeks-the-best-path-forward-for-its-tertiary-sector/]

ICETEX. January 2015. “Credito a mediano plazo”. [http://www.icetex.gov.co/dnnpro5/es-co/cr%C3%A9ditoeducativo/estu- diost%C3%A9cnicostecnol%C3%B3gicosyuniversitarios/medianoplazo.aspx]

Institute for Social Economics. September 2014. “La entidad”. [http://www.ipes.gov.co/index.php/la-entidad]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). May 2013. “The employment situation in Latin America and the Caribbean: Advanc- es and challenges in measuring decent work”. [http://www.ilo.org/americas/WCMS_213808/lang--en/index.htm]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). December 2013. “The formal and informal sectors in Colombia”. [http://www.ilo. org/employment/Whatwedo/Publications/working-papers/WCMS_232495/lang--en/index.htm]

Mayor of Bogota. 2008. “Proyecto de acuerdo no. 444 de 2008”. [http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1. jsp?i=31822]

Ministry of Health. “Salud Publica”. [http://www.minsalud.gov.co/salud/Paginas/salud-publica.aspx]

Ministry of Work. June 2013. “Presidente Santos sanciona Ley de Protección al Cesante / Seguro de Desempleo”. [http:// www.mintrabajo.gov.co/junio-2013/1964-presidente-santos-sanciona-ley-de-proteccion-al-cesante-seguro-de-desempleo.html]

OECD. January 2013. “Reviews of National Policies for Education: Tertiary Education in Colombia 2012”. [http://www.oecd-ili- brary.org/education/reviews-of-national-policies-for-education-tertiary-education-in-colombia-2012_9789264180697-en]

Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia. “Indicadores economicos”. [https://www.superfinanciera.gov.co/jsp/index.jsf]

US Labor Education on Americas Project (USLEAP). “Background: Violence Against Trade Unionists in Colombia”. 8 [http://usleap.org/usleap-campaigns/colombia-murder-and-impunity/more-information-colombia/background-violence-against-]

World Economic Forum. 2014. “Colombia”. [http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2014/economies/#economy=COL]

YouthPolicy.org. April 2014. “Colombia”. [http://www.youthpolicy.org/factsheets/country/colombia/]

Buenos Aires, Argentina

Interviews

Leo Martellotto, President, JA Americas. 11 May 2015.

References

Administración Federal. [http://www.afip.gob.ar/home/index.html]

Banco de la Nación Argentina. “Nativa Prepaga Estudiantil”. [http://www.bna.com.ar/Personas/NativaPrepagaEstudiantil]

BBVA Frances. “Prestamos” [https://www.bbvafrances.com.ar/tlal/jsp/ar/esp/individu/producto/prestamos/index.jsp]

Buenos Aires City Government homepage. [http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/]

Buenos Aires City Government. “Descubri Estrategia Joven”. [http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/noticias/descubri-estrategia-joven]

Buenos Aires City Government. 2008. “Encuesta Joven”. [http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/bajoven/investigacion-y-docu- mentacion/encuestas]

Buenos Aires City Government. December 2010. “Programa de inclusion laboral para jovenes en situaction de vulnerabili- dad social”. [http://www.cedom.gov.ar/es/legislacion/normas/leyes/ley3721.html]

Buenos Aires City Government. 2015. “Estrategia joven”. [http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/areas/educacion/estrategia_jo- ven/index.php]

Buenos Aires City Government. 2015. “Presupuesto 2015”. [http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/areas/hacienda/presupues- to2015_final/index.php?menu_id=3424]

Buenos Aires City Government. “Estrategia joven, una propuesta de inclusión laboral y educativa”. [http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/noticias/estrategia-joven-inclusi%C3%B3n]

Buenos Aires City Government. “Programa Jóvenes Profesionales”. [http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/modernizacion/jovene- sprofesionales/programa]

Buenos Aires City Government. “Estrategia Joven: Educacion”. [http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/areas/educacion/estrate- gia_joven/becas.php?menu_id=30694]

Ernst & Young. 2013. “Country report: Argentina”. [www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-G20-country-report-2013-Ar- gentina/$FILE/EY-G20-country-report-2013-Argentina.pdf]

Federacion Universitaria Argentina (FUA). “Quienes somos”. [http://www.lafua.org/?page_id=137]

International Social Security Association. 2012. “Argentina’s youth employment programme recognized by ISSA Good Prac- tice Award”. [https://www.issa.int/-/argentina-s-youth-employment-programme-recognized-by-issa-good-practice-award]

9 Ministry of Health. 2011. “Beneficiarios”. [http://www.sssalud.gov.ar/index/index.php?cat=beneficiarios&opc=benefprinci- pal]

Ministry of Work, Buenos Aires Province. 2015. “Que es Prueba Joven?” [http://www.trabajo.gba.gov.ar/s_empleo/preba_jo- ven.html]

Ministry of Work, Buenos Aires Province. “Evaluación del Programa Jóvenes con Más y Mejor Trabajo”. [http://www. google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fw- ww.trabajo.gba.gov.ar%2Finformacion%2FPublicaciones%2520P%25C3%25A1gina%2FEvaluacion_programa_jovenes. pdf&ei=2PVcVfbMLsTiywPo24DYCQ&usg=AFQjCNGj-rnwDhDCxH8h5qa55brxa10jSA&sig2=kLvprnTIzvovSsVr2YcHbg&b- vm=bv.93756505,d.bGQ]

Ministry of Work, Buenos Aires Province. “Preba Joven: Organizaciones No Gubernamentales adheridas “. [http://www. trabajo.gba.gov.ar/s_empleo/preba_joven_listado_ong.html]

Ministry of Work, Employment and Social Security. 2015. “Jovenes con mas y mejor trabajo”. [http://www.trabajo.gov.ar/jovenes/]

Santander Rio. “Universidades con convenio”. [https://www.santanderrio.com.ar/banco/online/personas/universidades/ universidades-con-convenio]

Telam. March 2015. “Más de 3.000 jóvenes de todo el país iniciaron en el Chaco debate sobre derechos alcanzados”. [http:// www.telam.com.ar/notas/201503/99490-capitanich-tignanelli-chaco-juventud.html]

YouthPolicy.org. September 2014. “Argentina”. [http://www.youthpolicy.org/factsheets/country/argentina/]

Casablanca, Morocco

Interviews

M’hammed Abbad Andaloussi, INJAZ Al-Maghrib. Interview conducted on 22 April 2015.

Expert who wishes to remain anonymous. Interview conducted on 14 May 2015.

References

Centre des Jeunes Dirigeants de Casablanca ([http://www.annalindhfoundation.org/members/centre-des-jeunes-dirigeants-de-casablanca-cjd-casablanca]

Education for Employment (EFE) Maroc. [http://efemaroc.org/mission/]

EuroMed Youth III Programme. 2009. Studies on Youth Policies in the Mediterranean Partner Countries: Morocco. [http:// www.youthpolicy.org/national/Morocco_2009_Youth_Policy_Study.pdf]

Groupe L’Etudiant Marocain. “Les bourses nationales”. [http://www.etudiant.ma/article-les-bourses-nationales-525.html]

Haut Commissariat au Plan. 2013. “Greater Casablanca. Unemployment statistics”. [http://www.hcp.ma/Grand-Casablan- ca_a274.html]

INJAZ Al-Maghrib. “Programmes: It’s my business”. [http://injaz-morocco.org/programs-item/its-my-business/]

Invest in Morocco. “Regions: Greater Casablanca”. [http://www.invest.gov.ma/?Id=10&lang=en&Ref=49]

L’Usine Nouvelle. “L’indemnité pour perte d’emploi, première assurance chômage au Maroc, entre en vigueur ce 1er décembre”. [http://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/l-indemnite-pour-perte-d-emploi-premiere-assurance-chomage-au-

10 maroc-entre-en-vigueur-ce-1er-decembre.N300030]

Maroc Entrepreneurs (Association of Moroccan Entrepreneurs). [http://www.marocentrepreneurs.com/index.php?id=120]

Ministère de la Jeunesse et Sports (Ministry of Youth and Sports). 2014. “Stratégie Nationale Intégrée de la Jeunesse, 2015- 2030”. [http://www.mjs.gov.ma/upload/MoDUle_1/File_1_319.pdf]

The Africa Report. 24 March 2012. “Morocco and North Africa’s race for universal health care”. [http://www.theafricareport. com/North-Africa/morocco-and-north-africas-race-for-universal-health-care.html]

World Bank. 2012. “Kingdom of Morocco: Promoting Youth Opportunities and Participation. Report No. 68731 –MOR. June 2012. [http://www.youthpolicy.org/national/Morocco_2012_Youth_Report.pdf]

Chicago, USA

Interviews

Mary Ellen Messner, Department of Children and Youth Services of the City of Chicago. Personal Interview. 12 May 2015.

Christine Poorman, Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship (NFTE) Chicago. Personal Interview. 12 May 2015.

References

All Stars Project Inc. 2015. “Development School for Youth”. [http://allstars.org/dsy/]

Breakthrough. 2015. “We’re Transforming the Lives of Thousands – Youth Development”. [http://www.breakthrough.org]

Breakthrough. 2015. “Transparency”. [http://www.breakthrough.org/transparency/]

Chicago Federation of Labor. 2015. “Union Resources: Worker Assistance and Community Service Programs”. [http://www. chicagolabor.org/union-resources/community-service]

Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning. 2010. “Go To 2040 Comprehensive Regional Plan”. [http://www.cmap.illinois. gov/documents/10180/17842/long_plan_FINAL_100610_web.pdf/1e1ff482-7013-4f5f-90d5-90d395087a53]

Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning. Cook County Department of Planning and Development, 6 November 2014. “Planning for Progress – PY2015-2019 Strategic Plan – Draft for Public Comment”. [http://www.cmap.illinois.gov/documents/10180/113208/FINAL+Draft+PFP+for+Public+Comment.pdf/6b81169b-fc15-4305-97e3-146bc0f548c2]

Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning. 2014. “Reorienting State and Regional Economic Development: Challenges and Opportunities for Metropolitan Chicago”. [http://www.cmap.illinois.gov/documents/10180/350519/FY15-0023+REORIENT- ING+STATE+AND+REGIONAL+ECONOMIC+DEV+REPORT.pdf/5e5a7785-5005-4754-b4fe-f99637e1f84a]

City of Chicago. 2014. “Mayor’s Commission for a Safer Chicago – Strategic Plan for 2015”. [http://www.cityofchicago.org/ content/dam/city/depts/mayor/supp_info/Chi_SaferChicago_StrategicReport_final.pdf]

City of Chicago. 2015. “Connecting Youth to a Successful Future with a Summer Job in Chicago”. [http://www.onesummer- chicago.org]

City of Chicago. 2015. “Grants, Programs & Initiatives”. [https://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/progs/grants.html]

City of Chicago. Small Business Center. 2015. “Tax Credits – Hiring & Training”. [http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/ bacp/sbc/tax_credits_-_hiringtraining.html]

Fogg, Neeta et al., A Frayed Connection: Joblessness among Teens in Chicago. Drexel University, 2015. [http://chicagoto- night.wttw.com/sites/default/files/article/file-attachments/AFrayedConnection_Final.pdf]

11 Illinois Department of Employment Security. 2015. “Unemployment Insurance (UI)”. [http://www.ides.illinois.gov/Pages/ Unemployment%20Insurance.aspx]

Illinois Department of Revenue. 2015. “Publication 132: Education Expense Credit General Rules and Requirements for Parents and Guardians”. [http://tax.illinois.gov/publications/pubs/pub-132.pdf]

International Labor Organisation (ILO). 2015. “Youth Employment Inventory: United States”. [http://www.youth-employment-inventory.org/inventory/browse/countries/78/]

Jewish Vocational Services. 2015. “Our Funding Partners”. [http://jvschicago.org/our-funding-partners/]

Jewish Vocational Services. 2015. “Youth Services”. [http://jvschicago.org/youth-services/#]

Steans Family Foundation. 2015. “Discretional/Special Project Funding: Summer Youth Employment”. [http://www.steansfa- milyfoundation.org/programs_special_employment.shtml]

Step Up Women’s Network. 2015. “After School Programs”. [http://www.suwn.org/what-we-do/after-school-programs]

Sum, Andrew et al., The Lost Decade For Teen and Young Adult Employment in Illinois: The Current Depression in the Labor Market For 16-24 Year Olds in the Nation and State. Alternative Schools Network: Chicago, IL, 2010. [content/uploads/ The_Lost_Decade_for_Teen_and_Young_Adult_Employment_in_Illinois.pdf]

The Chicago & Cook County Building & Construction Trades Council. 2015. “Apprenticeship”. [http://www.chicagobuilding- trades.org/Apprenticeship.aspx]

The Chicago Urban League. 2015. “Chicago Youth Jobs Collaborative - All adult careers began with that first good job”. [http://www.thechicagourbanleague.org/Page/767]

The University of Chicago. 2012. “Short Term Results of the One Summer Plus 2012 Evaluation”. [https://crimelab.uchicago. edu/sites/crimelab.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Plus%20results%20brief%20FINAL%2020130802.pdf]

The Youth Project. 2013. “ ‘Obamacare’ A Problem For Youths Seeking Full-Time Jobs”. [http://www.chicago-bureau.org/ obamacare-a-problem-for-youths-seeking-full-time-jobs/]

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2013. “Occupational Injuries and Illnesses and Fatal Injuries Profiles”. [http://data.bls.gov/ gqt/ProfileState]

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2013. “State Occupational Injuries, Illnesses and Fatalities”. [http://www.bls.gov/iif/osh- state.htm#NY]

U.S. Census Bureau. “2013 American Community Survey”. Data Series Name: Sex by Age by Employment Status for the Population 16 years and over. Search specifications: Chicago city, Illinois. [http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/ jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_B23001&prodType=table]

U.S. Department of Education. 2015. “Federal Student Aid (FAFSA)”. [https://fafsa.ed.gov]

U.S. Department of Education. 2015. “Federal Student Aid: Federal vs. Private Loans”. [https://studentaid.ed.gov/types/ loans/federal-vs-private]

U.S. Department of Education. 2015. “Federal Student Aid: Interest Rates of Federal Loans”. [https://studentaid.ed.gov/ types/loans/interest-rates]

U.S. Department of Education. 2015. “Federal Student Aid: Scholarships”. [https://studentaid.ed.gov/types/grants-scholarships/finding-scholarships]

U.S. Department of Education. 2015. “Federal Student Aid: Tax Benefits”. [https://studentaid.ed.gov/types/tax-benefits]

U.S. Department of Labor. Employee Benefits Security Administration. 2015. “An Employee’s Guide to Health Benefits under COBRA”. [http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/publications/cobraemployee.html]

World Business Chicago. 2015. “Incentive Programs”. [http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/services/location-expansion/incentive-programs]

12 Young Women’s Empowerment Project. 2015. “About The Young Women’s Empowerment Project”. [https://ywepchicago. wordpress.com/about/]

Youth Job Center. 2015. “About YJC”. [http://www.youthjobcenter.org/joomla25/index.php/about-yjc]

Youth Job Center. 2015. “2012 Corporate, Foundation and Government Sponsors”. [http://www.youthjobcenter.org/joom- la25/index.php/donors/corporate-foundation-and-government-sponsors]

Delhi, India

Interviews:

Chandni Ohri, Grameen Foundation India. Personal interview. 12 May 2015.

Medha Srivastava, Youthreach India. Personal interview. 17 May 2015.

Bibliography:

Aam Aadmi Party. “Delhi Assembly Election Manifesto”. [www.aamaadmiparty.org/AAP-Manifesto-2015.pdf]

Aam Aadmi Party. “Delhi Assembly Election 2015. 70-Point Action Plan”. [http://aamaadmiparty.org/sites/default/files/Ac- tion%20Plan.pdf]

CAP Foundation India. Website. [www.capfoundation.in]

Confederation of Indian Industry. February 2014. “Youth Unemployment in India”. [www.ies.gov.in/pdfs/sunita-sanghi-and- a-srija.pdf]

Delhientrepreneurnetwork.org. Website. [www.delhientrepreneurnetwork.org]

Deloitte. 2015. Health Care Outlook India. [https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Life-Sci- ences-Health-Care/gx-lshc-2015-health-care-outlook-india.pdf]

Firstpost.com. 4 February 2014. “Youth unemployment: Bad news for Cong as Guj fares best; BJP states a tad better”. [www.firstpost.com/business/economy/youth-unemployment-bad-news-for-cong-as-guj-fares-best-bjp-states-a-tad- better-1956859.html]

Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. March 2013. Combating Youth Unemployment in India. [http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/09728. pdf]

Government of India. “Budget Speech by finance minister Arun Jaitley for the fiscal year 2015/16 (April-March)”. [http:// indiabudget.nic.in/ub2015-16/bs/bs.pdf]

Government of India. Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship. Website. [www.skilldevelopment.gov.in]

Government of India. Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship. Skill Development Initiative Scheme Website. [https://www.sdi.gov.in/en-US/Pages/SDISHome.aspx]

Government of India. National Sample Survey Office. Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation. “Employment and Unemployment Situation in India. NSS 68th Round (July 2011-June 2012)”. [http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/nss_re- port_554_31jan14.pdf]

Government of NCT of Delhi. Website. [http://delhi.gov.in]

Government of NCT of Delhi. “List of Scholarship Schemes”. [www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_welfare/Welfare/ Home/Scholarship+Schemes+(2013-14)]

13 Government of NCT of Delhi. “Framework Document for Nehru Yuvak Kendra (2014-15)”. [www.nyks.org/initiatives/pdf/ rfd201415.pdf]

Government of NCT Delhi. Directorate of Information & Publicity. “Highlights of Budget of Government of NCT of Delhi 2014- 15”. [http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/63ac908044c518ddbfcdfffc784b2527/Press+Release_Highlights_Bud- get+2014-15.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=1203097850&CACHEID=63ac908044c518ddbfcdfffc784b2527]

India Brand Equity Foundation. “About Delhi: Administration, Economy, Industry, Geography”. [www.ibef.org/states/delhi. aspx]

India Briefing. 29 October 2013. “New Delhi & Mumbai Comparison. A comparative view of India’s most vibrant cities”. [www.india-briefing.com/news/delhi-mumbai-comparison-7076.html/]

International Labour Organisation (ILO): Asia Pacific Youth Employment Network (APYouthnet). “INTUC Young Workers Coun- cil”. [www.apyouthnet.ilo.org/network/intuc-young-workers-council]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). “Newsletter from the ILO’s Office in India”. January-April 2012, Volume 1, Issue 1. [www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sro-new_delhi/documents/publication/wcms_182955.pdf]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). “Youth employment and unemployment; an Indian perspective”. ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series. [www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sro-new_delhi/documents/publication/wcms_211552.pdf]

Livemint. 4 May 2015. “Govt to rope in states for a combined vision on Skill India”. [www.livemint.com/Politics/xPqpCWWe- aeKcy8OEzKqzeI/Govt-to-rope-in-states-for-a-combined-vision-on-Skill-India.html]

Livemint. 26 July 2015. “AAP promises 800,000 jobs, 20 new colleges to Delhi youth”. Press Trust India. [www.livemint.com/ Politics/lvpDC7dGZQcPX8gy7VZwlJ/AAP-promises-800000-jobs-20-new-colleges-to-Delhi-youth.html]

National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC). Website of the National Skill Certification and Monetary Reward Scheme [http://nscsindia.org]

Plan India. “Saksham - A youth employment initiative for skill development and livelihood promotion”. [http://planindia. org/about-plan/media-centre/news/saksham-a-youth-employment-initiative-for-skill-development-and-livelihood-promotion/]

SEWA Delhi - Self-Employed Women’s Association. “Skills and Education”. [http://sewadelhi.org/programs/skill-and-education/]

Taxguru.in. 5 January 2015. “Deduction under section 80C and Tax Planning”. [http://taxguru.in/income-tax/all-about-deduction-under-section-80c-and-tax-planning.html]

The Indian Express. 9 October 2014. “Govt set to launch ‘Skill India’ scheme”. [http://indianexpress.com/article/business/ business-others/govt-set-to-launch-skill-india-scheme/]

The Indian Express. 30th March 2015. “More than half of all education loans in South India, TN and Kerala take 38%”. [http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/more-than-half-of-all-education-loans-in-south-india-tn-and-kerala- take-38/]

The Hindu. 22nd December 2014. “Only 17% have health insurance cover”. [www.thehindu.com/news/national/only-17- have-health-insurance-cover/article6713952.ece]

TIE - The Indus Entrepreneurs DELHI-NCR. Website. [http://delhi.tie.org]

Youth Employment Inventory. Website. [www.youth-employment-inventory.org/inventory/view/129/]

Youthpolicy.org. “Factsheet on India”. [www.youthpolicy.org/factsheets/country/india/]

14 Dubai, UAE

Interviews

Clare Woodcraft, Emirates Foundation. 12 May 12 2015.

References

Absher Program. Website. [http://www.absher.ae/en/initiative/]

Abu Dhabi/UAE. “Vision 2030”. [http://www.upc.gov.ae/template/upc/pdf/abu-dhabi-vision-2030-revised-en.pdf]

Amideast. “Training Programs”. [http://www.amideast.org/our-work/elt/english-language-and-work-force-skills]

CNBC.com. September 2011. “UAE Unemployment Is High, but Not for Lack of Jobs”. [http://www.cnbc.com/id/44690025]

Dubai Chamber. December 2012. “Tejar Dubai Launches”. [http://www.dubaichamber.com/en/news/%E2%80%9Ctejar- dubai%E2%80%9D-launches-to-train-the-next-generation-of-entrepreneurs]

Dubai Government Education site. [http://dubai.ae/en/Lists/Topics/DispForm.aspx?ID=3&category=Home]

Dubai Knowledge and Human Development Authority. 2009. “Early Childhood Education and Care in Dubai”. [https://www. khda.gov.ae/CMS/WebParts/TextEditor/Documents/Early%20Childhood%20Education%20&%20Care%20-%20Execu- tive%20Report%20-%20Eng.pdf]

Dubai Planning for 2021. [http://www.dubaiplan2021.ae/the-economy/]

Dubai 2015 Strategic Plan. [http://www.sclgme.org/Dubai%20Strategic%20Plan%20-%20English.pdf]

Dubai Website. [http://www.dubai.ae/en/pages/default.aspx]

Ernst & Young. 2014. UAE Income Tax Report. [http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Services/Tax/The-worldwide-personal-tax-guide---XMLQS?preview&XmlUrl=/ec1mages/taxguides/TGE-2013/TGE-AE.xml]

Health and Human Rights Journal. August 2013. “Human rights and health disparities for migrant workers in the UAE”. [http://www.hhrjournal.org/2013/08/20/human-rights-and-health-disparities-for-migrant-workers-in-the-uae/]

Human Rights Watch. September 2009. “Dubai Migrant Workers”. [http://www.hrw.org/news/2003/09/18/dubai-migrant- workers-risk]

Human Rights Watch. October 2014. “UAE: Trapped, Exploited, Abused”. [http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/22/united-arab-emirates-trapped-exploited-abused]

Khaleej Times. May 2014. “Absher Initiative benefits 6,400 UAE nationals”. [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-dis- play-1.asp?xfile=data/government/2014/May/government_May15.xml§ion=government]

Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development. Website. [http://www.khalifafund.ae/SitePages/Home.aspx]

Solidarity Centre. 2009. “A Guide to Workers Rights in the Global Economy”. [http://www.solidaritycenter.org/wp-content/ uploads/2015/02/Justice-for-All.2009.pdf]

The National. October 2012. “The UAE Education System is Changing for the Better”. [http://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/ the-uae-education-system-is-changing-for-the-better]

UAE National Bureau of Statistics. December 2014. Education Data. [http://www.uaestatistics.gov.ae/EnglishHome/Report- DetailsEnglish/tabid/121/Default.aspx?ItemId=2358&PTID=104&MenuId=1]

UAE National Bureau of Statistics. Website. http://www.uaestatistics.gov.ae/EnglishHome/ReportsByDepartmentEnglish/ tabid/104/Default.aspx?MenuId=1&NDId=442.

15 Hong Kong, Hong Kong

References

Census and Statistics Department. Monthly Digest of Statistics. The Four Key Industries and Other Selected Industries in the Hong Kong Economy. [http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B71504FA2015XXXXB0100.pdf]

Chinese University of Hong Kong. Office of Admissions and Financial Aid. 2010. “HKSAR Government Scholarships”. [http://www.oafa.cuhk.edu.hk/oafa_media/article/scholarships-financial-aid/HKSAR_Government_Scholarships_Poster_ 19May2010.pdf]

Chinese University of Hong Kong. Office of Admissions and Financial Aid. 2014. “Scholarships and Financial Aid – Admis- sion Scholarships (for undergraduates only)”. [http://www.oafa.cuhk.edu.hk/safs/scholarships/admission-scholarships]

Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Office of the Government Chief Information Officer. Website. [https://data.gov.hk/]

Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 2002. “One Country, Two Systems”. [http://www.info.gov.hk/ info/sar5/e12.htm]

Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 2014. “Overview of the Health Care System in Hong Kong”. [http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/health/hosp/overview.htm]

Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 2015a. “Deduction for Expenses of Self-Education”. [http:// www.gov.hk/en/residents/taxes/salaries/allowances/deductions/selfeducation.htm]

Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 2015b. “Financial Assistance & Scholarships”. [http://www. gov.hk/en/residents/education/financialassistance/postsecondary/assistances.htm]

Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 2015c. “Points to Note When Applying Student Financial Assistances”. [http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/education/financialassistance/postsecondary/assistances.htm]

Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 2015d. “Starting a Business (Financing & Planning)”. [http:// www.gov.hk/en/business/supportenterprises/businesstopics/financialplanning.htm]

.Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Hong Kong Economy. (Box 5.1: Youth Unemployment in Hong Kong. Third Quarter Economic Report 2012). [http://www.hkeconomy.gov.hk/en/pdf/box-12q3-5-1.pdf]

Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Labour Department. 2014a. “Introduction of YETP”. [http:// www.yes.labour.gov.hk/en/yetp_app_details.htm]

Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Labour Department. 2014b. “What are YETP?” [http://www. yes.labour.gov.hk/ypyt/en/emp_intro.htm]

Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Labour Department. 2015. “Y.E. S. Introduction”. [http://ww- w.e-start.gov.hk/v3/en/v3_intro.htm]

Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Social Welfare Department. 2015a. “Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA) Scheme”. [http://www.swd.gov.hk/en/index/site_pubsvc/page_socsecu/sub_comprehens/]

Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Social Welfare Department. 2015b”.Youth Employment Sup- port”. Programme Worker (PW). [http://www.swd.gov.hk/pw/epage1.html]

Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups (HKFYG). “Introduction”. [http://yen.hkfyg.org.hk/page.aspx?corpna- me=yen&i=2786]

Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups (HKFYG) Youth Research Centre. September 2013. “Youth Trends in Hong Kong 2013”. [http://yrc.hkfyg.org.hk/page.aspx?i=6527]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). 8 May 2013. “Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013: A generation at risk”.

16 [http://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/global-employment-trends/youth/2013/WCMS_212423/lang--en/index. htm]

Legislative Council Commission. “Official Record of Proceedings. Meeting record of the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 6 April 2011.” [http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr10-11/english/counmtg/hansard/cm0406-trans- late-e.pdf]

Leung, C.Y. “Support for Youth”. In 2014 Policy Address – Support the Needy, Let Youth Flourish, Unleash Hong Kong’s Potential on 15 January 2014 at the Legislative Council. [http://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/2014/eng/youth.html]

Leung, C.Y. “Youth Development Fund”. In 2015 Policy Address – Uphold the Rule of Law, Seize the Opportunities, Make the Right Choices, Pursue Democracy, Boost the Economy, Improve People’s Livelihood on 14 January 2015 at the Legislative Council. [http://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/2015/eng/p156.html]

The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions. “Join Us”.[http://www.ftu.org.hk/en/about?id=96]

Tsang, John C. “ Encouraging Employment”. Speech on the 2015-2016 Budget at the Legislative Council, 25 February 2014. [http://www.budget.gov.hk/2015/eng/budget35.html] http://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/2015/eng/pdf/PA2015.pdf http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201501/14/P201501140485.htm http://www.chinadailyasia.com/hknews/2015-02/03/content_15222677.html http://time.com/3477757/hong-kongs-youth-are-venting-economic-as-well-as-political-frustration/ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29440986

Istanbul, Turkey

References

Citibank Turkey. “Educational Loans”. [http://www.citibank.com.tr/gcb/english/loans/Education-Loan.htm]

Daily Sabah News. July 2014. “The Last Decade of Turkey’s Welfare Regime”. [http://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/2014/07/02/the-last-decade-of-turkeys-welfare-regime-new-frontiers-and-challenges]

Forbes. September 2009. “Turkish Entrepreneurial Ecosystem More than Just Startups”. [http://www.forbes.com/sites/elmi- rabayrasli/2012/09/19/turkish-entrepreneurial-ecosystem-more-than-just-start-ups/]

Hurriyet Daily News. August 2010. “Turkey’s Employment Rate: Facts vs. Figures”. [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=turkey8217s-employment-rate-facts-vs.-figures-2010-08-15]

Hurriyet Daily News. November 2011. “Istanbul gets record budget for 2012, transport funds leading”. [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/istanbul-gets-record-budget-for-2012-transport-funds-leading.aspx?pageID=238&nID=7343&News- CatID=344]

Hurriyet Daily News. November 2013. “Turkey’s Real Unemployment Rate is 20 per cent When All Jobless are Considered”. [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-real-unemployment-rate-20-pct-when-all-jobless-considered.aspx?page- ID=238&nID=58769&NewsCatID=344]

Innovations in Civic Participation. 2008.”Turkey Youth Civic Participation Overview”. [http://www.icicp.org/resource-library/ icp-publications/global-youth-service-database/asia-and-the-pacific/west-asia-middle-east/turkey/]

Institute for the Study of Labour. May 2008. “Do Employment Subsidies Work? Evidence from Regionally Targeted Subsidies in Turkey”. [http://ftp.iza.org/dp3508.pdf]

17 Ismek Lifelong Learning Centre. Website. [http://ismek.ibb.gov.tr/ismEng/index.asp]

Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Website. [http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Home_Page.aspx]

Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. 2012 Annual Report. [http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Documents/annual_reports/IMM- 2012.pdf]

Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. 2014 Annual Report. [http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-TR/BilgiHizmetleri/Yayinlar/Faali- yetRaporlari/Documents/2014/ibb_faaliyetraporu2014.pdf]

Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Sports and Youth Directorate. [http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Organization/birimler/gen- clikspormd/Pages/AnaSayfa.aspx#.VVErttNViko]

Meetup. Istanbul Business Network. [http://www.meetup.com/Istanbul-Business-Network/events/218943966/]

Tasci, Mehmet. “Recent Trends in Underemployment and Determinants of Underemployment in Turkey”. 2006. [http://sa- blon.sdu.edu.tr/fakulteler/iibf/dergi/files/2006-1-17.pdf]

Today’s Zaman News. December 2010. “Turkish unemployment benefits to jump to TL 1,500”. [http://www.todayszaman. com/business_turkish-unemployment-benefits-to-jump-to-tl-1500_229565.html]

Today’s Zaman News. May 2013. “Eurostat: İstanbul unemployment among country’s highest”. [http://www.todayszaman. com/business_eurostat-istanbul-unemployment-among-countrys-highest_316463.html]

Turkish Employment Organisation. “2011 National Youth Employment Action Plan”. [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/eurpro/ankara/areas/napturkey30nov2011final.pdf]

Turkish Revenue Administration. “Turkish Tax System”. [http://www.gib.gov.tr/index.php?id=469]

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2007. “Turkey Experience in Youth Civic Engagement and Youth Political Participation”. [http://www.tr.undp.org/content/dam/turkey/docs/Publications/DemGov/YOUTH_CIVIC_ENGAGEMENT_AND_ POLITICAL_PARTICIPATION.pdf]

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Turkey. July 2013. “The new five-year development plan ratified in the parliament”. [http://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/en/home/presscenter/articles/2013/07/09/the-new-five-year-development-plan-ratified-in-the-parliament.html]

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Istanbul International Centre for Private Development. April 2013. “Turkey’s 5-Year Development Cooperation Strategy to leverage the private sector’s engagement in development”. [http:// www.iicpsd.undp.org/content/istanbul/en/home/presscenter/articles/2013/04/12/turkey-s-5-year-development-cooperation-strategy-to-leverage-the-private-sector-s-engagement-in-development.html]

Jakarta, Indonesia

Interviews

Robert Gardiner, Prestasi Junior Indonesia. Personal interview. 5 May 2015.

References

Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI). “BNI Cerdas”. [http://bni.co.id/en-us/bankingservice/consumer/loan/bnicerdas.aspx]

Encyclopedia.com. 2000. “Jakarta”. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Jakarta.aspx]

Euromonitor International. February 2015. “Jakarta City Review”. [http://www.euromonitor.com/jakarta-city-review/report]

Inside Indonesia. April 2015. “Youth employment prospects and aspirations”. [http://www.insideindonesia.org/youth-employment-prospects-and-aspirations-2 ]

18 International Labour Organisation (ILO). “Informal economy in Indonesia”. [http://www.ilo.org/jakarta/areasofwork/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). “Safety and health at work in Indonesia”. [http://www.ilo.org/jakarta/areasofwork/ safety-and-health-at-work/lang--en/index.htm]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). “Workshop on Quality Apprenticeships and Youth Employment”. [http://www.ilo. org/jakarta/whatwedo/eventsandmeetings/WCMS_347217/lang--en/index.htm]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). September 2012. “Indonesia Decent Work Country Programme for Indonesia 2012- 2015”. [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/program/dwcp/download/indonesia12-15.pdf]

Jakarta Capital City. Website. [http://www.jakarta.go.id/english/]

Jakarta Capital City. November 2011. “Sports and Youth Affairs”. [http://www.jakarta.go.id/v2eng/news/2011/11/sports-and- youth-affairs#.VUTIz5MuxDQ]

Jakarta International College. “Scholarships”. [http://www.jic.ac.id/jic/scholarship/]

Ministry for Economic Affairs. 2011. “Master Plan for the Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia’s Economic Development (MP3EI)”. [http://www.depkeu.go.id/ind/others/bakohumas/bakohumaskemenkoPDF- CompleteToPrint%2824Mei%29.pdf]

Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration. May 2013. “Youth Employment in Indonesia”. [http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/ groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-jakarta/documents/presentation/wcms_214659.pdf]

Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS). Website. [http://jejakmu.bappenas.go.id/]

Prestasi Junior Indonesia (PJI). Website. [http://prestasijunior.org/]

PwC. 2013. Indonesian Pocket Tax Book 2013. [http://www.pwc.com/id/en/indonesian-pocket-tax-book/assets/indonesian-pocket-tax-book-2013.pdf]

The Christian Science Monitor. March 2014. “Indonesia launches world’s largest health insurance system”. [http://www. csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2014/0310/Indonesia-launches-world-s-largest-health-insurance-system]

The Guardian. August 2012. “Ethnic Chinese at last see a new future opening up in Indonesia”. [http://www.theguardian. com/world/2012/aug/21/ethnic-chinese-new-indonesia-future]

The Jakarta Globe. May 2012. “Indonesian Govt Implements Work Safety Standards”. [http://thejakartaglobe.beritasatu. com/archive/indonesian-govt-implements-work-safety-standards/]

The Jakarta Post. April 2003. “Indonesia’s work safety worst in SE Asia: ILO”. [http://www.thejakartapost.com/ news/2003/04/28/indonesia039s-work-safety-worst-se-asia-ilo.html]

The Jakarta Post. October 2008. “Bill against racial discrimination passed”. [http://www.thejakartapost.com/ news/2008/10/29/bill-against-racial-discrimination-passed.html]

The Jakarta Post. August 2010. “Govt preparing incentives for industrial cluster investment”. [http://www.thejakartapost. com/news/2010/08/13/govt-preparing-incentives-industrial-cluster-investment.html]

The Jakarta Post. October 2014. “StuNed scholarships for 2015 launched”. [http://www.thejakartapost.com/ news/2014/10/11/stuned-scholarships-2015-launched.html]

The Wall Street Journal. May 2014. “What Do Indonesia’s Labor Unions Look Like?”. [http://blogs.wsj.com/indonesiareal- time/2014/05/01/what-do-indonesias-labor-unions-look-like/]

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). July 2014. “Indonesian Youth in the 21st Century”. [http://indonesia.unfpa.org/ application/assets/publications/Indonesian_Youth_in_the_21st_Century_(Youth_Mapping).pdf]

Women’s International Club Jakarta. “Scholarship Program”. [http://www.wic-jakarta.or.id/scholarship-program]

19 World Bank et al. “Youth Employment Inventory”. [http://www.youth-employment-inventory.org]

World Bank. “Unemployment total (% of total labour force)”. [http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS]

Youthpolicy.org. February 2014. “Indonesia”. [http://www.youthpolicy.org/factsheets/country/indonesia/]

Johannesburg, South Africa

Interviews

Mary Ehrsam, Operation Hope. 13 May 2015.

References

Biz Community SA. Website. [http://www.bizcommunity.com/Event/196/422/16262.html]

Bloomberg News. March 2014. “Biggest South African Union Holds Protest over Youth Jobs”. [http://www.bloomberg.com/ news/articles/2014-03-19/biggest-south-african-union-holds-protest-over-youth-jobs]

City of Johannesburg. Website. [http:www.joburg.org.za/]

City of Johannesburg. 2013/2014 Budget. Supplementary Information. [http://www.joburg.org.za/images/stories/2014/ feb/2013-14%20adj%20budget%20supporting%20docs.pdf]

City of Johannesburg. July 2011. “Youth is budget priority”. [http://joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6904&catid=133&Itemid=216]

City of Johannesburg. Growth and Development Strategy 2011. [http://www.joburg.org.za/gds2040/pdfs/joburg2040_gds. pdf]

City of Johannesburg. Growth and Development Strategy 2014. “City has plans for the poor”. [http://www.joburg.org. za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6901:city-has-plans-for-the-poor&catid=127:social-development&Itemid=210]

City of Johannesburg. “Doing Business in Joburg”. [http://joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5612:economic-hub&catid=30&Itemid=58]

City of Johannesburg. 2015. “Jozi: A City at Work”. [http://www.joburg.org.za/images/stories/2014/June/CAT11646%20 COJ%202014-15%20IDP%20Book.pdf]

City of Johannesburg. Health Services. [http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=652&Ite mid=115]

City of Johannesburg. News. March 2015. “Employers and prospective employees meet in Soweto”. [http://www.joburg. org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9585:employers-and-prospective-employees-meet-in-soweto&- catid=88:news-update&Itemid=266]

City of Johannesburg. Sector Support Directorate. “Sector support, growth and sustainability”. [http://www.joburg.org.za/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3504&Itemid=78] City of Johannesburg. Social Services Facilities. [http://joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=178& Itemid=121&limitstart=5]

City of Johannesburg. Statistics Website. [http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1021&id=city-of-johannesburg-municipality]

City of Johannesburg, Student Council. [http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1279&It emid=131]

City of Johannesburg. Website Archive. “Joburg Mayor opens the way to youth opportunities”. [http://www.joburg.org.

20 za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9682:joburg-mayor-opens-the-way-to-youth-opportunities&- catid=88:news-update&Itemid=266]

City of Johannesburg. Website Archive. 2007 Youth Strategy. [http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2007/pdfs/youth2007.pdf]

City of Johannesburg. Website Archive. December 2008. “Youth Advisory Centres to be set up”. [http://www.joburg.org.za/ index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3310:youth-centres-to-be-set-up&catid=133:youth&Itemid=216]

CNBC Africa. May 2014. “Africa Faces Underemployment”. [http://www.cnbcafrica.com/news/western-africa/2014/05/07/ africa-faces-underemployment/]

Development Bank of Southern Africa. 2011. “Towards a Youth Employment Strategy for South Africa”. [http://www.african- economicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/PDF/DPD%20No28.pdf]

Gauteng Youth Employment Strategy. 2014. [http://www.ecodev.gpg.gov.za/policies/Documents/Gauteng%20Youth%20 Employment%20Strategy.pdf]

Harambee. Website. [http://harambee.co.za/harambee/work-seekers]

Ikamva Youth. Website. [http://ikamvayouth.org/]

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Johannesburg Development Agency. September 2004. Social Development Strategy. [http://www.jda.org.za/index.php/ milestones/kliptown/70-2010/january/216-kliptown]

Journal of Public Health Policy. 2011. “Inequities in access to health care in South Africa”. [http://www.palgrave-journals. com/jphp/journal/v32/n1s/full/jphp201135a.html]

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Kon, Z.R. and Lackan, N., “Ethnic Disparities in Access to Care in Post-Apartheid South Africa”, American Journal of Public Health. 2008; 98(12):2272-2277. [doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127829.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2636545/]

Mineweb. May 2013. “South Africa’s Top Mine Union to Launch Youth Wing”. [http://www.mineweb.com/archive/south-africas-top-mine-union-to-launch-youth-wing/]

National Bureau of Economic Research, “Credit Constraints and the Racial Gap in Post-Secondary Education in South Afri- ca”. November 2013.[ http://www.nber.org/papers/w19607.pdf]

National Student Financial Aid Scheme. Student Loan Information. [http://www.nsfas.org.za/NSFAS/STUDENTS/LOANS] National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa. October 2009. “Youth structures to form part of Numsa constitutional structures”. [http://www.numsa.org.za/article/youth-structures-to-form-part-of-numsa-constitutional-structures/]

National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa. “Training activities”. [http://www.numsa.org.za/links/]

National Youth Development Agency (NYDA). Website. [http://www.nyda.gov.za/Pages/default.aspx]

Slate. September 2014. “Impact of South Africa’s Mining Industry”. [http://www.slate.com/blogs/behold/2014/09/09/ ilan_godfrey_documents_the_impact_of_south_africa_s_mining_industry_in_his.html]

South Africa Department of Trade and Industry. 2013. “Youth Enterprise Development Strategy 2013-2023”. [http://www.dti. gov.za/news2013/YEDS_strategy2013.pdf]

South Africa Info. January 2015. “SA’s employment tax incentives boost jobs”. [http://www.southafrica.info/services/government/employment-tax-16115.htm#.VVOy19NViko]

South Africa Labor Department, Unemployment Benefits Information. [http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/legislation/acts/basic-guides/basic-guide-to-uif-unemployment-benefits]

South Africa Revenue Service. Interpretation Note on Scholarships and Bursaries. Section 4-5, March 2012. [http://www. sars.gov.za/AllDocs/LegalDoclib/Notes/LAPD-IntR-IN-2012-66%20-%20Scolarships%20Bursaries.pdf] 21 South African Government. “Youth Opportunities”. [http://www.gov.za/issues/government-and-opportunities-youth]

University of Johannesburg. Student Fees 2015. [http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/StudyatUJ/StudentFinance/Documents/STU- DENT%20FEES%202015.pdf]

Wall Street Journal. July 2014. “South African Labor Union to Continue Strike”. [http://www.wsj.com/articles/south-african- labor-union-to-continue-strike-1405251117]

Wall Street Journal. August 2014. “Dangers Economy Thrives in South Africa’s Abandoned Gold Mines”. [http://www.wsj. com/articles/dangerous-economy-thrives-in-south-africas-abandoned-gold-mines-1408933804]

Women in Informal Employment Globalizing and Organizing. April 2009. “South Africa’s Informal Economy: A Statistical Profile”. [http://www.inclusivecities.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Wills_WIEGO_WP6.pdf]

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Interviews

Tunku Abidin Muhriz, Institute of Democracy and Economic Affairs. Personal interview. 12 May 2015.

References

Astro Awani. November 2014. “Youth and Sports Ministry to hold re-election of Youth Parliament members”. [http://english. astroawani.com/malaysia-news/youth-and-sports-ministry-hold-re-election-youth-parliament-members-47794]

Department of Occupational Safety and Health. [http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php?lang=en]

Department of Statistics. June 2009. “Informal Sector in Malaysia”. [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/economic_stat/china/pgdp/ Informal%20Sector%20In%20Malaysia.ppt]

Department of Statistics. “Principal Statistics of Labour Force, Malaysia, February 2015”. [https://www.statistics.gov.my/ index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=124&bul_id=cndtUUFCUEQrcWZKVGh3bHYwZmtCQT09&menu_id=U3VPMldoYUxz- VzFaYmNkWXZteGduZz09]

DHRRA Malaysia. “Youth Development Programme”. [http://dhrramalaysia.org.my/youth-development-programme/]

Ernst & Young. 2012. “KL calling: the rise of Kuala Lumpur as an investment destination”. [http://emergingmarkets.ey.com/ wp-content/uploads/downloads/2013/01/KL-calling.pdf]

Government of Malaysia. 1997. National Youth Development Policy. [http://www.youthpolicy.org/national/Malaysia_1997_ National_Youth_Development_Policy.pdf]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). 2012. “Overview of key youth employment indicators for Malaysia based on the lat- est available data (2010)”. [http://apyouthnet.ilo.org/resources/malaysia-youth-employment-statistics/at_download/file1]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). “Occupational safety and health country profile: Malaysia”. [http://www.ilo.org/ safework/countries/asia/malaysia/lang--en/index.htm]

Kuala Lumpur City Hall. [http://www.dbkl.gov.my/index.php?lang=en]

Kuala Lumpur City Hall. “Economic base and population”. [http://www.dbkl.gov.my/pskl2020/english/economic_base_ and_population/]

Meetup. “Young Entrepreneurs (KL & PJ)”. [http://www.meetup.com/youngandready/]

MSC Malaysia. [http://www.mscmalaysia.my/]

PwC. 2014. 2014/2015 Malaysian Tax and Business Booklet. [http://www.pwc.com/en_MY/my/assets/publications/2015-ma-

22 laysian-tax-business-booklet.pdf]

The Economic Planning Unit. 2010. Tenth Malaysia Plan (2011-2015). [https://www.pmo.gov.my/dokumenattached/RMK/ RMK10_Eds.pdf]

The Economist. April 2013. “A Never Ending Policy”. [http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21576654-elections-may- could-mark-turning-point-never-ending-policy]

The Malaysian Insider. June 2012. “Government shelves plans for new unemployment benefits”. [http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/government-shelves-plans-for-new-unemployment-benefits]

The Malaysian Insider. February 2015. “On youth drowning in debt”. [http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/opinion/ha- fidz-baharom/article/on-youths-drowning-in-debt]

The Star. February 2014. “US magazine: Malaysia’s healthcare is No. 3 worldwide”. [http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Na- tion/2014/02/10/Malaysian-healthcare-third-best-worldwide-US-magazine/]

The Star. November 2014. “Malaysia has zero unemployment rate, says minister”. [http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Na- tion/2014/11/28/Malaysia-has-zero-unemployment-rate-says-minister/]

Tunku Abdul Rahman University College. “Financial Aid”. [http://web3.tarc.edu.my/v1/dsa/tarcsad.asp?finance]

Wikipedia. “Kuala_Lumpur#Economy”. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur#Economy] Wikipedia. “Trade_unions_in_Malaysia”. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Malaysia]

World Bank et al. “Youth Employment Inventory”. [http://www.youth-employment-inventory.org]

Youth Leadership Academy (YLA). Website. [http://ylamalaysia.com/yla/]

Lagos, Nigeria

Interviews

Ukwori Ejibe, LeapAfrica. Interview conducted on 29 April 2015.

References

Brookings. 23 September 2014. “Youth Unemployment in Nigeria: A Situation Analysis”. [http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/ africa-in-focus/posts/2014/09/23-youth-unemployment-nigeria-akande]

Budget Office of the Federation, Federal Ministry of Finance.Appropriation Bill 2014. [http://www.youthpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/library/2014_Nigeria_Budget_Eng.pdf]

Fapohunda, Tinuke M. 2013. “Reducing Unemployment through the Informal Sector in Nigeria”, International Journal of Management Sciences, Vol. 1, No 7 2013, 232-244.

Federal Republic of Nigeria. 1998. National Employment Policy. [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRON- IC/90973/105241/F-1938473397/NGA90973.pdf]

Federal Republic of Nigeria. 2009. Second National Youth Policy. [http://www.youthpolicy.org/national/Nigeria_2009_National_Youth_Policy.pdf]

Federal Republic of Nigeria. “Graduate Internship Scheme (GIS)”. [http://gis.wyesurep.gov.ng/]

Federal Republic of Nigeria. 2009. Draft Action Plan and Implementation Strategy for the National Youth Policy 2009–2014. [http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Youth/Nigeria/Nigeria_NYP_2009-2014.pdf]

Lagos State Government. 2013. Lagos State Development Plan 2012-2025 (Abridged Version). [http://www.lagosstate.gov.

23 ng/LAGOS%20STATE%20ABRIDGED%20VERSION%20LAGOS%20STATE%20DEVELOPMENT%20PLAN.pdf]

Lagos State Government. February 2012. Office of the Head of Service/Public Service Office.2013-2015 Medium-Term Sector Strategy (MTSS). [http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/MEPBBC/HOS%20and%20PSO%202013%20-%202015%20MTSS.pdf]

Lagos State Government. “Collaboration with Skills Acquisition Centres (SACs)”. [http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/generalevent.php?k=250]

Lagos State Government. “Commissioning of Egan Scheme Acquisition”. [http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/generalevent. php?k=7]

Lagos State Government. “MTN Youth Skills Development Project”. [http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/generalevent. php?k=239]

Lagos State Government. “Youth, Sports and Social Development”. [http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/entities.php?k=255]

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). “Socio-economic statistics”. [http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbslibrary/social-economic-statistics/gender-and-youth]

NPR News. 19 October 2011. “The informal economy driving world business”. [http://www.npr.org/2011/10/26/141503411/ the-informal-economy-driving-world-business]

Study and Scholarships. March 2014. “List of Undergraduate Scholarships for Nigerian Students”. [http://www.studyand- scholarships.com/2012/09/list-of-undergraduate-scholarships-for-nigerians.html]

The Beehive. April 2015. “Educational Loans in Nigeria”. [http://nigeria.thebeehive.org/content/88/2777]

This Day Live. 15 March 2015. “Tackling the Scourge of Unemployment through Economic Empowerment”. [http://www. thisdaylive.com/articles/tackling-the-scourge-of-unemployment-through-economic-empowerment/204112/]

UNICEF. 2006. “Child Labour, Nigeria”. [http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/WCARO_Nigeria_Factsheets_ChildLabour.pdf]

Lima, Peru

References

Ashanti Peru. 2015. “Enfoques de Trabajo”. [http://www.ashantiperu.org/2015-02-23-02-15-12/enfoques-de-trabajo]

Centro de Investigaciones Sociologicas, Economicas, Politicas y Antropologicas. May 2014. “Más trabajo decente para el Perú: fortalecimiento de las capacidades de generación y acceso de información útil para la investigación y las políticas”. [http://cisepa.pucp.edu.pe/investigacion/mas-trabajo-decente-para-el-peru-fortalecimiento-de-las-capacidades-de-gen- eracion-y-acceso-de-informacion-util-para-la-investigacion-y-las-politicas-3/]

Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru. “Inicio”. [http://www.cgtp.org.pe/]

El Comercio. December 2014. “Plan de Desarrollo Urbano al 2035 contiene más de 200 proyectos”. [http://elcomercio.pe/ lima/ciudad/plan-desarrollo-urbano-al-2035-contiene-mas-200-proyectos-noticia-1781110]

Fund for Achievement of Millennium Development Goals (FIODM). October 2012. “National Youth Survey: Final Results”. [http://conjoven.lim.ilo.org/?tag=encuestas]

Fundacion BBVA Continental. 2011. “Programa Jóvenes Emprendedores”. [http://www.fundacionbbva.pe/educacion/becas-pucp/programa-jovenes-emprendedores]

Global Tax News. January 2015. “Peru enacts tax cuts”. [http://www.tax-news.com/news/Peru_Enacts_Tax_Cuts____66896. html]

Government of Peru. 2011. “Documento Base del Plan Estrategico Nacional de Juventudes 2012-2021”. [http://www.youth-

24 policy.org/national/Peru_National_Youth_Strategy_2012_2021.pdf]

Government of Peru. 2014. “Law 30288, Promoting Youth Access to Labor Markets”. [http://www.mintra.gob.pe/normaCom- pletaSNIL.php?id=3812]

Government of Peru. January 2015. “Law 30300, Repealing Law 30288”. [http://www.trabajo.gob.pe/archivos/file/SNIL/ normas/2015-01-28_30300_3936.pdf]

Government of Peru. 2015. “Programa Nacional de Empleo Juvenil Jovenes a la Obra”. [http://www.peru.gob.pe/transparencia/pep_transparencia_lista_planes_frame.asp?id_entidad=13216&id_tema=1]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). 2014. “Trends in Informal Employment in Peru: 2004-2012”. [www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/ groups/public/---americas/---ro-lima/documents/publication/wcms_245891.pdf]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). May 2013. “Política Nacional de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo del Perú”. [http:// www.ilo.org/safework/countries/americas/peru/WCMS_212400/lang--en/index.htm]

Lima City Government. Website. [http://www.munlima.gob.pe/]

Lima City Government. “Lima Joven Trabaja”. [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Lima-Joven-Trabaja/313770068734686]

Lima City Government. 2014. “Plan Metropolitano de Desarollo Urbano de Lima y Callao”. [http://www.imp.gob.pe/index. php/plan-metropolitano-de-desarrollo-urbano-de-lima-y-callao-plam]

Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion. “Juntos FAQs”. [http://www.juntos.gob.pe/index.php/preguntas?view=category&id=90]

Ministry of Education. 2015. “National Program of Scholarships and Student Credits”. [http://www.pronabec.gob.pe/credi- to_educativo.php]

Ministry of Health. 2015. “Seguro Integral de Salud: Estadisticas SIS 2015”. [http://www.sis.gob.pe/Portal/estadisticas/ index.html]

Ministry of Work and Employment Promotion. 2015. “Jovenes Productivos”. [http://www.jovenesalaobra.gob.pe/#]

Ministry of Work and Employment Promotion. 2015. “Jovenes a la Obra”. [http://mintra.gob.pe/mostrarServicios.php?cod- Servicios=73]

SUNAT. “Inicio”. [http://www.sunat.gob.pe/]

Wall Street Journal. January 2015. “Peru’s Congress Repeals Law Aimed at Changing Labor Code for Youths”. [http://www. wsj.com/articles/perus-congress-repeals-law-aimed-at-changing-labor-code-for-youths-1422325823]

World Economic Forum. 2014. “Global Gender Gap Report 2014: Peru”. [http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2014/economies/#economy=PER]

YouthPolicy.org. June 2014. “Peru”. [http://www.youthpolicy.org/factsheets/country/peru/]

25 London, UK

Interviews

Anne Spackman, Career Academies (Career Ready from 1 June 2015). Phone interview. 17 April 2015.

Rob Wall, Confederation of British Industry (CBI). Personal Interview. 12 May 2015.

References

Gardiner, Laura, Totalling the hidden talent: youth unemployment and underemployment in England and Wales. Lon- don: Centre for Economic and Social Inclusion & Local Government Association, 2014. [http://www.local.gov.uk/documents/10180/49928/LGA+and+Inclusion+-+Totalling+the+hidden+talent.pdf/8f8f9ca7-7bbf-4773-8565-5c475da2d28e]

Greater London Authority (GLA). “The London Development Agency’s ESF Programme”. [https://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/schools-and-education/for-youth-workers/esf-youth-programme/lda-esf-youth-programme-2007-10/the-london-development-agencys-esf-programme]

Greater London Authority (GLA). 2015. “The London Plan”. [https://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/london-plan]

Health and Safety Executive (HSE). “Health and Safety Statistics: Key figures for Great Britain (2013/14)”. [http://www.hse. gov.uk/statistics/]

Hughes, Ceri & Lizzie Crowley, London, A Tale of Two Cities: Addressing the Youth Employment Challenge. Lancaster Univer- sity: The Work Foundation, 2014. [http://www.theworkfoundation.com/DownloadPublication/Report/361_London%20-%20 Tale%20of%20Two%20Cities%20-%20FINALweb.pdf]

The Independent. 18 September 2009. “The Big Question: Why is our informal economy so big and how can we make it smaller?” [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/the-big-question-why-is-our-informal-economy-so-big- and-how-can-we-make-it-smaller-1789266.html]

Office of National Statistics (ONS). 2015.Labour Market Statistics, Statistical Bulletin. [http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/lms/ labour-market-statistics/april-2015/statistical-bulletin.html#tab-12--Young-People-in-the-Labour-Market]

UK Government. 2010. “Positive for Youth: a new approach to cross-government policy for young people aged 13 to 19”. [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/positive-for-youth-a-new-approach-to-cross-government-policy-for- young-people-aged-13-to-19]

UK Government. 2011. “Building Engagement, Building Futures: Our Strategy to Maximise the Participation of 16-24 Year Olds in Education, Training and Work”. [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/300215/Building_Engagement__Building_Futures.pdf]

UK Government. Department for Business Innovation and Skills. Statistical Bulletin: Trade Union Membership 2013. [https:// www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/313768/bis-14-p77-trade-union-membership-statistical-bulletin-2013.pdf]

UK Government. HM Revenue and Customs. 2014. “National Insurance Contributions: abolition of employer contributions for apprentices under 25”. [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/385150/ TIIN_2143.pdf]

UK Government. NEET Data by local authority. [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/neet-data-by-local-authority- 2012-16-to-18-year-olds-not-in-education-employment-or-training]

26 Los Angeles, USA

Interviews

Frank Aguirre, Office of Economic Development, Los Angeles. Personal Interview. 14 May 2015.

Estelle Reyes, Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship (NFTE), Los Angeles. Personal Interview. 11 May 2015.

Benjamin Torres, Community Development Technologies (CDTech), Los Angeles. Personal Interview. 13 May 2015.

References

ABC News. 19 September 2013. “Unemployment High For Young Adults in Los Angeles County”. [http://abc7.com/archive/9255006/]

California Department of Industrial Relations. Division of Labor Standards Enforcement (DLSE). 2015. “Information on Minors and Employment”. [http://www.dir.ca.gov/dlse/dlse-cl.htm]

California Employment Development Department. 2015. “Unemployment Insurance”. [http://www.edd.ca.gov/unemployment/]

California Employment Development Department. 2015. “Youth Employment Opportunity Program”. [http://www.edd. ca.gov/jobs_and_training/Youth_Employment_Opportunity_Program.htm]

California Labor Federation. 2015. “Workforce Development”. [http://calaborfed.org/#]

California Small Business Development Center. 1 January 2015. “2015 Business Tax Renewal Important Information”. [http:// smallbizla.org/2015/2015-business-tax-renewal-important-information/]

City of Los Angeles. 2015. “Employment Preparation”. [http://lacity.org/for-residents/education-and-personal-development/employment-preparation]

City of Los Angeles. 2015. “Hire LA’s Youth”. [http://www.hirelayouth.com/Welcome.html]

City of Los Angeles. 2015. “Los Angeles Mayor’s Youth Council Application”. [http://www.lamayor.org/los_angeles_youth_ council_application]

City of Los Angeles. 2015. “Young Adult Jobseekers – YouthSource”. [http://ewddlacity.com/index.php/employment-services/youth-age-16-24]

City of Los Angeles. Central San Pedro Council. 2015. “Business Tax Incentives and Exemptions”. [http://sanpedrocity. org/2015/01/time-sensitive-business-tax-incentives-and-exemptions/]

City of Los Angeles. Economic and Workforce Development Department. 2014. “Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Year Fifteen Annual Plan – Program Year 2014-2015”. [http://ewddlacity.com/index.php/workforce-investment-act-year-fifteen-annual-plan]

City of Los Angeles. Mayor’s Office. 2015. “Mayoral Internship Program Overview”. [http://www.lamayor.org/intern]

City of Los Angeles. Mayor’s Office of Economic and Workforce Development. 2015. “Find Business Incentive Zones”. [http:// www.losangelesworks.org/startBusiness/find-business-incentives.cfm]

City of Los Angeles. Workforce Investment Board. 2015. “Services for Youth Job Seekers”. [http://www.wiblacity.org/index. php/services/youth]

City of Los Angeles. Workforce Investment Board. 2015. “WIB Members”. [http://www.wiblacity.org/index.php?Itemid=3]

City of Los Angeles. “2011 Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Surveys”. [http://www.worksourcecalifornia.com/information/ wia_survey.htm]

27 City of Los Angeles. 2014. “L.A. County Workforce Investment Board (WIB) 5-Year Strategic Local Workforce Plan 2013-2017”. [http://worksourcecalifornia.com/information/pdf/5year/FIVE%20YEAR%20LOCAL%20STRATEGIC%20WORKFORCE%20 PLAN%202013-17_b.pdf]

City of Los Angeles. 2014. “L.A. County Workforce Investment Board (WIB) Year Fifteen Annual Plan – Program Year 2014- 2015 – Program Overview”. [http://ewdd.lacity.org/pdfs/wib/ap15/2-APy15_Overview.pdf#zoom=80]

City of Los Angeles. 2014. “L.A. County Workforce Investment Board (WIB) Year Fifteen Annual Plan – Program Year 2014- 2015 – Policies”. [http://ewdd.lacity.org/pdfs/wib/ap15/5-APy15_Policies.pdf#zoom=80]

City of Los Angeles. 2014. “L.A. County Workforce Investment Board (WIB) Year Fifteen Annual Plan – Program Year 2014- 2015 – Budget Summary”. [http://ewdd.lacity.org/pdfs/wib/ap15/4-APy15_BudgetSchedules.pdf#zoom=80]

City of Los Angeles. 2014. “L.A. County Workforce Investment Board (WIB) Year Fifteen Annual Plan – Program Year 2014- 2015 – Performance Evaluations”. [http://ewdd.lacity.org/pdfs/wib/ap15/6-APy15_PerformanceEvaluations.pdf#zoom=80]

City of Los Angeles. “L.A. County Workforce Investment Board (WIB) Membership”. [http://www.worksourcecalifornia.com/ information/wib_members.htm]

Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce. 2015. “Leadership Development”. [http://www.lachamber.com/webpage-directory/ initiatives/initiatives-leadershipdev/]

Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. 2015. “Key Industries”. 2013 Figures. [http://laedc.org/industries/]

Los Angeles LGBT Center. 2015. “Los Angeles Women’s Network”. [http://www.lalgbtcenter.org/lawn]

Los Angeles Times. 9 July 2013. “Eric Garcetti vows to reverse cuts in L.A. summer jobs for youths”. [http://articles.latimes. com/2013/jul/09/local/la-me-ln-mayor-garcetti-summer-jobs-20130709]

Los Angeles Times. 4 December 2014. “Millennials stand on shakier financial ground than older generations”. [http://www. latimes.com/local/california/la-me-1205-census-young-adults-20141205-story.html]

Los Angeles Youth Network. 2015. “Employment Assistance – Youth Employment Services”. [http://layn.org/layn-programs/ employment-assistance]

Network For Teaching Entrepreneurship. 2015. “Network For Teaching Entrepreneurship: What we do”. [http://www.nfte. com]

Pacific Gateway. 2015. “Youth Development”. [http://www.pacific-gateway.org]

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Santa Fe New Mexican. 3 July 2014. “More Americans are stuck in part-time work”. [http://www.santafenewmexican.com/ news/more-americans-are-stuck-in-part-time-work/article_bd7b62ca-84f2-5a91-836e-22ad9e4a20f0.html]

The Atlantic. 26 April 2013. “The Unluckiest Generation: What will become of Millennials?” [http://www.theatlantic.com/ business/archive/2013/04/the-unluckiest-generation-what-will-become-of-millennials/275336/]

The Los Angeles County Federation of Labor, AFL-CIO. 2015. “What is a Union?” [http://launionaflcio.org/what-is-a-union]

The New York Times. 20 June 2014. “It’s Official: The Boomerang Kids Won’t Leave”. [http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/22/ magazine/its-official-the-boomerang-kids-wont-leave.html]

The Urban Institute. 2008. “Evaluation of the Life Skills Training Program – Los Angeles County, California – Final Report”. [http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/eval_lst.pdf]

The Urban Institute. 2011. “Y2 Final Report: Evaluation of the Los Angeles Gang Reduction and Youth Development Program”. [http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/412409-Y-Final-Report-Evalua- tion-of-the-Los-Angeles-Gang-Reduction-and-Youth-Development.PDF]

28 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2013. “Occupational Injuries and Illnesses and Fatal Injuries Profiles”. [http://data.bls.gov/ gqt/ProfileState]

U.S. Census Bureau. 2015. “Quick Facts: Los Angeles (city), California”. [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/ states/06/0644000.html]

U.S. Department of Education. 2015. “Federal Student Aid (FAFSA)”. [https://fafsa.ed.gov]

U.S. Department of Education. 2015. “Federal Student Aid: Federal vs. Private Loans”. [https://studentaid.ed.gov/types/ loans/federal-vs-private]

U.S. Department of Education. 2015. “Federal Student Aid: Interest Rates of Federal Loans”. [https://studentaid.ed.gov/ types/loans/interest-rates]

U.S. Department of Education. 2015. “Federal Student Aid: Scholarships”. [https://studentaid.ed.gov/types/grants-scholarships/finding-scholarships]

U.S. Department of Education. 2015. “Federal Student Aid: Tax Benefits”. [https://studentaid.ed.gov/types/tax-benefits]

U.S. Department of Labor. 1959. Office of Labor-Management Standards. “Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959, As Amended”. [http://www.dol.gov/olms/regs/statutes/lmrda-act.htm]

U.S. Department of Labor. 1998. Employment and Training Administration (ETA). “Workforce Investment Act of 1998”. [http://www.doleta.gov/regs/statutes/wialaw.txt]

U.S. Department of Labor. 2015. Employee Benefits Security Administration. “An Employee’s Guide to Health Benefits Under COBRA”. [http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/publications/cobraemployee.html]

U.S. Department of Labor. Employment and Training Administration. 12 March 2015. “Work Opportunity Tax Credit”. [http:// www.doleta.gov/business/incentives/opptax/]

U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2015. “What’s the scoop on working before 18”. [https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA-esa-bookmark.pdf]

U.S. Department of Labor. Office of the Secretary. 2015. “Summary of the Major Laws of the Department of Labor”. [http:// www.dol.gov/opa/aboutdol/lawsprog.htm]

U.S. Department of Labor. Secretary of Labor Thomas E. Perez. 2015. “Youth & Labor: Hazardous Jobs”. [http://www.dol.gov/ dol/topic/youthlabor/hazardousjobs.htm]

Young Presidents’ Organization. 2015. “About YPO”. [http://www.ypo.org]

Youth Policy Institute. 2015. “Funders”. [http://www.ypiusa.org/about-us/funders/]

Youth Policy Institute. 2015. “Youth Services”. [http://www.ypiusa.org/services/youth-services/]

Madrid, Spain

Interviews

Angela Gallifa Irujo, IESE Business School. Interview conducted on 24 April 2015.

References

City of Madrid. 2009. Plan Joven de la Ciudad de Madrid. [http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/EducacionyJu- ventud/Juventud/PlanJoven/Ficheros/cap1.pdf]

City of Madrid. 2009. Una aproximación a los jóvenes de Madrid. [http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/Educa-

29 cionyJuventud/Juventud/InformacionJuvenil/Publicaciones/jovenes2009.pdf]

City of Madrid. 2010. Plan Joven de la Ciudad de Madrid (2006-2009). Informe de evaluación. http://www.madrid.es/Uni- dadesDescentralizadas/EducacionyJuventud/Juventud/PlanJoven/Ficheros/Plan%20Joven%202006-2009-Evalución%20 final.pdf

City of Madrid. 2011. Plan de Empleo Joven. 2011-2013. [http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/AgenciaParaElEm- pleo/EspInformativos/ae/ficheros/dipt%20Plan%20Empleo%20Joven%202.pdf]

City of Madrid. 2015. Presupuesto general. Ayuntamiento de Madrid (General Budget. City of Madrid). Vol. 1. [http://www. madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/Presupuestos/PresupuestosAnuales/Ppto2015/Pptodefinitivo2015/FicherosPresu- puesto2015/tomo1_2015.pdf]

City of Madrid. 2015. Presupuesto general. Ayuntamiento de Madrid (General Budget. City of Madrid). Vol. 2. [http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/Presupuestos/PresupuestosAnuales/Ppto2015/Pptodefinitivo2015/Fiche- rosPresupuesto2015/tomo2_2015.pdf]

City of Madrid. 2015. “Madrid Emprende” (Incentives to entrepreneurship). [http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/ es/Inicio/El-Ayuntamiento/Economia/Madrid-Emprende?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=78a005f9f5c19210VgnVCM- 1000000b205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=254a171c30036010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&idCapitulo=7210051]

Government of Spain. 2013. “Estrategia de Emprendimiento y Empleo Joven 2013/2016” (Strategy for youth entrepreneurship and employment 2013/2016). [http://www.empleo.gob.es/es/estrategia-empleo-joven/]

Government of Spain. 2014. Employment Plan 2014. [https://g20.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/g20_employment_plan_ spain.pdf]

Government of Spain. 2015. “Garantía juvenile” (Youth guarantees). [http://www.empleo.gob.es/es/garantiajuvenil/home. html]

Government of Spain. P2015. “Programas de ayudas a la vivienda” (Housing support programmes). [http://www.fomento. gob.es/MFOM/LANG_CASTELLANO/DIRECCIONES_GENERALES/ARQ_VIVIENDA/APOYO_EMANCIPACION/]

Government of Spain. 2015. “Otros incentivos en la cotización a la Seguridad Social” (Other incentives to contributions to Social Security). [http://www.empleo.gob.es/es/informacion/contratos/contenidos/otincencotss.htm]

IESE Business School. 2014. “Combining work and study to reduce youth unemployment”. [http://www.ieseinsight.com/ doc.aspx?id=1669&ar=20&idi=1]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). 2014. “Spain’s challenge: Growing with quality jobs”. [http://www.ilo.org/global/ about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_309217/lang--en/index.htm]

Julià , M., Tarafa, G., Benach, J., “Labour market flexibility in Europe: Informal employment, employment policies and their impact on health equity”. Equity Action project, November 2013. [http://www.equityaction-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Literature-review-informal-employment-2014-Spain.pdf]

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2012. The challenge of promoting youth employment in the G20 countries. [http://www.oecd.org/employment/emp/50304960.pdf]

Manila, Philippines

Interviews

Gio Tingson, Chairman, National Youth Commission, Office of the President. 22 May 2015.

Rina Dumol, Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). Interview by email. 25 May 2015.

30 Bibliography

Asian Development Bank. Sector Assessment (Summary). “Filipino youth labor market experience”. [www.adb.org/sites/ default/files/linked-documents/43396-013-phi-oth-02.pdf]

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Government of the Philippines. Department of Health. Website. [www.doh.gov.ph/Overview.html]

Government of the Philippines (2011). Department of Labor and Employment. The Philippine Labour & Employment Plan 2011-2016. (DOLE), Manila. [www.dole.gov.ph/fndr/bong/files/PLEP-26%20April%20version.pdf]

Government of the Philippines. National Framework for Youth Development (Medium-Term Youth Development Plan) 2005- 10. [http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Youth/Philippines/Philipines_National%20Framework%20for%20Youth%20 Development.pdf]

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Government of the Philippines. Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). Press release. 17 June 2014. “DOLE set to launch JobStart Philippines in order to address youth unemployment”. [http://www.gov.ph/2014/06/17/dole-set-to-launch- jobstart-philippines-in-order-to-address-youth-unemployment/]

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31 content/scholarships/list/]

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Mexico City, Mexico

Interviews

Leo Martellotto, President, JA Americas. 11 May 2015.

Gabriel Sanchez Zinny, President and Founder, Kuepa. 11 May 2015.

Expert who wishes to remain anonymous. 15 May 2015.

References

AFL-CIO. “Mexico: Labor rights concerns”. [http://www.aflcio.org/Issues/Trade/Trans-Pacific-Partnership-Free-Trade-Agree- ment-TPP/Labor-Rights/Mexico-Labor-Rights-Concerns]

BN Americas. July 2013. “Mexican government drafting unemployment benefits scheme”. [http://www.bnamericas.com/ news/insurance/mexican-government-drafting-unemployment-benefits-scheme]

Business Insider. June 2012. “Here’s What College Education Costs Students Around The World”. [http://www.businessinsid- er.com/tuition-costs-by-country-college-higher-education-2012-6?op=1]

Cia de talento. “Destacados”. [http://www.ciadetalentos.com.mx/]

Deloitte. 2014. Taxation and Investment in Mexico. [www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/Global/Documents/Tax/dt- tl-tax-mexicoguide-2014.pdf]

Farris, David. 2006. “What do unions do in Mexico?” [www.uia.mx/campus/publicaciones/IIDSES/pdf/investigacion/iid- ses14.pdf]

FINAE. “Quienes somos”. [http://www.finae.com/prueba/#/quienessomos]

FINAE. “Estudiantes”. [http://www.finae.com/prueba/#/estudiantes/]

G20.org. 2014. Employment Plan 2014: Mexico. [https://g20.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/g20_employment_plan_mex- ico.pdf]

Government of Mexico. 2006. Law for the Mexican Institute of Youth. [http://leyco.org/mex/fed/87.html]

Government of Mexico. April 2014. National Programme for Youth: 2014 - 2018. [http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle. php?codigo=5343095&fecha=30/04/2014]

HSBC. “Credito personal HSBC”. [http://www.hsbc.com.mx/1/2/es/personas/creditos/credito-personal]

Informador. February 2015. “Discriminacion a indigenas persiste en el DF”. [http://www.informador.com.mx/mexico/2015/577328/6/discriminacion-a-indigenas-persiste-en-el-df-copred.htm]

Instituto de Educacion Media Superior. “Becas”. [http://www.iems.df.gob.mx/seccion-becas_203-1.html]

Inter-American Development Bank. June 2011. “Increased opportunities for higher education”. [http://www.iadb.org/en/ news/webstories/2011-06-27/mexico-student-loans,9409.html]

32 International Labour Organisation (ILO). May 2013. “The employment situation in Latin America and the Caribbean: Advanc- es and challenges in measuring decent work”. [http://www.ilo.org/americas/WCMS_213808/lang--en/index.htm]

Kuepa. 2015. Website. [http://www.kuepa.com/cenevalUSA]

Mexico City Government. Website. [http://www.df.gob.mx/]

Mexico City Government. “Consejo para prevenir y eliminar la discriminacion de la ciudad de Mexico”. [http://copred. df.gob.mx/]

Mexico City Government. July 2000. Mexico City Law for Youth. [http://mexico.justia.com/estados/df/leyes/ley-de-las-y-los- jovenes-del-distrito-federal/]

Mexico City Government. 2013. “Consulta de tendencias juveniles 2013”. [http://issuu.com/injuvecdmx/docs/consulta-tendencias-juveniles-2013]

Mexico City Government. February 2015. “Presupuesto de egresos”. [http://www.aldf.gob.mx/presupuesto-egresos-107-8. html]

Mexico City Institute for Youth. “Law for Transparency and Acccess to Information”. [http://www.jovenes.df.gob.mx/transparencia.php]

Mexico City Institute for Youth. 2015. “Programa Jovenes en Impulso”. [http://jovenes-en-impulso.injuve-df.com/p/programa-jovenes-en-impulso.html#]

Mexico City Youth Commission. “Strategy for Youth”. [madelosangelesmoreno.com/v2/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/es- tretegia.pdf]

Mexico Laboral. “Sindicatos”. [http://www.boletin-infomail.com/sindicatos/]

National Institute of Entrepreneurs. Website. [https://www.inadem.gob.mx/]

Nestlé Mexico. “Nestlé ayudará a más de 300,000 jóvenes a integrarse al mercado laboral en México al 2017”. [http://www. nestle.com.mx/media/pressreleases/nestl-ayudar-a-ms-de-300000-jvenes-a-integrase-al-mercado-laboral-en-mxico- al-2017]

Reuters. June 2013. “Mexico aims to bring shadow economy into the light”. [http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/26/ us-mexico-economy-informal-idUSBRE95P09C20130626]

Servicio de Administracion Técnica. Website. [http://www.sat.gob.mx/Paginas/Inicio.aspx]

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). “Estudiantes Becas”. [http://www.unam.mx/pagina/es/12/comuni- dad-unam-estudiantes-becas]

YouthPolicy.org. September 2014. “Mexico”. [http://www.youthpolicy.org/factsheets/country/mexico/]

ZDNet. June 2013. “A new offering for Mexico’s hopeful college grads: student loans”. [http://www.zdnet.com/article/a- new-offering-for-mexicos-hopeful-college-grads-student-loans/]

Miami, USA

Interviews

William Porro, City of Miami. Interview conducted on 1 May 2015.

References

Catholic News Agency. August 2014. “Archbishop notes troubling rise of youth unemployment”. [http://www.catholic-

33 newsagency.com/news/bishop-reflects-on-youth-unemployment-in-labor-day-message-58892/]

City of Miami. 2011. “Miami Youth Council Students Tackle Important Public Policy Issues at Miami City Hall”. [http://www.miamigov.com/comm/pages/News/Press_Releases/2011/05-18-MiamiYouthCouncils.html]

City of Miami. 2014. Strategic Plan. Integrity, Accountability, Commitment and Teamwork. Fiscal Years 2015-2017. [http:// www.miamigov.com/strategicPlanning/docs/strategicPlanning/StrategicPlan-Fall-2014.pdf]

City of Miami. 2014. Adopted operating Budget. Fiscal Year 2014-2015. [http://www.miamigov.com/Budget/pages/budget_docs/FY_2014_2015/FY15-Adopted-Budget-Book.pdf]

City of Miami: Business Incentives. 2015. “Empowerment Zone”. [http://www.miamigov.com/economicdevelopment/pages/ BusinessIncentives/EmpowermentZone.asp]

City of Miami: Economic Initiatives. 2015. “Access Miami Jobs”. [http://www.miamigov.com/accessmiamijobs/]

City of Miami. 2015. “COBRA coverage: Frequently asked questions”. [http://www.miamigov.com/riskmgmt/groupbenefits/ docs/COBRA/COBRA_FAQ.pdf]

Federal Student Aid. 2015. “Federal Stafford, Federal PLUS, Federal SLS and Federal Consolidation Interest Rate Calculations for the Period July 1, 2014 - June 30, 2015”. [http://ifap.ed.gov/ffelvarrates/070114FFELVarInterRatePeriodJuly1June30.html]

Florida Department of Economic Opportunity. 2015. Florida Pocket Card. [http://lmsresources.labormarketinfo.com/library/ pubs/pocket/pocket-3.27.15.pdf]

Florida Department of Economic Opportunity. 2015. Florida Census Data. [http://www.floridajobs.org/labor-market-information/data-center/florida-census-data-center/florida-census-data]

Florida Student Financial Aid. 2015. “The Federal Family Education Loan Program”. [http://www.floridastudentfinancialaid. org/FFELP/]

Interagency Working Group on Youth Programs. February 2013. Pathways for Youth: Draft Strategic Plan for Federal Collabo- ration. [http://www.youthpolicy.org/national/United_States_2013_Pathways_for_Youth.pdf]

Internal Revenue Service (IRS). April 2015. “Tax Benefits for Education: Information Center”. [http://www.irs.gov/uac/ Tax-Benefits-for-Education:-Information-Center]

International Labour Office (ILO).Employment and social protection in the informal sector. Geneva. March 2000. [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/gb/docs/gb277/pdf/esp-1-2.pdf]

Miami-Dade County. October 2013. Department of Regulatory and Economic Resources. Poverty at a glance. [http://www. miamidade.gov/planning/library/reports/at-a-glance/2012-poverty.pdf]

Miami-Dade County. 2015. “Youth Employment Services Program”. [http://www.miamidade.gov/socialservices/at-risk- youth.asp]

Miami Herald. 4 November 2014. “For men, informal ‘flex’ arrangements work best”. [http://www.miamiherald.com/news/ business/biz-columns-blogs/cindy-krischer-goodman/article3560267.html]

Miami Herald. 9 January 2015. “Hialeah. One of the toughest places in U.S. to find a job”. [http://www.miamiherald.com/ news/local/community/miami-dade/hialeah/article5725017.html]

Sum, A.; Khatiwada, I.; Trubskyy, M. and Ross, M., “The Plummeting Labor Market Fortunes of Teens and Young Adults”. The Brookings Institution, March 2014. [http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2014/03/14%20youth%20 workforce/BMPP_Youth_March10EMBARGO.pdf]

Sunshine State News. 30 October 2013. “Looking for Youth Opportunity? Avoid Florida”. [http://www.sunshinestatenews. com/story/looking-youth-opportunity-stay-away-florida]

U.S. Department of Labor. 2015. Employment and Training Administration. “Work opportunity tax credit”. [http://www. doleta.gov/business/incentives/opptax/eligible.cfm]

34 Young Presidents’ Organization. 2015. “YPO Florida Chapter”. [http://ypoflorida.org/index.php?section=about-ypoflorida]

Youth.gov. 2015. “Interagency Working Group on Youth Programs”. [http://youth.gov/about-us]

Moscow, Russia

Interviews

Evgeniya Alekseeva, Director of Focus Media. Interview conducted 20 May 2015

References

Department of Education of the City of Moscow. 2014. Decision of the Government of Moscow from 22 April 2014 No. 206-PP “On the introduction of amendments to the decision of the Government of Moscow from 27 September 2011 No. 450PP” (together with the State programme of the City of Moscow for the intermediate period (2012-2018) “Development of education of the City of Moscow (“Capital Education”)”). [http://dogm.mos.ru/upload/iblock/b72/pp_m_206_22_04_2014_r14.pdf]

Deutsche Welle. 28 February 2013. “Young, educated and unemployed in Russia”. [http://www.dw.com/en/young-educated-and-unemployed-in-russia/a-16635170]

Ernst & Young. 2011. Doing Business in the Russian Federation. [http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Doing-business-in-the-Russian-Federation-2011/$FILE/Doing-business-in-the-Russian-Federation-2011.pdf]

French, Richard Antony; Ioffe, Grigory & Berton Murrell, Kathleen. 2014. “Moscow”. Article in Encyclopaedia Britannica. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/393409/Moscow/275536/Economy]

G20. 2014. Employment Plan 2014 – Russian Federation. [https://g20.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/g20_employment_ plan_russian_federation.pdf]

International Labour Organisation (ILO) and Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation. 2011. Employment and Labour Market Strategies in Russia in the Context of Innovations Economy. (Proceedings of Confer- ence). [http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---sro-moscow/documents/publication/ wcms_306607.pdf]

Karpova, Alexandra; Bilous, Anna & MacLennan, Michael. 2014. Youth Employment Policies of the Russian Federation: Opportunities and Challenges. [http://www.academia.edu/6868531/Youth_Employment_Policies_of_the_Russian_Federa- tion_Opportunities_and_Challenges]

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and International Labour Organisation (ILO). 2014. Promoting better labour market outcomes for youth. [http://www.oecd.org/g20/topics/employment-and-social-policy/ OECD-ILO-Youth-Apprenticeships-G20.pdf]

Russia Beyond The Headlines. 19 March 2013. “Russia’s youth demands change, not revolution”. [http://rbth.co.uk/society/2013/03/19/russias_youth_demands_change_not_revolution_24027.html]

The Moscow Times. 17 September 2012. “Business School Loans Lift Off in Russia”. [http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/business-school-loans-lift-off-in-russia/468216.html]

The Moscow Times. 28 September 2012. “Russian Human Resources Market – A Battle for the Youth”. [http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/business_for_business/article/tmt/468925.html]

Trade and Economics Bureau of the Russian Embassy in Germany. 2014. Brief guide to Russian taxes. [http://www.rfhwb.de/ Docs/0%20index%20page/brief%20guide%20to%20russian%20taxes%202014.pdf]

35 Mumbai, India

Interviews

Chandni Ohri, Grameen Foundation India, Personal interview. 12th May 2015.

Jasmir Thakur, Samabhavana Society. Personal interview. 28th April 2015.

References

Deloitte. 2015. Health Care Outlook India. [https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Life-Sci- ences-Health-Care/gx-lshc-2015-health-care-outlook-india.pdf]

Economic Times. 26th January 2015. “4.5 core youth to be trained in employable skills by 2012: Maharashtra Governor Vidyasagar”. [http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-26/news/58470083_1_maharashtra-governor-vidyasagar-rao-crore-youth-state-government]

Firstpost.com. 29 January 2013. “You can get up to Rs 1 lakh as tax benefits for your kid’s tuition fees”. [www.firstpost.com/ investing/you-can-get-up-to-rs-1-lakh-as-tax-benefits-for-your-kids-tuition-fees-606070.html]

Firstpost.com. 9 October 2014. “24x7 nightlife and more: The new hip Shiv Sena under Aditya Thackeray”. [www.firstpost.com/politics/24x7-nightlife-new-hip-shiv-sena-aditya-thackeray-1749073.html]

Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. 2013. Combating Youth Unemployment in India. [http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/09728.pdf]

Government of India. 28 February 2015. Budget Speech by the finance minister, Arun Jaitley, for the fiscal year 2015/16 (April-March). [http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2015-16/bs/bs.pdf]

Government of India. Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship. Website. [http://www.skilldevelopment.gov.in/ pmkvy.html] Accessed May 2015.

Government of India. Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports. National Youth Policy 2014. [www.youthpolicy.org/national/In- dia_2014_National_Youth_Policy.pdf]

Government of Maharashtra. 18th March 2015. Budget Speech 2015/16. [https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/PDF/Bud- get_2015_English_Part_I.pdf]

Government of Maharashtra, Directorate of Medical Education & Research. “Scholarships”. [www.dmer.org/MINORITY%20 SCHOLARSHIP%20SCHEME%2009.html]

IDBI Bank. “Education loans”. [www.idbi.com/education-loan.asp]

Indian Express. 17 April 2011. “Students unaware of central govt subsidy on education loans”. [http://archive.indianexpress. com/news/students-unaware-of-central-govt-subsidy-on-education-loans/777248/] April 2011.

Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research. April 2011. Youth Employment and Unemployment in India. [http://www. igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/WP-2011-009.pdf]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). Asia Pacific Working Paper Series. March 2013.Youth employment and unemployment: an Indian perspective. [www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sro-new_delhi/documents/ publication/wcms_211552.pdf]

International Labour Organisation (ILO). “INTUC Young Workers Council”. [http://www.apyouthnet.ilo.org/network/intuc-young-workers-council]

Maharashtra State, Directorate of Technical Education. Website. [www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/scholarships]

Maharashtra State Youth Policy Declaration. Presented by Yashwantrao Chavan Pratishthan, Mumbai Navmaharashtra Yuva Abhiyan. January 2010. [www.rglspl.co.in/news/mh-state-youth-policy-draft-english.pdf]

36 Micro Housing Finance Corporation Limited. “Informal Sector. Customer profiles in Mumbai”. [http://mhfcindia.com/Mum- bai%20Informal%20Sector%20Stories.pdf]

Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. Website. [www.mcgm.gov.in/?guest_user=English]

Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. 4 February 2015. Statement of Sitaram Kunte, Municipal Commissioner. [http:// www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/Chief%20Accountant%20(Finance)/Budget/ Budget%20Estimate%202015-2016/1.M.C’s%20Speech/English%20Speech%20Budget%20A%2cB%2cG.pdf]

Sulekha.com. List of Youth NGO Services in Mumbai. [http://yellowpages.sulekha.com/youth-ngos_mumbai]

Taxguru.in. “Deduction under section 80C and Tax Planning”. [http://taxguru.in/income-tax/all-about-deduction-under- section-80c-and-tax-planning.html]

The Hindu. 22 December 2014. “Only 17% have health insurance cover”. [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/only-17- have-health-insurance-cover/article6713952.ece]

Wall Street Journal. 18 February 2015. “Don’t Party Just Yet, Mumbai’s Nightlife is Still on Curfew”. [http://blogs.wsj.com/ indiarealtime/2015/02/18/dont-party-just-yet-mumbais-nightlife-is-still-on-a-curfew/]

Yakkaldevi, Ashok; Louis, Fr.; Kulkarni V.V., “An Overview of Maharashtra State Youth Policy”, figshare, March 2013. [http:// dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.649377]

Yourstory.com. 18th August 2014. “What are the Indian states doing to promote entrepreneurship?” [http://yourstory. com/2014/08/indian-government-entrepreneurship-programs/]

Youthpolicy.org. “Factsheet on youth policy in India”. [www.youthpolicy.org/factsheets/country/india/]

New York, USA

Interviews

Julia Breitman. New York City Department of Youth and Community Development. Personal interview. 13 May 2015.

Jean-Marie Callan. New York City Center for Economic Opportunity. Personal interview. 13 May 2015.

References

Benefits.gov. “New York Unemployment Insurance”. [http://www.benefits.gov/benefits/benefit-details/1771]

Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2013. “Fatal occupational injuries in New York (including N.Y.C)”. [http://www.bls.gov/regions/ new-york-new-jersey/news-release/fatalworkinjuries_newyorkcity.htm]

Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2013. “Occupational Injuries and Illnesses and Fatal Injuries Profiles”. [http://www.bls.gov/iif/]

College Scholarships. 2015. “New York Student Loan Programs”. [http://www.collegescholarships.org/loans/state/new- york.htm]

DC37. “Benefits”. [http://www.dc37.net/benefits/education/edfund.html]

Higher Education Services Corporation. “Grants, Scholarships and Loan Programs”. [http://www.hesc.ny.gov/pay-for-college/financial-aid/types-of-financial-aid.html#horizontalTab6]

Internal Revenue Services. Department of the Treasury. 2014. “Tax Benefits for Education”. [http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/ p970.pdf]

Manhattan Chamber of Commerce. “Young Professional Resources”. [http://www.manhattancc.org/committee_guide/ YP_Committee_Resources.aspx] 37 New York City. Official Website of the City of New York. [http://www1.nyc.gov/]

New York City. 2014. Mayor Bill de Blasio: “Career Pathways: One City Working Together”. [http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/ careerpathways/downloads/pdf/career-pathways-full-report.pdf]

New York City Center for Economic Opportunity. 2015. “Evaluation Reports”. [http://www.nyc.gov/ html/ceo/html/data/ reports.shtml]

New York City Department of Youth & Economic Development. 2015. “Jobs & Internships”. [http://www.nyc.gov/html/dycd/ html/jobs/jobs.shtml]

New York City Department of Youth & Economic Development. 2015. “Reports & Plans”. [http://www.nyc.gov/html/dycd/ html/about/reports.shtml]

New York City Department of Youth & Economic Development. 2015. “Resources for Non-Profits”. [http://www.nyc.gov/html/ dycd/html/resources/resources.shtml]

New York City Economic Development Corporation. “Financing & Incentives”. [http://www.nycedc.com/service/financing-incentives]

New York City Service. 2015. “Find an Organization”. [http://www.nycservice.org/organizations/]

New York State Department of Labor. Division of Research and Statistics. August 2014. “Employment in New York State”. [https://labor.ny.gov/stats/PDFs/enys0814.pdf]

New York State Department of Labor. 2015. “Industry Clusters in New York State”. [https://labor.ny.gov/stats/nysindclusters. asp]

New York State Department of Labor. 2015. “Labor Standards”. [https://labor.ny.gov/ workerprotection/laborstandards/ workprot/wphmpg.shtm]

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance. 2015. “General business corporation (Article 9-A) tax credits”. [http:// www.tax.ny.gov/bus/ct/ article9a_tax_credits.htm]

Office of Federal Student Aid. “Grants and Scholarships”. [https://studentaid.ed.gov/types/grants-scholarships]

Pager, Devah; Bruce Western and Bart Bonikowski, “Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market: A Field Experiment”. American Sociology Review, 2009. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC2915472/]

Parrot, James and Lazar Treschan, “Barriers to Entry: The Increasing Challenges Faced by Young Adults In the New York City Labor Market”. The Fiscal Policy Institute and The Community Services Society of New York, 2013. [http://fiscalpolicy.org/ wp-content/uploads/2013/04/ JFNYC_Barriers_to_Entry_5-2-13.pdf]

United Federation of Teachers. 2015. “Program Descriptions”. [http://www.uft.org/ teaching/program-descriptions]

U.S. Census Bureau. 2015. “Quick Facts: New York (city), New York”. [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/3651000. html]

U.S. Department of Labor. Website. [http://data.bls.gov/ gqt/InitialPage]

U.S. Department of Labor. Employment and Training Administration. 12 March 2015. “Work Opportunity Tax Credit”. [http:// www.doleta.gov/business/incentives/opptax/]

Young Jewish Professionals. “Mentoring Sessions”. [http://www.yjpnewyork.org/ mentoring.php]

Young Nonprofit Professionals Network. “[Y]our Mission”. [http://www.ynpn.nyc/mission/]

Young Presidents’ Organization. 2015. “Member Benefits”. [http://www.yponyc.org/ index.php?section=The-Member-Ben- efits]

Youngworkers.org. Young Worker’s Project. 2015. “What is a union?” [http://youngworkers.org/ about/]

38 Panama City, Panama

Interviews

Zuleika Plazaola, Consejo del Sector Privado para la Asistencia Educacional (CoSPAE). 14 May 2015.

References

Alcaldía de Panamá. 2015. “Alcaldía de Panamá – Gobierno Municipal”. [http://mupa.gob.pa]

Asociación Panameña de Ejecutivos de Empresas (APEDE). 2011. “EquipYouth-Panamá”. [http://www.apede.org/component/content/article/22-revista-competitividad/2012/junio/155-equipyouth-panamá.html?Itemid=196]

Asociación Panameña de Ejecutivos de Empresas (APEDE). 2015. “Comité Especial APEDE Joven Planifica su III Conferencia de Jóvenes Emprendedores”. [http://apede.org/comite-especial-apede-joven-planifica-su-iii-conferencia-de-jovenes-emprendedores.html]

Autoridad de la Micro, Pequeña y Mediana Empresa (AMPYME). 21 August 2014. “Capital Semilla’ para Universitarios Em- prendedores”. [http://ampyme.gob.pa/capital-semilla-para-universitarios-emprendedores/]

Autoridad del Canal de Panamá. 2014. “Programa de Práctica Profesional de la Autoridad del Canal de Panamá”. [http:// micanaldepanama.com/nosotros/informacion-para-empleos/pdp/]

Autoridad Nacional de Ingresos Públicos (ANIP). “Preguntas más frecuentes sobre impuestos”. [https://www.anip.gob.pa/ documentos/FAQ-IMPUESTOS1.htm#comoydonde]

Banco Nacional de Panamá. “Préstamos Personales”. [https://www.banconal.com.pa/index.php?option=com_con- tent&view=article&id=29&Itemid=12&lang=en]

Central Nacional de Trabajadores de Panamá. 2012. “Escuela Sindical”. [http://www.cntppanama.org.]

Confederación de Trabajadores de la República de Panamá. “Estructural Institucional”. [http://www.ctrppanama.org/sobre-nosotros/estructura-organizacional/]

Prensa. 7 June 2013. “Presidente anuncia que matrículas en universidades serán gratis”. [http://www.prensa.com/viel- ka_corro_rios/Presidente-anuncia-matriculas-universidades-gratis_0_3679132060.html]

Gobierno de la República de Panamá. 2014. “Plan Estratégico de Gobierno 2015-2019”. [http://www.mef.gob.pa/es/Docu- ments/PEG%20PLAN%20ESTRATEGICO%20DE%20GOBIERNO%202015-2019.pdf]

Gobierno de la República de Panamá. “Caja de Seguro Social”. [http://www.css.gob.pa]

Gobierno de la República de Panamá. Asamblea Legislativa. 2002. “Ley No. 12 del 2002 Que incentiva la oferta de un primer empleo para jóvenes en el sector privado”. [http://panama.justia.com/federales/leyes/12-de-2002-feb-8-2002/gdoc/]

Gobierno de la República de Panamá. 2002. “Ley No. 12 del 2002 Que incentiva la oferta de un primer empleo para jóvenes en el sector privado”. [http://www.leylaboral.com/ImprimeDocumentoCompleto.aspx?tipo=t&bd=47&item=3293]

Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censo (INEC). Contraloría General de la República de Panamá. Cuadro Publicaciones. [https://www.contraloria.gob.pa/inec/publicaciones/Publicaciones.aspx?ID_SUBCATEGORIA=45&ID_PUBLICACION=473&ID_ IDIOMA=1&ID_CATEGORIA=17]

Instituto para la Formación y Aprovechamiento de Recursos Humanos (IFARHU). 2012. “Créditos Educativos”. [http://www. ifarhu.gob.pa/ifaweb/Comoseprestamo.aspx]

Instituto para la Formación y Aprovechamiento de Recursos Humanos (IFARHU). 2015. “Requisitos para hacer efectivo el cobro del primer trimestre 2015 del programa de Beca Universal”. [http://www.ifarhu.gob.pa/ifaweb/institucional/PANA- MA_METRO.pdf]

International Labor Organisation (ILO). 1995. “Labor Code of the Republic of Panama”. [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/

39 WEBTEXT/42679/67564/S95PAN01.htm]

International Youth Foundation. 2015. “New Employment Opportunities (NEOs)”. [http://www.iyfnet.org/neo]

Ministerio de Gobierno y Justicia. 15 October 2007. “Prevención de la Violencia y Criminalidad Juvenil en Panamá”. [http:// www.policia.gob.ni/cedoc/sector/RINSEN07/pan.pdf]

Ministerio de la Juventud, la Mujer, la Niñez y la Familia (MINJUMNFA). 2004. “Política Pública de Juventud de Panamá”. [http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Youth/Panama/Panama_2004_National_Youth_Policy.pdf]

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 3 March 2015. “Becas para jóvenes panameños”. [http://mire.gob.pa/noticias/2015/03/03/becas-para-jovenes-panamenos]

Ministerio de Salud. “Programa de Protección Social”. [http://www.minsa.gob.pa/programas]

Ministerio de Vivienda y Ordenamiento Territorial (MIVI). 10 March 2015. “Techos de Esperanza: Mejores oportunidades para jóvenes en riesgo social”. [http://www.miviot.gob.pa/?p=18962]

PanamáOn.com. 4 March 2015. “Becas para jóvenes panameños”. [http://www.panamaon.com/noticias/educacion/1161395-becas-para-jovenes-panamenos.html]

Understanding Children’s Work (UCW). 2014. “Entendiendo el trabajo infantil y el empleo juvenil en Panamá”. [http://www. ucw-project.org/attachment/informe_trabajo_infantil_empleo_juvenil20141016_165422.pdf]

Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá. 2015. “Boletín de Becas y Convocatorias Vigentes”. [http://www.utp.ac.pa/convocatorias-vigentes]

Youth Employment Inventory. “Entra 21 and COSPAE Partnership (Panama)”. [http://www.youth-employment-inventory.org/ inventory/view/180//]

Youth Employment Inventory. “PROCAJOVEN”. [http://www.youth-employment-inventory.org/inventory/view/333/]

São Paulo, Brazil

Interviews

Mauricio Broinizi, executive secretary, Rede Nossa São Paulo (Our São Paulo Network). Telephone interview. 16 April 2015.

Claudio Aparecido Da Silva, youth policy co-ordinator, City of São Paulo. Telephone interview. 30 April 2015.

Alexandre Loloian, employment research co-ordinator, Seade Foundation (Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados). Tele- phone interview. 13 April 2015.

Ricardo Young, local councillor, City of São Paulo. Telephone interview. 5 May 2015.

References

Bousquat A. and Cohn A., “A construção do mapa da juventude de São Paulo”. Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política, Lua Nova no.60, São Paulo, 2003. [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-64452003000300005]

Fusaro K., “São Paulo ganha mapa da juventude”. Agência FAPESP, 2004. [http://agencia.fapesp.br/sao_paulo_ganha_ mapa_da_juventude/1739/]

International Labour Organisation, 2014. “Transições da escola para o mercado de trabalho de mulheres e homens jovens no Brasil”. [http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_326892.pdf]

Valor Econômico, Especial São Paulo. 23 January 2015. “Participação da indústria encolhe mais”. [http://www.fiepr.org.br/ cinpr/acompanhe/uploadAddress/NAC_23.01.15[60920].pdf]

40 Seoul, South Korea

Interviews

Qsyung Chun, Korea Development Institute. Personal Interview. 7 May 2015.

Yoon Sun Jang, Statistics Korea. Interview 13 May 2015.

References

Data News. 25 February 2015. “서울시 뉴딜 일자리사업 ‘청년혁신일자리’, 올해 상반기 109명 선발한다”. [http://www. datanews.co.kr/site/datanews/DTWork.asp?itemIDT=1002910&aID=20150224160530610]

Herald Economy. 9 December 2014. “힐링캠프 김영하, ‘하고싶은 일 하라?.’청년들에겐 이것도 사치”. [http://news.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=20141209000143&md=20141209085609_BL]

Herald Economy. 30 January 2015. “중소기업 근로소득세 감면 유명무실… 청년취업자들, “그게 뭐지?”“. [http://news. heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=20150130000035&md=20150130071127_BL]

Korea Times. 19 April 2015. “최경환 부총리 “임금피크제로 줄인 인건비로 청년 고용 기업 지원”“. [http://www.hankookil- bo.com/v/d3e54b41c1a64600b18fe7d5c4d362d9]

Ministry of Employment and Labour. 15 April 2015. “한권으로 통하는 청년고용정책 발간 알림 (“Extensive Youth Policy”). [http://www.moel.go.kr/view.jsp?cate=2&sec=1&mode=view&bbs_cd=005&state=A&seq=1429082725433]

Naeil News. 3 December 2014. “서울시 올해 23조 중 청년예산은 920억원”. [http://www.naeil.com/news_view/?id_ art=130631]

NEWSPIM. 19 March 2015. “4차례 정책발표. 예산 2조 투입… 청년 실업은 더욱 악화”. [http://www.newspim.com/view. jsp?newsId=20150318000318]

Nocut News. 20 March 2015. “절망에 빠진 청년실업자의 자살”. [http://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/4385860 ]

Seoul City Government. 26 March 2015a. “청년정책과 민관협치”. [http://gov.seoul.go.kr/archives/70987] (The Youth Policy Division does not have a website, but the information is available on the City Government’s webpage.)

Seoul City Metropolitan Government. 13 April 2015b. “서울 경제 3월호”. [http://economy.seoul.go.kr/archives/category/ economy/data_economy-n2/magazine_data_economy-n2]

Seoul News. 10 January 2015. “청년에게 꿈을 주는 나라.” [http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView. php?id=20150110022007]

Seoul Open Data Plaza. 9 December 2014. “청년허브 연구사업 결과물 관련 자료”. [http://data.seoul.go.kr/openinf/sheet- view.jsp?infId=OA-12030]

Daily UNN. 5 November 2014. “‘취업, 주거, 학자금 대출’ 대학생들을 울린다”. [http://news.unn.net/news/articleView. html?idxno=140763]

Statics Korea. April 2015. “비정규직근로자 비율.” [http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_ cd=2897#quick_02]

The Korean Times. 30 January 2013. “Overeducated, underemployed”. [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opi- non/2014/02/164_129722.html]

Welfare News. 23 March 2015. “‘청년일자리 사업’에 ‘청년’이 없다”. [http://www.welfarenews.net/news/articleView.htm- l?idxno=49887]

Yonhap News. 21 April 2015. “서울 청년 23% ‘주거빈곤’…옥탑·고시원 등서 생활”. [http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/ 2015/04/20/0200000000AKR20150420116400004.HTML?input=1195m]

41 Shanghai, China

Interviews

Three interviews conducted. The participants chose to remain anonymous.

References

Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China. 11 January 2011. “Government New Policy: College Students who Start Own Business Can Enjoy Tax Relief for Three Years”. [http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2011-01/03/content_1777595.htm]

China Education Online. 2014. “Types of Tuition Assistance Loans”. [http://gaokao.eol.cn/html/g/zxdk.shtml]

China Education Online. 2015. “Tuition Fees for Different Universities in China”. [http://society.people.com.cn/n/2015/0320/ c1008-26722708.html]

Department of Human Resources and Social Security of Beijing. 4 May 2014. “Six New Measures to Facilitate Employment for Fresh College Graduates”. [http://www.bjbys.com/html/article_content/201406/781298223c5240f8974537b6876a4d7e. html]

Shanghai Bureau of Budget. “Shanghai Government Budget of 2015”. [http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node2314/ node2319/node12344/u26ai41696.html]

Shanghai College Graduates Employment Centre. 9 March 2015. “Introduction to First Job”. [http://www.firstjob.com.cn/ folder76/folder78/2015-03-09/1096.html?men=men2]

Shanghai College Graduates Employment Centre. 17 March 2015. “Hiring Symposium 2015 in Shanghai”. [http://114.80.217.137/firstjobxnzph/9157.jhtml?_d=1]

Shanghai Department of Statistics and Census. 2014. Shanghai Statistical Yearbook. [http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/data/toT- jnj.xhtml?y=2014e]

Shanghai Labour Union. “About Us”. [http://www.shzgh.org/renda/node5902/node5903/index.html]

Shanghai Municipal Office. “Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Local Taxation”. [http://www.csj.sh.gov.cn]

Shanghai Municipal Office. “Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health”. [http://www.wsjsw.gov.cn]

Shanghai Technology Entrepreneurship Foundation for Graduates (EFG). “About us”. [http://www.stefg.org/EN/about/ about.aspx]

Shanghai University. 28 July 2012. “Regulations on National Educational Loans for Universities in Shanghai”. [http://www. ccfw.shu.edu.cn]

Tongji University. “The Career Centre of Tongji University”. http://tj91.tongji.edu.cn/?.pn=p1224]

Singapore, Singapore

Interviews

Expert who wishes to remain anonymous. Interview conducted on 22 May 2015.

References

EnterpriseOne. “Employment (Part-Time Employees) Regulations”. [https://www.enterpriseone.gov.sg/en/Topics/Hiring%20

42 and%20Training/Employers%20Responsibilities/Laws%20and%20Regulations/hiring_laws_parttime.aspx]

Government of Singapore. Website. [http://www.gov.sg]

Inland Revenue Authority. “Course fees relief”. [http://www.iras.gov.sg/irasHome/page04.aspx?id=194]

Inland Revenue Authority. “Tax Reliefs”. [http://www.iras.gov.sg/irashome/page.aspx?id=9902]

Inland Revenue Authority. “Tax exemption scheme for new start-up companies”. [http://www.iras.gov.sg/irashome/page04. aspx?id=414]

International Enterprise Singapore. “Singapore Industry Capabilities”. [http://www.iesingapore.gov.sg/partner-singapore/ singapore-industry-capabilities]

McKinsey Global Institute. May 2006. “Tackling the informal economy”. [http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/mgi/in_the_ news/tackling_the_informal_economy]

Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth. “Youth”. [http://www.mccy.gov.sg/en/Topics/Youth.aspx]

Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth. “The National Youth Fund”. [http://www.mccy.gov.sg/en/Topics/Youth/Articles/ The_National_Youth_Fund.aspx]

Ministry of Education. “Scholarships and Awards”. [http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/scholarships/]

Ministry of Health. “Our Healthcare System”. [https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/our_healthcare_system. html]

Ministry of Manpower. “Fair employment practices”. [http://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/fair-employment/ Pages/fair-employment.aspx]

Ministry of Manpower. “Part-time employment”. [http://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/part-time-employment/ Pages/default.aspx]

Ministry of Manpower. “Workplace safety and health”. [http://www.mom.gov.sg/workplace-safety-health/Pages/default. aspx#sthash.7QrOTOWy.dpuf]

Ministry of Social and Family Development. “Assistance”. [http://app.msf.gov.sg/Assistance/Multiple-Lines-of-Assistance#- box06]

MoneySmart. “Get The Best Education Loan Interest Rates for 2015 Now!” [http://www.moneysmart.sg/education-loan]

National Library Board. January 2015. “Does Singapore Have an Underemployment Problem?” [http://www.nlb.gov.sg/sure/ does-singapore-have-an-underemployment-problem/]

National Research Foundation. “Innovation Cluster Programme”. [http://www.nrf.gov.sg/innovation-enterprise/national-framework-for-research-innovation-and-enterprise/innovation-cluster-programme]

National Trades Union Congress (NTUC). [https://www.ntuc.org.sg/wps/portal/up2/home]

National Youth Council. “Annual Reports & Financial Information”. [https://www.nyc.gov.sg/about-us/annual-reports]

National Youth Council. “Grants”. [https://www.resourceportal.nyc.sg/nycp/nycp.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=stat- ic_grants&pathEndName=NYC+Grants+Scheme&clickedTD=td2#wlp_static_grants]

National Youth Council. “Local and International Programmes”. [https://www.nyc.gov.sg/initiatives]

National Youth Council. “National Youth Fund (NYF)”. [https://www.resourceportal.nyc.sg/nycp/nycp.portal?_nfpb=true&_ pageLabel=static_grants&pathEndName=National%20Youth%20Fund#wlp_static_grants]

National Youth Council. “National Youth Survey 2013”. [https://www.resourceportal.nyc.sg/nycp/nycp.portal?_nfpb=true&_ pageLabel=static_resources#wlp_static_resources]

43 National Youth Council. “Vision, Mission & Background”. [https://www.nyc.gov.sg/about-us/vision-mission-background]

Singapore Business and Professional Women’s Association. Website. [http://www.sbpwa.org.sg/]

Singapore Industry Scholarships. Website. [http://www.singaporeindustryscholarship.sg/]

SPRING. “Young Entrepreneurs Scheme for Schools (YES! Schools)”. [http://www.spring.gov.sg/Nurturing-Startups/Pages/ young-entrepreneurs-scheme-schools.aspx]

The Straits Times. May 2013. “Singapore’s youth unemployment rate one of the world’s lowest”. [http://www.straitstimes. com/breaking-news/singapore/story/singapores-youth-unemployment-rate-one-the-worlds-lowest-tan-chuan-jin]

The Straits Times. May 2013. “Time to get tough on unfair treatment at work”. [http://www.stasiareport.com/the-big-story/ asia-report/opinion/story/time-get-tough-unfair-treatment-work-20130519]

The Young Professionals’ Group (YPG). Website. [http://theypgroup.com/singapore/]

World Bank. “Ease of Doing Business in Singapore”. [http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/singapore]

Yahoo News. July 2012. “Needed: More protection for Singaporean workers”. [https://sg.news.yahoo.com/blogs/singapo- rescene/needed-more-protection-075305582.html]

Youth Business Singapore (YBS). Website. [http://youthbizsg.org/]

Youth Employment & Advancement Hub (YEAH!). Website. [http://www.yeahsg.com/#!about/cwsp]

Youthpolicy.org. October 2014. “Singapore”. [http://www.youthpolicy.org/factsheets/country/singapore/]

Sydney, Australia

Interviews

Jennifer Skattebol, University of New South Wales. Personal interview. 9 June 2015.

References

ATOtaxrates.info. “Entrepreneurs Tax Offset”. [http://atotaxrates.info/tax-offset/entrepreneurs-tax-offset/]

Australian Bureau of Statistics. July 2010. Australian Labour Market Statistics. [http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/ featurearticlesbytitle/E46C04C76DB1B1DFCA2577B5000CB453?OpenDocument]

Australian Bureau of Statistics. May 2012. “Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Wellbeing: A focus on children and youth, April 2011”. [http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/4725.0Chapter920Apr%202011]

Australian Bureau of Statistics. September 2013. “Information Paper: The Non-Observed Economy and Australia’s GDP, 2012”. [http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Latestproducts/5204.0.55.008Main%20Features102012?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=5204.0.55.008&issue=2012&num=&view=]

Australian Bureau of Statistics. February 2014. “Underemployed Workers, Australia, September 2013”. [http://www.abs.gov. au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Latestproducts/6265.0Media%20Release1September%202013?opendocument&tabname=Summa- ry&prodno=6265.0&issue=September%202013&num=&view= http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/feb/12/unemployment-in-australia-rises-to-64-in-january-abs-figures-show]

Australian Government. “StudyAssist Publications”. [http://studyassist.gov.au/sites/studyassist/helpfulresources/pages/ publications]

Australian Government. 2010. National Strategy for Young Australians. [http://www.youthpolicy.org/national/Austra- lia_2010_National_Youth_Strategy.pdf] 44 Australian Government. Department of Education and Training. “Commonwealth Grant Scheme (CGS)”. [https://education. gov.au/commonwealth-grant-scheme-cgs]

Australian Government. Department of Employment. “Job Commitment Bonus for Young Australians”. [http://employment. gov.au/news/job-commitment-bonus-young-australians]

Australian Government. Department of Health. “Medicare”. [http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Con- tent/health-medicarebenefits-index.htm]

Australian Government. Department of Human Services. “Information for families with children aged 16 years or over”. [http://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/subjects/information-for-families-with-children-aged-16-years-or-over]

Australian Taxation Office. “Income and deductions”. [https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Income-and-deductions/Deduc- tions-you-can-claim/Self-education-expenses/Eligible-courses/]

Banks.com.au. “Personal loans”. [http://www.banks.com.au/personal/personal-loans/student-loans/]

Business.gov.au. “Enterprise Network for Young Australians (ENYA)”. [http://www.business.gov.au/advice-and-support/ directory/Pages/Enterprise-Network-for-Young-Australians-ENYA.aspx ]

City of Sydney. Website. [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au]

City of Sydney. “Business and economy”. [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/towards-2030/business-and-economy]

City of Sydney. “Community Strategic Plan”. [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/council/forms-and-publications/integrated-planning-reporting/community-strategic-plan]

City of Sydney. “Resident and household surveys”. [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/sur- veying-our-community/resident-and-household-survey]

City of Sydney. “Sustainable Sydney 2030”. [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/sustainable-sydney-2030]

City of Sydney. “Youth projects”. [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/community/community-services/young-people/ youth-projects]

City of Sydney Community Profile. “City of Sydney: Employment status”. [http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/employment-status]

Fair Work Ombudsman. “Introduction to the National Employment Standards”. [http://www.fairwork.gov.au/about-us/policies-and-guides/fact-sheets/minimum-workplace-entitlements/introduction-to-the-national-employment-standards]

Fair Work Ombudsman. “National Employment Standards”. [http://www.fairwork.gov.au/employee-entitlements/national-employment-standards]

Safe Work Australia. “Safe Work Australia Strategic Plan 2013-2016”. [http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/swa/about/ corporateinformation/strategic-plan/pages/strategic-plan]

Sydney Young Professionals. Website. [http://syp.com.au/]

The Australian Workers’ Union. Website. [http://www.awu.net.au/what-union]

Youth.gov.au. “Education and Work”. [http://www.youth.gov.au/sites/youth/links/pages/educationwork?Category=Educa- tion%20and%20Work]

45 Taipei, Taiwan

References

Bank of Taiwan. “Interest Rates. Q&A - Educational Loans”. [https://sloan.bot.com.tw/newsloan/portal/PorFAQShow. action?getAnswer=&faqkey=314&parentQuestion=%E3%80%90%E5%88%A9%E6%81%AF%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E7 %8E%87%E3%80%91]

Eastasiaforum. 15 January 2015. “Taiwan’s young rise up”. [http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2015/01/15/taiwans-young-rise-up/]

Executive Yuan. 2015. “Youth Development Policy Programmes (Draft)”. [http://www.ey.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx- ?n=4E506D8D07B5A38D&sms=F798F4E213647822&s=2E959B7045F4A98A]

Huaxia Economics. 14 September 2012. “Taiwan Has no Financial Future for the Young: the Alarming Scenario of Young Taiwanese Leaving the Island for Work”. [http://big5.huaxia.com/tslj/lasq/2012/09/3001470.html]

Ministry of Labour. “New Regulations on Youth Employment”. [http://www.taiwanjobs.gov.tw/internet/2011/young/young. html?ctype=B&cid=banner1040130&oid=no1040130]

National University of Taiwan. “Scholarships from the Foundations”. [https://www.ntpu.edu.tw/admin/a8/org/a8-4/schol- arship_more.php?id=1363]

National University of Taiwan. “Scholarships within the University”. [https://www.ntpu.edu.tw/admin/a8/org/a8-4/scholar- ship_more.php?id=1370]

Taipei Bureau of Budget. “Taipei City Budget Overview 2015”. [http://w2.dbas.taipei.gov.tw/budget/ofbudget/104budget/ BUDGET/bfbud/104br563014.htm]

Taipei City Employment Service Office.Taipei City Employment Service Office - Strategy for 2015. [http://eso.gov.taipei/public/Attachment/53191103819.pdf]

Taipei City Government. Department of Economic Development. “Industry Policy”. [http://www.doed.gov.taipei/ct.asp?x- Item=1019450&CtNode=51443&mp=105001]

Taipei City Government. Department of Labour. “Organisational Structure”. [http://bola.gov.taipei/ct.asp?x- Item=94096988&CtNode=62197&mp=116003]

Taipei Government. “Taipei Employment Bank”. [http://apps.taipei/ct.asp?mp=100091&ctNode=50155&xItem=20366715]

Taipei Government. 28 February 2015. “Monthly Reports, Taipei Department of Labour”. [http://bola.gov.taipei/public/At- tachment/53191514431.pdf]

Taipei Trade Union. “Join Us”. [http://www.23213799.com.tw/joinus.php]

Taipei Times. 25 March 2014. “Youth Unemployment Rate Up Slightly”. [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2014/03/25/2003586451]

Taipei Times. 14 May 2014. “22k Myth is a Numbers Game”. [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2014/05/14/2003590286]

Youth Employment Dreams. Website. [http://tys.okwork.gov.tw]

Taipei Youth Salon. Website. [http://tys.okwork.gov.tw/Career_Dev_Center/CenterPage1.aspx]

Taiwan Alliance for Advancement of Youth Right and Welfare. 2012. “Workshop on Youth Employment Training”. [http:// www.youthrights.org.tw/news_content.php?id=1423]

TaiwanJobs. Website. [http://www.taiwanjobs.gov.tw/Internet/index/index.aspx]

46 Taiwan Normal University. 22 May 2013. “I Do Not Want to Belong in the New Poverty Group. Interview with Secretary Gen- eral of the Taiwan Alliance for Advancement of Youth Right and Welfare”. [http://pr.ntnu.edu.tw/news/index.php?mode=- data&id=12943]

The Economic Times. 23 August 1999. “Tax Reduction for Children Studying at Universities in Mainland”. [http://www.cna. edu.tw/upload/CMS/20150122162017529.pdf]

UDN News. 11 April 2015. “With Low Wages in the Country, Many Young People Rush Overseas for Work”. [http://udn.com/news/story/7314/830154-%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E8%96%AA%E8%B3%87 %E4%BD%8E%E3%80%81%E6%B2%92%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%80%A7-%E5%B9%B4%E8%B- C%95%E4%BA%BA%E7%98%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%96%E6%89%93%E5%B7%A5]

Youth Entrepreneurships Dreams. “Tax Regulations”. [http://sme.moeasmea.gov.tw/startup/modules/faq/?sId=16] Youth Startup Entrepreneurship Dreams. “About Us”. [http://bola.gov.taipei/ct.asp?xItem=39600158&Ct- Node=62218&mp=1160032]

Tel Aviv, Israel

Al-Jazeera. September 2014. “Arabs in Israel Decry Racial Discrimination”. [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middlee- ast/2014/09/arabs-israel-decry-racial-discrimination-201492513240535797.html]

Euromed. “Youth Work and Inclusion in Israel”. [http://euromedyouth.net/IMG/pdf/youth_in_israel_gb_hd.pdf]

European Training Foundation. 2015. “Labour Market and Employment Policy in Israel”. [http://www.etf.europa.eu/webatt. nsf/0/C42F878FF524B3C4C1257DEA00558C22/$file/Employment%20policies_Israel.pdf]

Haaretz. February 2013. “Discrimination against Israeli Arabs still rampant, 10 years on”. [http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/. premium-1.550152]

Haaretz. October 2012. “Youth Unemployment in Israel is Low but not only for the Reasons you Think”. [http://www.haaretz. com/business/youth-unemployment-in-israel-is-low-but-not-only-for-the-reasons-you-think.premium-1.473384]

Human Rights Watch. 2006. “Discrimination against Arab Israeli Children in Education”. [http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/ files/related_material/JILPfinal.pdf]

Lee, Eric. September 2013. “Israel’s Histadrut Wins Big Victories”. [http://www.ericlee.info/blog/?p=847]

Meetup, Women Who Code Israel. Website. [http://www.meetup.com/Women-Who-Code-Israel/]

National Insurance Institute of Israel. “Unemployment”. [http://www.btl.gov.il/English%20Homepage/Benefits/Unemploy- ment%20Insurance/Pages/default.aspx]

Nefesh B’Nefesh. “Scholarships for students”. [http://www.nbn.org.il/aliyahpedia/education-ulpan/higher-education/ scholarships-and-loans-for-university-and-college-students/]

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). “Israel: a divided society. Results of a review of labour-market and social policy”. [http://www.oecd.org/els/44394444.pdf]

Physician News. October 2009. “Can Universal Healthcare Work?” [http://physiciansnews.com/2009/10/01/can-universal- healthcare-work-a-look-at-israels-successful-model/]

Sustainable City. December 2012. “Once again, Tel Aviv Throws Budget Transparency out the Window”. [http://www.sustain- ablecityblog.com/2012/12/once-again-tel-aviv-throws-budget-transparency-out-the-window/]

Tel Aviv Government. Website. [http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/Pages/HomePage.aspx]

Tel Aviv Government. “Children and Family Services”. [http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/residents/Welfare/Pages/Children- YouthandFamily.aspx?tm=1&sm=44&side=69]

47 Tel Aviv Government. “Education”. [http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Tolive/Education/Pages/Ichpat.aspx?tm=2&sm=5&side=19]

Tel Aviv Government. “Schools & Kindergarten”. [http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/residents/Education/Pages/Kindergartens. aspx?tm=1&sm=20&side=18]

Tel Aviv Government. “Strategic Plan”. [http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/AboutTheCity/Pages/StrategicPlan.aspx]

Tel Aviv Government. “The City in Numbers”. [http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/AboutTheCity/Pages/CityNumbers.aspx]

Tel Aviv Government. “Universities”. [http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/Study/Pages/UniversitiesColleges.aspx?tm=5&sm=35]

Tel Aviv Startup City. Website. [http://www.telavivstartupcity.com/]

Tel Aviv University. “Israel 2020 Report”. [http://lcud.tau.ac.il/lexicon/article/israel-2020-strategic-plan-israel-21st-century-univ]

The Economist. February 2014. “Israel’s Labour Force”. [http://www.economist.com/blogs/pomegranate/2014/02/israels-arab-labour-force]

Washington Post. May 2013. “Tel Aviv Bids to Become Next Silicon Valley”. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/world- views/wp/2013/05/28/tel-aviv-bids-to-become-the-next-silicon-valley/]

Toronto, Canada

Interviews

Michael Lindsay, Infrastructure Ontario. Personal interview. 22 April 2015.

References

Canada Business Ontario. “Youth Entrepreneurship Guide”. [http://www.cbo-eco.ca/en/index.cfm/starting/getting-started/ youth-entrepreneurship-guide/]

Canada Business Ontario. “Wage Subsidies and Tax Credits for Employers”. [http://www.cbo-eco.ca/en/index.cfm/financing/government-loans-and-grants/wage-subsidies-and-tax-credits-for-employers/]

Canadian Labour Congress. “Young Workers”. [http://canadianlabour.ca/why-unions/union-advantage-young-workers/ canadas-union-advantage]

City of Toronto. “About PAYE”. [http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=9911234a8263b410VgnVC- M10000071d60f89RCRD]

City of Toronto. “Business Development and Tax Incentives”. [https://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=87f864445c780410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=2fe08fb738780410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD]

City of Toronto. Labour Force Survey. [http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=a040a1016117c410VgnVC- M10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=7576e03bb8d1e310VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD]

City of Toronto. “Working as One: A Workforce Development Strategy for Toronto”. [http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=459aa345ff9b2410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD.

Futurpreneur Canada. “Get Connected”. [http://www.futurpreneur.ca/en/networking/]

Global News. 13 April 2015. “Mayor Tory challenges employers to hire youths through PAYE program”. [http://globalnews.ca/ news/1935081/mayor-john-tory-to-make-an-announcement-on-youth-jobs/]

Government of Canada. “Applying for Employment Insurance Benefits”. [http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/ei/application/applying_for_benefits.shtml]

48 Government of Canada. “CanLearn”. [http://www.canlearn.ca/eng/index.shtml]

Government of Canada. “Economic Action Plan 2013. 2013 Budget Plan: Jobs, Growth and Long-Term Prosperity”. [http:// www.budget.gc.ca/2013/doc/plan/chap3-1-eng.html]

Government of Canada. “Economic Action Plan 2014: Supporting Jobs and Growth”. [http://www.budget.gc.ca/2014/docs/ themes/jobs-emplois-eng.html]

Government of Canada. “Services for Youth”. [http://www.youth.gc.ca/eng/topics/education/financing.shtml?utm_ source=Vanity%20URL%20–%20youtube&utm_medium=Offline&utm_content=Jan%202014%2C%20Eng&utm_cam- paign=Paying%20for%20School%20(SOY)]

Government of Canada. “Youth Employment Strategy”. [http://actionplan.gc.ca/en/initiative/youth-employment-strategy]

Ontario Government. “Making an Impact: Youth Jobs Strategy”. [http://www.ontario.ca/document/making-impact-youth-jobs-strategy] theglobeandmail.com. 27 October 2012. “Generation Nixed: Why Canada’s youth are losing hope for the future”. [http:// www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/jobs/generation-nixed-why-canadas-youth-are-losing-hope- for-the-future/article4705553/?page=all] theglobeandmail.com. 13 June 2013. “Whatever you call it, discrimination is alive and well in the workplace”. [http:// www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/whatever-you-call-it-discrimination-is-alive-and-well-in-the-work-place/arti- cle12513864/]

Toronto Youth Cabinet. Website. [http://thetyc.ca/about/]

Wellesley Institute. 2013. “Shadow Economies: Economic Survival Strategies of Toronto Immigrant Communities”. [http:// www.wellesleyinstitute.com/publication/shadow-economies/]

Youth and Work. 2 December 2013. “Youth Employment in Ontario: An Interview with Sean Geobey”. [http://www.youthand- work.ca/2013/12/youth-employment-in-ontario-interview.html]

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Washington, DC, USA

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