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Volume XV, Issue 1, January 2019 THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE ON POSITIONING, NAVIGATION AND BEYOND

“There is a serious threat to GPS” –Prof Bradford Parkinson

Navigation: Trends and Challenges record replay simulate

The most powerful LabSat yet, the new LabSat 3 WIDEBAND captures and replays more GNSS signals at a much higher resolution than before.

Small, battery powered and with a removable solid state disk, LabSat 3 WIDEBAND allows you to quickly gather detailed, real world satellite data and replay these signals on your bench.

With three channels, a bandwidth of up to 56MHz and 6 bit sampling, LabSat 3 WIDEBAND can handle almost any combination of constellation and signal that exists today, with plenty of spare capacity for future planned signals.

LabSat 3 WIDEBAND can record and replay the following signals:

• GPS: L1 / L2 / L5 • GLONASS: L1 / L2 / L3 • BeiDou: B1 / B2 / B3 • QZSS: L1 / L2 / L5 • Galileo: E1 / E1a / E5a / E5b / E6 • SBAS: WAAS, EGNOS , GAGAN, MSAS, SDCM • IRNSS www.labsat.co.uk record replay simulate

The most powerful LabSat yet, the new LabSat 3 WIDEBAND captures and replays more GNSS signals at a much higher resolution than before.

Small, battery powered and with a removable solid state disk, LabSat 3 WIDEBAND allows you to quickly gather detailed, real world satellite data and replay these signals on your bench.

With three channels, a bandwidth of up to 56MHz and 6 bit sampling, LabSat 3 WIDEBAND can handle almost any DEVELOPED BY combination of constellation and signal that exists today, with plenty of spare capacity for future planned signals. SURVEYORS LabSat 3 WIDEBAND can record and replay the following FOR SURVEYORS signals: Get the full tool kit -- from network least squares to • GPS: L1 / L2 / L5 surface modeling. Work seamlessly between oce and field, • GLONASS: L1 / L2 / L3 create GIS links and exchange Esri® data • BeiDou: B1 / B2 / B3 with Carlson Survey.

• QZSS: L1 / L2 / L5 Find out more at carlsonsw.com. • Galileo: E1 / E1a / E5a / E5b / E6 • SBAS: WAAS, EGNOS , GAGAN, MSAS, SDCM • IRNSS www.labsat.co.uk Carlson APAC | [email protected] | +61 488 975 088 COLOPHON AND CONTENTS

In this issue Coordinates Volume 15, Issue 1, January 2019

Articles

Navigation: Trend and challenges John Pottle; Jiwon Seo; Simon Gaskin; Steve Hickling and Guy Buesnel; Yasuo Arai

16 Digital elevation models based on the topographic maps Mirmakhmudov Erkin, Gulyamova Lola and Juliev Muhiddin 31 Geospatial industry must focus on making big data more useful Boris Skopljak 38

Columns

My Coordinates Editorial 5 His Coordinates Prof Bradford Parkinson 7 Old Coordinates 37 News LBS 39 UAV 41 Imaging 42 GIS 44 GNSS 45 Galieo Update 47 Industry 48 Mark your calendar January 2019 to October 2019 50

This issue has been made possible by the support and good wishes of the following individuals and companies Boris Skopljak, Gulyamova Lola, Guy Buesnel, John Pottle, Jiwon Seo, Juliev Muhiddin, Mirmakhmudov Erkin, Simon Gaskin, Steve Hickling,; and Yasuo Arai and; Carlson, EOS, Javad, Labsat, MicroSurvey, Pentax, SBG System, Spirent and many others

Mailing Address Coordinates is an initiative of CMPL that aims to broaden the Printed and published by Sanjay Malaviya on behalf of A 002, Mansara Apartments scope of positioning, navigation and related technologies. Coordinates Media Pvt Ltd C 9, Vasundhara Enclave CMPL does not neccesarily subscribe to the views expressed Published at A 002 Mansara Apartments, Vasundhara Delhi 110 096, India. by the authors in this magazine and may not be held liable for Enclave, Delhi 110096, India. Phones +91 11 42153861, 98102 33422, 98107 24567 any losses caused directly or indirectly due to the information Printed at Thomson Press (India) Ltd, Mathura Road, provided herein. © CMPL, 2019. Reprinting with permission is Faridabad, India Email encouraged; contact the editor for details. [information] [email protected] Editor Bal Krishna [editorial] [email protected] Annual subscription (12 issues) Owner Coordinates Media Pvt Ltd (CMPL) [advertising] [email protected] [India] Rs.1,800 [Overseas] US$100 [subscriptions] [email protected] Web www.mycoordinates.org This issue of Coordinates is of 52 pages, including cover.

4 | Coordinates January 2019

MYCOORDINATES

Mission Possible!

India gears up for Gaganyaan,

India’s manned mission to space.

With the approval of the Government funding

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) targets the manned space mission by December 2021.

Before this, it plans two non-crew flights in December 2020 and July 2021.

The mission will be capable of carrying three Indian astronauts and will orbit the Earth for seven days.

This ambitious plan is a matter of pride and highly laudable.

It will also be important to create an eco-system

By identifying and engaging various stakeholders

In academia and industry

So that the capacities are built

As well as larger benefits of such missions could be leveraged.

Bal Krishna, Editor [email protected]

ADVISORS Naser El-Sheimy PEng, CRC Professor, Department of Geomatics Engineering, The University of Calgary Canada, George Cho Professor in GIS and the Law, University of Canberra, Australia, Professor Abbas Rajabifard Director, Centre for SDI and Land Administration, University of Melbourne, Australia, Luiz Paulo Souto Fortes PhD Associate Professor, University of State of Rio Janeiro (UERJ), Brazil, John Hannah Professor, School of Surveying, University of Otago, New Zealand

6 | Coordinates January 2019 HIS COORDINATES “There is a serious threat to GPS”

Says Prof Bradford Parkinson, Chief Architect for GPS and PNT Advisory Board 1st Vice Chair while discussing the Ligado proposal. He shares his views on the wide range of issues related to GNSS in an interview with Coordinates magazine

original development of the GPS spacecraft, Master Control Station, and eight types of user equipment.

He continued leadership of the program through the extensive test validation program, including being the Launch Commander for the first GPS satellite launches. This original deployment of GPS demonstrated comfortable margins against all positioning, navigation, and timing requirements.

Earlier in his career, Dr. Parkinson was a key developer of a modernized AC-130 Gunship, introduction of which included 160 hours of combat missions. He was an instructor at the USAF Test Pilot School. In addition, he led the Department of Astronautics and Computer Science at the U.S. Air Force Academy. He retired from the U.S. Air Force as a Colonel.

Dr. Parkinson was appointed a Professor at Stanford University in 1984, after six years of experience in industry. At Stanford University, he led the development of many innovative applications of GPS, including:

First Commercial aircraft (Boeing 737) blind landing using GPS alone,

First fully automatic GPS control of Farm Tractors on a rough field to an accuracy of 2 inches,

Pioneering the augmentation to GPS (WAAS) that allows any user to achieve accuracies of 2 feet Bradford Parkinson and very high levels of integrity assurance.

Dr. Parkinson has been the CEO of two companies and serves on many boards. He is the editor/author Dr. Bradford Parkinson is a Professor Emeritus of the AIAA Award winning two-volume set Global (recalled) in the Aeronautics and Astronautics Positioning System: Theory and Applications and is Department of Stanford University. author or coauthor of over 50 technical papers.

He was the Chief Architect for GPS and led the Among his many awards are the IEEE Medal of Honor and original advocacy for the system in 1973 as an Air the Draper Prize of the National Academy of Engineering, Force Colonel. Gaining approval, he became the first considered by some to be the “Engineering Nobel.” Director of the GPS Joint Program Office and led the

Coordinates January 2019 | 7 You recently opined that the GPS and GNSS are frequency (L1 at 1575 MHz). Initially, it requested under serious threat in context of Ligado. Could repurposing to ground transmission of 42 dBW (15.8 kW). you please explain what exactly you meant? We realized, on the basis of extensive tests and analysis, Let me give an update. We recently had an unusual PNT that this would be very destructive to GPS and protested. Advisory Board (PNTAB) telephonic meeting regarding the Next, they proposed to abandon the closer band and latest Ligado proposal for using 9.8-Watt transmitters in reduce power in the further band to 32 dBW, or 1580 a radio band near GPS. We, the Advisory Board, sent the Watts. Even more recently they proposed to reduce ExCom (National Executive Committee for Space-based the transmission power to 9.8 Watts, but were evasive Positioning, Navigation and Timing) a unanimous letter that regarding the density of transmitter deployment, strongly recommended disapproval of the Ligado proposal. There were many reasons for this. Most important, that For Ligado, this is a great opportunity if they have the the proposed transmitter density is not known. Ligado authorization to repurpose their existing license. Some has refused to tell us what the tower spacing is going to believe that the value of their license might increase by be. And it is my belief that they’re trying to deploy a 5G over 20 billion USD. communication system. Many smartphone users are familiar with 4G. We know 5G is quite different. 5G will use much You mentioned that Ligado may try to push for more powerful transmitters, with much closer spacing. For 5G allocation. Can you elaborate on the likely example, they call for picocells - at the smallest deployment, consequences of this? maybe 100 meters spacing or less. The US government Our belief is that they are probably trying to develop some testing has shown that 10 watt Ligado transmitters, spaced form of a 5G network, which is a much more capable than about 20 km apart, would still degrade 10% of certain the existing 4G. 5G advocates claim that their maximum high-performance GPS receivers in that region. Earlier, with data rate is 20Gbit per sec. At that rate, a single user should powerful transmitters, Ligado had proposed 400 metre be able to achieve a gigabit of data connectivity. 5G plans spacing. This reveals a fundamental incompatibility. As a call for frequencies anywhere from 600 MHz to 14 GHz. result, many US organizations have filed strong opposition to Increased capacity is not free. Advocates also state that the their proposal. received wireless power from a 5G network will be 30 times When all this started? Is it something to do with stronger than 4G LTE systems. The only way they’re going LightSquared? to achieve that is through much greater tower density and/ or higher power. And 5G wireless calls for the construction Ligado is a successor to LightSquared. LightSquared came of smaller cells, not much larger than a football field, going out of bankruptcy and its successor company is Ligado. They claim that they have a new plan but frankly speaking their new plan was not a lot different than their old plan, in terms of GPS interference.

It all started in 2011 when LightSquared proposed that the FCC restrictions on its existing frequency authorization in the Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) band (a faint signal, satellite-to-ground) be waived. This would allow the license to effectively be repurposed, allowing high- power terrestrial transmissions. The company has two space-to-ground authorizations in the 1525–1559 MHz band (1526–1536 MHz and 1545–1555 MHz) very close to the GPS primary Chart 1 8 | Coordinates January 2019 down to the micro cells whose coverage radii might look Ligado also continues to ignore emerging more like your Wi-Fi. That sort of sets the scene. use of modernized GPS and GNSS signals Chart 1 provides a visual example to understand this. The small green square, lower left, illustrates the GNSS (e.g. L1C). Impacts to receivers tracking degradation limit radius. Interference noise will not exceed the 25% International Standard (technically the “1 dB these wider bandwidth signals could be standard”) outside that radius. Inside that radius, it does. worse than that for the current GPS signals We call that the degradation limit. If the GNSS community accepts even a 10 percent area degradation, so that 90 percent is protected, the radius or spacing between those There is another issue in the Ligado filings. They stated that, transmitters has to be at least 6 times that degradation for any GNSS user experiencing interference, they can just radius. It’s clear geometry, and easily calculated. If the call Ligado. Asking the High-Performance GPS Users, for GNSS community wants to protect half of area region, the example the survey community, to monitor the interference spacing then will have to be 2.4 and so on and so forth. is totally unrealistic – they would not know how to do it and For GPS and GNSS, we believe that at least 90 percent would have no means to trace the problem to Ligado. of the area should be protected. That means that the minimum spacing between transmitters must be 6 times Ligado also continues to ignore emerging use of modernized the degradation radius. The situation would be as shown in GPS and GNSS signals (e.g. L1C). Impacts to receivers the upper right rectangle. tracking these wider bandwidth signals could be worse than that for the current GPS signals. For GPS/GNSS transmissions at 1575 MHz (“L1”) this has strong implications. If the GNSS community accepts 90 If Ligado’s current license is approved, their spokesperson, in percent protected coverage area, the latest Ligado 10-watt a public meeting about a year ago, implied that, over time, transmitters would have to be spaced at least 18 kilometers they would expect to be allowed power increases. Their apart to protect High-Performance GNSS Receivers. temporary power reductions offer is only to gain regulatory approval and it must also be recognized and rejected as a If you view it another way, with their earlier-proposed “nose under the tent”.. 400 m spacing, Ligado power would have to be further reduced from 10 watts to 0.036 Watts (2500 times lower) To repeat, their proposal is deliberately vague on geometry to protect all tested High Performance Receivers, even if and spacing of towers. Ligado has steadfastly declined to only protecting 90% of coverage region. provide critical technical details to PNTAB to enable full and accurate assessment of interference. They have addressed Aviation (433m) and ignored High Performance Uses that have shown to be much more sensitive to degradation.

Can you explain the probable degradation in performance of GPS/ GNSS receivers?

Our letter from PNTAB to ExCom (available at https://www.gps.gov/governance/ advisory/recommendations/2018-08- letter-to-excom.pdf) clearly explains the bounding degradation radius for five different classes of GPS receivers for a 10- watt transmitter. The letter is based on the extensive Adjacent Band Compatibility (ABC) Testing performed by the US Department Chart 2 Coordinates January 2019 | 9 For GPS/GNSS transmissions at 1575 MHz there are many other sources of interference. In the case of Ligado, the tests are based on a single transmitter, (“L1”) this has strong implications. If the not an aggregate of all transmitters in a region. They are therefore a “best case” for Ligado. GNSS community accepts 90 percent Further, I believe the problem is not exaggerated. We are protected coverage area, the latest Legado trying to protect all existing users. GPS was deliberately 10-watt transmitters would have to be placed in the quiet, MSS portion of the spectrum, which recognizes that high power, ground transmitters can spaced at least 18 kilometers apart to overpower weaker signals in a very non-linear way. As a reminder: the GNSS received power is on the order of a protect High-Performance GNSS Receivers tenth of a millionth of a billionth of a watt. An adjacent band is not a proper location for high power transmitters. of Transportation. High performance receivers, will begin We believe that the threat of higher power, nearby to degrade at 3400 metres. So that is the degradation transmitters can be somewhat alleviated with advanced radius. To insure 90 percent of the region is not degraded, GNSS receiver designs. The costs of doing so, and the the Ligado spacing has to be over 20 kilometers (6 times impact on high accuracy remains to be seen. In any case the degradation radius as discussed earlier). The DOT retrofitting various classes of GNSS receivers requires considered other classes of receivers that are not high long lead times. An example is commercial aircraft, where precision and (and have narrower bandwidth). For example, retrofitting takes, say 15 to 20 years. If you’re going to considering General Aviation (GA), the degradation radius change your frequency allocation table in such a way is 1040 meters (see chart below) To protect 90 percent of that you degrade aircraft or helicopter equipment, it’s the area for GA, the tests show that transmitters can be not like your cell phone; they don’t buy a new one every no closer than 6 kilometers. Unfortunately, 6 kilometers- year. So, the protection that we are trying to give to the spacing is never going to support 5G data bandwidths with a existing community is for all classes of users and types of 10 watt transmitter (Chart 2). equipment. GPS in 2020 will be transmitting signals L1C/A, To solve interference issues by increasing satellite L2. L5 and L1C. Given this, do you think that 1dB transmitter power is extremely expensive and would protection debate is exaggerated? Can the power require 10s of years to retrofit the whole constellation of L1 GPS C/A transmission be increased to L2? (if the decision were made today). GPS averages about 2 launches a year. From a first launch, in 6 years or so, it First of all, the 1 dB (a 25% increase in noise floor) is a would take another 12 to achieve any new capability. long established and accepted international interference standard. It is an allowance based on the expectation that So, the point I’m making is that there would not be an easy transition. The additional frequencies are absolutely going to help but that is not a complete solution. So why would you seriously impair the existing users’ capability because somebody wants to watch a movie! There are many other frequency bands that 5G can and will use.

What is the status of the GPS modernization programme?

We’re have just launched the first GPS III and signals should be available this year. An additional 11 are on contract and another contract for 22 GPS IIIs has been signed, Chart 3 10 | Coordinates January 2019 the largest contract the United States Government has was to make an atomic clock that was robust. We had to ever penned. Part of this, which I find very interesting, is make it resistant to failures. It is not easy to do that. I might that the latest contract includes continual upgrades and seem bragging a little, but we have had GPS satellites that improvements in clocks and signal structures. So this is are 25 years old and are still working. I think that’s a tribute embedded as the part of the procurement. to a very rigorous development program. We ran some very harsh tests on the ground to make certain we knew that Recently, the Federal Communication they would survive. Commission, (FCC) has approved the use of Galileo in the US. What is your opinion on this? Any research going on in the domain of clock development? Yes, the FCC has authorized the use of E1 and E5 frequency bands as they are in the same bands effectively as GPS L1 Absolutely, there are. As a matter of fact, the Jet Propulsion and L5. However, they did not authorize E6. The reason Laboratory (JPL) is putting together a really interesting they said is that E6 band is not allocated for navigation new clock, based on mercury ions. I think it’s going to fly purpose in the US (Chart 3). Though in my opinion the sometime in the next six months. Of course, the Europeans users would be better off if they could use the E6 but that are working on a hydrogen maser. I have to tell you, we is the decision that the FCC has taken. also had hydrogen maser but had to cancel the program because we could not see a completion date. And you know Would you like to comment on the clock failures this was 34 years ago. We could not see any way to get the that some of the GNSS systems had to go development clock small enough and low enough in power. through? Hydrogen masers at that time had a history of early failures.

If you look at any of the GNSS satellites, they are really So, I think the hydrogen maser is a good candidate if it synchronized clocks. That’s the essence. So we want a can be made small. Apparently, the mercury ion clock can clock that has good long-range stability. When I first led be made small and might have improved stability by a the system design, we recognized that a huge challenge factor of 10.

®

INSTITUTE OF NAVIGATION

The 32nd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation

www.ion.org/gnss September 16–20, 2019 Exhibit Hall: September 18 and 19 Hyatt Regency Miami SAVE THE DATE! FLORIDA www.ion.org/gnss Much will continue to happen in sensor technology. Sensors in cell phones will continue to get more and more capable. RTK was not normally used in a cell phone. But all of a sudden, a number of GNSS chips are measuring carrier wave cycles and providing that to application developers. That is one piece of a new wave of “system of systems” designs and opportunities

Interference has been one issue that has been same chip as a GNSS receiver. The antenna would be quite highlighted. Along with spoofing and jamming different, but well understood. And if you can do that and are also discussed as threats to GNSS. What is have a full backup, then the person who thinks they can your take on this? jam you, suddenly has a much more severe problem. I think that’s the essence of the argument and I don’t see Our advisory board is addressing this with a Program. The any other systems having that capability. And the cost, fundamental purpose was assuring PNT. Again PNT, not relative to GNSS, is very small. GPS, but PNT. The Program has three aspects. We call it PTA for Protect, Toughen, and Augment. In terms of protecting, In 2010 in an interview with us, you spoke toughening, and augmenting, the major threats are either about robotic automation. That was the key jamming, which could be inadvertent or deliberate, or trend you predicted. You mentioned about spoofing. Of those two threats, I consider jamming much driverless cars in one your presentations in more serious. And the reason is very simple. If you are Kyoto three years before. What trends you see looking in detail at the techniques for spoofing, by and large in next few years? a smart receiver should be able to find out when that’s happening. So in that case, spoofing would not give a wrong The driverless car is certainly one form of automation. answer. Instead, the receiver understands that there are two While it isn’t going to be accepted suddenly, is already being alternatives -- that it can use techniques to operate correctly demonstrated as a series of steps. In part, acceptance is going in spite of the spoofing or it has to declare that it no longer to be driven by convenience. But perhaps stronger drivers are has a good solution. It’s either of them. And the net result is going to be the safety and economics. For example, in the US, not a misleading position. the people who operate large trucking firms have difficulty finding drivers. Driving trucks is grueling work. Now at least I believe a much more serious problem is jamming. It turns two manufacturers have demonstrated driverless trucks. out that there are many techniques that work against And think about it - normally truck driving in this country is jamming. The ones I really like are the phased array limited to 12 hours a day. If you go driverless, truck use can antennas that use beam-forming. This makes it difficult be extended to 24 hours, and add to that, owners won’t have to jam. If we go to modern signals and go to multiple to pay retirement and health benefits. If you go through the constellations, you also have a lot of jamming resistance economics and a probable case, it will be safer and a lot easier through redundancy. So I’m not trivializing the problem. to use robotic automation for driverless trucks. We are also It’s a serious problem. But the point I’m making is: the going to see automation in driverless airplanes. Not in the T stands for making the receiver resistant to all of those people-carrying planes, but in the cargo. Since airplanes take inadvertent or deliberate interferences. And there are ways much longer to upgrade and manufacture, we might also to do that. eventually see specialized designs for cargo airplanes that do not have some of the refinements that are in current aircraft. What is your take on eLoran as a back up to GPS? In fact, there is a whole wave of such vehicles already in use – we call them UAVs. I think it’s the most viable backup. Yes it’s clearly a long way from the capability of GPS. It’s not three-dimensional. It’s What else you would like to predict? in essence a regional system. It does not have the accuracy even with the differential correction that its design offers. My belief is that much will continue to happen in sensor But it’s a much more powerful, less jammable system. I technology. Sensors in cell phones will continue to get think it should be possible to build a Loran receiver on the more and more capable. RTK was not normally used in a

12 | Coordinates January 2019 cell phone. But all of a sudden, a number of GNSS chips enormous benefits in having multiple providers in the GNSS are measuring carrier wave cycles and providing that to scenario and I’ll explain why I see such enormous benefits application developers. That is one piece of a new wave in this. It’s because when you are controlling your own of “system of systems” designs and opportunities. And integrity channel (say EGNOS or GAGAN), you are measuring application developers will exploit that capability, which satellites that you may not normally trust, but you’re also is virtually free. They are also going to add chip scale measuring them often enough, so that if they were to try atomic clocks, lidars and radars. They are going to make to do something that’s misleading, you can pinpoint the a driverless car or a driverless truck much safer. So what I problem. And for the Indian user of GAGAN, or EGNOS see, in terms of technologies, is the integration of a lot of for European users, or in the case of WAAS for a US user, devices that are continuing to advance. you instantly can tell the user in your country and your sovereign nation or in your group of nations that there’s What could be the advantages and something wrong with a certain constellation or satellite. disadvantages of the multi-GNSS scenario? And you can resolve it. You are taking control. You no longer have the dependency that’s risky. For example, in the USA, Well, within limits, the more the merrier. It’s an expensive in my opinion, we should authorize the use of GLONASS game for the provider! The question is how many provided we measure its integrity. Yet the larger problem constellations does the user need. There is a technical is that that it is politically difficult. But in my opinion, if concern and that is if we get too many, all broadcasting on we measure the integrity, the user will know within six L1C, and we will start to raise the noise floor. It’ll become seconds whether each satellite is usable. When that is done, like the tragedy of the commons, which is when too many the WAAS-like provider has total control of accuracy and sheep graze on the grass and pretty soon you don’t have integrity. And in that sense, anyone could, with a WAAS- any grass. There could be an issue like that, but I don’t type system, use all constellations. So, I don’t think there’s have any concerns about that right now. Instead, I see any significant risk in multi-GNSS. It has been an intriguing journey for you? If I think eLoran is the most viable you would like share some high points and low points in addition to that you have been backup. Yes it’s clearly a long way from a great leader in terms of getting the entire project from the word go. What is your the capability of GPS. It’s not three- leadership advice? dimensional. It’s in essence a regional The high point was actually launching the first GPS system. It does not have the accuracy satellite which worked flawlessly. After four were launched, our testing verified our claim; we were even with the differential correction easily beating 10 meters accuracy. All of that was very much a high point. that its design offers. But it’s a much The low point occurred in a situation where we more powerful, less jammable system experienced a nagging ground test failure in first GPS satellite’s earth sensor. We couldn’t figure out what it Word of advice to the countries who are striving was. I thought we were going to miss the launch. We to come up with their own GNSS systems? finally made it. But the reason for this failure was that one of the manufacturing people had put in an extra They will need a lot of money. It’s not easy! If they cleaning step that was not called for. He did it with have ambitions to put up a worldwide system, I guess good intentions, but in the process he destroyed the I can’t for the life of me envisage that there is need coating on the sensors and it took us months to figure for yet another. So, all I can say is it’s very expensive that out. But that was certainly one of the low points. and it takes much longer than you think. We launched our first GPS satellites forty-four months after we got Credit for the success of GPS belongs to many fine approval. After the first launch, we quickly launched the engineers. While I understood the project well, other 11 that were available. But it still took us almost including the keys to make it work, I was able to hire 20 years to get an operational system. The problems some of the greatest engineers in the US. were mostly money and will. But in part the question was: why you are launching satellites if you don’t have Frankly, I was in awe of their knowledge and dedication. any users out there? The satellites must come first, and They were technically as good as I was or better. then the user will come. And the nice part of that is I could assign a purpose, describing what we’re trying to do. And then tell them Your comments on Indian System IRNSS and its to run with that purpose. And to tell them: “If you run signal allocation? into a brick wall, I can help you. Keep me informed. Tell me what you’re doing. I’m counting on you to do it.” There is an international recognition and entusiasm for IRNSS as a regional system. The second point is It is a joy to run an organization that is populated by where to put any augmenting signal. The US placed people like that. And so I’ve received a lot of awards, it at 1575 MHz. Now we’ve got one at 1227 MHz. The many more than I deserve. But what I’m fond of question is the ease of use. For well-known technical doing, at any acceptance, is showing pictures and reasons, L-band is the sweet spot, and using GNSS names of many of those heroic engineers lest they be allocation bands makes a lot of sense. If corrections forgotten. are broadcast on higher frequencies, the user will probably require beam antennas, or the provider The real success that GPS has enjoyed is a tribute to would have to significantly increase the satellite their dedication. They would not let us fail. It was power. So those trade-offs can be made the way we like combat. It was like bloody combat ensuring that made them on GPS to ensure that we had global all the features were working. So, the answer is that coverage. And in the case of India or Japan, your choosing outstanding people is the key to solving hard trade-offs may be quite different. problems.

14 | Coordinates January 2019 Coordinates January 2019 | 15 NAVIGATION Navigation: Trends and challenges Experts share their opinion on the trends and challenges in satellite navigation at 16th International Association of Institutes of Navigation (IAIN) World Congress 2018, Chiba Japan during 28 November – 1 December. Some of the views are presented here

or Loran C for land navigation. ELoran Ground wave radio navigation will be applied to Marine Navigation and Aviation for back up of GNSS vulnerability system will be developed such as jamming and spoofing.

Multi-Sensors IMU is applied to GNSS receiver for automobile navigation Prof Yasuo ARAI technology on the Positioning, Timing, according to anti-vulnerability of Immediate Past President Sensing and Communication should GNSS, but at present it is just difficult of International be essential. Though, first of all the to keep required accuracy for long Assoication of Institutes latest trends on these technologies time depending of GNSS positioning of Navigation (IAIN) will be mentioned, and the challenges accuracy. Error is affected by the time, to new generation will be done. so it will enlarge in case of stopping or very slow speed in long time. Positioning and Timing Today it avigation should be de defined has been past quarter centuries since Anti-Jamming/Spoofing In aviation, Nnot only “to move from point to starting GPS operation in full running the development of phased array GNSS point decided” but also “entirely to in 1990s. Now, GPS (USA): GLONASS antenna is advanced for not only anti- establish the decided Mission including (Russia): CDMA, GALILEO (EU): Jamming/Spoofing but also stable moving”, so almost of vehicles should FOC and Bei Dou (China) are running platform to protect the missing satellites accomplish their missions such as as GNSS, and IRNSS (India) and QZSS due to changing vehicle’s attitude. transportation of passengers or/and (Japan) as RNSSs. Almost entirely cargos with one of the most important prospects that until 2020 these all systems Indoor Positioning Recently, Indoor missions to observe surroundings, to will be operating in full running would Positioning System has been applied with detect hazards and/or to avoid them in be done, and it would be coming into WiFi System of which positioning would order to move to destination with safety, the Navigation era when it would be be done by the measuring the receiving security and efficiency navigation. said not possible to navigate without signals’ level and several referring markers GNSS. Increasing infrastructures on G/ set up at known fixed points. The accuracy Bringing an end to navigation for RNSS in intensity, GNSS receivers is said 1 meter or sub-meters at present manned/unmanned vehicles, the also have been changed to multi-GNSS and apply the human being movement and multi-Sensors in an attempt to in the building or so. Moving robots improve the vulnerability of G/RNSS. and small indoor drone will be able to It will be possible to contribute the safety evacuation system G/RNSS will be available in the indoor field and advance toward seamless wireless control in large area of outdoor positioning including navigation indoor from/to outdoor. urban, and positioning accuracy vehicle. So, next generation will be sub-meters or cm order from Sensing Navigation system presents traditional positioning accuracy 10 not only Positioning and Timing but of network construction meters adding application of QZSS. also a lot of data or information related navigation for own and others, such as should be fused 4G and 5G Ground wave Radio Navigation In heading, altitudes, 2/3D velocities, yaw/ case of G/RNSS, it is not possible to roll/pitch and others’ information. The (low latency system), and apply the Positioning and Timing under most important information is Radar and the ground such as subway or tube Visual information. These systems present be applied to autonomous/ and tunnel. Though, it will be difficult circumstances but the performances just to apply the traditional Ground wave also presents navigation information, so manned vehicle navigation Radio Navigation even such as eLoran these information should be fused and

16 | Coordinates January 2019 introduce the solution of surrounding condition just same as expert of navigation Societal benefits from positioning, would use any kind of information which he or she is able to make up as possible. navigation and timing

Communication The communication system is also most important function. John Pottle It is a beginning of 4G is fruitful mobile data communication, Director, Royal Institute and presents IoT not only to fixed points of Navigation, London a revolution: more but also mobile vehicles. But latency President, International of 4G or internet is not stable, so it is Assoication of Institutes autonomy, collaborative difficult to apply control network system. of Navigation (IAIN) systems, data analytics, Next generation 5G has low latency such as 0.1 ms which is same as able to e live in a fast-changing world. artificial intelligence, control actuators and all of functions in WIn the past, success was to get a a car. This performance will be able to position fix on a navigation receiver; then augmented reality synchronize a lot of video channels at an accurate position became the goal. Now once and apply the video from desired eye resilience is receiving attention: there is a New paradigms are ahead, where the points just same as moving audiences. call for continuity and integrity as well as assumptions of the past and the present accuracy. The routes to achieving resilience should not be relied upon. The basis of The limited performance of 5G is the are still maturing. This is evidenced by the success for careers, companies, even valid area calculated by range less than multiple approaches to rationalising the nations, is shifting. We all need to change, latency x radio wave velocity. So, it will risks and mitigating them. Risk assessment to adapt, to remain strong and to thrive. be possible to wireless control in large frameworks are being developed and vehicle. So, next generation of network starting to be used more regularly, helping to So how to rationalise, in this context, construction should be fused 4G and 5G rationalise the likelihood, or sometimes ease, the value of our work? At the recent (low latency system), and be applied to of disruption against the severity of impact. International Navigation Conference autonomous/manned vehicle navigation. Having rationalised the risk, appropriate (INC2018, Bristol, UK 12-15 November) mitigation choices can more readily be made. we explored the benefits to society from Closing this article, challenges to nest application of knowledge and expertise in future are described as follows; Mitigating the risks presented by the navigation, positioning and timing. Think ▪▪ Ground wave radio navigation system vulnerabilities of satellite navigation systems of the benefits that come from seismic for land navigation will be developed, does not always have to be complex. A and bridge monitoring for example; and GNSS receiver will be covered directional antenna provides jamming efficiency improvements from smart all radio navigation system, so jump protection; augmentation with Inertial and/ logistics; safety benefits from automation; to Multi-RNS (Radio Navigation or Wi-Fi improves resilience (though not the communications revolution enabled System) from Multi-GNSS, and necessarily accuracy); multi-frequency through position and precise time. proceed Seamless Navigation. receivers are less susceptible to jamming and ▪▪ Application of 3d Velocities by PPP spoofing risks. Many who rely on position, The World Trade Organisation has published receiver to gain the performance of or time, are beginning to design-in security 17 sustainable development goals – the vehicle control system. Feedback and resilience to their systems. Sophisticated blueprint to achieve a better and more system is essential velocities (time- approaches can sometimes be needed. But sustainable future for all. Please go online rate of position) information. the 80/20 rule can be applied and some initial and take a look at them. When you are ▪▪ To gain the accuracy of position steps can deliver a major improvement. there, consider how you can measure (velocities also), using QZSS the impact of your next project? Perhaps in each region and instead Geo Looking to the future, I submit that what you can measure benefit towards one or stationary satellite as SBAS we are seeing here is but the beginning of more sustainable development goals? If especially at high latitudes. a revolution: more autonomy, collaborative you do, I suggest that you will be more ▪▪ Development of downsizing radar for systems, data analytics, artificial intelligence, successful as you will be creating tangible drone and automobile, and fusion of augmented reality. We are seeing already societal benefit. I also see great value in radar, visual and navigation information the first steps on each of these but the sharing perspectives and insights between by sensor to increase not only accuracy revolution they can enable is to come. like-minded individuals, organisations, but also responsibility for safety, institutions. Together we are can do more, security and economical manned/ At two recent conferences I have heard delivering more meaningful benefits, unmanned/autonomous navigation. multiple mentions of paradigm shift. more quickly and more sustainably.

Coordinates January 2019 | 17 by GPS interference, the symptoms that Civil and Commercial Aviation the flight crew experienced are certainly affected by GPS jamming very suggestive of an interference event “An Air France Airbus A319-100, Steve Hickling Guy Buesnel registration F-GRHB performing flight Director Marketing & PNT Security AF-1123 from Munich (Germany) to Paris Sales Enablement, Spirent Technologist, Spirent Charles de Gaulle (France), was in the initial climb out of Munich’s runway 26L when the crew reported they had lost their positioning system, they were maintaining runway heading and needed radar vectors to return to Munich. The aircraft stopped s modern civil and commercial International Civil Aviation Organisation the climb at 5000 feet, was vectored for the Aaircraft become more reliant on (ICAO) has revealed that a single airport approach and landed safely back on runway GPS, it is perhaps not surprising that saw over 50 incidents of GPS interference 26L about 20 minutes after departure. there has been significant increase in the in just one 3-month period in 2016. number of reported incidents of systems According to information The being affected by GPS jamming. According to the report, flight crews Aviation Herald received both reported more than 50 incidents of GPS systems showed a fault. It’s important to note that modern airliners harmful GPS interference at Ninoy retain legacy navigation systems that pilots Aquino International Airport in Manila, The aircraft remained on the ground can use in the event of GPS disruption Philippines, between March and May 2016. for about 2:45 hours, then was caused by intentional or unintentional able to depart and reached Paris RF jamming. This means that the loss Flights coming in to land on Runway with a delay of 3.5 hours. “ or degradation GNSS signals is not 24 frequently experienced total loss of normally a safety-critical issue on the GNSS reception in the critical instrument In the USA, NASA administers a voluntary flight deck, but it is an operational issue approach phase. According to the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS). as flights could be diverted, rerouted or report, this “sometimes led to missed The ASRS collects reports of aviation delayed during episodes of interference approaches”, forcing flight crews to incidents or situation reports from pilots, that preclude the use of modern air traffic go around and re-approach the runway controllers or others. Since 2013, there methods such as RNAV approaches. using back-up navigation systems. have been more than 250 incidents reported to ASRS relating to GPS disruption. What’s more, interference to the GPS Number of incident reports signal meant incoming aircraft couldn’t In one such incident, documented in on the rise according to accurately broadcast their position to 2017, a pilot reports that the GPS signal is Eurocontrol figures air traffic control via the global ADS-B briefly lost (for around 30 seconds). The aircraft position identification system. pilot wonders whether it was interference To fully appreciate that GPS interference Sometimes the onboard ADS-B couldn’t caused by a Personal Protection Device has the potential to cause significant impact report a position at all, and sometimes (Cigarette Lighter type jammer). The to commercial aviation an examination the position it reported was massively pilot continues into rain, clouds and of recent reports of real-world disruption at odds with the aircraft’s true position. turbulence but once again encounters is helpful. In a presentation in September Similarly, pilots reported issues with GPS signal failure. The pilot report 2018 setting out its recommendations for their ground proximity warning systems continues, “then all hell broke loose, GPS protecting aviation from radio frequency (GPWS) once location awareness signal failure, ADSB failure, multiple interference, Eurocontrol said it had received was lost by the automated system. cascading messages on the GTN.” It’s a 815 reports of GPS outages to-date in 2018 very graphic report and details the impact – nearly double the number experienced of what probably was GPS interference, in 2016, the next most-disrupted year. Individual Pilot Reports on multiple on-board aircraft systems. highlight on-board operational issues GPS interference causes GPS jamming exercises disruption at Ninoy Aquino Some reported incidents of GPS disruption highlight system issues International Airport contain a lot of information about the impact of the problems. Whilst its not Often, pilot reports of incidents most likely A recently released report from the certain that the incident below was caused caused by GPS interference, coincide

18 | Coordinates January 2019 with GPS jamming exercises conducted by the military. A report from the Radio We would do well to not ignore Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA) highlights the worsening impact legacy technologies of military GPS jamming exercises on commercial aviation in the US, due in part Simon Gaskin Determination without Base Station to a sharp increase, from 43 exercises in Secretary General, for Land Vehicles, Asynchronous Wide 2012 to 127 in 2017, with the number of International Association Area Multi-Lateration with Irregular affected locations increasing from 16 to 37. of Institutes of Navigation Pulse Repetition, A Passive Acoustic Positioning Algorithm Based on Virtual The report identifies 13 different Long Baseline Matrix Window. One of potential impacts on commercial aircraft the quests of research is an (almost) error systems, ranging from loss of GPS- free sensor onboard a vehicle, independent based navigation, which can result in ver since mankind started developing of external signals - the ultimate Inertial missed runway approaches, to impairment Emeans of transport there has been a Measurement Unit (IMU). But still, the of the ADS-B system, which reports requirement for the operator to know their very best are burdened by significant an aircraft’s location to air traffic present location relative to the destination error accumulation and commercially control and other aircraft nearby. and hazards or obstacles on the route. unaffordable price-tags. Much is expected Technological developments eventually of quantum technology to solve this but In several cases (24 in 2017), air traffic resulted in a variety of systems by which a usable solution remains a long-term controllers have had to activate a so-called to achieve that in most environments. aspiration. Recently, much navigation was “stop buzzer” – a request to the organisers Navigators learnt to constantly compare done by eye. Given the developments in of the military exercise to pause the and contrast the outputs of different imaging, another avenue for determining jamming to allow a particular aircraft, such systems in order to satisfy themselves that relative position ought to be the utilisation as an air ambulance, to operate unimpeded. those outputs were essentially in agreement of cameras (visual spectrum, low- or identify whether one (or more) of the light, Infra-red, thermal - (think the The RTCA report highlights the needs systems was in error. Then came the GNSS burgeoning, wondrous camera imaging for the whole aviation industry to ‘gift’ of increasingly accurate absolute of nature)) - onboard, independent and understand the risks associated with GPS- position. Overnight, it seems, we unlearnt difficult to mislead, but not infallible. based navigation, and to address any all the best practices for navigating shortcomings in systems and procedures. acquired over centuries and placed our Another possibility is to make use of belief in a single method of determining ‘signals of opportunity’ (SOOPs), that position that is vulnerable to disruption, is to say, signals transmitted for other Mitigation malicious manipulation, or even denial. purposes but which might be made use Nor has the requirement for quality relative of to determine relative position. GPS interference detectors exist that if positional information gone away. Could deployed around airports could lead to it be that the necessity for autonomous However, the very nature of SOOPs is operational improvements and mitigations. platforms to be permanently certain of the that they may not be the same everywhere Also, the frequency of interventions time, their position and attitude without the a vehicle travels. Thus, either a receiver would suggest that better co-ordination benefit of a ‘person in the loop’, will finally must be capable of making use of any between the military and ATC during GPS be sufficient incentive for the successful signal - a big ask, or a suite of receivers jamming exercises would be helpful. introduction of viable alternative systems will be required in order to enable the that will ensure the capability of vehicles continuous determination of position Commercial aviation already has legacy to derive that information is resilient? from an ever changing array of signals networks of conventional radio navigation with concomitant costs. The automotive aids and ILS landing systems, a worldwide industry in particular has been developing infrastructure that can be used alongside Trends the Simultaneous Location And Mapping GPS to provide assured navigation and (SLAM) technique of comparing the this has prevented GPS disruption from A brief look at the titles of papers vehicle’s ‘sense’ of location with a becoming a major Safety of Life Issue. recently submitted to the Royal Institute map of its operating area in order to of Navigation’s ‘Journal of Navigation’ derive where it is on that map. Their However, reliance on these systems reveals some of the methods being objective being to employ both SOOPs prevents use of modern techniques required examined for their potential to contribute and SLAM to locate a vehicle. to obtain much needed improvements in to Resilient Navigation: Visual Shoreline capacity and efficiency and designed to Navigation, Multi-antenna GNSS and We would do well to not ignore legacy exploit GNSS accuracy and ubiquity. INS Integrated Position and Attitude technologies, which still have much

Coordinates January 2019 | 19 to contribute, especially with a little Challenges and therefore unlikely to be popular); the 21st Century make-over. There are preparation of standards for operational ongoing studies into the possibilities for Quite apart from any technical or physical performance and means of testing so extracting more information from radar, challenge, it is my perception that, whilst that manufacturers know what they are but this is very much in its early stages the User community has generally begun to attempting to produce; the development of and not without weaknesses. But every recognise the need for resilient navigation, navigation suites which will automatically ship (at least) already carries one, or one of the biggest challenges is still that, and continuously compare and contrast the more, radar systems so, if there is added with some exceptions, owners, operators, outputs of different positioning systems in value to be obtained from this tried and Authorities and regulators are reluctant to order to detect divergence, perhaps utilising tested method, its adoption by just one recognise that multiple GNSS constellations machine learning, or maybe under the navigation community should not involve alone do not provide resilient navigation watchful eye of a remote operator - such great expense or complex regulation. and that it is imperative that alternative, systems will be sine qua non in autonomous non space-based, positioning and timing vehicles and they will ease the mental There is at least one older, well proven, systems together with the sensors to load on operators in manned platforms. terrestrial-based radio system capable utilise them, are developed, adopted and of providing position and, crucially, utilised. Beyond that are the more prosaic time of sufficient accuracy for not only issues: penalties (financial, both in terms Conclusion platform navigation but also the operation of outlay and who pays; technical, the of regional, national and international complexity of installation and operation Prof. Brad Parkinson advocates that GNSS networks for which uninterrupted and regulatory); coverage (local, regional be Protected, Toughened and Augmented. access to continuous and precise or global); whether to pursue one solution Only augmentation, by whatever system, time is a fundamental requirement. to fit all (easier to regulate and cheaper or system of systems, industry can deliver, Unfortunately, much of the infrastructure to install), or a plethora of solutions in will truly ensure that the navigation of for one such system in Europe has been different locations, each only appropriate manned or autonomous vehicles, in all dismantled, but it continues to be used to part of the User community (far more environments, is sufficiently resilient in other regions and, indeed, some complex, far more difficult to regulate, to ensure uninterrupted, safe, secure, nations intend to build new systems. more expensive for the owner/operator precise and efficient operations. We actually feel the GNSS vulnerability in South Korea and we know it is real

Jiwon Seo a proven GNSS back-up technology The key challenge is Assistant Professor, Yonsei that is deployable in a short time University, South Korea frame. Among several candidates, not a technology issue. Member of the eLoran enhanced long-range navigation Advisory Committee, (eLoran) became the winner, and MOF Securing permanent land Ministry of Oceans initiated the Korean eLoran program. and Fisheries (MOF), with a 150-m radius to South Korea Please explain the rationale install a 137-m antenna and the objectives of the What is your opinion about Korean eLoran Testbed Project? of the original design is GNSS vulnerability especially in the context of South Korea? The Korean eLoran testbed project that the most difficult task is led by the Korea Institute of Ships It is widely known that GNSS is vulnerable and Ocean Engineering (KRISO) began differential correction stations (DLoran to radio frequency interference, but the in 2016 and intends to demonstrate stations) in addition to the existing large-scale intentional GPS jamming the maritime navigation capability of two Loran-C transmitters. The project that South Korea has experienced for eLoran in the northwest area of South requirement is to demonstrate a the past years is not common. The most Korea by the end of 2020. The original 20-m maritime navigation accuracy recent jamming from the North lasted Korean eLoran program that I first within a 30-km range from DLoran six days and impacted several hundred announced at the European Navigation stations. The contract of procuring kilometer areas. During the period, 1,794 Conference 2013 planned to deploy a an eLoran transmitter was signed last cell towers, 1,007 airplanes, and 715 nationwide eLoran system with three year, and an NL-40 transmitter from ships experienced GPS disruptions. We eLoran transmitters in addition to the UrsaNav and Nautel is expected to actually feel the GNSS vulnerability in existing two Loran-C transmitters, but be installed in September 2019. The South Korea and we know it is real. the plan was changed later to a two-phase KRISO Consortium also independently plan toward a nationwide coverage. The develops an eLoran transmitter, which Korean eLoran testbed project is the is a part of the project requirement. The What is your take on first phase, which deploys one eLoran performance of a prototype transmitter GNSS back up? transmitter for performance verification. was demonstrated in December 2018.

Because a large-scale GNSS jamming can occur anytime in Korea and its What are the key features What are the challenges you impact is potentially hazardous, it is and the status of the Korean face while implementing wise to have a back-up strategy. After eLoran Testbed Project? the project? realizing the vulnerability of GNSS, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries The Korean eLoran testbed constitutes The key challenge is not a technology (MOS) of South Korea searched for one eLoran transmitter and two issue. Securing permanent land with a 150-m radius to install a 137-m After realizing the vulnerability of GNSS, the Ministry of antenna of the original design is the most difficult task. Most part of South Oceans and Fisheries (MOS) of South Korea searched for Korea has mountainous terrain, and large and flat land is very limited and a proven GNSS back-up technology that is deployable already developed. For the performance verification purpose, a smaller-size in a short time frame. Among several candidates, antenna will be temporarily installed on a 170-m by 60-m area on the Ara enhanced long-range navigation (eLoran) became the West Sea Lock in Incheon. Because of the reduced antenna size, the effective winner, and MOF initiated the Korean eLoran program radiated power will be also reduced.

Coordinates January 2019 | 21 Science, technology and practice to resilient navigation

he 16th World Congress of the such as AI, 5G, IoT, the robotics, the cloud Toughen, and Augment GNSS”. He said that TInternational Association of Institutes computing, the big data, and so on. The a holistic approach focusing on user needs of Navigation (IAIN) was held at Chiba navigation method itself of any mobile things and an architecture that is able to reliably Japan during November 28 – December 1, including space vehicles should also change fill them is required to achieve resilient 2018. The theme was “Science, Technology drastically depending on the GNSS service navigation. In this light, relying entirely and Practice to Resilient Navigation”. progress. The concept of “New World” of upon weak GNSS signals is insufficient. The World Congress is held in different navigation guided by the GNSS precise At the moment the space portion of that regions every three years to discuss positioning services is worth foreseeing. architecture is sufficient, though it is being technical navigation issues since 1976. increased regularly. We must do everything Mr James Joeseph Miller, NASA we can to protect navigation signals from In his keynote address on Towards Resilient Headquarters spoke on International space, ensure our ability to use them is PNT and Intelligent Navigation Dr Hiroyuki Cooperation in the GNSS Space Service maximized with toughened receivers, and Yamato, National Institute of Maritime, Volume (SSV). He elaborated on a number augment space signals with other signals Port and Aviation Technology, Japan, of on-going efforts to engage GNSS and autonomous systems. The presentation highlighted two big challenges in Marine providers and space agencies to pursue discusses ways in which efforts to protect, and air transport industries, which bear a compatibility and interoperability among toughen, and augment GNSS are being heavy responsibility of international trade. these systems to support space operations. pursued in various countries and other initiatives that should be undertaken. The first challenge is automation or Dr John Raquet, The Air Force Institute of autonomization of navigation which realizes Technology made a presentation on UAVs In the award ceremony, several awards were safe and labor-saving transportation and vs Natural Autonomous Vehicles (NAVs) presented. The John Harrison Award for better working environment for watch officers — Are We Closing the Gap? In view of outstanding contribution to navigation was and pilots. The second challenge is the pursuit many significant advancements in UAV presented to Dr Dorota A Grejner-Brzezinska, of the economically effective and energy technology over the past 10-15 years, in Ohio State University, and the Necho saving navigation to realize environmentally this presentation, Dr Raquet evaluated on Award for long term contribution to the friendly transportation. Shipping companies how well we are really doing in this area field of navigation to given to Prof Bernhard and air lines are also making efforts to by comparing performance of UAVs with Hofmann-Wellenhof of the Austrian Institute strengthen their competitiveness in this those of Natural Autonomous Vehicles of Navigation. The Honorary Membership regard. These challenges require digitalized (NAVs), defined as entities that fly but was awarded to Capt Rein van Gooswilligen. optimal navigation taking into account of are not designed, built, or controlled by a Taro Suzuki, Assistant Professor, Waseda the effect of navigation environment based humans (birds, for example). Performance University received IAIN’s Sedak Award on real time performance measurement was evaluated according to eight different for presentation of his paper “Evaluation of individual ships and planes. Resilient metrics, and the “best in class” UAVs and of Precise Point Positioning of Small and accurate Position, Navigation and NAVs for each metric are directly compared. UAVs using L6E Signal via QZSS.” Timings (PNTs)and intelligent navigation The picture that emerged provided insight technologies are expected to play a big role into where to put our UAV development There was an interesting and lively in the measures to the two challenges. efforts as we move toward the future. discussion in Plenary Panel on Resilient Navigation. The session was chaired by Dr Izumi Mikami, Satellite Positioning Dr Dorota A Grejner-Brzezinska, The Ohio Mr Dana A Goward, President, Resilient Research and Application Center made a State University in her presentation on Navigation and Timing Foundation. The presentation on“Higher Accuracy Positioning PNT in Smart Cities – Are We Ready for panelists were Mark Dumville, Nottingham Enabled by GNSS and its Guide toward Autonomous Driving? introduced the concept Scientific Ltd (UK); Steve Hickling, “New World”. He said that the QZSS’s of smart and connected communities and Spirent; Michael Jones, Roke Manor; Prof service will realize centimeter level smart cities, and discussed the trends that Jiwon Seo, Yonsei University; and Francis accuracy, while the others target about 20 guide the advances in the implementation of Zachariae, International Association of centimeters through 1 meter range accuracy. these concepts worldwide. She also discussed Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse These services are readily applicable to the the various aspects of autonomous driving Authorities (IALA) General Secretary. autonomous vehicles driving as the most in a smart city with examples of research intuitive and straightforward example. performed at The Ohio State University. Over 250 delegates attended the congress These must, however, incubate countless from 27 countries. The congress had over and inconceivable applications in our Mr Dana A Goward, President, Resilient 100 presentations. The IAIN World Congress daily life, should the services be suitably Navigation and Timing Foundation made 2021 is scheduled to be held at Edinburgh, combined with other new technologies a presentation on “Resilient PNT –Protect, UK during 15 – 18, November 2021.

22 | Coordinates January 2019

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Web-interface Wi-Fi, Ethernet, 4G/LTE, UHF/VHF/FH915, internal battery MAPPING Digital elevation models based on the topographic maps This article focuses on the technology of creating a digital elevation model (DEM) with the help of the geographic information system (GIS)

MIRMAKHMUDOV his article focuses on the technology the development of an accurate, accessible Erkin Tof creating a digital elevation model and sustainable GGRF. In this country, the Associate Professor, (DEM) with the help of the geographic development of homogeneous distribution Geography and natural information system (GIS). The geodetic of geodetic infrastructure is related to resources faculty, measurements, topographic maps at the upgrading the reference system and Department of geodesy and a scale of 1:500 000, remote sensing, Datum, the cartographic projections geoinformatics, National GNSS data and Central Asian Tectonic for topographic maps. Data sharing is University of Uzbekistan, Science (CATS) are used for creating also limited because of not well defined Tashkent, Uzbekistan of DEMs. The advantages of the GIS in geodetic standards and an absence of open comparison with traditional methods of geodetic data. This paper covers only one creating maps are given in this work. The of the issues of the development GGRF GULYAMOVA Lola ways for use of the European Remote- and Global Spatial Data Infrastructure. Professor, Geography Sensing Satellite (ERS1) and the Synthetic and natural resources Aperture Radar (SAR) for creating of In 1980-1990, information about the terrain faculty, Department of the digital map of the Tashkent region was recorded on the national topographic geodesy and are described. Development of digital maps. The information was obtained geoinformatics, National terrain models using GIS PANORAMA on the basis of geodetic measurements University of Uzbekistan, for 4 regions of Uzbekistan is described in (triangulation and leveling), aerial surveys Tashkent, Uzbekistan more detail. The analysis of the trajectory and optical remote sensing. Currently, these of the ERS1 during the passage to the maps must be corrected and improved territory of Uzbekistan was also made. because of deformation of the coordinate JULIEV Muhiddin grid due to global and local plate shifts. Ph.D student From the perspective of the development First of all, this refers to the mathematical University of Natural of the Global Geodetic Reference Frame basis of the maps. Accurate topographic Resources and (GGRF) Uzbekistan’s commitment maps are in need not only to navigate, Life Sciences, envisages the further improvement the but also to indicate geometric relations Vienna, Austria national geodetic infrastructure. The goal between points of landmarks depicted on is to develop spatial data in accordance the map, to display information on areal with required accuracy and to contribute to extent of different land use, to design large infrastructure and transportation problems, and so on. They will be in demand for a From the perspective of the development of the long time and can be used as an addition to digital maps. A refined rectangular and Global Geodetic Reference Frame (GGRF) Uzbekistan’s spatial coordinate system is a base for development of an accurate digital map commitment envisages the further improvement and a digital elevation model. A spatial reference system defines the coordinate national geodetic infrastructure. The goal is to system and Datum in which all landmarks have a unique “address” or position. develop spatial data in accordance with required Many areas of the world are poorly or accuracy and to contribute to the development of insufficiently mapped, and any existing information is often out-of- date. an accurate, accessible and sustainable GGRF Additionally, the rapidly growing market

Coordinates January 2019 | 31 for GIS has increased the demand for The absolute heights of the surface points as the traditional coordinate and reference digital maps. These trends have led to on topographic maps are indicated by systems are still used along with the the wide spread use of optical satellite- the benchmarks, town survey marks, modern systems there will be need for derived information. With the introduction the trigonometric beacons. They are the translation of spatial data from traditional of the GIS, the foundation of which is orthometric heights obtained relative to the systems into the modern coordinate system software and digital map, the situation Baltic sea level (BSL), which has become (Molodensky and Helmert methods). This has changed significantly due to the use a classic standard and will probably remain means that during the transition period of digital terrain models based on modern for a long time. These heights are normally there will be a high-volume data processing imagery, satellite navigation systems. The obtained through spirit leveling, which of geodetic datum shift coordinate progress of the development of technology is a very tedious and expensive process. transformations from traditional into the in remote areas of the Earth causes the Distortions in heights are mostly caused modern systems. There are a lot of soft demand for modern digital maps. Digital by periodic crustal deformations while the for conversion of spatial data between elevation models with support of GIS are inconsistency between the BSL and geoid. various coordinate and reference systems. used to solve applied problems in mapping. These programs are flexible to use, can In particular, there is the need to assess Since 1977, all heights on topographic perform calculations on large amounts the accuracy of the model and the choice maps are normal heights Hγ, which were of data quickly and with high accuracy. of the optimal DEM when analyzing the calculated relative to the Molodensky Users of these programs should be aware terrain from many digital maps of various quasigeoid. The relationship between of the potential uncertainties, or errors, scales and methods of obtaining them. GIS orthometric height and ellipsoidal height in computed heights when applying the takes on special significance, since it is (h) is given by H = h – N. Reduction of software to convert values between two oriented to work with digital cartographic the normal height Hγ to the ellipsoidal systems. If there are accurate initial data, information, which is necessary for height h is necessary to calculate the then the results of the calculations will coordinate-time binding of objects and Gauss-Krüger cartesian coordinates in the be correct. In the case of approximate used in the planning of construction. case of seven transformation parameters parameters between two systems or the A complete replacement of paper maps determination. The orthometric height absence of them, then the use of the with digital ones does not happen despite should never be given without stating the program is not correct. The result is that the growing role of digital maps, which geoid model used. Different geoid models the relationship between two coordinate form the basis of GIS. It is only about give different heights for a point, even systems at the present time must also their joint use and complementation of though the ellipsoid height might be very be observed on the ground, and this each other. The capabilities of modern accurate. The precise geoid model not only observation is subject to error as well. programs allow not only to create a digital enables to convert ellipsoidal heights to Therefore, only approximate models can map, but to recalculate the coordinates leveled heights but also plays an important ever exist to transform coordinates from of neighboring states. The construction role in combining leveling data with GPS one coordinate system to another. All of a three-dimensional model of relief measurements to study vertical crustal national topographic maps were produced depends on the accuracy of the heights movements for a longer period of time. on the basis of SK42 in the Gauss-Krüger and the scale of topographic maps. The determination of heights using GPS is projection. As a transitional stage to the a long-term goal in surveying, in order to international coordinate system, it is The main sources of the digital elevation substitute time consuming and expensive possible to use existed topographic maps model are geodetic measurements, differential leveling. It is necessary to with the introduction of an additional topographic maps, aerial survey data, modify the reference system of topographic coordinate network that is shifted by the laser scanning, the remote sensing and maps taking into account modern difference between SK42 and WGS84. GNSS data. In order to use these data for requirements to accuracy. Another issue There are no digital maps in the new construction of DEM, it is necessary to is to change the cartographic projection coordinate system, so it is necessary to have special software or GIS. The GIS is and to improve the origin of the zero point improve the existed topographic map, multifunctional and flexible in use, which of the vertical component (Datum). taking into account modern requirements allows us to create not only 2D, but also for accuracy and efficiency. Modification three-dimensional models of terrain and of the reference frame comprises topography. The basis for creating a digital Additional reference frame updating the state vertical network and elevation model is the values of the heights establishment national GNSS reference of contour lines on topographic maps, In 2018, Uzbekistan introduced the World station. Additional reference frame based which are plotted by the photogrammetric Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) instead on modified Gauss – Krüger projection method. The accuracy of these contour of the coordinate system 1942 (SK42) for is more suitable for topographic maps at lines depends on the scale of source-map, the geodetic works and town mapping. a scale of 1 : 25 000 – 1 : 100 000. The the angle of the terrain slope, and the Due to the lack of digital maps in the transition into the additional reference accuracy of the heights of the benchmarks new coordinate system, the outdated frame will help the surveyors and obtained by the triangulation and leveling. topographic maps are still in use. As long geodesists to use the existed and modern

32 | Coordinates January 2019 coordinates which are based on the two built using remote sensing techniques, use approximations of the geoid height ellipsoids. Preliminary calculations of the but they may also be built from results of to estimate the orthometric height from difference in the coordinates of points land surveying. These are used often in the geoid height. As an example, when between the two coordinate systems show geographic information systems, and they using GPS receivers in the CATS project, that it increases depending on the scale of are the most common basis for digitally- the height of the geoid varied from -37 the map. These topographic maps with an produced relief maps. The terrain surface to -51m depending on the terrain. additional coordinate grid will be used until can be described as compromising of two modern digital maps for the whole country different elements; random and systematic. The quality of the network geometry of the are created. Development of high-precision The stochastic elements are the continuous CATS network is in the order of 1- 3mm geoid and calculating the exact height surfaces with continuously varying relief. It for horizontal components and about 5 on topographic maps is the foundation would take an endless number of points to mm for the height. This is derived from for the construction of DEM. One of the describe exactly the random terrain shapes, Helmert transformation between the daily important construction parameters is the but these can be described in practice solutions and the campaign solution. The orthometric height on topographic maps with a network of point. It is a common global network accuracy is in the order obtained with respect to the geoid or BSL. approach to use a network that creates of 1-2cm. Figure 3 shows the deviation sloping triangles or regular quadrants. values of the coordinates (in mm.) of the CATS project points on the daily solutions Methodology using the Helmert transformation. Observation and measurement DEM has three different components: The largest deviation in height is obtained computational model, network connection Geo-referencing to the high-altitude for the stations “Angr” and “Adra”. of nodes, representations with cells and coordinate system helps defining This is due primarily to the fact that this uses regular matrix of interpolated coordinates of DEM. The state geodetic there are mines in these areas. Repeated elevation data, which offers hierarchical coordinate system is outdated and needs measurements on these points will give an classification of information depending to be corrected and modernized. A digital answer to the reason for the deviation of on scale. A digital elevation model is a elevation model should be geo-referenced coordinates in height. The coordinates of digital representation of a ground surface to the international geodetic coordinate these CATS points will be used to create topography, and it can be represented as system. One of the most significant a high-precision geodetic network. This a raster (a grid of squares) or as a vector developments of the past few years has starting configuration will be augmented based triangular irregular network (TIN). been the establishment of the International by additional GPS stations in those areas Contour lines are lines that indicate GPS Service for Geodynamics. where nothing exists, in order to obtain a elevation and the relief, which is in feet more or less homogeneous data. Accuracy above BSL. The contour lines are obtained From 1992 to 1998, GPS measurements of computed geoid undulations depends by cutting the terrain with equipotential were carried out on the CATS project largely on the extent of the terrestrial surfaces in equal elevation distances in order to study the distribution and gravity anomaly data used around the and orthogonally projected on the basic accommodation of intraplate deformation computation point. In any gravimetric equipotential surface. On map, regular in Central Asia for an improved assessment geoid computations at a regional or local contour lines are the thinner brown lines, of geohazard (Fig. 1). The CATS project level the gravity data is used only to a index contour lines are the thicker brown has a wider coverage and covers the limited extent, therefore Stokes formula ones. Creating and analyzing a TIN creates region of Central Asia, although not in its original form may not provide the a huge strain on a computer system, the entire territory is covered by this desired solution. A precise geoid model and the smaller the area, the faster the network. (Fig.2). GPS receivers can is necessary for the establishment of processing speed. DEMs are commonly measure ellipsoid height, some receivers a rigorous orthometric height system and unification of vertical Datum.

In 1996-1999, specialists from the Munich Center for the Study of the Earth implemented a project on remote sensing of Central Asia using the ERS1 and the SAR installed in Kitab, Uzbekistan (Fig.4). ERS1 imagery was used to generate high quality DEM using SAR interferometry; to provide thematic information on land cover including tropical areas; to improve localization of products complementing Figure 1. CATS network in Uzbekistan Figure 2. Geoid deviation for CATS points GPS measurements in remote areas; to

Coordinates January 2019 | 33 rectify old or inaccurate maps or maps `listen-only’ stations, using the one- During the passage of the satellite over generated using other space data to high way Doppler signal in S- or S/X-band the territory, software was developed to localization accuracy. From October 1998 to and the broadcast satellite ephemerides predict its trajectory. In order to estimate March 1999, the ERS-1 carried out remote for on-line position determination at the the effect of Earth’s anomalous gravity sensing of the country with the help of the site (Fig.5). The relative positioning in field on particular satellite orbits, it is often RA (Radar Altimeter) and PRARE (Precise centimeter accuracies which can be derived sufficient to determine the accelerations Range and Range-rate Equipment). Since with help of these stations, in particular caused by the first zonal harmonics. The the ERS-1 has no receiving equipment, when tracking in an interferometric dominant perturbing influence on the the PRARE receivers were installed on data, will be appropriate for many orbits of low artificial satellites is Earth’s the ground. The ground station operate as geodetic and geodynamic applications. noncentral gravitational field. In order to obtain high accuracy in orbit computations, which is necessary for most geodetic applications of satellite observations, it is necessary to estimate also the accelerations caused by atmospheric drag. For low orbiting satellites atmospheric drag also plays an important role. Therefore, there was worked out algorithmic program for calculation of ERS1 trajectory with taking

into account of zonal harmonics J19 and atmospheric drag. There are calculated values azimuth (A) and elevation (h) of ERS1 trajectory during two weeks. The Figure 6 shows the deviation values in azimuth and altitude between the

observation and the calculation (O-C)∆A, ∆h .

Calculation of ERS1 trajectory shows that the developed algorithmic Figure 3. Repeatability of CATS 95 network program is correct and it is closed to the theoretical trajectory in short time for optical observation (Fig.7). The results of calculation show that the Earth’s geopotential and atmospheric drag significantly affect the satellite motion for altitudes from 200 to 800 km. And also with an increase in the number of zonal harmonics, the distance

Figure 4. SAR, Kitab, Uzbekistan Figure 5. PRARE, Kitab, Uzbekistan

Figure 6. O-C variation within 2 weeks Figure 7. The change in the difference of in ∆A and ∆ h for ERS1. distances to the ERS1 with the influence Figure 8.The digital map of Tashkent area of zonal harmonics and atmosphere 34 | Coordinates January 2019 difference between the perturbed and unperturbed motion decreases.

Preliminary processing of remote sensing of this territory was carried out in Munich. Post- processing of this data was carried out with the help of the ERDAS soft and it is recorded on 83 CD at a scale of 1: 100 000. There is the first digital map of the Tashkent area based on the remote Figure 9. Contour lines (GIS Terra Vista) Figure 10. DEM (GIS Terra Vista) sensing (Fig. 8). Unfortunately, there is no grid system on the digital map. dimensional model of the terrain of the selected terrain may be built. To build a 3D terrain model, one can use: a vector map, Results a matrix of heights, a triangulation relief model, a map classifier, a library of three- In 2000-2002, digital maps of ten dimensional images of objects, digital regions were built by the MSIAC, USA photographs of the terrain and digital with the help of GIS TERRA VISTA photographs of terrain objects. The main for maps at a scale of 1: 50 000. Terra module for building a digital elevation Vista has possibility to import DTED0 model is the matrix of heights (Fig.11). level elevation data and VPF data from an open NGA data source and to The matrix of the heights of the terrain create a Janus Terrain Database. Terra is based on the information of map Vista is an advanced terrain modeling objects having an absolute height or Figure 11. DEMs for two systems software that enables developers to a 3D. The matrix of heights is used in generate correlated visual, sensor, SAF/ relief analysis, building profiles and For comparison, digital models were CGF, and analytical 3D databases. visibility zones, calculating the length developed in two coordinate systems, SK42 Providing the industry’s highest level and area of objects with taking into and WGS84. This will allow to analyze of correlation, fastest production account the characteristics of relief, the geoid undulation for the gravitational times, and most powerful production calculating the volume of earthworks, field of the studied area. In the future, environment, Terra Vista includes all modeling flood zones, determining the these data will be used to improve the of the features in Terra Vista Base plus directions of slopes, forming a three- digital terrain model and calculate the more output options and key integrations dimensional map of the area and others. height of the quasigeoid. There is a slight with productivity options. Developed difference between the two coordinate digital maps with the help of Terra The results of creating a digital terrain systems due to the choice of the scale Vista were adapted for special studies. model using the GIS PANORAMA are of the topographic map and the terrain However, the images of the contours produced in the National University of relief. The spatial difference of the digital on these models did not correspond to Uzbekistan ( Fig.12). These areas are models of the two systems can be obtained the contours on the topographic maps, placed on topographic maps of 1: 500000 using large scale topographic maps. and more over they did not reflect the scale, which were scanned in raster complete picture of the terrain where format. Before digitizing this raster data, The relief of Central Asia is heterogeneous topography was performed (Fig.9,10). it is necessary to transform the raster and difficult to perform geodetic and After a detailed analysis of these digital image into the mathematical basis of cartographic works. Therefore, a digital maps, it was suggested to improve the topographic maps, taking into account all model of the relief and terrain is only the GIS Terra Vista taking into account accuracy requirements. This procedure is preliminary information when it is built modern requirements to the terrain. performed more accurately and in detail with the use of topographic maps. This in the national mapping agencies. In the can serve as a guide for reconnaissance With the help of these GIS, the digital process of digitization, raster and vector of the terrain before creating a national terrain model is presented in 3D with maps of the terrain are created for building digital model. Preliminary results of the ability to export in any format, as DEM of some areas. The elevation were digitization of contours showed that well as in the multimedia representation determined using not only contour lines the initial data of the topographic map of the surface. Creating a 3D model on the topographic maps, but also all the needs to be corrected and edited, both in does not require lengthy preparation; additional information from the maps. the situation and in generalization. In it is enough to have a 2D map and an The horizontal and vertical Datum of addition, it is necessary to use the results elevation matrix. From these data, a three- the DEMs is the SK42 and the BSL. of the modern navigation surveys.

Coordinates January 2019 | 35 Mirmakhmudov E. (2017). Modification of the reference frame of Uzbekistan topographic maps based on the GNSS. Coordinates. 13(04).

Welsh R., Jordan T., Madden M.(2000). GPS surveys, DEMs and scanned aerial photographs for GIS database construction and thematic mapping of great smoky mountains national park . 2-International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXIII, Part B4. Amsterdam.

Govorov M. (2008). Training material “ Geodesy and Cartography for needs of Geographic information infrastructure”. Vilnius.

Figure 12. DEMs of four areas of Uzbekistan Murayama Y., Estque C. Fundamentals of Geographic Information System. Conclusion institutions. The data can be used by University of Tsukuba. 2010. cartographic organizations in the design of Thus, building elevation models by building structures near mountainous areas. Patroba Achola Odera and Yoichi Fukuda. interpolating digital contours from (2015). Recovery of orthometric heights topographic maps has its disadvantages. In the future, the use of the GOCE from ellipsoidal heights using offsets method This is a hard work and this does not have satellite data will provide more detailed over Japan. Earth, Planets and Space. enough satisfactory modeling accuracy. information on the geoid, relief and 67:134 DOI 10.1186/s40623-015-0306-z. Despite these disadvantages, it is assumed water surface of the Aral Sea, as well that digitized topographic data will be as on the environmental protection. Mayorov A.N.(2008). Develop of technology used for a few more years. Construction and creating of quasi-geoid model based on a DEM provides an opportunity to the satellite data. Ph.D.tesis. Moscow. (rus). create a national model of the relief. Acknowledgement Moritz H. (2000). Geodetic Reference System The developed digital terrain models The authors are grateful to MSIAC (USA) 1980. Journal Geodesy. 74: 128–133. Günter will be an example for building a digital for providing digital maps of some regions Seeder. (2003). Satellite geodesy. Germany. model of the territory as well as detailed of Uzbekistan, and also grateful to GFZ information for editing existing topographic (Germany) for information about CATS. Altiner Y.(1999). Analytical surface deformation maps. In addition, digital models in the Special thanks to the masters Arabov theory for detection of the Earth’s crust border areas lead to the development of a O., Abdumuminov B. and Goziev I. movements. Spring-Verlag. Berlin. Heilderberg. unified system of coordinates for two or for preparing digital elevation models. more republics. It can also be useful in the Harli Jürgenson , Aive Liibusk & Artu design of hydraulic structures and facilities Ellmann. (2008). Geoid profiles in where the mining takes place. This is References the Baltic Sea determined using GPS especially important in areas where there and sea level surface. Geodesy and are landslides and flooding. The developed Gulyamova L.X. (2008). Geoaxborot Cartography. 34(4): 109–115. Vilnius. results are used when conducting lectures tizimlari va texnologiyalari. Darslik. and practical classes in higher educational Toshkent “Universitet”. (uzb). Clifford J. Mucnier. (1998). Grid and Datum of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Photogrammetric Construction a DEM provides an opportunity to engineering and Remote sensing. 1151.

create a national model of the relief. The developed Reighber Ch., Angermann D., Michel G., Klotz J., Galas R. & the CATS- digital terrain models will be an example for building Team. (1999). GPS constraints on the distribution of deformation of the Tien a digital model of the territory as well as detailed Shan, N-Pamirs and behavior of the Tarim. 14th Himalaya-Karakorum-Tibet information for editing existing topographic maps Workshop. Terra Nostra, 127.

36 | Coordinates January 2019 OLD COORDINATES In Coordinates 10 years before…

RNI: DELENG/2005/15153 No: DL(E)-01/5079/08-10 Publication: 15th of every month Licensed to post without pre-payment U(E) 28/2008-10 Posting: 19th /20th of every month at NDPSO Rs.100 ISSN 0973-2136

Volume V, Issue 1, January 2009 THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE ON POSITIONING, NAVIGATION AND BEYOND Signal design criteria and parametric analysis M Luise M Crisci F Zanier University of Pisa–Dip. Ingegneria European Space Agency University of Pisa– Dip. Ingegneria dell’Informazione Pisa, Italy (ESTEC) – TEC-ET – Keplerlaan dell’Informazione Pisa, Italy 1, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

Current global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) [1] are based on signals lying within the L-band of the radio-navigation satellite service (RNSS) spectrum. Since the need for more systems and signals is emerging,

January 2009 | 1 new alternative frequency resources are needed. In particular, the C-band frequency portion is envisioned as an option for future GNSSs. mycoordinates.org/vol-5-issue-1-January-09 Voices of future Challenge is high Need to know cost of equipment Ruzinoor Che Mat capabilities of GNSS Universiti Putra Deok Won Lim Malaysia, Malaysia Prof George Cho Chungnam National University of Canberra Australia University, Daejeon, Korea A competitive In this article students from around the globe were canvassed on advantage in career their views on their studies in geomatics and GNSS. Interesting There are unlimited Adam Yau commentaries and views were received from twelve students. opportunities MPhil student The Malambo Moonga Lonesome Hong Kong Polytechnic University of Applied Sciences University Hong Kong New skills required to Stuttgart, Germany exploit spatial data The challenge is to Graduates need to “market” Sheelan Sh.Vaez An endless source PhD student, Melbourne increase the accuracy themselves strategically Xiaofan Li of discovery University, Australia Karla Edwards University of Colorado Chris Goodall PhD Candidate Ohio State University, USA at Boulder, USA PhD student University Economic crisis will of Calgary, Canada lead to innovation Firms to take up a PhD Simone Savasta student for meaningful Ph. D. Student Politecnico The problems in the dual-use research are highly rare di Torino, Italy of GPS and GLONASS remain Suddhasheel Ghosh Indian Institute of Hedeki Yamada Educational institutions should be PhD. Candidate, Tokyo University of Technology Kanpur, India Marine Science and Technology, Japan in tandem with latest technologies Susham Biswas Thilantha Lakmal Dammalage Indian Institute of PhD fellow, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand Technology Kanpur, India TECHNOLOGY TRENDS Geospatial industry must focus on making big data more useful The relevance of geospatial information and technology to continue to build upon its current momentum and grow increasingly relevant to many and varied business processes

Boris Skopljak ubiquitous use of geospatial data, 3D based platforms and feature services Marketing Director modeling and other advancements. will play a major role in eliminating for Trimble Geospatial These innovations can fail if they unnecessary physical data transfer and strategy and analytics don’t clearly benefit users, so product enabling easier project collaboration development needs to be aligned and information exchange, all of which with the work of our customers. makes it easier to leverage big data to make better business decisions. In 2019, here are several technology trends we expect to propel the s we anticipate technology trends geospatial industry forward: Harnessing the power Aunfolding in 2019, the dominant of sensor fusion theme for the geospatial industry is the need for precise data and the ability to Making more date more useful Looking ahead, we expect sensor fusion make that data useful in more workflows technologies – which combine multiple and in varying markets around the world. While the industry has made great strides different sensor types or technologies when it comes to making mass data in ways that maximize their combined We predict geospatial technology in collection easier, the real value of data strengths while minimizing their the upcoming year will be shaped by is not in collecting it, but in using it for combined weaknesses – to include cloud computing, artificial intelligence, better decision-making. The geospatial more IMUs, GNSS and emerging autonomous vehicles, sensor fusion, industry must now turn its focus to technologies like Solid State Lidar and making big data more useful, and in SLAM processing. These innovations more meaningful ways. We believe we will continue to make it possible to blend We predict geospatial will see technology providers focus on multiple disciplines of mass geospatial the advancement of processing tools and data capture into one seamless process. technology in the software solutions that will help users turn their data into decisions in 2019. Mobile mapping systems are one upcoming year will example. They combine the various Over the coming months, we also strengths and weaknesses of different be shaped by cloud expect to see the continued adoption types of sensors -- inertial (IMU), of a single geospatial data hub that wheel speed, GNSS, cameras and computing, artificial enables users to bring all disparate data LiDAR -- and fuse these sensor to a single department, enabling field- outputs, achieving greater level of intelligence, autonomous to-finish with more confidence. With the accuracy and detail enabling detailed support of a “central hub,” geospatial engineering, operation and design. vehicles, sensor fusion, professionals will also be better informed to select the best hardware tool for the Having different types of sensor data ubiquitous use of job, regardless of whether they walk can be extremely powerful, but even it, fly it or drive it to gather data. more beneficial is fusing that data for geospatial data, 3D analysis and decision making. Supported The ultimate goal is to shift away from by the right software, sensor fusion is modeling and other siloed collections of data toward more about getting the most out of various reliable and useful systems of record sensors and sensor combinations advancements that can be referenced by multiple users to solve business problems. across multiple disciplines. Cloud-

38 | Coordinates January 2019 NEWS - LBS

We believe this type of technology Generating rich data via Actifio teams up with Onix integration will remain a priority in 3D modeling, bim 2019 as more geospatial professionals Actifio, enterprise Data-as-a-Service take advantage of unique sensor The mixed reality solutions mentioned (DaaS) software provider, has announced combinations that provide enhanced above thrive on accurate and properly an alliance with Onix, provider of cloud geospatial context and understanding. attributed 3D models. The design and computing solutions and consulting construction industry is at a tipping point services. This alliance will provide in which Building Information Modeling Onix customers with a powerful cloud Increasing technology (BIM) can positively affect geospatial infrastructure backed by data replication access with as-a-service professionals’ work the more they and disaster recovery services powered business models embrace it. However, prospective BIM by Actifio, allowing enterprises to adopters need to realize the technology bring their on-premise environment In recent years, enterprise organizations not only provides intelligent 3D to the cloud. With this alliance, Onix have increasingly adopted the subscription modeling, but it also offers a centralized and Actifio will collaborate to deliver or pay-per-use service model rather than platform for sharing data to help partners clients powerful infrastructures teamed one-time technology purchases. The communicate effectively, in real-time. with data replication and disaster “As-a-Service” business models offers recovery insurance. www.actifio.com substantial benefits, including a more When surveyors take advantage of BIM predictable cash flow and streamlined holistically, they are both factoring in Altran collaborates with Wirepas workflows, and we expect it to continue the traditional aspects of a building’s to develop LBS solutions to gain in popularity in the coming year. design and generating rich data spanning the range of properties of a structure’s Altran, leader in engineering and R&D The As-a-Service approach also results components, construction and maintenance. services, has signed a partnership with in more people using their smartphones Wirepas to extend its range of localization and mobile devices to receive satellite The increased adoption of BIM solutions services. As a part of its portfolio, data for a precise position – a technology technology represents a paradigm shift Altran provides solutions to solve asset advancement that will multiply the in the design, build and operate process. tracking issues thanks to location-based capability of organizations to increase the At its core, BIM is meant to transform services leveraging an end-to-end, modular adaption of professional grade measurement how project teams work together on a and technology-agnostic architecture, technology in the coming years. job, from start to finish, and we expect from physical devices to backend platform to see increased discussion, development and applications. www.wirepas.com and adoption of BIM technology in Better understanding the coming months and years. FCC to investigate Mobility site conditions with Fund coverage mapping visualization and AR/MR More widespread reliance With more than $4.5 billion at stake The use of augmented reality (AR) and on geospatial information over the next decade, the Federal mixed reality (MR) tools will increase Communications Commission has launched in the next several years, in part because Geospatial data is no longer an investigation into the accuracy of geospatial data, such as point clouds, utilized just by surveyors and those maps representing national carriers’ complex meshes and terrain models, is trained in the collection and use LTE coverage in rural areas that would often difficult to explain and deliver to of geospatial data. I expect the potentially qualify for federal subsidies. clients. AR, MR and other visualization relevance of geospatial information tools make it easy to understand existing and technology to continue to build The accuracy of those maps in representing site conditions by overlaying models over upon its current momentum and grow in granular detail which parts of the the existing environment. For example, increasingly relevant to many and country have acceptable LTE coverage a user of augmented reality technology varied business processes. As such, and speed is a major factor in determining could view existing underground barriers that previously segmented whether a particular area will receive services and future landscapes overlaid functionalities will increasingly federal funding as part of Mobility on a worksite to avoid hitting a utility dissolve, with further integration Fund II, which will pump $4.53 billion line during excavation work. Other driven by innovation. This integration in subsidies into expanding rural LTE benefits include collaboration, planning will help reduce the gap between coverage over the next 10 years. and asset management. Organizations data capture, processing, analysis and that can offer this functionality to their delivery of an easy-to-understand, The maps were published in 2018 based customers will have an edge on the cohesive image of the real world, on a one-time collection of LTE coverage competition in 2019 and beyond. from surveyor to customer. data and subsidy data from the Universal

Coordinates January 2019 | 39 Service Administrative Company; cybersecurity specialists to ensure the safe Uttar Pradesh Police (UP) department. commercial mobile network operators and successful deployment of connected The application digitizes and search contributed their own coverage data to and autonomous commercial vehicles. records using AI and carries records of that effort. Initially, the FCC established criminals, assisting police forces at ground a 150-day window for interested parties Frost & Sullivan estimates that 55% of zero with real-time information retrieval — mostly rural wireless operators who trucks in North America and 43% of during investigations, regular checks, could potentially serve those areas with trucks in Europe will be connected by verifications, and at police checkpoints. support from MF-II if the areas are 2025. This will highlight the critical deemed insufficiently served by non- need for robust cybersecurity solutions TRINETRA equips police forces to carry subsidized LTE coverage — to file with active multi-layer protection that superior technology in their pockets. challenges to those coverage maps, address the unique safety requirements With this application, police personnel including speed test data to back up of connected and autonomous can easily register or search for criminals their challenges. www.rcrwireless.com commercial vehicles. www.frost.com via simple biometric features, such as images or videos. The app is powered by Tesla tests Autopilot navigation for Power Suit for Disaster Relief Staqu’s expertise in facial recognition, traffic lights and roundabouts visual search, machine learning, and Specially developed for deployment deep learning, works well with low- Tesla has teased that Navigate on in disaster-stricken areas, Augsburg- resolution images and videos, and Autopilot will gradually handle more based robotics specialist German Bionic offers better accuracy than any other and more driving responsibilities, but introduces its new Cray + exoskeleton criminal recognition system. With AI- those aren›t just fanciful long-term plans model. Possible application scenarios for powered Gang identification Technology, - they’re very much on the roadmap for the portable robot system include rescue TRIENETRA not only identifies a criminal the near future. In the midst of a public missions following natural disasters as but also their associates active in different pitch for Navigate on Autopilot, Elon well as serious traffic accidents or terrorist districts and part of the states. https:// Musk mentioned that Tesla is currently attacks. External skeletons, or exoskeletons tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com testing «traffic lights, stop signs & as they are more commonly referred to, are roundabouts» in pre-release software. human-machine systems combining human Linxup GPS integrates with It›s hard not to be a bit skeptical of intelligence with machine power to support Fleetio for Fleet Maintenance Musk›s claim that you›ll soon travel to or amplify the movements of the wearer. work with «no driver input at all,» but The technology incorporated in the Cray + Linxup by Agilis Systems, a leading this is promising if the very thought is based on the successful Cray X model, provider of GPS fleet management tools of entering a busy roundabout makes which was developed for implementation and asset trackers, has partnered with you nervous. www.engadget.com in industry and logistics where it has been Fleetio to provide automatic mileage used for some time. The new disaster relief tracking for fleet maintenance management. Connected and Autonomous Cray + model is specially designed for Commercial Vehicles Face deployment in rescue operations - even if Fleetio’s preventative maintenance Daunting Cyber Threats taking place in extreme weather conditions scheduling helps fleet managers stay on - and also integrates a communication and top of regular service items such as oil New analysis by Frost & Sullivan, GPS system. www.germanbionic.com changes, mileage service intervals, brakes “Automotive Cybersecurity Emerges as a and more. Fleetio automates service Strategic Priority in an Era of Connected Staqu launches an AI app for India reminders, helping to maximize vehicle and Autonomous Commercial Vehicles,” State of UP police department uptime and road readiness. Fleetio also finds that automotive cybersecurity automatically forecasts the due date of solutions are emerging as a strategic One of India’s leading Gurgaon-based a service reminder based on a vehicle’s priority for automakers, many of AI start-up, Staqu announced the launch daily average usage. agilissystems.com whom are partnering with automotive of TRINETRA, an AI application for the

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40 | Coordinates January 2019 NEWS - UAV

Droneshield join hands with Thales In this case study, the researchers combined the Moose Cree their imagery of Algadi’s beaches with First Nation to deploy DroneShield has entered into a Teaming data on the location and depth at which DDC’s drone delivery Agreement with Thales Programas De turtle eggs are laid. https://phys.org technology platform with Electronica Y Comunicaciones S.A.U. the Moose Cree First Nation communities. (“Thales”) (a Spanish subsidiary of Airspace launches Galaxy Thales S.A.), whereby Thales will utilise Drone Security Solution The Company is currently permitted to and promote DroneShield’s products in commercially operate its drone delivery its defence and security contract bids in Airspace Systems has introduced platform within the Moosonee and Moose Spain involving counterdrone aspects. Airspace GalaxyTM, the first family Factory communities with its of fully-automated, always-on airspace Compliant Special Flight Operations Drones help map sea level rise security solutions that accelerate the Certificate (SFOC), which permits integration of drones into cities and DDC to conduct drone operations in Drones can be used to create low-cost protects people and property -- on the all Canadian provinces and territories. and accurate 3-D maps of coastal areas, ground and in the air -- from clueless, DDC, with its Compliant SFOC in new research shows. The technique – careless or criminal drone operators. hand, will deploy its drone delivery developed by the University of Exeter platform to service the communities – was tested at beaches where sea turtles The new Airspace Galaxy security of Moose Factory and Moosonee, nest, allowing scientists to see how rising platform combines input from multiple two northern towns located sea levels will affect them. It combines sensors to detect drone activity at long- in Ontario approximately 19 kilometres drones and photogrammetry (extracting ranges, instantly identifies authorized and south of James Bay. www.sudbury.com measurements from photographs) with unauthorized flights, assesses risk, and accurate GPS satellite location to create if necessary and permitted, deploys an Spanish Army acquires detailed digital models of coastal habitats. autonomous mitigation system to safely two Alpha 800 UAS Previous methods were either cheap capture and remove an unauthorized or but low in quality, or high-quality but malicious drone. http://airspace.co/ The Spanish armed forces has cost thousands of pounds to produce. acquired two Alpha 800 UAS from Vodafone organizes 4G trials Alpha Unmanned Systems. Scientists tested the technology at at the BCN Drone Center Alagadi in Cyprus – a key nesting The 14kg gasoline-powered Alpha 800 site for loggerhead and green turtles – Vodafone is conducting 4G drone provides three hours of continuous and found that a sea level rise of 1.2 test trials at the BCN Drone flight with a 3kg payload and 30km metres would result in the loss of up Center to enable the massive use operating range. It has a light and robust to 67% of loggerhead nesting sites and of drones in the near future. airframe and is equipped with a military- 59% of those used by green turtles. grade autopilot with high precision Soon, all drones equipped with a 5G SIM GPS and sensors. It can be used for “Being able to accurately map out card will be able to be controlled and geo- ISR, including unexploded ordnance terrains in such a fine and local scale is localized simultaneously. This will also detection, as well as for the delivery of crucial if we want to develop effective enable the possibility of landing them in supplies. www.shephardmedia.com conservation strategies,” said lead author case of accessing restricted areas such Miguel Varela, of the Centre of Ecology as airports or concentration of people. DJI reveals Mavic 2 Enterprise Dual and Conservation on the University of Exeter’s Penryn Campus in Cornwall. The flight tests consist in several flights DJI has revealed the Mavic 2 Enterprise at different altitudes in order to model Dual, a portable industrial drone “Most of the studies on climate change the aerial coverage. The emissivity equipped with powerful, side-by- impacts are done on a global scale, but is patterns of the antennas will be fine- side visual and thermal cameras that also crucial to understand what will happen tuned to guarantee capacity of thousands provide commercial pilots a reliable on local areas. This method allows us of drone flights simultaneously. tool to operate better, safer and quicker to create realistic digital models that are www.barcelonadronecenter.com in challenging environments. highly accurate (less than 10cm error). Drone company inks delivery Developed in partnership with FLIR This is a fine scale when compared to agreement with Moose Systems, the Mavic 2 Enterprise Dual global projections. It’s ideal for surveying Cree First Nation features the compact design of DJI’s coastal sites, but could also be applied to Mavic 2 Series drones with the same array other habitats and species, and be used to Drone Delivery Canada (DDC) has of advanced controls and accessories help identify wildlife protection areas.” executed a commercial agreement with found in the Mavic 2 Enterprise.

Coordinates January 2019 | 41 NEWS - IMAGING

ISRO to launch two ensures the centers’ cooperation with China launches two RS satellites satellites under IDRSS the cluster of remote sensing satellites, for Saudi Arabia, ten microsats plans remote sensing, gathers and for private companies As a part of its proposed manned space processes data and provides information mission, India will launch the Indian to the end users. http://tass.com Reently, China carried out its 35th Data Relay Satellite System (IDRSS) to orbital flight of 2018 with the launch of improve data relay and communication PJTSAU inaugurates Remote two remote sensing satellites for Saudi links with its remote sensing/earth Sensing and GIS lab Arabia and a host of microsatellites for observation satellites. The first one is Chinese commercial space companies. expected to be launched in 2019. The Remote Sensing and GIS lab established by the Professor Jayashankar The two high-resolution Earth observation The two-satellite IDRSS will maintain Telangana State Agricultural University satellites were developed by King a continuous communication link with (PJTSAU) will now help students, Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology India’s remote sensing/earth observation researchers and faculty members (KACST) and carry hyperspectral satellites and also with the Geosynchronous to easily access satellite images of observation systems, with Saudi Arabia Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III various agriculture projects. and China signing an agreement for (GSLV Mk III) that would carry three their launch in January 2016. Indian astronauts to space in 2022. The lab which has come up in collaboration with the National Remote Sensing Centre The China Great Wall Industry The proposed system will also reduce (NRSC) was recently inaugurated by Corporation (CGWIC), an arm of the dependence on the ground stations Vice Chancellor Dr V Praveen Rao in the the main Chinese space contractor, in tracking satellites. The other benefit is premises of Water Technology center on CASC, created to provide commercial that the communication and data transfer the campus. https://telanganatoday.com launch services, announced afterwards could be in real time as the remote sensing that ten small satellites from Chinese satellites can relay the data gathered to Vietnam to complete legal corridor commercial companies piggybacked IDRSS satellites which in turn can transmit for remote sensing activities on the launch. https://gbtimes.com them to the ground. www.indiatoday.in The Ministry of Natural Resources and Indian Government approves Rs Russia to open RS data gathering Environment (MONRE) recently proposed 10,000 cr Gaganyaan project center in Antarctica a draft decree on remote sensing activities. The decree aims to complete policies on The Central Government of India recently The holding company Russian Space the use of high technology in managing approved India’s first indigenous human Systems will open a ground center in the natural resources and the environment. spaceflight programme- Gaganyaan. Antarctic for gathering and processing It has approved funds of Rs 10,000 data from remote sensing satellites in MONRE is drafting a decree on remote crore for the ambitious project which February 2019. The information will sensing, specifying principles in these would carry three-member crew for be transmitted from the analytical activities such as providing remote minimum seven days in space. center to any point on the globe. sensing images for basic and professional survey and mapping, regularly updates In his Independence Day speech on The research ship The Akademik of data and information, monitoring August 15, Prime Minister Narendra Modi Fyodorov delivered the equipment for natural resources and the environment, had announced that India will launch a the data processing center on November search and rescue, disaster prevention, manned mission to space by 2022 and 7. The facility will be controlled response to climate change and ensuring become the fourth nation to do so after either on site from a remote working national defence and security. Russia, the United States and China. place at the wintering party’s base and also from Russia via satellite. The national remote sensing database The three-stage heavy-lift launch will be maintained, operated and vehicle, GSLV Mk III, will be used The Antarctic center of the government-run updated regularly and used to update the to launch Gaganyaan, and national corporation Roscosmos has been deployed national geographical spatial system. agencies will collaborate with the in accordance with Russia’s federal space Indian Space Research Organisation program for 2016-2025, which envisages According to the ministry, the policy to bring the mission to fruition. creation of an integral information system framework, legal documents, standard of remote sensing of the Earth. The system and technical regulations of remote The programme aims to establish a system’s full-scale operation began in sensing will be formulated by 2025 broader framework for collaboration 2016. It consists of centers scattered over and legal framework will be completed between the national space agency, the whole territory of Russia. The system by 2030. http://vietnamnews.vn academia, industry, national agencies,

42 | Coordinates January 2019 and other scientific organizations. It is also responsible for the integration of a standard single-unit cubesat, were too also expected to generate employment work, testing and delivery of the small to be reliably tracked once in orbit. and train human resources in advanced satellites to CNES. Thales Alenia Space technologies and inspire young students provided Airbus with the very-high The $900,000 penalty, though small to take up careers in science and resolution optical instrument. Airbus compared to fines as high as $120 technology, according to the government. teams will also continue leading the million the FCC imposed this year User Ground Segment operations, on spoofed robocall operations, is Earth observation satellite as they do currently with operating nonetheless meant to send a signal (CSO) launched successfully legacy programmes(Helios, Pleiades, to those that might intentionally or SarLupe, Cosmo-Skymed). airbus.com inadvertently follow Swarm’s footsteps. The first of the CSO (Composante spatiale optique) Earth observation FCC fines Swarm $900,000 for Swarm’s renegade actions garnered satellites for the French Armed Forces, unauthorized smallsat launch condemnation across the satellite has been successfully launched on industry, which feared a regulatory a Soyuz launcher from the Kourou Swarm Technologies will pay $900,000 clampdown in the aftermath of Swarm’s European Spaceport in French Guyana. to settle an investigation by the U.S. decision. The FCC withdrew an Federal Communications Commission authorization it previously granted for CSO will provide very high-resolution into the startup’s launch of four another four satellites Swarm intended geo information intelligence to the French picosatellites on an Indian rocket this to launch on a Rocket Lab Electron Armed Forces to its partners Germany, January without regulatory approval, mission that occurred in April. Belgium and Sweden. The CSO satellites the FCC announced Dec. 20. are equipped with a very agile pointing Spaceflight, the company that arranged system and are controlled via a secure Swarm defied the FCC by launching Swarm’s January launch on a Polar ground control operations centre. the satellites after the agency dismissed Satellite Launch Vehicle from India, said it its application for an experimental will now check to make sure its customers As prime contractor for the CSO satellites authorization to communicate with have necessary licenses ahead of time programme, Airbus has provided the the spacecraft. The FCC said Swarm’s instead of relying on them to do their own agile platform and avionics, and was satellites, measuring one fourth the size self-regulation. https://spacenews.com

Coordinates January 2019 | 43

SD65_CMPL_Pentax Half-Page_April17_Ad.indd 1 11/04/17 3:35 pm NEWS - GIS

Enugu govt partners World Bank The World Bank to support governments to prepare the Action and on GIS-based road mapping Geospatial Information Investment plan and detailed project. Management in 30 countries ENUGU State Government has said it ICTA launches NSDI in Sri Lanka is partnering with World Bank on GIS- The World Bank and UN-GGIM based road inventories and mapping collaborated in the development of The National Spatial Data Infrastructure for easy identification of rural road and the Integrated Geospatial Information (NSDI), a highly awaited platform economic development. Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi Framework (IGIF), which was endorsed for geo spatial information in Sri Project co-ordinator of Rural Access at the eighth session of the United Lanka, was ceremonially launched by and Mobility Project, RAMP, ll, Chief Nations Committee of Experts on Global the Information & Communication Chinedu Ugwu, who revealed this at a Geospatial Information Management Technology Agency of Sri Lanka stakeholders’ sensitisation workshop and (UN-GGIM) from 1 – 3 August 2018 (ICTA) recently at Trace Expert City. training on GIS-based road inventories at the United Nations Headquarters and mapping in Enugu, said it would in New York. This framework and Former Telecommunication, Digital improve security, infrastructure and subsequent implementation guide is Infrastructure and Foreign Employment agriculture. Ugwu said the GIS system designed to help member states to better Ministry Secretary Wasantha Deshapriya, and its mapping would allow the state to manage their geospatial information the pioneer in initiating NSDI in Sri have real-time data for proper satellite at national or sub-national levels. Lanka, graced the occasion as the identification of places and locations Chief Guest. Other distinguished within the state. He noted that the project As next steps, the World Bank will provide invitees, including senior Government would also help the government to know assistance to countries to apply the IGIF officials, industry leaders, academia, the situation of all roads, houses, schools, at the country and local levels. The first NGOs, INGOs, and media also markets, hospitals, bridges, river crossing, country-level Action Plan has already been dignified this launching ceremony. farms and other important landmarks prepared for Palestine and, at the sub- of the state. www.vanguardngr.com national level, for Tirana, Albania. The The NSDI is a platform consisting of a work is underway in other countries such website, a metadata catalogue and a geo- BASF Automotive Solutions to as Vietnam and Guyana. Simultaneously, portal which facilitate accessing geospatial develop paints that reflects LiDAR the World Bank is working with partners information for decision makers. While to advance plans for more countries. the website provides the introduction to BASF Automotive Solutions is working the NSDI and its services and governance on improving lidar detection with near- In this context, the World Bank announced structure, the metadata catalogue infrared reflective dark automotive a call for action and an ambitious provides the background details about the paint colors so that it’s easy for lidar goal to help at least 30 countries in geospatial data. The available geospatial to detect vehicles and pedestrians. three years, to cover activities like; data, which were scattered across many ▪▪ Development of the geodetic organisations, can be accessed through Dozens of companies, possibly even reference framework this geo-portal in a single window. more, are racing to improve upon existing ▪▪ Financing of Continuously Operating lidar to solve this problem. Current Reference Stations (CORs) Addressing the audience, Chief Guest versions of lidar can have difficulty ▪▪ Collection of fundamental data Wasantha Deshapriya congratulated distinguishing dark-colored cars as Dark ▪▪ Establishment of a geoportal everyone involved in bringing NSDI to the colors tend to absorb more of the lidar’s ▪▪ Financing equipment/ current state and launch. “Being a public- pulses than they reflect, which makes computers/systems funded platform, NSDI could be used to them difficult to see. It’s kind of like ▪▪ Training and capacity provide marvellous benefits to citizens wearing a black shirt on a sunny day building programs of the country through sharing data and versus wearing a white shirt. The black ▪▪ Support in drafting laws and information among organisations.” shirt absorbs, the white shirt reflects. regulations in this area The development of the Sri Lanka BASF is changing the chemistry of The process of requesting World Bank NSDI is a collaborative effort of many its automotive paints so that they are support for investment in geospatial Government organisations, including more reflective to lidar. Specifically, information involves the responsible the Survey Department of Sri Lanka, the company stated that the color coat agency for a geospatial information Disaster Management Centre, Department doesn’t use any carbon black, which is infrastructure to send a request to the of Agriculture, Department of Wildlife, one of the main culprits in the absorption World Bank through their Ministry of Department of Forest, Coast Conservation of lidar waves, and the undercoat is Finance. Once the request has been Department, Department of Census and formulated so that it’s highly reflective formally received and accepted, the Bank Statistics, etc., facilitated by ICTA. NSDI to lidar. https://automotive.basf.com mobilizes a team of experts to work with can be accessed via https://nsdi.gov.lk.

44 | Coordinates January 2019 NEWS - GNSS

Dr Gladys West inducted into Air and there was no enforcement effectively China ramps up global coverage for Force Pioneers Hall of Fame denying their informal use, the official Beidou satellite navigation system approval enabled nonfederal agencies to use Galileo signals to meet official needs. Beidou, China’s home-developed For example, it will now be possible to use satellite navigation system has launched the two approved Galileo signals to more its global service ahead of schedule. accurately locate cell phone callers who are dialing 911 for help in an emergency. Ran Chengqi, director general of the China Satellite Navigation But it was just two signals that were Officeannouncing completion of the given the thumbs up by regulators. The global coverage of the third-generation original request was for approval of the positioning system, ahead of the Galileo E1, E5 and E6 signals. The FCC previous rollout target of 2020. approved receipt of E1 and E5, which overlap with U.S. GPS signals. That China has already shipped more than approval also means that those signals 70 million Beidou systems, which will be protected from future interference include microchips and modules, when requests to use spectrum in other domestically and to over 90 countries, ways come before the commission. and the system is being well-received in Russia, Pakistan, Thailand, Indonesia An 87-year-old doctor whose programming The FCC declined to approve the E6 signal, and Kuwait, according to Ran. of accurate earth models led to the current which falls in the 1260-1300 MHz band. GPS system has been inducted into the Air The commission determined that allowing Completion of the navigation system Force Space and Missile Pioneers Hall of receipt in the U.S. might create interference comes after China launched 19 Fame. Dr. Gladys West was presented with issues and limit options for expanding use positioning satellites this year, seen the Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers of the neighboring 1300-1350 MHz band. as enough to provide basic coverage. award for her decades of contributions Twelve more will be launched over to the Air Force’s space program. On December 17 the GPS Innovation the coming two years to improve the Alliance (GPSIA) asked the FCC to precision of the system. www.scmp.com West was one of only a few women who reconsider its E6 decision. The Alliance participated in computing for the U.S. also noted that U.S. policy statements and NTSC realizes high-precision Military in an era before electronic systems. international agreements indicated broad test evaluation of GNSS She is also credited for programming support for approval of GNSS signals satellite navigation signals calculations that ultimately became GPS. including those from Galileo. In particular the agreement between the U.S. and EU Recently, the signal quality assessment The mathematician worked on accounting that ensured GPS and Galileo compatibility, team from the National Time Service for variations in gravitational, tidal, and stated that the U.S. would not restrict “use Center (NTSC) of the Chinese Academy other forces that distort Earth’s shape in the of or access to” Galileo signals in the U.S. of Sciences established Global 1970s and 1980s. She was also involved in Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) astronomical studies that won awards and SpaceX launches U.S. military spatial signal quality assessment changed the way we explore space. West navigation satellite system based on 40m antenna in was among the so-called “Hidden Figures” Luonan County, Shaanxi Province. part of the team who did computing Fifth time’s the charm. for the U.S. military. www.wsfa.com/ SpaceX successfully launched a U.S. It realizes high-precision test evaluation military navigation satellite after being of GNSS satellite navigation signals by GPS Alliance asks FCC to reconsider scrubbed for the fourth time. Heather using the international initiative special denial of Galileo E6 signal Wilson, secretary of the Air Force, says this evaluation system, which covers the next-generation GPS satellite is three times spatial signals of the new navigation The Federal Communications Commission more accurate than previous versions and signal system of major satellite navigation in the USA — after a multi-agency process eight times better at anti-jamming. It’s the systems such as BDS and GPS. that started in October 2013 — approved first in a series and nicknamed Vespucci on November 15 of this year a request after the 15th-century Italian explorer The system uses the satellite common- from the European Union that Galileo who calculated Earth’s circumference to view and two-way time transfer signals be allowed to be received in the within 50 miles (80 kilometers). It was technology of NSTC to achieve United States. Though the Galileo signals SpaceX’s 21st and final launch of the synchronization between system time and were already being broadcast in the U.S., year, a company record. www.wftv.com UTC (Coordinated Universal Time).

Coordinates January 2019 | 45 And for the first time in the world, it adopts will host ground-measurement Roscosmos in talks on deploying the optical fiber transmission network gathering stations in Russia for GLONASS stations in US standard absolute delay method and uses India’s NavIC, which will boost the high-frequency standard instruments operations of the IRNSS satellites. Russia’s space corporation Roscosmos is and the dedicated navigation signal http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com conducting talks on placing ground stations test equipment to realize the closed- of the system of differential correction loop calibration of the RF signal. Russia plans to place positioning and monitoring of the satellite navigation satellites around the Moon system GLONASS in the United States. It has broken through the technical problems of broadband RF signal group In a draft document describing The stations are needed to ensure proper delay and power precision calibration Russia’s program for lunar exploration, operation of the entire GLONASS and realized innovative application of plans include deployment of system - satellites in orbit and the ground multi-disciplinary technology in the navigational and communications component - to ensure the GLONASS navigation field.http://english.cas.cn satellite groupings in lunar orbit. satellites send the correct signal. http://tass.com/science/1034847 Russian GLONASS station According to the document, the tasks opens in Armenia described for 2025-2030 include UK ends Galileo talks, says it will “the delivery to the Moon of a series explore a homegrown alternative The Russian GLONASS station will of spacecraft for orbital research improve the accuracy of navigation and the establishment of a global The United Kingdom has walked systems and have an impact on many communications and positioning system.” away from negotiations over its post- areas, from air navigation to agriculture, Brexit involvement in the Galileo. Armenian Deputy Minister of Transport, The concept envisions the deployment of Instead of using Galileo‘s military- Communication and Information a lunar satellite navigation constellation grade signal, Prime Minister Theresa Technologies Armen Arzumanyan said. between 2036 and 2040. A Roscomos May announced Nov. 30 that the U.K. press release Nov. 28 says a moon will explore building its own GNSS. The ground station will operate on the base is the agency’s top priority. “The territory of the Byurakan Astrophysical interest of mankind to the moon is That means that after Brexit, British Observatory and now includes three associated primarily with the fact that companies would not be able to bid towers for communication with unique regions with favorable conditions for contracts involved in developing satellites, as well as a server center for the construction of lunar bases and maintaining PRS, and the U.K. for processing the received data. were discovered on the satellite. The would have to work out a deal with implementation of the lunar program will the EU even to become a passive user A total of 24 satellites are working be held in several stages until 2040.” of the military-grade signal, unless with GLONASS, while the accuracy another arrangement was reached. of determining the location is from Russia will reportedly implement 3 to 7 meters. https://news.am its new strategy in three phases: the May blamed the end of the negotiations launch of an orbital station, a manned on the European Commission‘s “decision India to host GLONASS mission to the surface, and the eventual to bar the UK from being fully involved ground station for Russia construction of a permanent base. in developing all aspects of Galileo.”

The Indian Space Research Organisation is Venezuela to use Russia’s GLONASS Earlier this year U.K. space officials had getting ready to host a ground station satellite navigation system floated the idea that they could partner for Russia’s GLONASS. The ground with another country, such as Australia, station will help the Russian navigation Venezuela will use Russia’s satellite to build a new GNSS. In August, the system become more efficient. navigation system GLONASS, British government announced it would Venezuelan President Nicolas spend92 million pounds ($117 million) The ground station will be built in Maduro said on Thursday. from a “Brexit readiness fund” to study Bengaluru, a city that is already home the prospects for building an independent to the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and “The GLONASS satellite system alternative. https://spacenews.com Command Network (Istrac). Istrac will developed in Russia goes to host the Russian ground station as well. Venezuela,” he said in an recently. First detection of rain over the “It will help improve our country’s ocean by navigation satellites A memorandum of understanding was telecommunications possibilities,” he signed between the two nations in said, adding that this is an “utterly new” A new approach by a team around Milad October 2016. In return, Roscosmos cooperation area. http://tass.com Asgarimehr, who works in the GFZ

46 | Coordinates January 2019 Galileo update section for Space Geodetic Techniques and at the Technical University of Berlin, together with researchers from the Galileo: 2 years after This new campaign aims to make Earth System Research Laboratory of Initial Services, Accuracy users of these devices aware of the the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Matters more than ever! benefits that they can enjoy thanks Administration of the USA (NOAA) Europe’s investment in the Galileo and the University of Potsdam, uses December 16 marked two years since programme. www.gsa.europa.eu information contained in radar signals the launch of Galileo Initial Services. from GNSS satellites (Global Navigation Timed to coincide with this milestone, Satellite System) to detect rain over the an ‘Accuracy Matters’ campaign Gaming with Galileo: New sea. The technology is called GNSS aims to increase public awareness of android smartphone apps Reflectometry. It is an innovative satellite Galileo’s successes over the past two remote sensing method with a broad years and highlight the added value that Two new Android smartphone apps spectrum of geophysical applications. Galileo brings to the mass market. based on Galileo are now available for general download, the results of According to the researchers, the The new ‘Use Galileo. Accuracy a competition by ESA trainees. new approach could help to monitor Matters’ campaign focuses on the fact atmospheric precipitation better than that today “Accuracy Matters” more With newer Android smartphones you before. Asgarimehr: “Our research than ever before for the latest location- can access the raw signal measurements can serve as a starting point for the based applications and services. The used to compute position, opening the development of an additional rain initiative features a series of short door to the development of applications indicator. We can provide precipitation video clips that give an entertaining where the user can indeed select which information using GNSS Reflectometry glimpse of everyday situations where satellites to use. So ESA ran an internal with unprecedented temporal ‘Accuracy Matters’ to anyone using competition for its trainees to develop resolution and spatial coverage.” location data on their smartphones. an app capable of making positioning fixes using only Galileo satellites. “GNSS are ‘all-weather navigation systems,’” explains Asgarimehr. “A long- Milestone after milestone The Callisto – Galileo’s Spaceship held basic assumption was therefore that app uses Galileo satnav signals to run their signals are composed in such a way A number of milestones with major a virtual maze game based on walking that they are not noticeably attenuated significance for the Galileo programme through a real world location. by clouds or typical precipitation in have been reached since the launch the atmosphere and therefore cannot of Initial Services in December 2016. Looking down on Earth as if from detect precipitation.” The new study In September 2017, semiconductor a spaceship, players use a standard therefore uses a different effect to developer Broadcom announced Google map display to traverse a detect rain over the sea: The roughness the launch of the world’s first mass- rectangular area filled with randomly of the sea surface. https://phys.org market, dual frequency GNSS receiver generated obstacles and collectibles. for smartphones - the BCM47755. You play against the clock to grab Space technology allows precise This was followed, in June 2018, by prizes, with points deducted for navigation without GNSS the launch of the first dual frequency running into virtual barriers. smartphone – the Xiaomi Mi 8. The German Aerospace research center Another app developed through DLR developed an optical navigation and According to the latest figures, the competition is also available inspection system for use in environments over 500 million devices - most of for download from Google where position determination is not them the latest smartphone models Play. https://phys.org possible via a satellite navigation system - are already Galileo-enabled. such as GPS or Galileo. The Integrated Positioning System (IPS) can accurately determine one’s own position without additional “prior knowledge” of the environment and without external reference points. Originally developed for missions in outer space, the scientists also see possible applications in tunnels, mines or industrial facilities, for example. www.intelligent-aerospace.com

Coordinates January 2019 | 47 NEWS - INDUSTRY

Carlson Software releases Qualcomm launches Snapdragon 855 1229). The ship was received from France Carlson iCAD 2019 with Dual-Frequency GNSS and 5G with its two original DRBN34As, one for navigation and another for helicopter Carlson’s specialized drafting Qualcomm Technologies has unveiled approach. It is also equipped with a package, Carlson iCAD 2019, has just the newest generation in the 8 Mobile single DRBV21A search radar system been released. The software allows Platform Series, the dual frequency that incorporates identification friend or technicians to supplement the finished Qualcomm Snapdragon 855 Mobile foe (IFF) capability. www.janes.com product in their project deliverables. Platform. It can make your voice, camera, gaming, and XR smarter, Raytheon’s GPS OCX supports New additions and functions to the faster, and more intuitive. That means modernized GPS satellite into orbit iCAD 2019 release are new tool palettes, smartphones can deliver a personalized, new 3D solid commands, additional optimized experience, without the The U.S. Air Force used Raytheon DGN support, and new express tools. user needing to adjust the settings. Company’s GPS Next-Generation iCAD features Google Earth import Operational Control System, known as and export KML/KMZ, standard CAD The latest offering from Qualcomm GPS OCX, to support the launch of the entities, the drawing inspector tool Technologies is the first commercial first modernized GPS satellite into space. and more. www.carlsonsw.com mobile platform supporting multi- GPS OCX will now maneuver the GPS III gigabit 5G, industry-leading AI and satellite into its final orbit, a process that CHC Navigation releases all- immersive extended reality (XR) will take the ground control system 10 in-one GNSS RTK solution collectively, ushering in a new decade days to accomplish. The fully modernized of revolutionary mobile devices. GPS OCX Block 0 launch and checkout CHC Navigation has unveiled its i50 GNSS system will support the launch of future receiver, an all-in-one GNSS RTK solution. Brexit-dodging SCISYS Brits GPS III satellites, enabling the introduction find Galileo joy in Dublin of a new civil signal, enhanced military The GNSS receiver comes bundled with signals, and anti-jam capabilities. the CHC HCE320 Android controller Chippenham-based space systems and CHC LandStar 7 field data collection specialist SCISYS has announced that it The ground system has achieved the software. According to the company, will trouser €11.2m as part of a contract highest level of cybersecurity protections it is a cost-effective solution for to keep the Galileo project running. of any Department of Defense space topographic and construction positioning The award, with Thales Alenia Space system, and its open architecture tasks in land surveying, small- and France, is for the continuation and allows it to integrate new capabilities medium-sized construction projects, enhancement of four Galileo Ground and signals as they become available, and precision GIS data collection. Mission Segments (GMS). The GMS ensuring continued protection against comprises control centres and a network of future cyber threats. www.raytheon.com Allystar releases multi-band GNSS transmitting and receiving stations, as well raw data chip and module as telemetry and control for the satellite Septentrio launches tiny Mosaic constellation. SCISYS has opted to move high-precision GNSS module Allystar Technology Co. Ltd., has released its parent company to Dublin, something a multi-band multi-GNSS chipset, the it said “has proved decisive in securing Septentrio has launched the Mosaic high- HD9310. The new product is based on this contract”. www.theregister.co.uk precision GNSS receiver module. Despite the Cynosure III architecture integrating its compact size (31 x 31 x 4 millimeters, multi-band multi-system GNSS RF and Brazil upgrading Bahia LPD’s 1.29 x 1.29 x 0.15 inches), the Mosaic baseband. It supports BeiDou-3 and navigation, electronic warfare systems module supports more than 30 signals is capable of tracking all global civil from all six GNSS constellations, L-band navigation systems (GPS, BeiDou, The Brazilian Navy is to upgrade its and various satellite-based augmentation Galileo, GLONASS, IRNSS, QZSS and NDM Bahia (G40) multi-purpose systems. As a multi-band module tracking SBAS) in all bands (L1, L2, L5, L6). landing dock platform (LPD) with new all GNSS satellites in view, it is also surface navigation and electronic warfare designed to support future GNSS signals Designed for high-precision applications, systems .Bahia was purchased from the HD9310 measures 5.0mm x 5.0mm. the French Navy in 2015 and is now Laser Technology, Inc. Signs Digi- The architecture integrates floating- being upgraded for Brazilian service. Key Electronics as Global Distributor point arithmetic units based on ARM CortexM4, 160 KB RAM, 32KB backup A Northrop Grumman Sperry Marine Laser Technology, Inc., the industry RAM with VBAT, 386 KB embedded VisionMaster FT250 navigation radar will leader in the design and manufacture of FLASH and peripheral interfaces replace the existing DRBN34A navigation innovative non-contact laser sensors, UART, I2C, SPI, GPIO, CAN. radar (French designation for the Decca announced the signing of a worldwide

48 | Coordinates January 2019 TRIMBLE NEWS distribution agreement with Digi-Key need to rely solely on ground control System to provide operators Electronics whom will sell and distribute points because the accuracy of the PPK- with up-to-date information Laser Technology’s Industrial Sensor corrected camera positions is respected. product line, TruSense®. The TruSense Trimble introduced the Trimble D2M rolling line of non-contact laser sensors serves Hexagon’s Geospatial Division stock allocation and management system a variety of industries including oil & Releases Luciad V2018.1 that provides operators the ability to better gas, chemicals, mining, power, food and control rolling stock resources to maximize beverage and water and waste water. Hexagon’s Geospatial division utilization and minimize rail service disruption. announced the release of V2018.1 the Vexcel Imaging opens office in China Luciad Portfolio. It focuses on further The D2M system manages rolling stock expanding 3D capabilities and includes allocation and schedules to meet timetable Digital aerial camera and mobile mapping additional data formats and standards and service requirements. With a single view, solution provider Vexcel Imaging GmbH, for users in military and maritime fleet controllers can allocate, deallocate, Austria announced the opening of its domains. To accommodate organizations’ reallocate, swap and perform special traffic newest office in Shenzhen, P.R. China. expanding geospatial data, LuciadFusion moves while receiving information from Vexcel Imaging began providing cutting- introduces a RESTful API to automate the operator’s maintenance management edge photogrammetry-grade aerial the entire process of data crawling. system. Operational staff and maintenance film scanners into the China market as teams can then obtain up-to-date early as 1998 followed by introducing Tersus Releases GeoCaster information on train allocations to services digital aerial cameras 2005 in China. Software for NTRIP Corrections and track key usage data such as mileage accumulation for fueling and maintenance. Delair and Trimble cooperate Tersus GNSS Inc. recently released the TAGSGIS & MAPPINGTRIMBLE to support high-precision Tersus GeoCaster, which is a Networked PPK drone data Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol Seismic vault-quality data in a (NTRIP) Caster Software to expand its lightweight and compact sensor The recent release of Trimble Business product line and provide users with better Center v5.0 now supports high-precision and more comprehensive services. Trimble has introduced the portable REF PPK drone data with a new JXL output TEK Colt broadband seismometer that exclusively available with the Delair The Tersus GeoCaster supports provides high-quality data for scientists UX11 PPK drone. The latest collaboration configurable bases online simultaneously and academics using seismic networks between Delair and Trimble’s Trimble and configurable rovers for one to conduct earth movement studies. Business Center v5.0 (TBC) team was base. It supports Ntrip protocol and to develop the next generation JXL it has 7X24 hours operation. Working in combination with a Trimble or format that supports streamlined high- third-party seismic data recorder, the REF precision drone data processing. This is The end users involved in various TEK Colt sensor enables scientific and an important feature to fully realize the applications including surveying, academic researchers to study local, regional benefit of PPK-processed datasets from the construction engineering, deformation and global seismicity to learn more about the Delair UX11. This new feature enables monitoring, automated vehicle, precision physics of earthquakes and to gain a deeper high-precision horizontal and vertical agriculture, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, understanding of plate tectonics. The Colt accuracy estimates for GNSS positions, machine control, robotics, and etc. can be used in Earthquake Early Warning as well as the precise lever-arm offset (EEW) applications as well as in monitoring (measurements of the distance between the Motion Auto selects HERE and cataloging earthquake activity. GNSS antenna and camera on the drone), Technologies’ location platform to be carried through to TBC and utilized Trimble and MODERN collaborates by Trimble’s photogrammetry algorithm. HERE Technologies, a global leader in mapping and location services, and Trimble and MODERN have announced that The result of this joint software Motion Auto, a mobile first telematics they are partnering to enhance the customer enhancement between Delair and auto insurance company, have announced experience by integrating automated text Trimble is that you can now maintain the integration of HERE location communications with the Trimble PULSE the centimetric accuracy of your camera services across Motion’s platform. suite of solutions for field service optimization positions from the UX11 PPK system Motion Auto will embed HERE maps and workforce management. This integration when you do your photogrammetry within their consumer mobile app, enables equipment dealers and field service processing with TBC. The benefit is that while utilizing a rich set of HERE organizations to improve the customer you maintain the full value of PPK-enabled location data and analytics to better experience during service through faster GNSS from the UX11 when processing understand driving conditions down communication and improved visibility your data with TBC and you will not to a road segment. www.here.com into technician and work order status.

Coordinates January 2019 | 49 MARK YOUR CALENDAR

January 2019 Geo Business 2019 YES! I want my Cognizant Autonomous Systems for Safety 21 - 22 May Critical Applications (CASSCA) 2019 London, UK www.GeoBusinessShow.com I would like to subscribe for (tick one) 28-29 January Reston, VA USA GISTAM 2019 www.ion.org 5th International Conference on International LiDAR Mapping Forum (ILMF) Geographical Information Systems Rs.1800/US$100 Rs.3000/US$170 Rs.4300/US$240 28 - 30 January Theory, Applications and Management Denver, United States 3-5 May 2019 www.lidarmap.org Heraklion, Crete, Greece www.gistam.org First name ...... International Technical Meeting (ITM)/ Precise Time and Time Interval Systems June 2019 Last name ...... and Applications (PTTI) 2019 HxGN LIVE 2019 28-31 January 11 - 14 June Designation ...... Reston, VA USA Las Vegas, USA www.ion.org https://hxgnlive.com/2019

Organization ...... March 2019 TransNav 2019 2019 URSI Asia Pacific Radio 12 - 14 June Address ...... Science Conference Gdynia, Poland 9 - 15 March http://transnav.am.gdynia.pl New Delhi, India ...... www.aprasc2019.com July 2019 Esri User Conference City ...... Pincode ...... Munich Satellite Navigation Summit 8 - 12 July 25 - 27 March San Diego, California www.esri.com State ...... Country ...... Munich, Germany www.munich-satellite- navigation-summit.org August 2019 Phone ...... The South-East Asia Survey Land and Poverty Conference 2019 Congress(SEASC) 2019 Fax ...... 25 - 29 March 15 - 19 August Washington, DC, USA Darwin, Australia www.worldbank.org https://sssi.org.au Email ...... April 2019 September 2019 I enclose cheque no...... Pacific PNT GI4DM 8-11, April 3 - 6 September drawn on ...... Honolulu, HI USA Prague, Czech Republic www.ion.org www.gi4dm2019.org date ...... towards subscription European Navigation Conference 2019 Intergeo 2019 9 - 12 April 17 - 19 September charges for Coordinates magazine Warsaw, Poland Stuttgart, Germany http://enc2019.eu www.intergeo.de in favour of ‘Coordinates Media Pvt. Ltd.’ FIG Working Week 2019 ION GNSS+2019 22 - 26 April 16 - 20 September Hanoi, Vietnam Miami, Florida, USA www.fig.net/fig2019 www.ion.org Sign ...... Date ...... AUVSI Xponential 2019 ISDE 11 Mail this form with payment to: 29 April - 2 May 24 - 27 September Chicago, United States Florence, Italy www.auvsi.org/events/xponential/ digitalearth2019.eu Coordinates auvsi-xponential-2019 A 002, Mansara Apartments Interdrone C 9, Vasundhara Enclave May 2019 3-6 September 2019 Delhi 110 096, India. 13th Annual BasÌŒka GNSS Conference, Las Vegas, USA www.interdrone.com 5 - 8 May If you’d like an invoice before sending your BasÌŒka,Krk Island, Croatia October 2019 payment, you may either send us this completed 4th Joint International Symposium on Commercial UAV Expo Americas subscription form or send us a request for Deformation Monitoring and Analysis 28 - 30 October an invoice at [email protected] 15 - 17 May Las Vegas, USA Athens, Greece www.expouav.com http://jisdm2019.survey.ntua.gr 50 | Coordinates January 2019 Focusing on true performance!

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