The NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE }'\

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OCTOBER, 1939 The American Horticultural Society

PRESENT ROLL OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS April 1, 1939

OFFICERS President, Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Washington, D. C. First Vice-President, Mrs. Charles D. Walcott, Washington, D. C. Se·cond Vice-President, Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss, Washington, D. C. Secretary, Mrs. Louis S. Scott, Alexandria, Virginia Treasurer, Mr. Henry Parsons Erwin, Washington, D. C. DIRECTORS Terms Expiring 1940 Terms Expiring 1941 Mrs. Mortimer ]. Fox, PeekiSkill, N. Y. Mrs. Walter Douglas, Mexico, D. F. Mrs. Fairfax Harrison, Belvoir, Farquier Mrs. ]. Norman Henry, Gladwyne, Pa. Co., Va. Mrs. Clement S. Houghton, Chestnut Hill, Mrs. Olester Welles, Washington, D. C. Mass. Mrs. William Holland Wilmer, Washington, Mr. Alfred Maclay, Tallahassee, Fla. D.C. Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott, Media, Pa. Dr. Donald Wyman, Jamaica Plain, Mass.

HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Mr. James H. Porter, Pres., Mrs. Clement Houghton, American Azalea & Camellia Society, American Rock Garden Society, Macon, Ga. 152 Suffolk Road, Chestnut Hill, Mass. Mr. Tom H. Smith, Pres., Dr. L. M. Massey, American Begonia Society, American Rose Society, 1732 Temple Ave., State College of Agriculture, Long Beach, Calif. Ithaca, N. Y. Mr. Wm. T. Marshall, Pres., Cactus & Succulent Society of America, Dr. Robert T. Clausen, Pres., P. O. Box 101, American Fern Society, Pasadena, Calif. Bailey Hortor.ium, Col. Edward Steichen, Pres., Ithaca, N. Y. Delphinium Society, Ridgefield, Conn. Dr. H. H. Everett, Pres., Mrs. John H. Cunningham, Pres., America~ Iris Society, Herb Society of America, 417 Woodmen Accident Bldg., 53 Seaver St., Lincoln, Nebr. Brookline, Mass. Mrs. Frank C. Lambert, Pres., Mr. Chas. F. Wassenberg, Pres., Midwest Horticultural Society, American Peony Society, 100 North Central Park Blvd., Van Wert, Ohio. Chicago, I1l.

SOCIETIES AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1938 Alexandria, Virginia, Garden ChID, American Fuchsia Society, Miss Alice Eastwood, Secretary, Mrs. Joseph P. Crockett, California Academy of Sciences, 819 Prince St., Golden Gate Park, Alexandria, Va. San Francisco, Calif. American Amaryllis Society, Bethesda Community Garden Club, Mr. Wyndham Hayward, Mrs. Arthur Hilland, Winter Park, Fla. 158 Custer Road, Bethesda, Md. American Begonia Society, California Garden Club Federation, Tom H. Smith, President, Miss E. Marlow, Lib., 1732 Temple Ave., 992 S. Oakland, Long Beach, Calif. Pasadena, Calif.

Publicati()n Office, 32nd St. and Elm Ave., Baltimore, Md. Entered as second·class matter January 27, 1932, at the Post Office at Baltimore, Md., under the Act of August 24, 1912. California Horticultural Society, Little Rock Federation of Garden Clubs, Miss Cora R. Brandt, Secretary, Mrs. H. Roddy Jones, 485 California St., 401 Ridgeway, San Francisco, Calif. Little Rock, Ark. Chevy Chase (D. C.) Garden Club, Michigan Horticultural Society, lVlrs. Paul S. Anderson, Paul R. Krone, Secy., 63 19 Delaware St., Horticultural Building, Chevy Chase, Md. East Lansing, Mich. Chevy Chase (Md.) Garden Club, Midwest Horticultural Society, Mrs. Robert Ash, Mrs. 'vValter ]. Scott, Secy., Ashley, Bradley Blvd., 4921 W . Huron St., Bethesda, Md. Chi cago, Ill. Cleveland Garden Center, East Boulevard at Euclid Ave., National Capital Dahlia Society, Cleveland, Ohio. Dr. Charles C. Clark, Pres., 21 W. Irving St., Dayton Garden Center, Chevy Chase, Md. c/o Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, Ohio. New England Gladiolus Society, James H. Odell, Chairman Ex. Comm .. Fauquier and Loudoun Garden Club, Wellesley Hills, Mass. Mrs. W. F. Rust, Leesburg, Va. Rock Garden Society of Ohio, Mrs. Frank Garry, Federated Garden Clubs of Maryland. 5800 Wyatt Ave., Mrs. Gordon N. Stieff, Pres., Kennedy Heights, Room 300, The Belvedere, Cincinnati, Ohio. Baltimore, Md. Severn River Garden Club, Forest Hills Garden Club, Mrs. Herbert Beatson, Pres., Mrs. Victor V. Kelsey, Pres., 6 Paddington Court, 4720 Linneau Ave., N. W., Baltimore, Md. Washington, D. C. Garden Center Institute of Buffalo. Takoma Horticultural Club, Delaware Park Casino, Mr. Clarence W. Moore, Buffalo, New York. 1351 Kalmia St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Garden Centre, % Iveys Store, The Garden Club of Mathews Co., Asheville, N. C. Mrs. W. H. Reed, Secretary, Nor,th, Mathews Co., Va. Garden Club of Gloucester, iVlrs. N. S. Hopkins, Librarian, The Little Garden Club of Sandy Spring, N uttall, Va. Mrs. Mahlon Kirke IV, Rockville, Md. Garden Club of Kentucky, Mrs. Earl P. Rarold, Pres., The Pittsburgh Garden Center, Bowling Green, Ky. Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, Pa. Garden Club of Virginia, Mrs. Thos. W. Wheelwright, Pres., The San Francisco Garden Club. Buckhead Springs, Va. Room 133, Fairmount Hotel, San Francisco, Cal if. Georgetown Garden Club, Mrs. Louis Mackall, \iVashington Garden Club, 3044 0 St., N. W., Mrs. Thomas F. Law, Washington. D. C. 1729 Varnum St.. Washington, D. C. Home Garden Club of Denver, 4864 Tennyson St., Woodridge Garden Club, Denver, Colo. Dr. Freeman Weiss, 3223 Vista St., N. E., Lake \iVash ington Garden Club, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Charles C. May, Room 4422, 'vVorcester Countv Horticultural Society. White-Henry-Stuart Bldg 30 Elm Street, S'eattle, Wash. Worcester, Mass. [ i 1 The National Horticultural Magazine

Vol. 18 Copyright, 1939, by THE AMERICAN HORTICJULTlJRAL SOCIETY No.4

O CTOBER, 1939

CONTENTS

California Oenothera Species. LESTER ROWNTREE ______245 Bon'lOa, an Endemic Palm of Haiti. O. F. COOK ______254 Rhododendron Notes: C01l1ment. CLEMENT G. BOWERS ______281 Rhododendron Hybrids Hardy in Vermont. MARY E. G. FREEBOR N____ 284- Rhododendron Crosses. J OS EPH G. GABLE ______.______285 Rock Garden Notes: Dwarf Tulips in Manitoba. F. L. SKINNER ______287 A Book or Two ______288

The Gardener's Pocketbook: N otholil'ion T h0711S0 11l£anu111. CLA UDE HOPE ______293 Styrax officinalis. CLAUDE H OPE ______294 Mid-August. FRA NCES EDGE MelLv AINE .______296 Fron1 the Midwest Horticultural Society: Daphne m ezereU77'[,. ROB ERT V AN TRESS ______298 Hydrangea peti-ola,n·s. ROBERT V AN TRESS ______298 K oell'eute7'ia -panic-ulata. ROBERT V AN TRESS ______300 flex opaea. ROBERT V AN TRESS ______300

] asm imtm nu di f l 07'U 17'/, ______302 B up hane cilia1'is ______302 A 1"is toto chia el ega.ns ______.______304 Trito·wia hyalina ______306 Butterfly Lilies. FRA NCE S HAN NAY ______306 The White Ladyslipper. WARREN C. WILSON ______308 Oncoba Routledgei ______309

Published quarterly by The American Horticultural Society. Publication offi ce. 32nd St. and ~ l m Ave., Baltimore, Md. Editorial offi ce, Room 821, Washington Loan and Tru st Building. Wash· mgton, D. C. Contributions from all members are cordially invite. d and should be sent to the Editoria.l office. A subscription to the magazine is included in the annual dues to all members: to non·members the price is seventy-five cents the copy, three dollars a. year. . [ ii ] Frasher Oenothera deltoides with pink Sand Verbena California Oenothera Species

LESTER ROWNTREE

I WISH I had some sort of little many of the state . Large-flowered, gauge whi'ch I could apply to my field quick-spreading Oe. speciosa grows in notes and which would indicate how Kansas and Oklahoma and Texas and much by enthusiasm (or lack of en­ is an occasional escape in California, thusiasm) in the des·cri ption of a plant and its pink-flowered vari ety knowll is due to that plant's actual beauty as "Childs' Mexican P rimrose" comes and desirability and how much to the from Texas. Both of them are ram­ conditions under which the notes were pant perennials in many temperate cli­ written. The best I have been able mate gardens. Oe. bien17is is called the to do so far is to put an explanatory European Evening Primrose, because word or two at the ·end of my note,­ it has naturalized itself there so freely; "too cold to enthuse, though the plant but it went to Europe from Virginia, is really nice," I find, or-"it may be and has now returned to grow, with the coffee," which means that an unac­ many similar yell ow-flowered species customed debauch may account for my and horticultural forms, in counties !': exuberance, or merely-"getting des­ American gardens. perate" whi'ch speaks for itself. California has a large allotment of Then I always have a horrified fear native Evening Primroses, both peren­ that a wave of nostalgia, flo oding over nials and heat and drought-loving an­ me when I am writing my notes into nuals, and few of them are very well an article, will affect my values. On known to gardeners. Botanists are still a rainy winter day, for instance, I may treating the genus Oenothera as though have just come across my chipmunk­ it were a baseball diamond on which nibbled beret or my disreputable leat11- the species names can be endlessly bat­ er coat, with a resultant attack of home­ ted about, but the end of the game sickness for some mountain top or des­ seems to be in sight. To drop the ert wash which would color any fl ower metaphor, I expect soon to find all the picture rose-pink, while a memento of identification of species permanently a mosquito-swarming swamp at the settled and a final and fixed name at­ edge of a snowbank might be enough tached to every Evening Primrose. to damn an innocent and deserving Because of my field work, I have speCIes. grown accustomed to thinking 01 the However, the Oenothera season Evening Primroses as arranged in cer­ doesn't lead one into any great ex­ tain groups,-not botanical groups, nor tremes and I ought to be able to handle strictly according to life-zones. Rather, it fa irly sanely. each group is associated with the route Americans ought to have an especial of one of my annual field trips, and interest in Evening P rimroses because I shall follow this rather personal they are almost entirely American,­ scheme here, describing a few fl owers North or South-and L. H. Bailey says from each of my yearly flower-hunting that from ninetv to one hundred of the trips into various Ca li fornia regions. known species are natives of North Few Evening Primroses like slop­ Ameri ca. They are scattered over pilly wet places. Most of them prefer r 245 ] 246 THE NATIONAL H ORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE Oct. , 1939 to grow in comparatively dry spots and Oe. calif o1'1~ica, and Oe. caesp'btosa var. to send their roots down into sand or 11w1'ginata (sometimes off ered as Oe. loam. But Oenothenb subacaulis likes 11!ba1'ginata) . to grow in plain sa l~ d y muck, with low­ Oe. deltoides and its varieties, annual growing, moisture-loving M imulus spe­ and sometimes biennial, are the white cies of tl~e high mountains as its com­ fl owers the tourists see,-and become panions. You don't see this Oenothera breathless about- when they go down every day; generally you have to cross to Palm Springs, that desert suburb of the crest of the Sierra and hunt for it H ollywood, and travel through mile in the mountain meadows high up on after mile of the blossoms, growing the eastern side. But it is a choioe little either alone or mixed with the bright thing. Its red-purple-veined and purple­ ceri se Sand Verbena. W hen I throw edged, entire, lanceolate-ovate leaves my sleeping bag down among these grow in rosettes at -t he tops of thick Evening P rimroses and go to sleep roots and make nice settings for the there, I find the fragrance, in the ni ght, short-stemmed erect yellow fl owers. almost overpowering. But when the (The whole plant suggests a little Oe. sun rises, (and it rises shockingly early ovata.) It begins to leaf out when the on the desert), the perfume begins to meadow is wet and boggy and fl owers die away. in June when the soil is still moist. If The three-inch white saucers of Oe. yo u visit it at seed- time you find that deltoides, shading into greenish-yel­ it follows the custom of many Califo r­ low at the center, do not close enti rely ni a plants and times its seed ri pening unless their time has come, but fo ld to coincide with the drying out of the a little during the noonday glare. In soi l it grows in. the afternoon they stretch wide again Oe1wthera gmC'iliflom is a cheerful and are joined by the newly opening li ttle annual Evening P rimrose of the buds, all ready fo r another night. The hills and plains of north central Cali­ long entire or sub-entire leaves are sil­ fo rnia. Its narrow, ent ire, hairy gray­ very green, the nodding shaggy buds green leaves rnake a tuft rather than are a silvery lavender pink, the white a rosette, out of whi ch ri se erect red­ fl owers turn rose pink as they age; di sh fl ower-stems holding hairy, poppy­ all combine to make an exquisite deco­ like buds and pleasant little yellow rati on which is enhanced or subdued bowls. There is nothing at all brash by the changing lights of the desert. about Oe. gmciliflo1'a. Even its seed­ The Oenothera deltoides plant is po ds are neat little fo ur-sided boxes either prostrate or ascending and in tucked carefully in at the base of the size anywhere from an inch- wide baby plant. seedling to its yard-wide parent. which The great majori ty of Cali fo rnia's looks like an old hen surrounded by Evening P rimroses grow where they chicks of odd sizes. W hen the summer can bask in heat and can dry them­ heat of the desert reaches its peak, selves off thoroughly in the sumnJer. Oe. deltoides is ready for it, being by O n the hot slopes whi ch edge the des­ now nothing but a bundle of dried erts, on the sid es of canyons and stems. If the plant is sufficiently am­ washes, and on sandy plai ns grow sev­ bitious it gathers its stems about it, eral perennial, bi ennial and annual spe­ shakes its dessicated root loose from cies with huge white, usually fragrant the earth and, helped by the wind. fl owers. Among these are Oe. deltoi­ trundles off on its travels, spilling its des (sometim es call ed Oe. t1"ichocalyx) . ripened seed as it goes. But if the Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 247

Leste1' Roz'Imtree

plant is by chance growing in a gar­ the silvery foliage glistens with mois­ den it must resign itself to a tame old ture and the nodding buds and open age, for it will have had too much flowers hold shining drops. Oe. cali­ moisture to get itself in condition for fontica grows up to an altitude of 8,000 this final fling. feet, likes loose gravelly soil and can I am continually amazed to find how stand any amount of wind. well English gardeners succeed with Oenothera caespitosa var. 11'l.arginata plants of the California desert, but I is more common in the states to the get reports, from that cold, wet little north and east of California than it is island, filled with boundless praise for in California itself. There is so little Oe. deltoides as a guest which for beau­ botanical difference (a matter of hairs, ty, fragrance, wealth of blossoms ·and I believe) between the type and its general delightfulness "will please the varieties that one finds each called by most fastidious and critical." the name of the other or var. 1na.1'gi11ata The perennial 0 enothera cal1:fo1'1~ico considered a separate species. At any (Oe. pallida var. cahf01'1'/;ica) is often rate, whatever you call it, it is a nice mistaken for Oe. deltoides but it is usu­ white-flowered hardy perennial Eve­ ally a taller plant and is silvery with ning Primrose for the garden. though hairs. You find large stands of it on I haven't found it very longlived. the slopes of desert-facing mountains. Its dentate gray-green leaves, in a All heat-loving Oenotheras are at their basal rosette. make a nest for the big best on dull days but Oe. cal-ifO?'nica white flow ers, whose petals are more i especially beautiful after rain, when sharply narrowed at the base than are 248 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939

LesteT RO'lr.mt1'ee Oenothem bistorta var. veitchia'na those of most Evening Primroses. of strawberry-pink-tan earth, scattered Since its native habitat is on dry rocky over with this yellow Evening Prim­ slopes, it is wiser, in the garden, not to rose mingled with the erect, deep rich give it too heavy or too rich soil but royal purple stalks of little Lupinus to grow it on a slope with the best of odoratus, the fragrant golden L epidiu711, drainage. fiavu7n and the red-purple Astmgalus The last of this group from hot C ouiteri, is one of the loveliest of Cali­ slopes and mesas is Oe. p-ri11l{'ive1'is,­ fornia desert pictures. a plant of th<:: mesa in Nevada, Colo­ The group of tall annual desert Eve­ rado, Utah, and Texas and of the Colo­ ning Primroses is a huge one. There rado and Mohave Deserts in California. are yellow-flowered and white-flowered Although really as annual, you can coax ones and on the whole the yellow spe­ it to behave as a biennial or even peren­ cies are the more desirable. Individu­ nial if you are growing it in a temper­ ally they are all nice,-unless the flow­ ate climate. It makes large flat ro­ ers are too tiny-while some of them settes of hairy, gray-green, deeply pin­ are exceptionally good. Many of them natified leaves. The huge, fragrant, have a lovely thin glistening silver bark primrose-yellow flowers, on pale pink on their stems, which curls up and calyx-tubes, which lift them a little peels off when the plant grows old. above the fo liage, turn deep pink as Some of them gather their stems round they age and are followed by long them at the end of their days and go fat seedpods wedged close round the wandering across the wide open spaces, base of the rosette. I think a mesa like Oe. deltoides. Almost all of them Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 249

Lewis Josselyn Oenothe1'a ovata begin their growth by developing an some places quite "overed the sandy erect stem which ends in a fl ower spike. fl oor of the desert. While that is blooming, the side branch­ O e11,othem b1'evipes (one of the tall es spring out, also ending in fl ower desert annual group ) especially made spikes. which come into bloom just the most of that year. I have never as the central one is beginning to set seen the plants so large or so numer­ its seed. ous,- sometimes they seemed to think California wild flow er seasons vary they were bushes. They grew more greatly from year to year and depend than two feet tall , with any number of as much on when the rain falls as on side branches which reached far out how 11~uch £alls. The best of weather to brush the neighboring plants. And prophets usually falls down on predic­ the fl owers were innumerable, one scor­ tions about the wild fl owers. But the poid spike after another uncurling to distribution of moisture usually suits shake out its burden of floppy fl ower at least one genus. In some years it bowls like huge buttercups more than is the Lupins which are pleased,-and an inch and a half across, pale prim­ show it; on other years the rains may rose yellow on one bush, bright egg "do right by" the Pentstemons. Nine­ yellow on the next, with their yellow teen-thirty-seven was a banner year for filaments holding up round creamy an­ the Evening P rimroses and they took thers like li ttle toy ball oons. The sun every advantage of their luck. They tinted the sturdy stems into shades of ramped along the canyon sides, smoth­ red and pink and the small scarlet dots ered mesas and mountain slopes and in at the base of the petals shone bright. 250 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTU RAL MAGAZI NE Oct., 1939

Leste1' Rowntree Oenothem ovata

And they grew with the nicest com­ t01'ta and Oe. ovata all grow near or on panions to set them off,-blue Phacelias the coast, but each is quite diffe rent dis tams and F?'e11lLOntii, flaring salmon­ from the others. scarlet S phaemlcea a111, big~ba, blue L ~£ ­ Oe. che7:mnthifoz.ia, (O e. spiralis) is pi'm£s spa1 ' sifio1'~£S, golden Eriophylh£111/, a di stinctly beach Primrose, growing a111, big~£a and many yellow or white­ on sand dunes and sea beaches and fl owered species of their own race, helping gardeners directly on the coast W hen they are yo ung there is a good to solve their probl em of colorful deal of foliage, es pecially if the sea­ ground covers. It is a perennial but sonal rain has been heavy. As the you can treat it as an annual. some­ rain s cease an d the heat mounts, the times with more sati sfaction. The seed­ leaves dry up thev have already begun li ngs are beauti ful li ttle silver rosettes to shrivel when the last flowers are whi ch throw out long, prostrate, curv­ opening. ing fl owering stems until the resultant Oenothem che'i!'al1th·ifolia, Oe. bis- mat is sometimes a yard across. The Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTI CULTURAL MAGAZINE 25 1

Leste1' Rowntree Oe1'1Othem chei1'al1thifolia flowers. all along the stems, are fl at, but after it has gone to seed it looks bright yellow, an inch and a half wide shabby and gets in the way of other and sometimes flecked with red-brown plants, so I prefer to tear my big plants near the center. In bloom it is lovely, out when they get to this stage and 252 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. , 1939 let the self-sown seedlings take over thick root and embedded in it, this until they too get out of bounds at the is the only way to get at them, The end of the next season. pati ent survives the operation, for Oenothers bistorta has varieties though I don't sew it up I always re­ whi ch grow far inland but the type plant it carefully and I've checked up enough plants to be sure that they grow sticks pretty closely to the coast, where and bloom again the next year. it grows along the bluffs and in gravel­ My last Evening P rimrose is proba­ ly washes. T his green-l eaved species bly the best known of all and may need also is alluring in the kindergarten stage no words from me, It is the tall clear but may become gangly at adolescence; yell ow one with large fl owers (some­ however, it is an annual and can be times six inches across) which is oc­ pulled out wi thout too much loss. Even casionally catalogued as O e. g'randi­ in shade it is not so prostrate as-tire­ flora but mo re often as O e, H ookeri. Beach Evening P rimrose and in shade I saw it in Mexico, apparently wild. the branches al'e quite definitely as­ though possibly an escape; it grows cending. T he yellow fl owers are com­ in the Rocky Mountains and in sev­ paratively small and mayor may not eral of the western states and in Cali­ have dark red-brown central spots. fo rnia is the most widespread of the O el'lothem ovata or Sun-cups, is li ke genus, It blooms with tall blue Monks­ a large Oe. subaca~~ lis. Often it be­ hood and Lupins in the wet meadows bO" ins to bloom in F eb ruary, its round of the high mountains and with golden pads of oblong dull green leaves serv- lv[i1nulus guttatus and scarlet lVI. car­ in O" as bases fer many slender, creamy, dinalis on the fl oo r:; of wet coastal can­ fo ~ r -in ch calyx-tubes carrying inch­ yons. O n my hillside it has appeared wide, oval-petaled, buttercup-yellow among naturali ze d F oxglove and Cis­ fl owers. Some pads of leaves measure tus, in places whi ch get no water be­ a foo t across and many plants bear tween the last rain of spring and the from one hundred to two hundred fl ow­ first one of autumn, You see it grow­ ers. Sun-cups grows on grassy slopes, ing round fa rm houses with Cannas often in heavy soil which is fairly moist and magenta P hlox, the three cooper­ during the rainy season but which has ating to make an effortless decoration. already begun to crack with dryness Oe, Hooken' is an erect plant, some­ while the plants are still in bloom, for times fi ve feet tall , and behaves as its blooming season is a long one. It annual, bienni al or perennial, according compani ons first yellow Viola pedwn.­ to its fancy, It is a rather coarse thing culata, then the blue D warf Lupin (L. fo r the fl ower-bed but grand for the nan~~s) and then the deeper blue Sisy­ wil d garden, where, if you permit, it rinchium beliu,m ,

Lester Row-n/ree Oe'nothera grandiflora (Hooke1'i) am ratber pleased to have held my en­ sigbt and I was working from notes thusiasms in cbeck so well. But my wbich were fairly legible, always a sign beret and leather jacket were out of that I was normal when I wrote them. Bornoa an Endemic Palm of Haiti

O. F. COOK

ONE of the largest and most at­ palm apparently is like the coconut tractive palms of the West Indian flora, in growing with full exposure, and a member of the coconut family, yield­ is likely to thrive in Florida, since ing an edible nut, was discovered in Haiti also is a limestone country. Seeds Haiti more than two centuries ago, have been obtained and seedlings are but has remained very little known. being raised to test its behavior in A remarkable drawing of the Haitian Florida, Puerto Rico, and the Canal palm, here reproduced as Figure 1, Zone. was published by Charles P lumier in It naturally would be supposed that 1703, in advance of detailed i nforma­ such a palm would have spread through tion regarding other American palms. Haiti, or at least through its native Piumier's description of the Haitian district, from being planted or at least palm was published by Martius more allowed to grow, since the oi ly kernels than a century later, in 1847, but like­ of the nuts have an excellent flavor, wise has received little attention. The and have been known from the early palm has been assigned incid·entally days as "little coconuts." That none to South American genera, M a%i1nili­ of these palms should have been raised G'J1a and AltaleO-, with which it agrees around Port-au-Prince or Petionville in some of its characters, but in oth­ is the more remarkable in view of the ers is distinct. hundreds of beautiful, neatly kept gar­ Only a few palms are of the size and dens surrounding the homes of the well­ proportion to be described as massive to-do families, showing the love of flow­ or imposing like the date palms, coco­ ers and decorative plants as an out­ nuts, and royals, but the Haitian palm standing trait of the Haitian people. sustains compari son with any of these. The chief reason, no doubt, for the The foliage resembles that of the coco­ palm remal11111g so completely un­ nut palm, an ample crown of leaves known, even in its native country, is with regular spreading pinnae, the chief that very few people, if any, of those difference being that the midrib of the at Port-au-Prince or at other towns, leaf is more fl exible near the end, turn­ who have gardens and might be inter­ ing on the side and forming .a grace­ ested in raising some of the palms, ful curve. The trunk also is different, have ever seen them. The road that thicker, smoother and more even than renders the few rerHaining palms ac­ that of the coconut palm, in these re­ cessible by automobile is of recent con­ spects more like a royal palm. See struction and the number of palms is figures 2 and 3. so few that they are likely to be passed From the habits of the palm no rea­ without being noticed. A better pros­ son is apparent why it should not be pect opened in 1920, of the remaining planted widely in Haiti and in other palms being protected and others prop­ countries. Many of the tropical palms agated, throug'h the establishment by are specialized for forest conditions the Service Technique d' Agriculture, and may not thrive in open locations, of a station for experiments with coffee even in the tropics, but this Haitian at Fond-des-Negres, the'locality where [ 254 ] Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 255

$~ , ~

' ! . Palma

Fig. 1. PlL1111iie'r's Genus "Palma," 1703 the palms grow, on the road between to increase and utilize the palm in Leogane and Aux Cayes. It is hoped Haiti, and it may be expected that that measures already have been taken many visitors from other countries will 256 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939 be interested to see these remarkable beautiful native palms that would form palms at Fond-des-N egres and to ob­ a very attractive collection, if brought tain the seeds in viable condi tion. together. Many years would be re­ Difficulties in growing the palms in quired, of course, to raise the larger other localities may arise from the palms to maturity from the seeds, but seeds being very short-li ved, this being with some of the species that grow near true of many of the tropical palms. Port-au-Prince mature or partly grown The perishable seeds must be planted at specimens might be transplanted, if once, or at least kept somewhat moist suffi'cient interest were taken to develop in loose leaf mold, weathered charcoal, such a collection. The district of Port­ or slightly dampened moss, if they are au-Prince apparently is protected by to be stored or shipped before being the adjacent mountains, and has sel­ planted. The palm may have a definite dom been visited by hurricanes. fruiting season, so that the nuts may The seeds for the present stock of be obtainable for only limited periods seedlings were received in September and probably are eaten at once by the 1938 through the kindness of Mr. B. H. local chi ldren or by the pigs. Most of A. Groth, of the Standard Fruit Com­ the palms are rather definitely seasonal, pany, Aux Cayes, Haiti, and were only a few like the coconut bearing a grown under No. 129884. The healthy succession of inflorescences through state of the yearling plants at the stage the year. Special arrangements proba­ shown in figure 12 affords no assur­ bly will be necessary to obtai n suppli es ance that they wi ll continue to thrive of the seeds of B ornoa from the few under greenhouse conditions. Open­ remaining palms, unless the experi­ ai r planting may be necessary within a mental station is being maintained. year or two. Further cautions to be noted by those Further search should be made in not accustomed to propagati ng palms the southern peninsula in the hope of are that several weeks or months may finding the palms in larger numbers, be required for the seeds to germinate, and possibly under natural conditions. and that the seedlings may make only Verbal information from Dr. Ekman a slow growth during the early stages was noted at Port-au-Prince Septem­ of development, even with palms that bear 5, 1937, of seeing this palm near later grow rapidly, when well estab­ Pestel, "on the road to Glace." Pestel li shed. Many palms have' only narrow is shown on several maps of Haiti, on simple leaves at first, like blades of the north coast of the southern penin­ grass, so that the seedlings often are sula about 40 miles west of Fond-des­ overlooked and even weeded out from N egres and 20 miles east of J eremie. gardens and ornamental grou nds with­ Another robust pinnate palm that might out being recognized. P lanting in per­ be confused with Bonwa is Calyptro17o­ manent locations is desirable, if pro­ -/na q-uisqueymw Bailey. It is known to tection can be given against grazing occur in the southern peninsula, but its animals or other hazards. Since the fruits are smaller than coffee berries, transplanting of young palms from nur­ while the nuts of Bornoa have the size series often proves difficult, it is safer and shape of pecans. to raise the seedlings in pots, tubs or A second locality reported by Plu­ boxes. The seedlings of Bornoa have mier, the Ile a Vache, off the south simple plicate leaves, as shown in fig­ coast of Haiti near A ux Cayes, has not ure 12. been confirmed by any later report. Haiti has many other interesting and Grazing mi ght destroy all the young Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 257

Fig. 2. Bornoa. a.t F1nd-des-N egres, Haiti palms, and a gradual extinction would THE VERGE OF EXTINCTION res ult. The island is said to have been T hat such a palm should be brought use d chiefly for cattle. to the verge of extinction may seem 258 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE Oct., 1939 difficult to understand, but planting to persist after clearing and burning. or protecting a long-li ved tree is be­ Most of the trees that spring up in yond the usual range of interest among clearings a re different from those that primitive people. Cutting and burn­ grow in the uncut forests, and some ing the fo rest is the customary activity, of the trees that abound in clearings are and the extin ction of the forest vegeta­ wi dely distributed, like the species of tion is the general result. Most of the weeds. tropical countries have been largelv de­ Primitive people alone could have lit­ forested and denuded, to a much great­ tl·e power over plant li fe, but as soon as er extent than usually is r~cognized , fi re was adopted a complete devasta­ and fo r longer periods. tion of nature became possible, and many regions probably were denuded In Haiti, as in many other tropical long b-efore the dawn of history. The countries, extremely small areas of the heaviest forests give place in time to original forest remain, and these only open grass-lands, no longer to be on rock exposures or lands too barren cleared by burning over, until they have or inaccessibl·e to be used, even tem­ been abandoned and reforested. Grass­ porarily, for planting the native crops. lands may be gradually reforested. or The wild stock of B01'1wa may be en­ by intensive pasturing and burning the tirely extinct, the few palms of Fond­ land may be completely denuded to des-N egres bei ng in culti vated lanel. the desert stage of drifting sands or where no young palms are alfowed to sun-baked rock exposures. grow. Only one seedling was fo und, Haiti seems to have been well popu­ and that in a damaged condi tion. lated at the time of discovery by Co­ The many types of plant life that lumbus, so that a partial denudation still exist only as accidental survivors may have taken place before the colonial or in small remnants of the origin al period. The destruction of the moun­ forests, leave no doubt that many othei" tain forests no doubt was accelerated types have been completely extermi­ by the slaves who escaped and joined nated. Taking account of the gener­ the surviving Indians. adopting their ally limited distribution of forest spe­ mode of li fe a nd learning their meth­ cies, in forests that have not heen dis­ ods of usi ng the nativ·e crops. maize. turbed, it is seen that hundreds or cassava, and yautia, the grain sorghum thousands of species must have been being the only food staple derived from exterminated in the wide regions that Africa. appear to have been intensively occu­ Compared with many other coun­ pied during long periods. tries, Haiti is still to be considered a T he lack of wild relatives of so many populous and fe rtile, but great areas of the culti vated species may be ex­ have been abandoned, that were culti­ plained in this way, and the proportion vated in the colonial period. Very steel of palms that have been exterminated slopes are now being cleared and in­ may have been greater than in the other tensively used, not by the milpa sys­ groups. Only the few culti vated spe­ tem of temporary clearing for one or cies have been preserved and distrib­ two crops, and then allowing the for­ uted by human care. The others have est to grow again , but by continuous survived by mere accident, by being planting and weedi ng till the soi l de­ able to grow in the natural wastes that posits among the rocks a re exposed the primitive people could not use, or and washed awav. Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 259

Fig. 3. Bon70a foliage al1d COCO·I'l iI£t palms, ba,se of tnmk an.d fallen spathes

BORNOA AS A HURRICANE PALM sisting hurricanes, as recognized in the Palms have obvious advantages over Pacific Islands and in the \ Vest Indies, all the branching types of trees in re- including southern F lorida. The co- 260 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939 conut palm and the royals are the best South American genera, the persistent known examples, but several other re­ vertical leaf-bases being noted by many sistant types were recognized in a brief writers as an outstanding feature of paper in Science of April 2, 1937, the mm'ipa and inaja palms. "Hurricane Palms in Florida, includ­ ing a New Genus Simpsonia." Most GERMINATION AND SEEDLING DEVEL- of the genera of palms that are native OPMENT in Florida are shared with the West As in many other members of the Indies, and several other Vv est Indian coconut fami ly, the cotyledon of Bo,/,- palms are obviously specialized for re­ 110a, carrying the plumule, grows out of sisting hurricanes. It is important that the seed and burrows in the ground. such differences be recognized, not only The seed may lie on the surface or fo r utili zing to a greater extent some of may be only sli ghtly covered, while the native palms of Florida but also the young plant is set two or three for recruiting from other countries a inches deep, though still connected with suitable Hora of cultivated plants. its food supply during the period of The principal features that seem to germination. The burrowing organ qualify Bornoa as a hurricane palm, is not a root, but a specialized growth in comparison with the related types of the lower part of the cotyl-edon, leav­ of Guiana and Brazil are the smooth ing the upper part in the seed to serve trunk, the compact, closely pinnate as the nursing-foot, with the usual func­ leaves, and the very short, robust, heav­ tion of digesting the endosperm to pro­ ily armored inflorescence. The indu­ vide fo r the growth of the plumule. rated perianth of the female fl owers, A name has been sought for this indurated petals of the male flowers and burrowing organ, corresponding mor­ the firm-textured cl osely coiled stamens phologically to the sheathing base of also may be viewed as adaptations to the fo liage leaf. The function of car­ conditions of exposure, to wind or rying the plumule away from the seed drought. suggests "apocole" as a suitable term, The trunk of Bornoa does not have but caution may be needed not to con­ the distinct swelling of the lower part fuse this word with names proposed that is a feature of several other West by Mirbel fo r two other organs of the Indian palms, but appears to be ex­ seedling, colerhiza for a sheath enclos­ panded at the surface of the ground, ing an undeveloped radicle, and cole­ being supported on a broad frustum of optile for a short sheath enclosing a compact roots. This feature is indi­ plumule. cated in Plumier's drawing, but the In B 01'1'10 a the distal extremity of the palm whose basal section is shown in apocole forms a deep cylindrical sheath figure 3 stood in a depression where a enclosing the two bladeless sheaths as surface accumulation concealed the well as the young fo li age leaves, during roots. the early stages of development. The The compact leaves of BO'l'l1oa, with sheathing section of the apocole might regular close-set pinnae, are in notable still be described as a coleoptiJ.e. but contrast with the slender spreading apparently would have no genetic ho­ leaves of the South American genera, mology with the coleoptile in the royal M a,,>; i1nilia na and Attalea.. Also the palm family or in the pacaya fami ly, horizontal insertion or attachment of as illustrated by Martius in se,ed lings the leaves differs obviously from the of Eute1'pe olemcea., and in several spe­ upright in sertion of the leaves of the cies of C ha //'baed 01'ea. In these palms Oct , 1939 THE NATIO NAL HORTICULTURAL IVIAGAZINE 261

the cotyledon does not elongate, and Mirbe1, who described the grasses as no apocole is developed. having a naked plumule, wi thout a The apocole of Bor'lloa. and other coleopti le. cocoid palm s is essentially disti nct in The r ~ dicl e or primary root growE being a downward growth, while the downward from the tip of the apocole, coleoptile of {{Euterpe" and Cha. l/l a.e­ but not until this organ has carried the do rea. normally grows upward. The ra­ plumule to its permanent pos ition. ThE dicle and the plumule are basal organs apocole of B 01'110 a. is of rather soft tex­ of the cotyledon while the apocole is a ture and attains a length of 5 to 10 cm. product of intercalary growth. an in­ O n the seedling shown at the right of termediate secti on of ·the cotyledon, be­ fi gure 11 the upward growth of the tween the plumule and the nursing-foot, plumule pushed through the apocole so that the plumule and the radicle near the mi ddle, and carried it upward. are carried downward with the develop­ The nut was attached at the swelling ment of the apocole. above the small brush of di vergi ng Martius defines the coleoptile as the fi bers, these fo rming a part of the nurs­ sheath of the cotyledonary body, {{va. ­ ing foot, developed inside the seed. The gina. c01' p01r is cotyledonei," and di stin­ other side of the same seedling plant is gui shes three kinds of cotyledonary shown lower down in the same figure, sheaths with referenc·e to the position wi thout the apocole, the fi rst bladeless of the narrowed portion or petiole, as sheath, about 2.5 cm long, diverging at remo.te from the "primary node" in the ri ght, and the longer second sheath Phoenix and A1'e11Jga., a dj acent to the still dosely wrapped around the leaf­ "primary node" in Eute1'pe and Cha.- sheath bundle, the length being nearly 1'i'La.edo'l'ea., and intermedi ate in C ha111a.e ­ the same as the sheaths of the lower ·rops, where the cotyledonary sheath is leaves, about 3.5 cm, the apex narrow ocreate as though attached at one side and indurated, to push upward through to the slender stem-like part of the the soil. apocole, The expression primary The primary root, shown in fi gure node" may be interpreted as the seat 12, thickens rapidly to a diameter of 8 or place of origin of the radicle and to 10 mm, doubtless providing a stor­ the plumule. age organ f'O r a prompt transfer of the Martius may be said, in the treat­ foo d material from the seed. The thick­ ment outlined above, to have extended ened upper portion of the primary root the term coleoptile to the entire bur­ may have only a fe w lateral branches, rowing organ, while Lindley in the but these are closely beset with fin e "Treasury of Botany" identified the short roo tJ.ets much more numerous coleoptile with the coleophyll and de­ than on the deeper roots. T wo secon­ fin ed it as "the fi rst leaf which follows dary roots develop later, one at each the cotyledon in endogens, and en­ side of the primary, as the fi gure also sheaths the succeeding leaves." U nder shows. Lindley's definiti on the fi rst bladeless The foliage leaves of the seedling sheath of the palm seedling would be have si mple plicate blades, rather nar­ the coleoptile, or coleophyll, pr o ba bl~r rowed at the base but scarcely peti olate, equivalent to the bladeless sheath of the lower margins almost continuous the maize seedling, where the name with those of the leaf-sheaths. T he leaf­ coleoptile often is used. Lindley's treat­ blades are not erect, but arched and 'ment apparently was a departure from spreading as a rosette, indicati ng that the origi nal appli·cation of the term by the palm is not adapted to forest condi- 262 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939 tions, but to somewhat open places. or with separate inflorescences for the The blade of the first leaf, shown at two kinds of fl owers, as happens in the right of figure 12, attains a length B o·r11.oa. And here a further complica­ of 15 cm. by 2.5 wide, the second leaf ti on is reached, of the "female" inflor­ 20 cm. by 3 cm., in the normally plicate escences having male fl owers as well. condition, or 4 cm. with the folds fl at­ while the "male" inflorescences do not tened. The third leaf spreads to near­ produce any functional female fl owers, ly 5 cm. and is more deeply pli cate, 18 although rudiments of suppressed fe­ cm. long, but not fully grown. Each of male fl owers may be distinguished at these leaves has a distinct midrib, but the base of the branches. very narrow, marked underneath by a Only a Latin diagnosis of the Haitian thin shining ridge, above by a narrow palm was given: "Pal'ma cocife·ra, va­ groove. The folds on each side of the gil/is vel/tricosis et liratis," no descrip­ midrib increase in number from 3 or 4 ti on or locality, but the drawings are on the first leaf to 6 or 7 on the third. unmistakable, a nd other data recorded The ribs of the young leaves are some­ by Plumier were publi shed by Martius what scaly underneath, but soon appear in 1897, in the "Palmetum Orbigni­ naked, and in the dry state cross-vein s anum," under the binomial name lVI ax;-i ­ are distinct. milial/a crassispatha. Thus the Haitian palm was associated with a Brazilian BOTANICAL HISTORY OF BORNOA species, llifaximilial'la r({gia, considered A longer botanical hi story may be by Martius as the most majestic palm claimed fo r B ornoa than fo r any other of the entire Brazilian flora, and spe­ American palm. Not only the habit of cially dedicated by Martius to his royal the palm, but numerous structural de­ patron, Maximilian J oseph, King of tails of the fl owers and fruits, were Bavaria. shown in the first plate of Plumier's The name llifaxi'/lliliana was set aside "Nova Plantarum Genera," published by Otto Kunze in 1891, on the ground in 1703, well in advance of correspond­ of being preoccupied by an earlier use ing information regarding other Ameri­ by Martius himself, fo r the tree usually can palms. Later botanists, disregard­ known as C ochlospenl/ nlli. Kuntze ing the characters made known by P lu­ proposed to replace 1I,1a-'I:/:1I/.iliana. with mier, have continued to confuse the E11glerophoel/ix, in honor of Professor Haitian palm with South American Adolf Engler of Berlin. but several genera. The cas·e is parallel to that of writers have continued to use Maxi­ Gast1'ocOCOs in Cuba, another remark­ miliana. B u n-i t in 1929 transferred the able cocoid palm, relat·ed to AC1'ocomia. Haitian palm to A.ttalea., in the "Hang­ but having several di stinctive features. lingar of the Sw·edish Academy," pub­ as recognized by Morales in 1865, lishing at the same time three plates of though generally disregarded. Plumier's remarkable drawings, made P lumier's illustration of 1703, here in the seventeenth century, preserved Jt reproduced as figure 1, represented the Pari s. Plumi er made three visits to genus Palma, a group that the author America, in 1689. 1693, and 1695, and considered very difficult to describe on amassed so much material that only account of the great div·ersity of the fragments of hi s work were published. fl owers, having found that some were monopetalous and others polypetalous, PLUMIER'S ACCOUNT OF BORNOA with some of the fl owers fertile and The data that Martius published others sterile in the same inflorescence, from Plumier's notes doubtless were Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI E 263

Fig. 4. BOr1wa leaJ-sectio71S, UPpC1' and lower sides, ·natural size 264 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939 based on abundant living material and may be noted, in showing the clusters include several features not readily ob­ of fruit as hanging from the spathes on served on the few surviving palms. curved peduncles. Many other palms The trunk attained a height of 80 have the fruit clusters pendent in this feet with a diameter of 15-1 6 inches. manner, but the peduncle is suppressed The coarse finger-thick roots, of bony in the Hai,tian palm. Plumier's detailed hardness, apparently were exposed 2 to drawing of the spathe at the lower right 3 feet, forming dense mass at the base of figure 1 shows the inflorescene with­ of the trunk. The leaves were 16-18 out a peduncle, sessile at the bottom of feet long, the pinnae projecting at a the spathe, and this is confirmed by the right angle, 3-4 feet long, 3 inches wide, photograph reproduced as figure 5. deep green on both sides, the stiff yel­ Also in figure 3 the spa·thes are shown lowish midvein prominent above. to be very short, and the spadix not Several inflorescences were produced pendent or even protruding. Only in at the same time, from the axils of the the oi l palms, Elaeis and Alfonsia, are outer leaves. Outer spathe urceolate, the inflorescences more compact than only a quarter or a thi rd of the length those of Bonwa and Maxi11'/'iliama . of the inner spathe, spreading and The nuts were known as "caTous­ somewhat bilobed at the end, thick and siers" or " peti-t cocos," the first desig­ leathery, woody at the base. The inner nation possibly modified fr0111 the ex­ spathe 2-3 feet long, ovate, ventricose,

Fig. 5. F emale inflorescence of B ornoa, 1' e d~~c e d 266 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939 and somewhat flattened, not meeting at CHARACTERS OF THE I NFLORESCENCE the margins or covering the stalnens, Spathes broadly fusiform, in the old even in the bud; anthers long and close­ and dry condition, shown in figure 3, ly contorted; fruits and nuts broadly opening nearly flat, 64 cm. wide and of oval, not rostrate ; en do carp thin and nearly the same length, the projecting smooth, with broadly excavate basal tip about 15 C111., the surface clos·ely foramina, only one carpel fertile. plicate and deeply lamellose on the out­ The type species is Bornoa crass is­ side, smooth in side. Sections of the patha (Martius), a nearly extinct spe­ inner and outer surfaces shown natural cies limited to the western part of the size, in figure 6, the wall 1.5 cm. thick, so uthern peninsula of Haiti. The cras­ probably nearly twice as thick in the sate spathe, indurate unguifo rm male fresh state; a pressed specim en of a petals and basal excavate foramina are lamella collected by Ekman is 2.5 cm. distinctive features. The endosperm is wide. uniform and the embryo slender, about The axis is much thicker than the 4 111m . long. branches, even the upper part, with nu­ Bomoa is a member of the A ttalea merous female fl owers at the base of the tribe or subfamily, characterized by di­ terminal portion, and these flowers morphic inflorescences, some exclusive­ much closer together than those on the ly male, the other bi sexual, with the branches, but ending with a sprig of female flowers confined to the basal male fl owers, as on the branches. Man)" joints of the branches. of the cocoid palms have the female flow·ers restricted to the lower branches.

TRUNK AND LEAF CHARACTERS so that the terminal section of the axis is entirely male, as well as the upper Trunk attaining 20 meters or more, branches and the ends of the lower massive and columnar, nearly straight branches. vVhere the female fl owers and symmetrical, though not so regu­ are retained on the upper branches and larly turned as the royal palm. The on the axis, as in Bornoa. a gradual trunk shown in figure 3 had a circum­ suppression of the branches would ference of 224 cm. at the base, narrow­ reach the stage of a simple inflorescence, ing to 152 cm. about one meter from the as in many palms of the coconut family, ground. Trunk sections near the base and in several other groups. \i\Tith 15 to 17 cm. long, the leaf-scar notably palms that hacl restricted the female longer on one side. flow ers to the lower branches, some of Leaves 4.5 meters tong, the sheath the branches mi ght be suppressed. but and petiole 1.5 meters, base of rachis not all. 10.5 cm. wide when dry; pinnae about In many palms the branches and the 200 on a side, about 3 cm. wide, regu­ terminal portion of the axis are so com­ larly spaced about 2.5 cm. apart, close­ pletely assimilated in length and thick­ ly folded at the base , as shown in fi gure ness as to be scarcely distinguishable. 4, the rachis triangular in cross-section, The thicker axis of Bornoa is in line thicker than wide, the terminal portion with the fact that the inflorescence in bending sidewi se and turning on edge, this genus has been shortened rather as in figure 2. The trunks and leaves than narrowed. In this respect BO'n 'loa may be compared with those of coco­ is in contrast with many of the related nut palms in the background of figure palms of the Attalea series and approxi­ 3, upper left. mates the co ndition of Elaeis. There Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 267

Fig. 6. Sections of sjJa.the, inner a.nd Ml te1' S'!wja.ces, 11a.tural s'ize 268 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939 the axis is greatly thickened as well as male flowers of a branch have the sepals tl-i'e branches shortened, and the female much larger than the upper, that is the inflorescences are not provided with lower are more like the female fl owers, male flower ~, which have the calyx and corolla of In many of the cocoid palm s the nearly the same size and both broadly branches may be described as pedicel­ imbricate. The female sepals have firm late, since a narrower basal section is indurated hooked tips, deeply excavate specialized that bears no fl owers, nota­ or boat-shaped. The sepals attain bly on the lower branches of the coco­ nearly 2 cm., the petals exceed 2 cm., nut palm, where the naked basal space with a robust spine-like mucro, on each is several times as long as the spaces side near the tip a sloping or projecting between the fl owers. On this reckon­ shoulder. Each of the female flowers ing the branches of B O1'1'wa are scarcely is subtended by a large bract, especially to be considered as pedicellate, since on the lower branches, and each pair the lowest secticm, the joint bearing the of male fl owers has a projecting bract. first female flower, is scarcely longer giving a serrate appearance in the than the other joints, and may even be photographs, figures 8 and 9. shorter than some of them, as shown in Female flow ers with a low staminal figure 9. cup; male flow ers with three slender The branches also show a strong ten­ subulate staminodes, diverging at the dency to being monostichous or uni­ tips, about half as long as the fi laments. facial, wi·th all of the fl owers on the Petals of mal e fl owers 7-8 mm. long. outer or lower side, but distinctly ir­ nearly 2 111m. wide at base, tapering regular, often alternating or zigzag, from near the base to the thick hard especiall y among the short sections spine-like apex. Female fl owers nearly bearing the male fl owers, with the COll­ 2 cm. long, 1. S cm. wide. trast in thickness and length of join ts as the most striking feature of these STRUCTURE OF THE NUT speciali zed branches. The surface of the nut is nearly The lower branches of the bi sexual smooth and even, with sli ght longi­ inflorescence are subtended by slender tudinal impressions of the mesocarp aciculate bracts 4 cm . long, gradually fibers. The shell is of fine compact shorter on the upper branches; attain­ structure, not incorporating the inner ing 20 cm. in length, the lower female mesocarp fibers as in the related palms part 12 em., with 9 to 11 fl owers, the usually referred to Attalea, Scheelea, or remainder a slender zigzag appendage 01-b·ig)ma. Although the surface has with rather small and apparently 1m­ distinct longitudinal impressions of the perfect male fl owers. mesocarp fibe rs, the section shows that they remain free. Figure 9. FLORAL CHARACTERS A few fibe rs are fo und in cross-sec­ N ormalmale fl owers wit h stiff spine­ tions of the shell, in two somewhat li ke petals, very small sepals, triangular, parallel oblique rows at each of the sharply carinate on the back. The sta­ intercarpellary sutures, thus indicating mens have a thick conical indurated the sutural bands as structural elements base, for more than one-third of the of the wall of the nut. The bands are length of the filament, the remainder marked also on the surface of the nut, slender and flexible. Stamens 9 to 11, and often are prominent at the apex, so two in front of petal, or three, the inner that some of the nuts are distinctly tri­ in front of the other two. The lower tuberculate, but one or two of the car- Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 269

pels also may be angled, so that 4 or 5 and preserving a series of experiments nearly equal prominences may be found. with rubber trees, H evea, Castilla, Fun­ The sutural bands are shown in a simi­ tU1'n.ia, .Manirlwt, and iVIil'l'/.2Isops. The lar manner in sections of the greatly plantings were located at Bayeux, on thickened shell of a related palm from the north coast of Haiti between Cape Guiana, probably the palm described by Haitien and Port de Paix, and were Aubl-e t in French Guiana under the na­ the only mature seed-bearing rubber tive name maripa. trees in H aiti at that time. The abortive carpels have a thin The original plan of these experi­ corneous operculum often depressed in ments for testing the use of rubber trees the middle and eventually perforate by for shading cacao and coffee planta­ the center of the di sk remaining at­ tions, was described in the Kew Bulle­ tached to the substratum, that shrinks tin of M iscellaneous Information 1910, away somewhat obliquely. The depres­ page 208, by A. E. Casse, who left Kew sions around the abortive carpels have in 1900 ·to take charge of plantations at sloping sides, while the rim of the fe r­ Bayeux. Tapping experiments on the tile foramen is nearly fl at. The short Hevea trees, conducted by the United basal projection between the foramina States Department of Agriculture, are is coarsely pitted with small caviti es, descri bed in United States Department but the fibers evanescent. O nly one of Agri culture Techni·cal Bulletin No. carpel is fertile. A si ngle nut wit h four 65, "Experim ental Tapping of Hevea carpels was found, as shown in figure 9. R ubber Trees at Bayeux, Haiti, 1924- Th,e large excavate fo rami na are in 1925," by Loren G. Polhamus, pub­ contrast with the very small superfic ial lished in 1928, and led to commercial fo ramina of 1l1axim-ilia.na 1' egia, where rubber projects in Haiti and to experi­ the opercula are flush with the surface, mental plantings of seed fr0111 these only the rims being slightly depressed. Hevea trees in southern Florida. The The opercul a of the 1naripa palm are in Florida experiments now have reached slight depressions, but not surrounded the stage of furnishing a local seed sup­ by specialized sloping rims. ply and producing rubber of good qual­ The apex of the Bonwa, nut is much ity. as in J ubaea, with a distinct pit between Mr. Barno, "distingui shed among the more prominent angles of the sutu­ Haitians for his intelligence, culture and ral bands, the pit resulting from the loss high character," was president of Haiti of a small sti gmatic plug of rather hard from 1922 to 1930, in the period of the granular material, which falls out. The "American occupation. " Giving the sutural bands of Jubaea are somewhat genus a Haitian name may tend to local broader than those of BO'nwa, though appreciati on and interest in seeking out less di stinctly marked in the cross-sec­ and preserving any natural growths tion. The walls of the Bornoa nut are that may still survive and in utilizing somewhat thicker than those of J ubaea, Bonwa as a cultivated palm. Not with the flattened abortive carpels near­ merely individual trees may be grown, er to the inner surface. in yards, gardens, and roadways, but la rge groves or acreages might well be NAMED FOR PRESIDENT BORN O planted. The kernels of the nuts are The genus Bonwa is named fo r rich in oil and of finer texture and President Louis Barno, in acknowl­ fl avor than those of many South Ameri­ edgment of his ready interest and can palms that are being utilized for the prompt action, in 1927, in protecting production of oi l, similar to the oil of 270 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939

Fig. 7. BraNch.es of female il7floT esceNce, lIatllral size Oct., 1939 THE NATIOl AL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 271

Fig. 8. Branches of male inflorescellc e, lIatural size 272 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939

the coconut palm. given at the left of figure 11, repre­ The nuts of Bonwa are smoother senting M aXi11'Liliana caribaea Grisebach and cleaner than most of the commer­ and Wendland, a species that grows in cial palm nuts, without the closely ad­ Trinidad, from a specimen in the herent fibers that in many cases inter­ United States National Herbarium. fere with the separation from the husks, The following graphic description of and the shells are thinner, so that ex­ the Brazilian palm by Alfred Russell traction of the kernels by machinery \NallClice, in "Palm Trees of the Ama­ would be easier and involve l·ess break­ zon and Their Uses," shows that the age. Hence it seems reasonable to ex­ leaf and fruit characters are very differ­ pect that B O1'1wa might attain a com­ en t from those of B 01'11Oa. mercial status if the nuts were available "This palm has a lofty massive stem, in quantity, and that this native palm smooth and obscurely ringed. The may prove superior to the coconut as leaves are very large, terminal and pin­ the basis of a local oil industry. Dif­ nate. The leaflets are arranged in ferences in productiveness or in other groups of three, four or five, at inter­ characters that could be utilized through vals along the midrib, from which they selection doubtless would be found jf stand out in different directions, and the palms were grown in quantity. are very long and drooping. The bases of the petioles are persistent a short di s­ BORNOA DISTINCT FROM tance down the stem, and sometimes MAXIMILIANA down to the ground, even when the Bo?'noa has been confused with NIax­ trees are forty or fifty feet high. i?niliana and Attalea but apparently is "The spadices are numerous, grow­ widely different from the type species ing from the bases of the lower leaves. of these genera. I ,~ differs fron,1 M axi- They are simply branched and very 11tLiliana regia Martius, in the clean co­ densely clustered. The spathes are lumnar trunk, compact foliage, regular large, spindle-$haped, ventricose and adjacent pinnae, crassate spathes, sup­ woody, with a long beak. The fruits pressed peduncle, large indurated spini­ are elongate and beaked, with a tough, form male petals, contorted stamens, brown, outer skin, beneath which is a oval obtuse endocarp and large exca­ layer of soft fleshy pulp of an agreeable vate basal foramina. subacid flavour, covering a hard stony The trunk of lYI axi1nilia-na usually is seed. roughened with the persistent erect leaf­ "The leaves of this tree are truly gi­ bases, the pinnae are in compact groups, gantic. I have measured specimens with the groups well separated along which have been cut by the Indians the rClichis, the spathes and spadix dis­ fifty feet long, and these did not contain tinctly pedunculate, the male petals mi­ the entire petiole, nor were they of the nute like the sepals, the stamens rigid largest size. Owing, however, to the and straight, the endocarp fusiform loose irregular distribution of the leaf­ with minute superficial foramina, the lets, they do not produce such an effect sutural sclerites prominent at the apex. of great size as those of the J upati, The stamens are enlarged and in­ which are more regular. The great durated in the Brazilian palm, while the woody spathes are used by hunters to petals are thickened and indurated in cook meat in, as with water in them Bm'noa, as shown in figures 9 and 10. they stand the fire well. They are also An example of long rod-like stamens, used as baskets for carrying earth, and several times as long as the petals, is sometimes for cradles." Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 273

Fig. 9. Ftowe1's, seeds, a·nd seedling, natu'ral size 274 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939

Fig. 10. NI ale flowe1's with coiled stamens, enlarged Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 275

F ig. 11 . Plo'Wprs of Ma x illliliana, ge?'111inatioll of BOl'1wa 276 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939

The original illustrations of M axi­ gle and well separated, the male sec­ miliana 1'egia are confusing on account tions of the branches not being reduced of the nut of another palm being sub­ to small zigzag rudiments as in B 01'- stituted, a nut rather similar to that of 17.00.. BMMa, broadly oval with basal fora­ The male petals are described as mina, identified by Herr Burret as ovate lanceolate, acute, fl eshy, striate, Orbignya ag'restis. Martius seems to ·concave, subequal, and appear in the have corrected this error in the Pa.l111,e­ figures as enclosing and notably exceed­ t~£1n 01'bigwia N:"l1'I~, plate 31, showing a ing the stamens, instead of the indu­ fus iform frui t with a small perianth rated open corolla of B ornoa. Some of and a narrowly fusiform nut tapering t he fl owers have four petals. The sta­ at both ends, but more abruptly in the mens are numerous, 18 or 22, with lower part, and -the foramina farther narrowly linear-subulate anthers 5 or above the base than in B o'rnoa. 6 times as long as the narrow filament. The name M aX'i1n1iliana being pre­ The female flowers are said to have occupied and the s l~bst i t ut e Engler­ the calyx, meaning the corolla, as in the ophoe/1!ix proposed by Otto Kuntze not male fl owers, doubtless referring to the being acceptable, the name T emcnia is ovate-triangular form of the petals, suggested, referring to the special dedi­ shown in the drawings much larger cation of this palm by Martius to his than the male petals, and relatively royal patron, Maximilian. Under this wider. The style is thick and short, designation the name of the type spe­ with long strongly reflexed stigmas. cies would be Te1nel1"ia 1'eg'ia, (Mar­ The fruit is described and figured as tius) . a fibrous drupe, with three equall y de­ veloped carpels, a short apical proj ec­ DISTINCT FROM ATTALEA tion, the surface of the nut as longi­ Many of the palms formerly classified tudinally sulcate, the three large fora­ under Attalea are now being referred mina very close ~ogether , and the nar­ to 0 rbigwya or to S ch.eelea,. T he type row intercarpellary sutures marked by species, Attalea a1'nygdalina:, described d·eep narrow grooves meeting between from Colombia by H umboldt, Bon­ the fo ramina. There is no indication of pland, and Kunth in 1815, may be a basal promi nence or of porous bands closer to B O1'1wa than to the other gen­ on the sutures between the foramina, as era, but pres€nts many differences. It in Bornoa. The specific name G1ll'yg­ is a small palm, 6 to 12 feet tall, with dah11a and the native name palma 0.1- a very short trunk, possibly creeping 1nendron apparently refer to the edible or burrowing, the inflorescences emerg­ kernels rather than to the fl esh of the ing from below the surface, the spathe fruit, or to its external appearance. 4 feet long, sulcate-striate; the branches flexuous and compressed, with uni­ DISTINCT FROM ORBIGNYA lateral flowers inserted in pai rs, a sin­ The genus Orbigllya originally vvas gle male with a single female, and a based on an outstanding type from Bo­ large broadly oval thick-shelled three­ livia, 01'b'igwya phalerata" described and chambered nut, two to three inches figured in the Palm etu111 Orbignium, p. long. 125, 1847, with very large fruits, attain­ It appears fr0111 the plates that the ing the size of small coconuts, 5 inches branches have only a single female long and more than 3:1;2 inches wide. fl ower, on a rather long robust basal with 5 to 7 carpels, the largest number joint, and that the male fl owers are sin- of any of the cocoid palms, and pro- Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZII E 277 tected by the strongest of walls, more phasis on the idea that naIT.es may be than half an inch thick, equal to the fixed by authority. Continued study diameter of the chambers. of classification sometimes is deplored The palm has a slender smooth col­ or even resented, from the notion that umnar trunk with a narrow crown of sudden and confusing changes of names large upright or strongly ascending are necessitated by each revision. Some evenly pinnate leaves, 20 to 24 feet of the zealous efforts to keep the names long. The corolla of the male flower "up-to-date" are based on a partial un­ is irregular, with broadly ensiform un­ derstanding of the problem of classifica­ evenly divided or supernumerary petals, tion. As soon as a different taxonomic apparently rather thick, but flat rather arrangement is suggested, even long­ than corn ute. The stamens are de­ current names may be ruled out as "in­ scribed and figured with the anther correct," in order to restrict usage at cells not adnate but separately coiled once to the changed designation. Need­ on opposite sides of the filament. The less confusion from repeated generic female inflorescence has the branches transfers may be caused by premature restricted to a single flower, with a very efforts to force immediate changes of short and slender male appendage. popular usage. The name 0 rbigllya being unfortu­ Most of the palms, for example, that nately preoccupied, H eptantra is sug­ have been named during the last cen­ gested as a substitute. in reference to tury as species of Cocos or Attalea are the 7 -chambered nut, although species likely to be placed eventually in other with fewer carpels might belong to the genera, but characters for distinguish­ genus. The type species, as above, is ing the genera must be worked out and H eptantm phale1'ata (Marti us). formulated and time limits are not to be set for the critical work that is need­ ALTERNATIVE NAMES OF PALMS ed. Conti nued use of these familiar Methods developed in the care of her­ names in their older, wider applica­ barium coll ections may not be equally tions, for general reference purposes, adapted to other lines of botanical in­ is clearly advisable, until technical terest. For the herbarium worker it usage of other names is somewhat sta­ seems of the first importance to estab­ bilized. lish for each plant an accepted, au­ Many problems of taxonomy call for thoritative name, to use on the labels continued study and suspended judg­ of the plants, anv alternative names ment in critical cases, especially among only causing confusion in filing the .the palms where knowledge often is pressed specimens. Collecting and nam­ fragmentary. Compared with other ing plants is an in.teresting occupation, groups, very little material has been but is only the beginning of botanical collected, the palm order as a whole science. One of the principal uses of being very poorly adapted to herbarium plant names is to give us access to bo­ treatment. Palm nomenclature is com­ tanical literature, the great body of plicated also by the fact that the two knowledge relating to the plant world. principal authorities, Martius and Bec­ For these wider historical and bi­ cari, were notably arbitrary in applying ological purposes alternative names of names. plants are not to be dispensed with, The name Nlaxi111liliama, for example, but remain in use indefinitely. proposed by Martius in 1824 for a Bra­ Botanical study may be discouraged zi li an palm, had been used by Martius or impeded by placing too much el1l- himself in 1819, for the tree later 278 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939

Fig. 12. J.uve111le leaves alld 1'00t system of Bonwa Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 279

ENGELMANNIA Pfeiff.: Cusctlta suaveolens Pfeiff. Bot. Zeit. iv. t. I , fig. 1-8 (1846). ENGLERASTRUM Briq. Schweinfurthii Briq. Eng!. Jahrb. xix. t. 3, fig. A (1894). ENGLERIA O. Hoffm.-Vide Adenogol1um africana O. Hoffm. EngI. Jahrb. x. t . 9 (1888). Pflanzenfam. iv. V. 147 (1890).-Fr. Engler & Drude, Veget. Erde, ix. I. 2, p. S61 (1910). --radiata Olivo Hook. Ie. PI. xxiii. t. 220S (1892). ENGLEROCHARIS Musehler peruviana Musehler Eng)er & Drude, Veget. Erde, xii. 198 (19II). ENGLERODAPHNE Gilg leiosiphon Gilg Eng!. Jahrb. xviii. S04 (1894). Pflanzenfam. iii. VI. A. 231 (1894). ENGLERODENDRON Harms. usambarense Hanns. Engl. Jahrb. xl. 29 (190 7). Engler & Drude, Veget. Erde, ix. 1-.1, p. 3 10( 1910); ix. III. I, p. 467 (II])IS). ENGLERODOXA Harold alata Harold Eng!. Jahrb. xlii. 266 (1909) .-FI. ENGLEROPHOENIX O. Kuntze: }\;[aximiliana attaleoides Barb. Rodr. *l3arbosa R odrigues, S ert. Palm. Bras. 1. t. 60 (190 3). longirostrata Barb. Rodr., ""Barbosa Rodrigues, Sert. Palm. Bras. 1. t. 60 (190 3). ENGLEROPHYTUM K. Krause stelechantha K. Krause En~l. Jahrb. l. Suppl. 345 (1 91 4). ENHALUS = Ena/us

Fig. 13. Engler '/W11'zes in Index Londi11 ensl:s 280 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939 known as C ochlospe1'11~U1q~. Some Apart from taste or sentiment, two might argue that an author should be good rules or practices are offended by allowed to withdraw a name that he has such a name as EI1,gleropho e 11i~'[:, the proposed, aFld apply it to a different rule that Linnaeus observed against geL1us, or that Martius, at least, should the compounding of generic names, and rate such a privilege, in view of his the rule against naming more than one unique contributions to botanical plant for the same person. No purpose science, not only in the palm group, is served in disregarding such counsels, but in the general fields of classifica­ except to avoid the labor of finding dis­ tion, ethnology, and philology. tinctive terms that are not preoccupied. Whether Martius merely forgot the The reference to Phoenix is gratui­ other tree, or consciously undertook to tously confusing and misleading to transfer the name, does not appear, but every beginning student or general he was irnpressed by the palm as the reader, involving a palm of another most graceful and imposing tree of the continent and no botanical relationship. entire Brazilian flora, and he mentions There was no occasion to muddle at also the illustration of the palm, which this point, since Engle1'OpaZmG might he had painted from nature in Brazil, have been used if a second thought had as the special ornament of his monu­ been indulged. mental work, thus including the paint­ The lengths of absurdity to which ing and the book in the dedication of personal duplications may be carried this outstanding palm to his royal is seen in the series of Engler names patron, Maximilian Joseph, King of in the Index Londonensis, reproduced Bavaria, as an act of grateful homage in Figure 13, and even this assemblage ((in Regem oPti11~U1n.)) Certainly no­ is not complete, lacking ENGLER­ body would wish to remove such a ELLA and ENGLERINA, or pos­ memorial of gratitude and friendship, sibly others that may not have been or to see it appropriated casually for collected from cui-rent publications. The the fame of Engler or another. A name association of a single plant with an like Engle1'ophoenix must always seem eminent person who may have con­ out of taste and out of place. like a tributed something to the progress of ravaged tombstone. science is not a burdensome tribute. If the law against homonyms must but the many Engler compounds lose be enforced at any cost of sentiment, ~ny mnemonic value, becoming merel;-, a name should be available which is Jargon. not absurd or offensive, or in conflict Why should science assume unneces­ with the purpose of Martius to appre­ sary handicaps by using distasteful, ciate and commemorate his royal friend. confusing, misleading names? Botany is The name T e 111, e1~ia is suggested as such a branch of science, and science arose as an alternative, to signify that the pahn a branch of literature, the art of verbal had been set aside for a venerable pur­ expression, in the service of clear under­ pose, as a tree to be planted in a sacred standing. In science, as in art, taste grove, according to Greek custom. and interest are inseparable elements. Joseph B. Gab le L eft, Rhododend1'on 11wcro nulatu1n X R . Spi11Ul oSU,111.. R ight, R . Degron'ianu1n

Rhododendron Notes

C LEMENT G RAY BOWERS, Chai1'11~an

A correspondent on the W est Coast others were ki lled . . . I can readily con­ brings up a question that is so universal ceive of diffe rent inherited quali ties or among rhododendron growers as to new breaks in individual seedlings, but merit a bit of attention. "The south of what would be the answer on 'layers' of England," he writes, "has experi enced the same plant? ... Again, similar re­ one of the most severe winters in re­ sults occurred when one plant in shade cent years. The casualti es have been weathered the winter nicely and a com­ great and have extended over a wide pani on in sun was cut down by the first area, As these have been reported from heavy frost .. . . Can this thing be mea­ time to time, they have upset many sured, and what is the protecting qual­ standard ratings fo r hardiness. Some ity of shade : is it dampness or lack of so-call ed tender plants have survived in sunlight, or both ? .. . P lants have a splendid shape, while others thought t o tolerance to a range of climatic condi­ be thoroughly hardy have been cut to tions. . . . Independent of breeding, the ground. This is a common expe­ can not thi s tolerance be extended co n­ rience to many of us. . . . Next, there siderably once we acquire a fundamen­ are a number of cases reported of plants tal know ledge of the thi ngs that advance oE like size and variety in the same lo­ or retard it?" cation, so me of which survived while Regardless of E ngland , it is safe to [ 281 ] 282 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. , 1939 say that nearly all American growers in the weather occur. A great many who have experimented with more than of our rhododendrons in cultivation the commonest species have encount­ wi ll be fo und to he growing practically ered such results as these and have on this bOLmdary line, especially if sit­ speculated about the causes. Some have uated in localities where extremes of found the answer, so fa r as tl1eir own heat, cold or drought may occur. In special limitations a re concerned, but such a situation trivial things, which what obtains in one environment will might be unimportant elsewhere, may differ elsewhere, so that it would take result in winter injury. In these United a whole series of special studi es by a States, where most of us do not have plant physiologist, coveri ng a large the Utopian horticultural conditions of number of types of cases, to obtain a England, such factors cause much grief cGl11p rehensive answer, I beli eve. At to gardeners who covet the finest new present, one just may not be dogmatic rhododendrons. about it, because so many factors are in­ To examine the evidence, let us take volved that "rul es of thumb" and sim­ the first case cited: plants of the same ple explanations are usually both in­ species and size, growing in the same adequate and inaccurate. I suspect thi s location, some of whi ch survived while statement may be challenged by some others were killed. Here. the first fac­ growers who feel that they have fo und tor to consider is the inherent nature the answer. Occasionall y some pri­ of the individual itself. A species is mary cause can be easily located, but not a hard and fast thing. but a whole the prevailing sin of the average gar­ population of individuals, differing dener is to take for granted some simple somewhat frOI1l one another, just as explanation of compli cated natural phe­ people within a race will differ from nomena where complex inte r-relati ons one another. The same thing is true. may be involved. It is surprising, for in lesser measure. wi th in a botan ical instance, to discover how many persons variety or, in fa,ct, among any group attribute success or failure in rhododen­ of plants propagated from seed. for dron growing to soi l acidity alone. every seedling is a separate individual Grar;ted that this is one of the more im­ and subject to the varying degrees of portant factors, there are, nevertheless, strength or weakness, vigor or suscep­ a dozen other considerations that, in­ tibility which characterizes any separate dividually or collecti vely, might be individual. In rhododendrons, this fac­ equall y important. tor is ' of considerable importance, fo r It seems probable that each species they are mainly quite variable and it is of rhododendron does have a definite not surprisi ng that differences in hardi­ range of adaptabili ty and that in this ness exist as well as the more obvious country there is a belt, zone or area differences in other features. It some­ within which it wi ll succeed and out­ times takes an unusually cold winter to side of which it will probably fail. A long uncover these weaklings, but that they the bo rde rs of any such zone may be are frequently present is clearly appar­ found varyi.lg si tes or regions of pre­ ent. Of course. the practical appli ca­ carious character, where the culture of tion to be drawn in this case is to dis­ the species is hazardous. This is a so rt cover the hardy individuals, preserve of Mason and Dixon lin e, and, if the or intensify this quality of hardiness in zone happens to be a very narrow one, subsequent generations by breeding the entire area may at times become a only from hardy stock, and to eliminate part of this boundary line as variations the tender individuals-which Nature Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 283

usually does without help from the growth during the preceding summer gardener. can be called a factor in causing winter \ l\1 hen, however, we are dealing with injury, si nce it is now a fa irly well es­ a clonal vari ety-which term indicates tablished belief that unthriftiness dur­ a sort that has been grafted, layered or ing the growing season predisposes a otherwise propagated from a com1110n rhododendron to wi nter injury during indivi dual by some vegetative means the subsequent season. Drought, poor and not by seed-we are no longer en­ graft uni ons, mechanical injury, im­ countering a population of differing in­ proper so il acidity, poor nutrition, in­ dividuals, but one single plant whi ch sect attacks, di sease, improper physical has been multiplied by grafting. Here, conditi on of the soil and possibly other obviously, there is but li ttle chance for things may, by this token, be regarded genetical variati on, so when inconsistent as indirect factors influencing the survi­ results do occur one has to look for the val of rhododendrons under severe cause in something else beside the ti s­ wi nter conditions. To these we may sues of the variety. The first place to add the di rect influences of site and look is to the grafting stock. Assum­ exposure, the amount of shelter given, ing that this is entirely hardy material, the temperature thorughout the year, there is still a certain amount of ana­ the severity of wint-er cold, the sudden­ tomical variation, since seedling stock ness and duration of cold waves and is generally employed and the plants the water relations of plant and soil used for grafting stock are far from uni­ at all times. In addition to these and form. This, and other factors, such other known factors. I feel that there as may occur in the process of graft­ may be some other important items in ing, may result in unequal graft unions, rhododendron ecology still undiscov­ either good or poor as the case may be. ered. This, in turn, may have a fundamental When layered offspring of the same effect upon the thrift and hardiness of plant, comparable in size and other fea­ the grafted plant-an eff ect that might tures, behave differently, we are quite not appear until the advent of severe definitely away from genetical expla­ weather conditions. Then, too, one nation. Being on their own roots, we grafted plant may develop its own roots have no grafting stock to blame. Here above the point of union, thus giving the problem is unmistakably a physio­ it an advantage over the one which has logical one, and as such it is susceptible not done so; and this root development to explanation upon some of the bases may be the result of deeper planting, a mentioned in the preceding paragraph. heavier mulch, the position of the graft Most fundamental, perhaps, are water union, the nature of the scion or any relations. Fundamental, also, is the one of an almost unlimited number of chemi cal composition and concentration seemingly minor details. There is no of the solution within the plant cells in need for going further into the matter, winter. Elaborate series of inter-reac­ since this illustrates the many ramifi­ tions govern such things. Physiological cations that may develop from any investigations are from time to time query into hardiness. adding cumulative bits of evidence to N or shall I delve deeply into any our body of knowledge concerni ng other groups of things which may be these processes. It is not my intenti on called environmental causes of varia­ to discuss these technicalities here. Suf­ tion in hardiness. Almos t anything fice it to say that there is still a lot that may have prevented vigorous left to learn. 284 THE NATIO TAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939

For practical purposes, it is often of these exotics will surprise us by difficult to measure such things as these, thriving in our garden, and this adds mainly because so many different fac­ zest to our work, but it is not surpris­ tors work together to bring about the ing to find that most of them are strictly results. It isn't impossible to measure delimited in adaptability. We must look the temperature, the atmospheric mois­ to hybridization, and this, too, within ture, the sunlight and other obvious a rather limited scope, if we are to do things-and in some instances we may much with these new species in Amer­ get an answer from such data-but gen­ ica. That and the discovery of their erally we cannot attribute our results special requi rements seems to be neces­ to any such causes. Happily, we can, sary if we are to combat the hot sum­ in many cases, find a solution to our mers and cold winters of the eastern problem, if not an answer to the ques­ United States. The natural habitat of tion, by the old, time-honored "cut and these exotics suggests that they may try" method. Simply try lots of things not thrive, except within a rather nar­ and observe results closely, noting what row range of conditions. English gar­ happens and guarding against false in­ dens and those in certain specially fa­ terpretations. One ounce of careful vored parts of America seem to be mild ~xperimentation is worth a ton of the­ enough to accommodate them, but our ory. The only trouble in such prob­ country in general requires plants of lems as these is that the limiting factor fairly wide adaptability if they are ever in one man's garden is apt to be a to become popular dooryard favorites. totally different thing from what it is I firmly believe that we are destined to elsewhere, so the results are frequently see great developments of plants within useful only locally. And in nine times the genus Rhododen dTon for American out of ten, the fellow who has discov­ conditions, but I am equall y firm in m)' ered the answer to his own problem belief that our climate demands that concludes that he has discovered a uni­ we work out our ,own problems and not versal solution-and thus another fal­ ape other growers who are blessed with lacy is born! Scientists as well as ama­ conditions which are almost ideal when teur gardeners sometimes fa ll into this compared with ours. C. G. B. same error. N early all that has been written here Rhododelldron Hybrids Hardy ill Ve1'- is applicable to other woody plants be­ 1'l'bont side rhododendrons and azaleas, but in Dr. Wilson's appeal in his books for ericaceous plants, and in rhododendrons someone to raise Smirnowii Hybrids particularly, the matter of ecological captured 111y imagination. conditions is greatly magnified, due to \'Vriting him for advice and seeds the peculiarities of the genus. \iVhen brought an interesting letter vvith the you survey the whole group of rhodo­ . seeds of fifteen species of Rhododen­ dendrons you will note that the major­ drons and his good wishes. ity of the species, as they grow wild, occur in habitats that are distinctly SPECIES queer and peculiar as compared with S11'Iirnowii, Yedoellse, Schlippell- the conditions in any ordinary Ameri­ bachii, 11'laxim/;{'1'N, Kae11I'lPie1'1', japo11ir can garden. This is emphatically true nmu, cGlroli17 ianu 111 , 'ml dlponl 11'1, G1'bo- of the sorts that come from the Hima­ 1'escens, 111uC'ronulat"U1'l1" 1'OSe 141'11" calell­ layas, Tibet, the tropics, the alpine re­ duia,ceuml" V aseyi, iute1;{.1'11, 111inus. gions and the arctic. Occasionally one I obtained from Bobbink and Atkins Oct. , 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 285

Caractacus, Charles Dickens and Atros­ neath. T he truss carries fi fteen large, anguinea. T hese di d not prove hardy attractive, ruffled fl owers on strong with me. stems and well placed. The color is L 1JMeu,11I/, and Kae11'l,pje1'i were too ten­ sprightly light rose pink with heavy der and 11~in1J£s too insigni ficant for gar­ yellow spotting. den use. No.2. "PICO." A strong plant. ] apo114cU111" calendulaceu111" S chlip­ Foli age li ke S11IIIb1'11Jowii species, dark penbachii, Yedoense, 111JUC1'o1vulatu111J, green, with heavy light tan indumen­ ma%i1nU11 '~' 1'OSeU1%, 11'1!£difio1'a1Jb11I/" V a­ tum. It is a more upright grower than se'jli, a1'b01'eSCe'J1.s and Smi1'nowii were S1%inwwii itself, has fewer lateral leaf all hardy in wood. M1J£C1'01I/,ulatu1'1~ is veins and carries a larger, fuller truss caught by late spring frosts and Schlip­ of nineteen ruffl ed fl owers. T he jow­ penbachii and Yedoense have their buds ers are 3 1/ 3 inches in diameter, with winter killed about half the time. strong stems giving style and snap to I would rate the Azaleas fo r V er- the t russ. T he general exect is orchi d 111 0nt garden use as fo llows : pink with yellow spotting. 1. Vaseyi, lovli est and most de­ Seedlings raised at "Camp Free," pendable, a rapid grower. 1,100 ft. altitude. 2. CalendulaceM'ln, best of the fl ame MARY E. G. FREEBORN. azaleas. 3. ] apOniCU1'/'L, good bush and inter­ R. 11'lUcrO 'l1ulatu111, X R. a1nbiguu1n esting fl owers, a rapid grower. Among rhododendrons hardy along 4. A1'bo1'escens, good bush, lovely the A tlantic seaboard those with yel­ fl owers. low fl owers are quite a desideratum of 5. Schl1:ppenbachi1:, perfect bush, gardeners who make this class of plants lovely large clear pink blooms but not their hobby. T herefore hybrids of yel­ dependable fo r bloom. Slow to begin low fl owered species with hardier sorts fl owering. of all colors have been concocted in the 6. Roseu111., good. hope of obtaining a hardy yellow hy­ 7. N1J£ difionm/', good. brid. 8. Yedoense, least desirable of all . The subj ect of these notes is just an­ Of the rhododendrons with ever- other failure when cO l::ls idered from the green leaves, S1ni1'11.owii interested me point of view of that obj ective-which most. C a1'olinianu111, makes a symmet­ is not surprising to the plantsman who rical bush and usually fl owers freely. has seen R. a111,bigu,u1n in fl ower, its Starting with t wo hundred (200) pale greenish yellow blossoms blending seedlings of S11l/,Wnowii, I di scarded the so nearly with the color of its new poor growers and carried on one hun­ growth as to be scarcely distinguish­ dred seedlings. Of these, twenty-one able. T he rose purple of R. 111.UC1'O - proved to be hybrids, of whi ch fi fteen . m l,lMM1n is over whelm ingly ascendent had a desirable habit of growth. with Dnly the faintest yellow shadings I have selected four of these, which in the throat of the fl ower as evidence seem good garden subjects, fo r pro­ of its other parent. pagati on. From R. a1%biguu1n however its fi ne The two best will be named- pointed evergreen fo li age is inherent No. 1. "DR. CARL GOODW I N and so we might well descri be our hy­ BURDICK." It is a handsome bush, brid as an evergreen R. 111.uc1'onulat1J£1n with large, thick, leathery foliage. T he opening its slightly paler fl owers a li t­ leaves are smooth on top and under- tle later than that species and so escap- 286 THE NATIONAL H ORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. , 1939 ing late spring frosts with a little more unnoti ced by its ori ginator. regularity. Only one seedling of this A dded to its superlative plant habit, mating was raised here and sin ce it is medium dwarf stature and excellently sterile, propagation by cuttings must be disposed fo liage, the pale pink fl owers resorted to for its increase. huge for the size of the plant, pendant on rather long pedi cels in clusters of R. 11l£ucrOn~t latu1n X R . spimtlif eru111 three to five, pai nt a picture that gar­ The great hardiness and vigor of deners in our part of the world would growth that characterize 1 1I£.~C1·o ·/'I.Mla t wln give much to possess. crosses as a class are not so conspi cuous It seems to mi ss that desirable-nay in this plant. It is fairly immune to necessary-attribute, hardiness, by only winter cold but seems especially sus­ a narrow margi n as plants on a north ceptible to other rather indefinite indis­ wooded slope have survive d several sea­ positions that adv·ersely aff ect its gen­ so ns with little or no injury but others eral well being. Some seedlings have more exposed look very badly this win­ proven better than others in this respect ter. In protected situations nearer the but none are of reall y vigorous habit. coast I think it should prosper and The ancestors of R . SpiNU l oS M1'l'U, the there are good reports of its behavior pollen parent are, as the initiated, I in the Pacific Northwest. suppose, should infer from its name, R. spimbli f enI1'1'1, and R. mce11'l.osum, the R. DegroJliall'/f1/'1 first having upright tubular brick red This is the name by whi ch our plant fl owers while those of the second are savants info rm us we must now call the rose pink to nearly white. This hybri d, rhododendron, long known in garden R. spinulosu11'l, ori ginating in K ew Gar­ li terature-but very rarely in our gar­ dens, inherits too many tender traits dens-as R. NI etter Jli cliii. the true R. from R. spimtlif entm to be growable in .Metterl1 ichii, diffe ring in its deeper the open with us, but its cross with R. pink, more h ~v il y spotted, sevenlobed 11I£t~C1'On~ (.latu1n with which these notes corolla. being a species as yet doubtfully are concerned succeeds well outdoors in cultivation. and produces purpli sh pink bl ossoms R . Deg1'onionu1l/. is hardy though that have a po ise that is "di ffe rent." slow growing being inclined to be rather With me at least it is this airy graceful dwarf in habit and its pure pink fi ve­ appearance when in bloom that redeems loved fl owers, only occasionally spotted this otherwise very ordinary looki ng deeper in the throat, are of fair size­ plant. It is but partially evergreen. compared to the plant and foliage­ very fair sized. R. o1'b iw la1'e X R. HI ilhomsiamtlll The color is good in all plants that I Raised from seeds sent me by M r. have seen in fl ower and the only reason E . J. P. iVlagor, E sq., an E nglish g,entl e­ that this fin e species is so much too sel­ man who has done much work with the dom seen in our planti ngs is, it is sur­ genus rhododendron, when I sent him mised, that nurserymen find the true a photograph of the first plant to fl ower thing so very hard to come bv that they fo r me he replied that he did not now do not in general offer it to the garden­ possess thi s hybrid and had no recollec­ ing publi c. True, it has been offered tion of having made the cross ! Which and, as I happen to kn ow personally. leads us to reali ze what a wealth of fin e in good faith, but somewhere between garden rhododendrons must be avail­ ninety and one hundred per cent of the able in Co rnwall that such a lovely plants so sent out have been untrue to thing as this should be allowed to pass name. JOSEPH B . GABLE . Rock Garden Notes

ROBERT MONCURE, Chair11'l,an

Dwa,rj Tulips ill Manitoba the latter has exquisite cups of pale Where the delightful crocus can be cream. In nature they extend from enj oyed only by patient coaxi ng some northern India to so uthern Siberia and of the little known dwarf tulip species are said to reach an elevation of 11 000 wIll be found to take their place thriv­ feet in Chitral. Though both are h~rdy at Dropmore, neither have so far pro­ ing well and forming a very interestino' s~udy in themselves. With the excep~ duced seed, and they increase very, very slowly from the bulb. hon of C1'OCUS alata,vicus, no species of crocus has been found reliably hardy at Tulipa biflom Pallas is the earliest species to flower at Dropmore. The Dr.opmore s~ far. This species though qUIte hardy 111creases very slowly with white fl owers with yell ow base come us. It is therefore with a keener inter­ from 3 to 7 one one stem and the nar­ est that those of us who delight in the row petals give them quite a starry effect. It is not quite as showy as any first fl ?wers of spring turn to the early fl owering dwarf tulip species, several of of the preceding species mentioned. It which resemble the crocus 111 their is native of the Volga region of south­ growth. ern R ussia. Tulipa Polych..1'o1na Stapf is quite T1Ibli pa turlcesta71ica Regel is closely dwarf. The fl owers are white, with a alli ed to and resembles in many respects T. bifiora. It is, however, a little later cream or yellow centre, the back of the in flowering and the fl owers, 3 to 7 on o ut~r segments being stained pink, a stem, seem to be of mor'e substance wbch deepens and spreads as the flow­ and therefore somewhat showier. It ers age. It is a native of Persia Af­ ghanistan and adjacent districts of'Cen­ ranges throughout Turkestan and south central Siberia and like T. b·ifiom grows tral Asia. This species ripens seeds readily from fresh seed. Seeds are freelv with us and the seeds germinate usually freely produced with us. readily if sown soon after ripening. A A number of other species of tulips gritty soil in a well drained site seems from Central Asia are fl ourishing at to suit the tulip species and of course Dropmore. growing readily from seed. they all delight in a place in the sun. Most of them that have fl owered, how­ T'/;~hPa li'J7.1:joi1:a Regel and T. B atalin-i ever, are a little on the tall side fo r the also of Regel are two gems among the purpose mentioned. dwarf tulips. The former has brilliant crimson fl owers with a blue base, while F. L. SKINNER.

I 287 ] A Book or Two

Mam~al of Pteridology. Edited by F. ceae; but others, such as many species Verdoorn. Pp. i-xiv, 640, with 121 of Adiantum~ and Che'ilanthes, prefer a illustrations. The Hague, M. Nij­ basic substratum. However, within a hoff. 1938. given genus the species vary in their soil requirements, and the horticulturist As the title indicates, this work is a will have to determine for each its spe­ comprehensive survey of the ferns and cial needs, preferably by study of plants closely related groups, past and pres~ in the wi ld. The chapter on the ecol­ ent. The subject matter is presented ogy of tropical pteridophytes discusses in the form of 23 topical essays, about interestingly the various infl uences af­ equally in English and German, pre­ fecting distribution. pared by specialists in their respective According to \i\Tinkler, in the chapter fie lds. The volume is not intended to on Geography, the percentage of en­ be monographic, and purposely does demism in ferns is high, e.g., in Mada­ not cover all existing literature. Never­ gascar 46 per cent (Selaginella 70 per theless it summarizes established knowl­ cent), in 1 ew Guinea 60 per cent (Sel­ edge of the widest scope, and the ex­ aginella 80 per cent). Endemics are of tensive bibliographies and copious ref­ two types: "old endemics," or "relict erences to literature throughout will be species," presumably once of wider of great value, especially to the taxono­ range (e.g .. Dipte-r is, LO>1:so1'1LO , Thyr­ mist, for whose benefit primarily, but so pteris) , and "young endemics," spe­ far from exclusively, the work was cies too recent to have had time for planned. Of particular interest to hil11 wide dispersal, e.g., Elaphoglossll7n in are the chapters on morphology, anat­ the Andes, Doryopteris in Brazil. En­ omy (with a good treatment of stellar demism is particularly marked among structure), experimental morphology, the tree-ferns (Cyatheaceae). So-called and the Filicinae, as partially reclassi­ cosmopolitan ferns are few in number, fied by Christensen. Similarly of inter­ and some of these are doubtless collec­ est mainly to the scientist are the chap­ tive species. In the North, circum­ ters on cytology, caryology, and chem­ polar species are relatively numerous; istry. Throughout the volume, the mass in the Antarctic they are few. A table of detail information is too vast for showing the distribution of all fern gen­ brief summary. era is given. Some of the chapters are of more In the chapter on genetics it is indi­ general interest, especially to horticul­ cated that comparatively little is known turists; for example, one on the ecol­ as yet concerning heredity in ferns, al­ ogy of extratropical pteridophytes, though lVlendelian segregation is in which discusses the influence of mois­ principle the same as that in the flower­ ture and temperature on growth and ing plants, and in spite of the fact that distribution. Ferns occur in almost all cristate, divided, and variegated forms places capable of supporting plant life, offer a most promising field for investi­ but are comparatively few in arid re­ gation. Many fern hybrids have been gions. Most ferns and fern allies prefer described, but in 1110st cases hybridity an acid soi l, notably the Ophioglossa­ has been assumed, not actually demon­ ceae, Osmundaceae, Isoetaceae, Equi­ strated. The somatic mutations of the setaceae, Lycopodiaceae, and Schizaea- Boston fern are discussed. [288 ] Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 28Y

Other chapters of interes t deal with Manzanitas or Arctostaphylos are dis­ such subj ects as the effect of light, cussed, with a background of plant lore, gravity, hormones, and chemical com­ botanical hi story and their economic pounds on the growth of ferns; the de­ value and use, especially their use by velopment of adventitious buds and early settlers and Indians. Two in­ roots; di seases of greenhouse ferns; dexes are provided ; one of popular fe rns as host- plants for crop-plant para­ names and the other of botani cal names, sites symbi osis; and mycoerhiza (root very helpful aids in a book of this char­ fungi). In general, the presentati on of acter. A dditionally notes on the gar­ data is clear and p recise. Mechani call y, den uses of the vari ous plants are con­ the volume is excellent. More than a veni ently compiled. Clearly this book few errors of spelling are noted, how­ was a labor of love fo r the author. ever, and at least two fe rns are illus­ R. M. C. trated under wrong names ; viz, N otho­ la.ena siJ",%ata. ( p. 387) is incorrectly Flowe1'ing S h1'%bs of Cal·ifor11ia.. L es­ labeled N. F e11dle1'£, which it does not ter Rowntree. Stanford U niversity remotely resemble, and the fi gure on p. Press, Standard U nive rsity, Califor­ 385 certainly represents some species of ma. 306 pages. Illustrated. C-yclop ho-rus other than C. hngua.. E r­ M rs. R owntree is well know n to the rors of this sort will be corrected, of readers of thi s journal, to which she course, in later editions. has lent her devoti on and knowledge. The present work is an exceedingly Vve have read enviously, perhaps, of valuable, stimulating compendium of in­ her expeditions into all the places, away formation covering the whole field of from man and hi s centers of activity. pteridology. Sincere gratitude is due The present volume deals only with its originator, Dr. Verdoorn, for having the native fl owering shrubs of Cali­ carried the project through to success­ fornia and gives maj or attention to two fu l conclusion. genera, Ceanothus and Arctostaphylos W. R.M. with more generalized attention to oth­ er plants which are grouped ecologi­ Co nsp1:C%0%S Califo1'nia Pla.nts. Bv cally or in small fa mi ly associations. Ralph D . Cornell. San Pasqual The presentati on is vivid and alive Press, Pasadena, California, 1938. touched with real gusto and a fi ne sense $4.00. of pleasure in nG. ture and tempered with This book is an excellent running fruits of experience. Whether one ever commentary on a few of the prominent hoped to grow a ceanothus or not he native California plants, principall y could read the book with pleasure. The trees and shrubs, without eschewing portions and scattered opinions related the popular style of some gardening t o garden activities seem sound and cer­ books. The format, photographs and tainly are temperate. sub ject matter harmoni ze exceptionally well , as do also the sympathetic draw­ Ameriw's Garden Book. Loui se and ings by Elizabeth L ewis. Such plants James Bush-Brown. Charles Scrib­ and trees as the T orrey Pine, Mon­ ner's Sons, New York, 1939. 1222 terey Cypress, Y%CW whipplei (Can­ pages, illustrated, $3. 50. dles of God), Ceanothus or wild lilac, This, as you see, is a fat book. It Coff ee Berry or Cruwm sagmda, A1'­ weighs almost as much if not quite as bu hu M e11 ziesii, Sequoias, Califo rnia one volume of Bail ey's Cyclopedia. So slippery elm or Fremontia and various fa r it li ves up to its title. The end pa- 290 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939 pers give a map of "Zones of Hardi­ Much well-deserved fun is poked at ness" but that is just about as far as various theories and practices, much the book goes for any place except the factual material and reported plant lore usual Atlantic Coast States. It is really are presented. No special conclusions lamentable that this excellent work are offered, save by implication. should be handicapped by so inaccu rate and pompous a title. Pmctical Lawn Cm'e . M. G. lVlerritt. The factor which lifts this book above A. T. de la Mare Company, Inc., all its fellows, as far as this reviewer New York, 1939. 32 pages, illus­ knows, is the very hi gh level of taste trated. $0.75. that characterizes all its proposals. This This booklet, which is scarcely longer more than compensates for title, the than a magazine article, gives in terse serious omissions, the minor inaccura­ and interesting fashion the essentials cies and all the other points one might fo r making a good lawn and keeping it. quibble about. It does not give formulae for seeding. There are endless lists. As li sts go Read it by all means: profit by its ad­ they are very good and undoubtedly vice which is well and clearly given. they give a maximum amount of data in compact form. They are always diffi­ A Classified List of Tulip Names. Pub­ cult to read and dull. lished by the Royal Horticultural So­ This is a book for your reference ciety, London, 1939. 119 pages, pa­ shelf. It will supplement some of the per covers 2 shillings, cloth covers 3 old timers and supplant others. shilli ngs : 2 pence additional for post­ age. Tke Garden 'ilL Colo?'. Louise Beebe This is an annotated check list of tu­ Wilder. The Macmillan Company. Ii p varieties and represents the work of New York, 1939. 327 pages, illus­ the Narcissus and Tulip Committee of trated in color. $2.95. the Royal Horticultural Society, which This is a reissue of a book that first has cooperated with the General Bulb appeared at a much hi gher price in Growers' Society of Haarlem since 1937. It seems to be identical with the 1928 in a study of tulip varieties. It original issue and now is in reach of contains "4.300 names of which about all. 500 are synonyms." "The classification of each variety, according to the revised system is given, together with a brief A Second Baal? of Pta'Nt N a171 es. \ i\l il­ colour description and, vvhen known, lard N. Clute, published by the au­ the name of the raiser." thor, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1939. 164 pages. Ga.rdel1illg ill East r.lfrica . Edited by The last line of the preface reads, A. J. J ex-Blake. Longmans-Green "That a perusal of the book may and Co mpany, New York, 1939. 388 stimulate others and further investiga­ pages, illustrated. $5.00. tions of this interesting subj ect is the This is a modified and enlarged sec­ hope of the Author." ond edition of a volume that first ap­ Whether one is stimulated to inves­ peared in 1934. It has innumerable tigations or not, this book is well worth contributors, some who sign their reading since it touches upon many names and many who do not. It is es­ matters that perplex the beginning gar­ sentially a joint enterprise of many who dener and the older gardener as well. have combined their knowledge and Oct. , 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MA GAZI NE 291 experi ence to make a handbook for This book is seriously urged upon East African Gardeners. our members who are interested in The materials fall into the familiar knowing something of the plant world. organization of the general horticul­ tural guide but are greatly reinfo rced A Partne1' of Na. tu:re. L uther B urba1? l? by the chapter on climate and, to a Edited by Wilbur H all. D. Apple­ lesser degree, to the chapter on soil. ton-Century Co. , New York, 1939. T o the A meri can reader, the book is 315 pages, illustrated $3.00. most interesting in what it has to say of plants native to the area. One looks T o quote from the jacket, "H ere, for over the colored plates and sees plants the first tim e, the vast amount of ma­ known only as illustrati ons in older teri al written by L uther Burbank, dur­ books or as relati ves of exotics intro­ ing hi s lifetime is compiled and com­ duced into Florida or Califo rnia. The pressed into a single volume. 'Partner bo ok is not a source book, however, and of Nature' contains the cream of what one finds that much that might have the great naturalist had to say about been said, even in passing, is left out. his revolutionary experiments in plant T o the reviewer, who happens to be breeding." keenly interested in nymphaeas at the In the preface, his widow states . moment, the chapter on Water P lants "The experi ences, theori es, laws, meth­ is irritating beyond measure, since the ods and formulas set down are entirely nati ve species are passed over too light­ M r. Burbank's." ly and incompletely. O ne reads the volume with a little The book was not written fo r such as sadness since from it emerges nothing the reviewer, however, and doubtless new, nothing revolutionary, only the serves well in the territory for which it same story of the kindly person with a was written and in other somewhat keen eye and imaginati on. There are no similar areas for which there are no new principles or methods and probahly texts at all. were none even while he lived, so it seems unfo rtunate that this need be Ea,rth)s G1'een M antle. Sydney Mang­ pointed at again. ham. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1939. 322 pages, illus­ Propagation of H o rti-cu, lt ~wal Pla11 ts. trated, $3.50. Guy W. Adriance and Fred R. Bri­ P rofessor Mangham is P rofessor of son. McGraw-Hill Book Co ., New Botany, University College, Southamp­ York, 1939. 314 pages, i ll u ~ tr a t e d . ton, England, and has many distinc­ $3.00. tions past and present. This is a text book, whi ch deter­ His present book is a popular presen­ mines, within li mits, both its content tation of the importance of the plant and its type of presentation. It appears kingdom to man and animals now and to be such a text as mi ght be used by through the ages. That so much data those first approaching the defini te can be compressed into so readable and study of the subject. Since this is so. short a book is iLl itself an accomplish­ all that can be expected of the authors ment. It is the sort of thing that cannot is that they cover the fa miliar fie ld in be properly reported in any review, no the li ght of present day knowledge and matter how long or detailed. E ven a experi ence and present their data in as recapitulation of he chapter headings luc id and engagin g a style as possible. gives little suggesti on of the contents. The style of presentation is certainly 292 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAG AZINE Oct. , 1939 lucid. It is not particularly engaging. Much research lies back of its limited The subj ect matter is fairly well cov­ text, so if occasional slips are found, ered in all fi elds save perhaps the sec­ such as the zinnia growing out of Bra­ ti on di scussing growth substance for zil, and the like, one must not be too cuttings. It must be remembered, how­ captious, fo r the text merely says South ever, that that fi eld is constantly enlarg­ Ameri can, which is not M exico, or even ing and altering, so that any pronounce­ Chile- and so. . . . ments mi ght easily be outmoded or in­ complete after printing. T he Amer'ican Co lorist. Faber Birren. The illustrations for the most part T he Cri mson P ress, \ I\Tes tport, Con­ are rather poor and are either poorly necti cut. 24 pages, 12 color charts. engraved or poorly printed for in many $1.00. cases the purpose of the illustrati on is T he questi on of a useful color chart obscured so that only the person who that need not cost too much nor be too knows in advance could di scover the cumberso me has long confronted the point illustrated. garden world. T he present volume is In many cases the plants chosen to certainly inexpensive, simple to use and illustrate principles and practices are easy to carry about. T he plan on which plants that refl ect the extreme southern it is devised seems excellent and the experiences of the authors. vocabulary that it wi ll produce certain­ The plants chosen and treated most ly wi ll not be as horrendous as that re­ in detail suggest the idea that the au­ sulting from Ridgway for example, but thors have in all cases had in mind the some of the resulting combinations wi ll problems of commercial propagation as have a quaint sound in our ears. F or considered by the nurseryman, rather example, L ight \ I\T eak T one J ade and than the academi c probl ems of the re­ Dusky Grayish T one Turquoise are al­ search worker or the small queri es of most as fu nny as Pale Venaceous Bluff the amateur. or P leroma V iolet. T he 111 0st serious fa ult of the book, W he1'e Did YMW Ga:rden GTOW. Jan­ if it is to be used in serious color nota­ nette May Lucas. J. B. Lippincott tion fo r garden records. is that it has Co ., Philadelphia, Pa. 1939. 67 no cross reference to other older color pages, illustrated by H elene Carter. charts. After official records have been $2.00. taken by one chart fo r over twenty This is a very pleasant juvenile, years, it is hard to beli eve that any idi­ which mi ght well be read by some not ot can be fo und who will translate so juvenile. The movement of plants twenty years' work into this current about the globe resulting from man's idi om. So perhaps, the book will be love of gardens and his passion fo r tak­ used only fo r new projects or by those ing to the new land fl owers from home, who only thi nk they are going to be is well set out. technical! The Gardener's Pocketbook

N othol-irion Tho111,so1~ia11~b 11~ (Royle) lirion has been confused with Lili~b111{, Stapf (See page 295) and F1'itiUa;r'ia. It seems to belong Relatively s pea kin g, N otholi'rio1~ somewhere between the two and pos­ ThomsonialHt11'1 is a new arrival in the sesses some characters of each. Its world of ornamentals. It has been generic status rests essentially on the known to the western world for just character of the bulb. This consists of about a century and then primarily only a varying number of fleshy storage in botanical collections. In fact, there scales enclosed in papery outer coats appeared in Gardeners' Ch1'o11icle of formed from the old leaf bases. In London, as recently as 1932 a note contrast to this, the other two genera a.bout its successful culture in an Eng­ are without the outer tunics. There li sh garden, which, quite likely, rep­ are also differences in flower charac­ resents one of the early successes with ters, which, though difficult to define, the plant in the hands of a private gar­ are readily seen. dener. In the United States, even in Of the three recognized species of botanical gardens, it is not well known. N o tholirion, N. Tho11'I,so11ia11u11'/' is the Under the circumstances, it seems re­ only one reported in cultivation. It was markable that the taxonomic history of illustrated first by Royle3 in 1839 and the plant should be so involved as to again by Lindley4 in 1845 as Fritilla1'ia require very careful study in its analy­ Tho1nsoniana and Liliu1n Th01'i'lsoni­ sis. It would be useless to detail here anum'/', respectively. all of the cOJ:"lfusing situation. As under­ During the early part of the growing stood today, the genus N othoh1'ion in­ season, one sees only a rosette of long, cludes three very closely related species. linear, glossy, rich-green leaves which From the synonomy, it appears that measures 6 to 10 inches in length. each species has been confused with the Leaves of the same character are other two by each of several eminent formed along the base of the flowering botanists. Furthermore, each has been stem which begins to take shape some­ placed at some time in both of the re­ what later in the season. The illus­ lated genera, L1Jiuw/, and F1'it'illaqria. The tration shows how these leaves are re­ late E. H. Wilson in his "Lilies of East­ duced in size as the stem develops until ern Asia" seems to have been the first to they eventuall y become bracts. restore order out of the chaos in his One may see from the photograph the treatment of the group as the subgenus vari ous positions assumed by the flower N otholirion. Finally, Dr. Stapf! of and its segments as they age. Flower­ Kew, just before his death, accepted ing commences when the stems are no that species arrangement and concluded more than 6 to 8 inches high and con­ that Bossier2 was correct in his evalua­ tinues for several weeks. The stems ti on of the group as a distinct genus. may finally reach a height of 3 feet. It is with good reason that N otho- With flowers about 2.0 inches long, a handsome dis p I a y is maintained 'Stapf, O. Kew Bulletin of Miscell aneou s Infor· throughout the flowering period. The ma,tion 1934: 94. 'Boissier, E. Flora Orient.hs. 5: 190. 1882. flowers of our specimens were white 3Ro~ l e, John F. Illustrations of t he Botany of the HImalayan Mountains. t. 92, fig. 1. 1839. with a slight ti nt of mauve which faded 18~~indl ey, John. Botanical Register 31: t. 1. rapidly as the flower aged. Each seg- [293 ] 294 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939 ment had a dot of. green at the tip. It is soil (of acid reaction ) in October or sai d that in the past some fl owers from early November. Leaf growth. starts this lot of bulbs 'have had a deeper tint immedi ately, and the leaves remain ac­ of mauve. E ven so, they have lacked tive until early June. Flowering oc­ the rose or lavender color this speci es curs during late March and early April. is supposed to develop. In the length It is said to grow in limestone so ils in and narrowness of the peri anth seg­ its nati ve home in South-central China, ments, our specim en fail s to agree com­ and in E ngland the best results are re­ pletely with the forms in the illust ra­ ported in such soils. ti ons cited above, but there is no seri­ ous di screpancy. No menti on is made Styrax offi cinalis L innaeus (See page in the literature of the sparce develop­ 297) ment of fin e wool-like hai rs on the young fl ower buds and bracts. The The subj ect of this note is not a new literature does menti on, however, the plant in any sense; it is not even a rare fragrance of the fl owers. Indeed. such plant. Neither is ita common plant. a delightful perfume scarcely could be U ntil the late E ighteenth Century it overlooked. was an economi c plant; since then it As noted above. the bulbs of thi s has made its way as an ornamental. plant diffe r from those of the related In its ornamental qualities. StY1'a_r genera in the presence of outer enclos­ officinalis must be classed as inferior, at ing tunics. As in L £lill 11'l. gigante-um least in some respects, to S. japonica and its near relati ves, the bulb is 111 ono­ and S . obassia (National H orticultural carpie. A relatively small bulb, at fl ow­ Magazine 12 : 273. 1933) . It does not ering size, it is no more than 10 to 2 carry the wealth of fl ower of the first. inches long and 1 in ch in diameter. nor the bold leaves and graceful inflor­ After fl owering, the mother bulb breaks fscences of the second. In spite of these down into a number of small bulbils deficiencies, it i worthy of a place in which fo rm at the base of the storage the gardens of the South. scales. Even before fl oweri ng, there is The plant habit is more that of a a prolifi c increase. F rom about 200 shrub than of a small tree. It branches bulbs, most of whi ch did not fl ower. freely and though somewhat open. it about 2,000 new bul bs were harvested. assumes a graceful shape. It is readily Both the small and large bulbs are es­ trai ned as a small specimen tree, how­ sentially alike in appearance. The pa­ ever, and as such, may grow to a height pery coats are dark brown , and marked of 20 fee t. In ·e ither case, the soft green with 5 or 6 longitudinal ridges or lines. of the leaves and the fragrance ' of its Culturally, N oth oliriMI Tholnso ni­ fl owers, prod uced from April to June, an um must he classed as a tender bulb. make it a useful plant. Its cold endurance in this country is Almost all parts of the plant are pu­ not defi ni tely know n, but presumably it bescent, even the petals and fi laments or will be satisfactory only in the milder the fl owers possessing a stellate tomen­ parts of the P aci fi c Northwest and in tum. On the leaves. this occurs only the deep South. P ossibly it may toler­ on the lower surface. In shape, the ate the winters of the A tlanti c Coast as leaves are ovate-orbicular and obtuse. far north as Norfolk, Virgini a. As in the photograph, the fl owers are In the greenhouse near W ashington, always pendent. it has been the practi ce to plant the As late as about 1750. S. 0 ffi cin.alis bulbs in pots or flats in good potting was the source of an aromatic gum- Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 295

N othOli1'io II Tho1llsonianu11l 296 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939 resin which was used in medicine and now alas almost out of use anywhere, apparently as a fumigant and a sort of or bent twigs- she often refers to the incense. As such, its use goes back method but not to the tools. into Grecian times. Dioscorides tells In June the few annuals needed may of its preparation. As it is native to the be set out where space permits or is Mediterranean region, it was used by made, fo r there is very little space with all the peoples of that area. Even into these encroaching perennials, and none more recent ti mes, it is said that storax by A ugust. Certain zinnias are always plants fo rmed a part of the maiden's necessary, white, and that soft fawn or dowry among certain of the peoples of buff Isabellina, very difficult to get. Asia Minor. Since about 1750, it has This year my packet produced bril­ been replaced as a source of storax bark li ant orange and deep soft crimson, as by Liquida.11'I,bGlr o'rientate. well as the true Isabel. Marigold Su­ No particular care is required in the preme is the best marigold, its soft cultivation of the plant, nor does it shade of yellow harmoni zing beauti­ seem to have any particular soil pref­ fully, but the J apanese beetles love it erence. It is not hardy out of the deep and it usually survives as a skeleton too South ; southern Virginia probably weary to take up the business of bl oom­ marks its northern limit. As cuttings ing after its long struggle wi th the root very poo rly, propagati on is by pests. Marigold H armony, one of the seeds. novelties that is good, is fin e fo r front . places in the border as it is really bushy and not too tall , its red-gold and bronze Mid - A~£gus t , 1939 fl owers blendi ng well. W hite petunias The fl ower borders in the garden of are used along the edges, mingling wi th the stay-at-home gardeneress who ai ms the mats of silvery lamb's-ear (Stnchys to keep it ti dy with the aid of only oc­ lanata) . casional help should look very well at A Mexican primrose, Oenothem spe­ this season-and they do. O ne takes ciosa, large white fl owers wi th yellow­ a bit of gleeful pride in them in con­ green throat, is a lovely thing but a trast to those on the "estates," whose great ramper, so many shoots must be head gardeners often let them go to yanked out in spring. seed in July and August when the fa mi­ Iris in a few good varieti es are in li es are abroad, meanwhile concentrat­ clumps here and there. Bergamot ing on their dahlias and chrysanthe­ never looked so well as this year when mums fo r the autumn shows. it had at last a good space of some fi ve The borders of the stay-at-home gar­ or six feet to itself with silvery-gray deneress are treated in a broad-minded Echi nops showing amongst it. catholic fashion of getting a good thing Chrysanthemums are safest trans­ in and letting it multiply, then there is planted from frames and staked late on little to do but the de-shooting of the a rainy day, they shi ft easily. Michaell11 as daisies; the beheading of A ll the borders described here have all phlox as soon as it goes out of high evergreen hedges against which bloom; the tying down of bush clematis the color shows beautifully. O ne bor­ or a seedling clemati s in stray corners; der only that has no hedge background the pegging down of sunflowers and so is di vided from the rose beds by posts fo rth. This pegging down has never hung with Clematis pa'm:culata, There been very successfully done here; ofl e is one high point durirlg the last ten wonders if Miss J ekyll used hairpin s, clays of August and beginning of Sep- Oct., 1939 THE JATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 297

Clallde /-1 ope lSee Page 294] Styrax offici naZis 298 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939

temb(H w:h~n C. ranie~£ lliJ,ta is at its best After beheading the phlox in July, of -as it h?-s seeded about the garden, course there is another general guillo­ there is always unexpected pleasure in tining of everything in the way of asters new arrangements made by a happy and so forth lest the whole place become conspiracy between the seedling and a wilderness the next season, but one nature, which delights the gardeneress can wait almost to November before more than any self-planned planting this takes place and all stems should be could. This year the fringe tree (Ch-i,o- gathered up and burned as the seeding 11,anthus retusa) has repeated its spring goes on so fast. snow by a cl ematis flun g aloft its top­ F. E . McILVAINE. most branches all frothy white. The Glen Isle Farm, high spruce hedge .has festoons of the Dow ningtown, Pennsylvania. same, a bit too heavy for its own good, but this has been going on for so many F?'011'l. the j\IIidwest H ortic% lt ~£ra l years it is about time to lighten its load Society and cut back some exuberant ropes of it next spring. Stray seedlings appear Daphne mezereum around box bushes'-at ground levetand A shrub which is seldom seen in cul­ some clamber over a group of white tivation in the Middle \ Vest is Da.phne phlox now alm ost out of bloom. m e2e're1.(11'[.) caJl ed February Daphne be­ The large-flowered cl ematis, fickle as cause of its early blooming period. It usual, are over by now, yet some show has an upright habi t growing two to again rosy red and pale pink in their three feet taJl with slender light green proper places. leaves which are grayish underneath. A n experiment this year is beginning It is the hardiest of the Daphnes in this to fulfil itself though it may not reach area, since the choice Daphne eneont?n full glory until frost ends it suddenly. is somewhat tender. This is the placing of Heavenly Blue The reddish-purple intensely fragrant morning-glory to clamber over the peo­ fl owers bloo m in March before the nies on a central walk ; it is only an leaves appear. T hey come in three­ eady morning joy, but sufficient if it fl owered clusters clos-e to the branches works. and are followed by sca rlet berries in Last autumn there had been too August. It may be well to mention much goldenrod; one did not want the that both the leaves and berries are garden to look so like a country pas­ poisonous if eaten. This shrub is more ture. Much was dug up and thrown at home in an alkali ne soil in a weJl­ over the fence; also Michaelmas daisies drained position. I have noticed that were drastically reduced and only the in a heavy soil that is kept too wet the very best progeny of aster Climax and plant wiJl weaken and die. A sunny the whitest of some heather-flowered exposure is necessary for a well grown kinds kept. In spring one can not be speC1 men. sure of the various blues, so it is safest to have only Climax. Then, in de­ H ydl'angea. petiolaris shooting in spring, space then;] qui te far apart. The ,effect of the colors wi ll not A choice novelty fo r stone or stucco be known unti l September, but the waJl s, up which it wiJl climb by means grace and proportions of these single of its aerial roots, is the J apanese stems of aster are so lovely even before Climbing H ydrangea, H 'ydrangea petio­ they bloom. lo.1'1:s . This is a slow vi ne to establi sh Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 299

Lilian A " Gnerl1sey [S ee Page 302] Jasm-il'lLf1"n l1udif1on£'In 300 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. , 1939

itself, but once it gets a good start incised. I have found it well suited to there are few vines more ornamental. city conditions, tolerating smoke and The broad leaves are long-petioled, gas better than the ma j ori ty of trees. overlapping like shingles on a roof, and The fl owers are borne in panicles at the wide spreading, lacy panicles of the end of the branches and are carried fl owers are very showy and deliciously well above the fo liage. Blooming in scented, resembling Cle11'wtis pa1Vic%­ July when fe w other trees are in fl ower, lala . it is a handsome obj ect with its bright Under good cultivation it will reach yell ow fl owers marked with orange red a height of ten to twenty feet. I ob­ at the base. The fl owers open grad­ served a fin e plant in one of the sub­ ually so the tree remain s showy fo r urbs of Chi cago growing on the north several weeks. L ater in the summer side of a building and it is growing also numerous conspicuous bladder-shaped at the Morton A rboretum. F or the pods adorn its branches. A nother first 2 or 3 seasons protect the young point worthy of note is the fall color­ plants by wrapping in straw or burlap ing, the leaves turning yellow before during winter. Preventing it from they fall. T he Goldenrain T ree is one blooming fo r several seasons would aid that can be recommended for hot, dry the plant in becomi ng established. places. However, I have 2 trees which Prune in early spri ng and remove all seem to be thriving in a semi-shady lo­ the very thin, weak shoots and cut back cation. fa r enough on strong wood to produce healthy shoots. \Vhen fl owering shoots flex apaco. appear cut them off. Another vine confused with the Although extremely slow in growth Climbing H ydrangea is S chizophmg171a the A merican H olly, I k'l: apO-ca, can be hydm 11,geoides, another native of Japan, grown here if given a favo rable locati on but infe ri or in every way. The latter and a li ttle extra care. It will remain can be di stinguished by the soli tary shrubby in habit. never reachi ng the sepal of the sterile fl owers, the rougher tree like proportions of the fin e speci­ splitting bark on the old stems, and the mens I have seen in Tennessee and smaller, more orbicular leaves. fa rther south. A semi-shady spot shel­ tered from the wind in a so il that is nat­ KoelTeute1'ia paniculata urally moist, would be preferabl e. H ow­ T he only yellow fl owering tree hardy ever, if the soil is rather light and not in thi s region and one that is still quite too rich the plants will win ter much rare is the Goldenrain-Tree, K oel1'eu ­ better. U nder these co nditions they teT1·a panic~ ( lata . It does not produce a will not make as much growth, but by straight trunk, usually appearing some­ making a stocky growth the plants are what misshapen or with several trunks. able to ripen the current season's wood I would recommend it only as a small before winter comes. lawn tree fo r its compound leaves and T he leaves are thick, dull green ornamental fl owers in midsummer. T he above, somewhat wavy and bear spines tree is short-li ved and only reaches a along the edges. \Vhen clipped to pro­ height of about 25 to 30 feet. It shoul d mote a dense growth the pruning be grown only in a sunny, sheltered should be done between the leaves as position in our climate. the leaves when cut have brownish The pinnate leaves are alternate with edges that detract from the general ap­ 6 to 15 three-lobed lea fl ets which are pearance of the plant. Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 301

[See Page 302] Buphane ciliaris 302 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939

Since holli es are di oecious plants, in tune is quoted "This species was first order to secure the bright red berries discovered in gardens an d nurseries in it is necessary to have a staminate plant the north of China, particularly about for every three or fo ur pistallate ones. Shang hae, Soochow, and Nanking. It Their slow growth also accounts for is deciduous; the leaves falling off in the lack of berries in this area. The its nati ve country early in autumn, only safe way to transplant an Ameri­ and having a number of prominent can Holly is with a ball of earth and flower-buds, which expand in early it will help to strip most of the leaves spring,-often when the snow is on the from the branches before planting. The ground-and look like little primroses. plant known best to me is grow­ " It is easily multiplied by cuttings ing at the Morton A rboretum in an or layers, as it has a tendency to throw exposed position with very little pro­ out roots at the joints of the stem. The tection from sun and wind and yet it Chinese often graft on the more com­ has withstood some very severe winters mon ki nds, about a foot from the with little injury. ground, which improves its appearance. ROBERT VAN TRESS, Any common soil wi ll suit it, and it will Garfield Park, Chi cago, Ill. answer well fo r rockworl<. or small gardens where sweet fl owering shrubs l asminum 1Hldifloru7n (See page 299 ) are desirable." All of this still stands save that we This plant is no novelty but one does scarcely nee d graft it and certainly do not see it as commonly as one might not want it in any rock garden of mod­ and many persons, seeing it without erate dimensions. looking closely report to their amazed It might be added that it looks well fri ends that they have seen forsythia on banks and once establi shed, holds in fl ower ! This· is always annoying to them well. It stands shearing well and the lover of this plant since here at can be trimmed into almost formal least it always gives scattering bloom shapes though this destroys the fine in winter and full fl ower weeks before arching style that shows in the illustra­ forsythia. Two obvious things these tion. plants have in C0111mon, yellow fl owers As the new wood is green, it makes a before the leaves and a conveni ent habit very distinct color note in winter. of rooting at the tips of the overarching branches. BlIphalle ciliaris (See page 301) For those persons who can grow other species of jasmine, this plant is Among the many interesting all1aryl­ possibly not needed but for gardeners lids in South Africa are the Buphanes who li ve where jasmines are tender. represented by two species ·which one it is of valu e since it can be depended does not often see in culti vation. upon for winter flow ers. As grown in pots, the large bulbs It has long been a garden plant even wi th their many coats are planted ,,,-ith in our countries for it was one of the a fai r portion above ground in a rich plants seL1t home by Fortune among but well drained mixture such as one those memorable plants he sent from might give hippeastrums. In the spe­ China. It was illustrated in color in cies B. disticha, the leaves are beauti­ the Botanical Register in 1846 and in fully arrayed in two ranks, making an the Botanical Magazine in 1852. almost architectural pattern. The leaves In the Botanical Register Mr. F or- of this species are less numerous, short Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 303

I-J. F. Loomis [See Pa.ge 304 ] A'I"istolochia elaga ns 304 T HE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE Oct., 1939

er and less regular in their arrange­ everything relating to this tribe of ment. plants is fami liar, appears to know its They follow the producti on of the blossoms only from a specimen in Mr. amazing inflorescence. The illustra­ Lambert's H erbarium." tion shows the thick but somewhat flat­ No references have been found to tened peduncle and the great number of show whether or not this species con­ fl owers borne on stalks 6 to 8 inches tains the poisonous alkaloi ds that di s­ tinguish the other species, B . disticha. long. The colors are beautiful but not striking. The peduncle and fl ower­ A ristolochia elega·ns (See page 303) stalks are a creamy yellow. T he This genus, which has so many as­ spreadi ng peri anth segments are choco­ tonishingly shaped fl owers, has in this late purple with a pinkish flu sh running rather familiar species one of its least down fro m their bases over the ovary to bizarre representatives. Most of us the Hower-!S talks. The stamens are who have seen it have know n it only dark with li ght, alm ost white, anthers as a greenhouse vine of not too lux­ and the pi stil, which is not cqnspicuous, uriant growth, moderate sized grayish­ is almost entirely white. green leaves and rather handsome fl ow­ As the fl ower-stalk develops, the ers that are really more handsome than bracts that inclose the umbel of fl ow­ to deserve the common name of calico ers breaks and the ruddy flowe r buds fl ower. show in rather stiff array, but the in­ T he ground color of the corolla-like dividual fl ower-stalks develop quickly calyx is an off whi te that seems whiter and take a radi al arrangement to give than it is because of the defin ite pat­ the spherical appearance shown in the tern of the markings and the velvety illustration . Not all the fl owers open intensity of the more solid portions. at one time and the fadi ng fl owers die T he color of the pattern is that fami­ gracefully as the ovari es develop into li ar plant color that may look black, greeni sh three-sided capsules bearing chocolate purple or even deep brown the whole infl orescence in an attractive according to the li ght. state fo r weeks. U nli ke most of the species, this plant Our plants were self-pollinated but does not have fl owers with the charac­ no good seed resulted, a matter of con­ teristic unpleasant odor of the genus siderable regret as the bul bs do not which gives it somewhat of an ad­ show signs of rapid :latural increase. vantage over its fe llows. It is doubtful if one should displace Although native to Brazil, it is not showier amaryllids by this plant, but as imperative in its heat requi rements it is an arresting sight when in fl ower. as some of the more tropical species. In the Botanical Register, where it T hi s fact and the fact that it fl owers was fi gured (t. 11 S3) (1828) is a con­ when rather young makes it a possible trasti ng note. house plant for Northerners, as well as "This plant, although very common a good vi ne fo r the warmest regions in in collections, and cultivated in E ng­ our South. land for at least seventy years, pro­ It is easily raised fr6m seed whi ch duces its fl owers so seldom, that there is freely produced and carried in the are few persons who have ever seen typical hanging capsules that split open them . Even M r. H erbert, to whom to look like baskets. Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 305

Lilian A. Cnernse'y [See Page 306] Tritonia h'yalina 306 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939

T1'itollia hyal-i'l1a (See page 305) after the stalk is cut and the older flowers when withered are less unseem­ This species does not belong to the ly in their decadenec than either free­ section of the genus in which is found Sla or l Xla. the familiar montbretia, but is rather After flowering the plants are al­ at the other end of the line with a lowed to make full growth and then be­ small er plant and lower inflorescence come dormant, in which stage they can that suggests somewhat that of the free­ be stored until the fo llowing autumn. sia. The flowers, of course, are en­ tirely differ wt. Butte1'f/y L ilies (See page 307) Of the species more c0111monly culti­ vated to which this might be compared, OLD Southern gardens owed much Tr1;tonia, CI'ocata is the one .most often of their delightful charm to the quanti­ offered in the autumn bulb lists and, ' ties of plants which were lovingly cul­ like freesias, some of the winter-flow­ tivated for their exquisite perfumes. ering gladiolus, ixias and such, is a The recent revival of interest in sweet­ plant much more suited to winter scented gardens has resulted in the re­ growth in the greenhouse with March newed use of many fragrant favorites flowering than outdoor planting except of other days. Of these, the Butterfly in the Gulf or Pacific Coast States. Lily, often called the Ginger Lily, ex­ These regions are, of course, a law ceeds all others with the delightful to themselves. fragrance of its large clusters of snow­ Treated rather like freesias, the small white flowers during the late summer corms send up a 1110ntbretia-like fan of and fa ll months. leaves from which rises the foot high Classified as Hedychium or Zingi­ stalks. These are somewhat irregularly beraceae the lilies are natives of Asia overarching, with several flowers and have been naturalized extensively borne along the upper portion as the in tropical America. The generic name illustration shows. Hedychium is from the Greek mean­ The feature that gives this species ing sweet snow, in reference to the its name is the semi-transparent mar­ glistening white flowers. Many varie­ gin of the bases of the perianth seg­ ties are grown in different parts of the ments which are narrower than those of world. The flowers are cultivated in C1'ocata. Persia for the manufacture of perfumes, The character that gives the plant its while in India, the plants are valued for distinction as a fl ower is the brilliant their beauty and use in religious cere­ apricot to salmon to orange color of monies. A lemon-yellow variet:-r • H. the floral o;egments, a color that dimin­ g01'dne1"l'a 1111 1n, which comes from Ben­ ishes very little in intensity as the gal, is prized as a hardy midsummer flowers develop after cutting. bloomer in gardens of Cornwall, Eng­ In Curtis' Botanical Magazine, B.M. land. The variety grown in Southern 704 (1804) the color is given as "Cor­ gardens is l-f. corollariullI, and is some­ olla bright vermilion, varying to a deep times called garland-flower. fiery orange colour." Our plant, raised Butterfly lili es are greatly prized as from imported stock, showed no such cut flowers because of their beauty and variation in color and is a much more their exceptional keeping qualities. The attractive plant than that of the figure fragrance is delicate rather than heavy, . cited. and a single graceful spray will per­ N early every flower will develop meate an entire house with its subtle Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 307

[See Page 306] H ed,)Ichiu111- C01'01wnum

perfume. The indi vidual blossoms are The ornamental plants are tall , usu­ frequently scattered at intervals along ally three to six feet, and are similar to polished luncheon tables or placed in cannas in growth and appearance. The finger bowls, as the butterfly-like for­ fo li age is a pleasing shade of light green mati on of each fl ower is unbelievably of a satiny texture. The plants are lovely. rarely troubled with insects and the - 308 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939 cultural requirements are simple, con­ with the area and, although well sup­ sisting of plenty of water, rich soil and plied with topographic and sketch occasional feedings of fertilizer. The maps, it required considerable time to lilies are propagated by division of the locate the marly open space where the sturdy rootstocks during the winter or CYP1-ipedi'U-1n grows. The warm, humid early spring months. These roots, air and clouds of mosquitoes which which are said to have a di stinct taste followed us everywhere did not add to of ginger, should be planted shallow in our enjoyment, but one cannot expect semi-shaded locations. After the flow­ comfort in a swamp! ers have bloomed or been cut, the re­ htnipents 17O'rizontalis, t he Creeping maining leaves gradually turn yellow Juniper, a rare plant in the state, and should be cut off within a few formed an almost solid border around inches of the ground. Butterfly lilies the marl area, which is covered by a are a permanent addition to the garden few in ches of water. We splashed and need not be di sturbed except for across this shallow "pond" and were division every four or five years. Al­ covered to the knees by the sticky, most the entire supply of roots comes white mud. The Ladyslippers were at from old Southern gardens, although their best, the small, white fl owers they are occasionally li sted by Reuter standing out against their background of New Orleans. of dark green Junipers. The plants are Butterfly lilies make excellent orna­ a foot high and the relatively narrow mental greenhouse plants and should leaves point ri gidly upwards. There be grown more generally in colder cli­ were numerous plants in bloom and mates. They are commonly grown un­ many young ones, but the total num­ der glass in England and Gertrude ber was not nearly so great as one Jekyll frequently mentions them in her mi ght reasonably expect. books, particularly as companion The promi scuous and thoughtless planting for Daturas in large conserva­ collecting which has gone on for years, tories. and still occurs, has decreased the pop­ FRANCES HANNAY. ulation of many of the rare plants in Bergen Swamp. The Swamp Rattle­ The 1iV hite Ladyslippe1' snake, too, which once was abundant Bergen Swamp, not far from Roch­ in the swamp but not found in the sur­ ester, New York, is the home of sev­ rounding region, is becoming scarce. eral rare plants. The \l\1 hite Ladyslip­ B·esides the effect o,f over-collecting per, Cypripedi'U1'H ca1'1did~~7n, is one of such a small area, there is the ever­ these natives uncommon in the East. present danger of "progressive" indi­ It is the least known and grown of our viduals wanting to drain the swamp to showy O rchids. "improve" the countryside. A group Two friends and I made a trip one has been organized in Rochester fo r May to thi s swamp well known to nat­ the purpose of conserving the fl ora and uralists and scientists for many dec­ fauna of this unique bit of land. I hope ades. It covers several hundred acres that its work is successful and that Ber­ and is mostly a dense growth of White gen Swamp can be maintained in its Pines, Larches, Arbor Vitaes, and tan­ natural state. gled underbrush. We were unfamiliar \ 1\1 ARREN C. \ I\1ILSON. Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 309

W. C. Wilsoll The w hite ladjlslipper g'ro'ws mostly a,round th e edges of this 1'lIoor G1'ea

Oncoba RObttledgei (See page 312) northern gardens can find in Stewar­ tias or gordonias. It is perhaps absurd to show an il­ lustration of this tropical shrub from Gloriosas Africa when only a small seedling plant is available for photographing, but the Although the plants were not un­ curious sight of many small seedlings known here, it was Mr. W yndham bearing perfectly normal fl owers so Hayward called our attention to the early in life, prompted the action. possibi li ty of growing them out of doors If the mature plant can be as fine as one might gladiolus. in its full stature as are these small This was emphasized by field cul­ plants we have here a desirabl,e plant ture at the Introduction Garden where for our warmest regions and according smallish seedlings went from pots to to Bailey's Cyclopedia a useful shrub fie ld and made most astonishing root for greenhouse decoration. development but less tops than one The general characters of the leaf, wi shed. The following year the story spiney stem and flow er show quite was quite different for the fin e roots clearly in the illustration which sug­ carried the food necessary to initiate gests the dark green lustrous leaf char­ vigorous growth. acter, the gli stening white of the petals One usually gets a root that looks and the clustered gold of the stamen more or less like a very long and poor­ masses. It cannot suggest the pleasant ly developed sweet potato. At one end scent. In a very general way the fl ower is the scar of attachment to la t year's suggests the same beauties that more fl owering shoot; at the other. the gro\\"- 310 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939

w. C. Wilson Cyp-riped1:um ca n.didw/'l'/, and IWl'l ipenls horizontalis Oot., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTU RAL MAGAZINE 311 ing poin t. O ne plants them on their the plant resembles celandin e with long, sides, at an angle, something li ke grape much lobed leaves and branchi ng stalks cuttings. P lanting must not start un­ that carried dozens of pale lemon yel­ til after danger of frost is past. low four-petalled fl owers that Last a Presently a vigorous shoot springs day or more but fo llow one another end­ up with its amazing leaves, and fin ally lessly from warm weather till freezing. its spectacular fl owers. Mr. H ayward The formati on of new rosettes of leaves has described these fo r us before thi s about the crown makes one wonder if and there is no need to repeat. thi s, like eschscholtzias in season may Planted in full sun and with light prove to be more than annual. soil, the plants seemed more fl ori fe r­ Set where its fl owers had for back­ ous but less tall than those planted at ground the deep blue starred masses the foot of Kampher's azaleas. H ere of Browallia ela.ta, this made a delight­ they clambered through the leafy ful addition to the secondary annuals. branches and hung Ol.1t their flamboy­ In quite a different locality there ant fl ower through midsummer. grew plants of L avatem Loveliness After frost kills the tops, one di gs which is the one and only lavatera tried down with care to discover two new here that does not look like a weed. storage roots from each stalk to which Although the seedlings were approxi­ is attached the flacci d remain s of the mately alike, one or two plants seemed root planted in May. After this, cool slightly more fl orife rous and one or storage in sand until another year. two came into fl ower conspicuously later than their fell ows. The color is Two A nnuals a very decent rose pink- not a "mallow pink or purple" or a washed out lilac Among the several annuals tried for white such as one sometimes finds in the first time in 1939 are two that we lavateras. hope to illustrate and describe at some length during 1940. Mention can be It quite overshadowed another mal­ made of them here as one, D·ichrano­ vaceous annual planted nearby, An.oda stig11'/.a FrMbch etia'na had not succumbed lavateriodes which made equally vigor­ to early frosts that had carried off ous plants with more cotto n-like leaves marigolds, zinnias and nasturtiums, if through which rose small pinkish lav­ not petunias. ender fl owers. The whi te fo rm was The fe w seeds available did not ger­ 111 uch better. minate particularly well but the seed­ Very interesting in detail were the lings transplanted well in spite of being charming seed pods, but we need not poppy relati ves. In a general fashion grow the plant just for these. 312 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939

Lilian A. Gnernsey [See Page 309 ] ONcoba Ro,utledgei Index to Volume 18

Figures in itaLics represent illustrations

Abbey, Fred M. : ~tniftoru7n ______128, 130 Primula Juliae and H ybrids 233 Bryophyllums, Some, and A Abelia Edward GoucheL______75, 77 Kitchingia ______116 Adiantw11't pedatbt7n var. aleutiotl71 84 Bulbs , Useful SmaIL______180 Aetkione1'lw persl:cum. ______147 B~tpha17 e c1:tiaris ______301 , 302 Albizzia juMrissin 7'osea ______68, 70 Butterfly Lilies ______306 Alpines in the Shickshocks ______81 Campannla ca7' patica ______148 Andl'01'/1.eda gla%cophylla ______92 gargantca ______148 Ane11'l.one appen.ina ______62 ponha7's/?j1anul'n ______61 blan.da ______62 7'ot~~11dl'fot-ia ______148 Angel's Trumpet ______.37, 37 A7'enGlria 7nareSCel1S ______.84, 96 Campanula, Winter Notes ______62 Cassiope hYP17o-i des ______.90, 90 A ristolochia bmsiliensis var. ·macrophj!lla ______156, 158 Castilleja pal/ida. var. septen- elegans ______303, 304 tri01w I is ______.86, 90 An1~eria lau.ch ea1w ______148 Cathortoli17u,1'/'/ vestitu1N ______36 A1'temis-i.a b01'(;alis ______93, 94 Caughey, Rachel: Asper%la cynanchica ______146 R hododendrons in New he .q;a ph ')lUa ______146 Hampshire ______226 odorata ______146 C e7' 0 p egia VV 0 0 dii ______..7 3 , 74 Azalea Hybrids, Notes 0 11.. ______228 Ch ei ranth~(s asper ______36 Baileya multiradiata ______36 Ch-ionadoxa Lucilhae ______186, 189 Barton, Lela V.: Ch1'ysopsis villosa ______, 61 Ge rmination and Storage Cook, O. F .: of Lily Seeds ______193 Bornoa an Endemic Palm Bates, Alfred: of Haiti ______254 The Second Year with A u- The Edible Pacaya Palm of tumnal Crocuses ______195 Alta Vera Paz ______161 Betula gla·nd btlosa ______94 Young R oyal Palm s ______100 Bornoa, An Endemic Palm of Crocus Species, Notes on Spring H ai ti ______254 Flowering ______198 Bornoa 259,263, 265, 267, 270, Crocuses, The Second Year with 271, 273, 274, 275, 278 Aut u m nal ______195 Bowers, Clement Gray : Croc-u es ala.favicHs ______.200, 203, 287 Azalea, Camp's Red ______135 (J!ur eus ______144, 199, 219 Rhododendron Notes ______281 sulphure1f s co ll color 202, 205 B1-yophyllu7I/. Aliciae ______11 6 Bala17sa e ______201, 206 cr e 17 af-/ (/'/'1 ______117, 117 Zwanenberg ______201 , 207 Daigremontia1'11I117 ______11 8, 11 9 - bif!orlts ______199, 200, 208 1'/'I/J'lWtu In ______122, 125 G1'gentr lt s __ 144, 199, 200, 209 P'i1'l1WtUl1'/. ______.124, 126 pus i lilt S ______202, 210 sca17d C I1S ______124, 127 W eldelli ______199. 200, 211 t'lf bift Or'll1ll ______.128, 129 alb ItS ______212 [ 313 1 314 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZ INE Oct., 1939

chrysanthus Canary Emnthis hye1'11alis ______181, 183 Bird ______199, 203, 213 E1'iogonu,111, Alleni ______148 E. Augustus Bowles ______144 EI'odiu.m chamaedl'Ys rOSeLt111. .______61 E. P. Bowles ______201 , 214 E vwnymus nan%s ______61 Snow Bunting 199, 200, 215 mdicans var. veget~~L ______151 etr%sc%s ______144 Fennell , J oseph L. : Zwanenberg ______.200, 217 A Natural Garden of the Fleisdel'i ______144, 200, 218 Great Cyprus Swamp in i171.p er a ti ______144, 199, 219 Flori da ______43 l

sa,'mf; 0 pa,ca ______300 NI a_1-imihana regina ______276 pe IIdu n,c ulosa ______.71 , 72 his C1"£stata ______146 ------__ 275 Morrison, B, Y. g1'ac£lipes ______146 Notes on Spring Flowering lupina ------______.76, 79 Crocus Species ______198 11llSSObWI. ", eI1S'IS ______31 MHscari armeniac um ______186, 187 r e ti c u1 a fa ______145 Jasmin.u111 Illfdijlor1l111 ______299, 302 NotllOfiriol1 Tho/1lsom:alnl111 ___ 293, 295 hlniperus pach)lphloca ______29 OCNothna bistorta var. veitchiana 248 Kalanchoe G1'01'IWtica ______1, 2 b rev i pes ______247, 248 beharensis ______2, 3 ca I if0 1'1'1i c0 ______247 B lossfe!diana ------.4. 5 ca es p1:tosa var. 7narg i1wta _ 24; b1'acteata -- ______.4, 7 cheimnth'ifolia ______250, 251 C1' enata ______6, 8 deIt 0 id es ______245, 246 F edtsche'Nlwi ______11 8, 121 g1'ac iliff ora ______246 fta11lm~ea ______6, 9 grandijlora. (Hookeri) _252 , 253 Gasto'Nis-Bo1777ier£ ______120, 123 1J ilis SO If r i ens is ______148 gra11dijlom ______152, 155 ovata ______249, 250, 252 Hildeb raJl1,dtii ______10, 11 Pri1 'nive r is ______248 I?ewe 11sis ______26 speciosa ______245 1011 g-i jI om ______10 s u ba ca u lis ______245 11wnnomta ______10, 13, 14 Oenothera Species, California ______245 01' g'yal is ______12, 15 Orbign)la agrestis ______276 l' 0 tundi f 0 Zia ______16, 16 phalerata ______277 se,'!:ang ulaJris ______. 16, 17 Pacaya Palm, The Edible of A lta s pat h ~llata ______19, 19 Vera Paz ______161 Kalal1choe s)1nsepala ______19, 22 P ellea densa ______.93, 95 th)lr si jI om ______20 Pfeiffer, Norma E. : tomeNtosa ______22, 23 Prolongi ng the Life of Lily ve!bltina ______24, 25 Pollen ______.191 , 192 vValdheimi ______131, 132 Photi111:a villosa ______68, 69 Welwitschii ______24, 26 Ph)lllodoce coerulea ______81, 90 Kalanchoes for the Window Garden 1 Pollen, Prolonging the Life of Lily 191 Kalmia polifolia ______91 Pol)lr7'hiza L'il1denii ______44 Kitching'ia peltata ______133, 134 Polj1sf'ic hu1'1'1, 11'loh1'ioides var. sco- Klaber, Doretta: pu li 1%/ 111 ______94 Useful Small Bulbs ______180 Pote11t illa fnlticosa var. pa,r- Koelreuteria paniculata ______300 v if 0 Zia ______151 , 152 Lach eNelia lI77icolor ______238, 242 Primulas in Southern O hio ______234 L e du11~ groen!al1dicU1'n ______92 Pri111JU1a J ufiae and Hybrids .______233 Le pachj1s C011,1/'llllaris ______61 Pnll1US subhirtella var. Yae- Lin U1JI, jlavu /'ll ______1-!-8 shidare-higan .. ______64, 65 L i1'1'II1'N L e'wisii ______35 Rawlinson, E li zabeth Seymour: Lithospen1'lum cal'l esce ll S ______147 Rock Gardens for the L011icera arizonica ______28 South ______142 L 'ychm:s alpilla ______86, 91 Rhododelldroll ChapJl1allii ______.48, 49 McIlvaine, Frances Edge : D egro II ia IlLIIII ______286 Mid-August ______296 fa ppo 11 ic 11 III ______92 316 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939

11'Iu,C1'Onu,latu,11'/, x R. amb'i- Starker, Carl and Louise: g'/,t.um ______. ______285 Raising Hardy Cyclamen x R. spin'/,t.lifenm/, ______.281, 286 from Seed ______41 O1'biculare x R. William- St1'ophaA1,thu,s san1'/,entosus ______156 , 157 S1.an·f,t11/f, _. ______. ______. ___ .____ 286 St')wax officinalis ______294, 297 Rhododendrons in New Hamp- T emenia regia ______276 shire ______.______226 Thuja occidental7's Wareana______70 Rhododendron Notes ______135, 226, 281 TritoN.ia hyalina ______305, 306 Rhododendrons in S.eattle .. _. ______229 Tuhpa austmlis ______145 Rhododendron Hybrids in Ver- bi flom ______145, 287 mont ______. ___ . ______.__ 284 dasyste1'lwn ______145 Rock Garden N otes _____ ._. 142, 233, 287 F osteriana ______145 Rowntree, Lester: H ageri ______145 California Oenothera Spe- M a rjoletti _____ .. ______145 Cles . ______. ______245 polyc h1'01na, ______145, 287 Royal Palms, Y oung______100 pmes tans ______145 Barbadian, ______104, 109, 111 stellato. ______145 Cuban ______102, 104, 109, 111 turkestallica ______145, 287 F lorida ______103, 105, 111 Wi ls 0 NiaN a ______145 Haitian ______102, 106. 113 Van Tress, R. T.: P uerto R ican ______103, 107 Daphne 1nezereU11'L ______298 Royston-ea regia ______104, 112 El(ONYJ11.l(S m,dicaNs var. ai tia ______106, 108 vegatus ______151 Russell, Paul : Hydra /'Igea petiolaris ______300 Higan Cherry ______64 Jl ex 0 paca ______300 Salix am.glonml. ______.. 88, 90, 98 K oelreute1'-ia paniculata ____ 300 b'mch,)Jca1'pa ______88, 89 Magnolia denudata ______151 chlorolepis ______88 Potel/tilla fruticosa var. uvn-urs L ______88 parvifolia ______151 Sauer, Belden C. : Sciadopitys v erticillata ______152 Primulas in Southern Ohio 234 V erol'l'ica c01'Y1nbosa stricta ______146 Saxifraga, Winter Notes ______63 fili fo nnis ______146 S cindo pi tys v e1,tic1:tlata ______152 1 nco 17 a ______146 S ecw'-idnca. elli ptica. ______156, 159 l-e pens ______146 S edu1n 11101' ga11iamu1'n ______47 r upest,.. is ______146 Seeds, Germination and Storage t e uer i u 1/Il ______146 of Lily ______193, 194 Vio ta ad M 1'1 ca ______97 Sile11e aca '/,£lis var. exscapa______86, 91 \ i\T alther, Eric: pe1'/,1'/,sylvan·ica ______149 A Donkey's TaiL __ A6, 46, 47 Skinner, F. L. : \ i\T ilson, Warren c.: Dwarf Tulips in Manitoba 287 Collecting Alpines in the Solidago 111u,ltiradiata ______94 Shickshocks ______81 Oot., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE III

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4031 Lee Boulevard Arlington, Virginia C. F. WASSEN BERG Van Wert, Ohio

CACTUS and other SUCCULENTS HELLEBORUS NIGER Christmas Roses, strong 2 year old plants, bloom next Free Illustrated Catalogue season, 50c each. 3 for $1.25. postpaid. Our catalog describes and gives cullural direct-ions for KNICKERBOCKER NURSERY many rare plants, bulbs and shrubs. FREE. WM. BORSCH & SON, Inc., ROUTE No.3 SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Maplewood Box II-A Oregon

BULBS, PLANTS, TUBERS WATER-CULTURE GARDENS that are different In door, Outdoor-Experimental Commercia l DAYLILY ORIGINATIONS IN NEW COLORS "Soilless Growth Plants" $2.75 Amaryllis, Caladiums, Crinums Tri al Chemica l Pa ckage 75c w. HAYWARD, LAKEMONT GARDENS Supplies, Chemicals Equ ipm ent Winter Park, Florida HYDROPONIC CO., Deadwood, S. Dak.

THE AMERICAN.... IRIS SOCIETY The American Iris Society, since its organization in 1920, has published 72 Bulletins which cover every phase of iris growing and should be useful to all gar­ deners. The Society has copies of many of these Bulletins for sale. A circular giv­ ing list of contents of all available Bulletins, price, etc., may be secured from the office of the Secretary, Howard R. Watkins, 821 Washington Loan & Trust Bldg., Washington, D. C. In order to dispose of surplus stocks of some numbers we offer 6 Bulletins (our selection) for $1.00. Through an endowment given as a memorial to the late Bertrand H. Farr the American Iris Society is able to offer free to all Garden Clubs or Horticultural Societies the use of our traveling library. This library contains all books ever published on Iris and a complete fil e of the bulletins of this society and The English Iris Society, and miscellaneous pamphlets. The library may be borrowed for one month without charge except the actual express charges. Organizations desiring it should communicate with the nearest of the following offices:

Horticultural Society of New York, 598 Madison Avenue, New York City Sydney B. Mitchell, School of Librarianship, Berkeley, Calif. IV THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1939 Seeds of=====,"j FISHER FLOWERS r==--=Ra.·e Plan_ts GFiRMANTOWN, TENNESSEE Vi o lets, Gentians, Unusual Anemones, New Delphiniums, Wate r Lil ies, with a th o usand others as interest ing. Unique catalog on requ est. HYBRID DAY LILIES REX. D. PEARCE M~E~E}:~fyN , A nna Bet scher _. _...... __.. $ 50 Bagdad ...... _. __ _. __ .. ___ . 1 50 NEW AND RA RE Bijou ...... _. ______.. ______. 100 Species of Rhododendron George Yeld .. ____ .. _... _...... _._ . 50 Many of these have been grown di rectly from seeds collected in West China, Thibet and adja· Gypsy . ___ ... _...... _.. ... _...... 50 cent territory. List on request. Hyperion .. __ ...... J OS. B. GABLE 50 ')tewartstown P e nnsylvania I mperator . ______. 50 PEONY ARISTOCRATS J - R. Mann ------50 for your yards and gardens. Only the best of Margaret Perry _.... _.... ____ .. _.__ .25 (I'n and n e w va rieties. at attTactive prices. Our Catalog na·mes best comme rcial cu t-flower varie­ M ikado ._ ...... _. .. _... _...... _. _75 ties. and gives vnJnabJe pla nting a,nd growing instructions . • Mrs. Perry . __ .. _...... _...... 1_00 HARMEL PEONY COMPANY Ophir ______.. ______. ____ .... _. ___ .. 50 G .. ower~ of Fine P eo n ips ~ in ce 1911 Berlin . Ma ryland Pa t ric ia . ______. _____ .. 2.00 Queen of May.. _._ ... ____ . _____ . __ .__ 50 MENTION THE Radiant ...... _.. ____ . ___ .. ______50 NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL Rajah ...... _. .. __ ... _.. ... ______.. __ 200 MAGAZINE Serenade _.. _. .. _... __. ... __ .. ... ______200 WHEN DEALING WITH OUR ADVERTI SERS Sunny West _.... _...... _._ .. ______150

NEW PRONOUNCI NG DICTIONARY of P l ant Names and Botanical T e rms FOR SALE ROCKMO NT NURSERY, BO ULD ER, CO LO. 64 Pages, 3,000 Names, 25c Per Copy Long operated by th e late D. M. Andrews. O ver· Office of t he Secr etary h ead sprinkling system ; mod ern b rick h ome on AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY grounds. 821 Wash ing ton Loan & Trust Bldg. Address R . S. Newcomer, Box 43! 'Was hington , D. C. Bot:lder, Colorado.

Add glamour and enchantment to your conservatory with some winter-flowering Camellias_ LONGVIEW prize-winning Camellias are beautiful to look at . . . Thrilling to own. Easy culture. Ask for Catalogue NH, pot grown, budded plants. Oct., 1939 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE v European Journals and The War The non-receipt by a subsc riber of any European chem ica l or ot her sc ien tific journal seri ously needed as resea rch material should be promptly reported to the American Documentation Inst itute. The Cultural Relations Committee of A DI , which cooperates closely w ith the Cultural Re lations Di vision of the Department of State, is work in g on this problem, and hopes to be ab le to surmount suc h war obstacles as interrupted transportation, embargoes and cen­ sorship, wh ich so grievously affected the progress of research during the la st wa r. The principle should be esta bl ished , if poss ible, that the materials of research ha ving no relation to wa r shall con tinue to pa ss f reely, re­ gardless of the countri es of origin or destination. Reports, w ith full details of where subscr iption was placed and name and address of su bscr iber, vo lume, date and number of la st iss ue received, shou ld be addressed to : AMERICAN DOCUMENTATION INSTITUTE, BIBL!OFILM SERVICE, Care of U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LI BRARY, Washington, D. C. A RARE BARGAIN AT a recent meeting of the American Peony Society the Boa rd of Directors voted to make a drastic reduction in the price of the peony manua I, good unti lava i labl e supply is exhausted or until the first of the yea r. Present price, $2.25, postpaid. Every peony lover should ha ve this manual with supplement, bound in one book, as it is an encyc lopedia of peony knowledge obtainable from no other source. Manua l or iginally so ld for $6.00. Present price far under cos t of production I f you are looking for a real barga in , here's yo ur chance. Don't hesitate, they are go ing fast at this price. Circular on request Membership in the American Peony Soc iety, fou r spl end id bulletins and the beautiful , helpful Manual, on ly $5.00. Make remittances to the American Peony Soc iety and mail to

W. F. CHRISTMAN, Secretary American Peony Society Northbrook, III. YEAR BOOKS of THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

THE AMERICAN DAFFODIL YEARBOOKS 1936, 1937, 1938

THE AMERICAN LILY YEARBOOK 1939

No good gardener should be w ithout these. They represent mile­ stones in the horticultural prog ress of our country. You w ill be sur­ prised and plea sed The Daffodil Yearboo ks are onl y fifty cents each , post paid-and the Lily Yea rbook w ith its 59 illustrations is onl y one dollar, pos tpaid Address-The Secretary,

THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 821 Washin;gton Loan and Trust Building, Washington, D. C.

CONTEST An essay contest, open to all nature lovers and offering cash prizes totaling $225, is announced by Claremont Colleges, Claremont, Calif. Manuscripts should be of suitable length for magazine publication but should not exceed 3,000 words, and must reach the judges before February 1, 1940. The contest, sponsoring officials state, is part of a proj.ect to foster interest in the study of nature and to encourage an appreciation of beauty and other values in nature as a force in noble living. This project, it is explained, has been made possible by an anonymous donor to Claremont Colleges and is known as the John Muir Nature Enter­ prise. Three cash prizes are offered in the contest, according to the announcement: first prize, $100; second, $75; third, $50. Each essay, it is stated, should consist of an original study of some subject in nature or about nature and should embody the appreciation of such factors as beauty, strength, form, variation, and other values thus observed. Illustra­ tions, such as drawings and photographs, should be used if possible. Complete information concerning the contest, the Claremont Colleges announcement states, may be obtained by writing the John Muir Nature Enterprise, Room 100, Harper Hall, Claremont, California. The American Horticultural Society

INVITEs to membership all persons who are interested in the devel­ opment of a great national society that shall serve as an ever growing center for the dissemination of the common knowledge of the members. There is nQ requirement for membership other than this and no reward beyond a share in the development of the organization. For its members the society publishes THE NATIONAL HORTICUL­ TURAL MAGAZINE, at the present time a quarterly of increasing impor­ tance among the horticultural publications of the day and destined to 611 an even larger role as the society grows. It is published during the months of January, April, July and October and is written by and for members. Under the present organization of the society with special committees appointed for the furthering of special plant projects the members will receive advance material on narcissus, tulips, lilies, rock garden plants, conifers, nuts, and rhododencltons. Membership in the society, therefore, brings one the advantages of membership in many societies. In addition to these special projects, the usual garden subjects are covered and particular attention is paid to new or little known plants that are not commonly described elsewhere. The American Horticultural Society invites not only personal mem­ berships but afIiIiations with horticultural societies and clubs. To such it offers some special inducements in memberships. Memberships are by the calendar year. The Annual Meeting of the Society is held in Washington, D. c., and members are invited to attend the special lectures that are given at that time. These are announced to the membership at the time of balloting. The annual dues are three dollars the year, payable in advance; life membership is one hundred dollars; inquiry as to affiliation should be addressed to the Secretary, 821 Washington Loan and Trust Building, Washington, D. C.