? _l 'Yvt. c S 0 fL 0 \.1...)../ 1 c,-, ./ .f r":- ; ..,f0J11Ca De Nuevo Mexico Decerrrber' 2005 " Issue NUInber 66 Albuquerque Celebrates Tricentennial "Duke City Founded in 1706"

superiors. the King of Spain and the a major Santa f e Trail trader. opened a opportunity to be part of the g-rand Viceroy of Mexico. In his words: "I mercantile store on the old plaza and celebration when the cattle arrive on certify to the king , our lord . and to the other similar businesses followed. The Sunday. most excellent senor Viceroy: That I United States Army, under th e For more information about th e founded a villa on the banks and in the leadership of General James Carleton founding of Albuquerque. see Hispanic valley of the Rio del Norte (Rio Grande) set up a quartermaster de pot. The Albuquerque: 1706-1846 by Marc in a good place as regards land . water. g-eneral also erected a flagpole. 125 feet Simmons. More extensive histor y is pasture, and firewood. 1 gave it as in height, in the center of the plaza . The available in Albuquerque: A Narrative patron saint the glorious apostle of the old settlement became a lively place. History. also by Simmons. Information Indies. San Francisco Xavier. and called with the soldiers and merchants joining about Albuquerque's Tricentennial is and named it the villa of Alburquerque th e Hispanic residents in various available at www.albuquerque300.org. (Albuquerque)." As the Governor activities. The 2006 Historical Society of New indicated he followed the legal code of The next maj or change for the Old Mexico Con feren ce will be held at The the "Law of the Indi es." which dictated Town was dramatic. The railroad Hotel Albuquerque at Old Town that new villas mu st have the above arrived a little more than two miles to (formerly Sheraton Old Town Hotel). amenities and be laid out with a central the east of the plaza in April 1880. 800 Rio Grande Boulevard. NW with an plaza. which would accommodate Things would never be the same for the opening reception on Thursday appropriate sites for ecclesiastical and original Villa de Albuquerque, as eve ning. April 20. Senator Pet e governmental buildings. businesses and residents began to Domenici. Albuquerque's favorite so n. In addition , a new settlement needed relocate nearer the tracks. The influx of will be a featured speaker at th e to be self sufficient and have a newcomers elected to settle in the more banque t. Hotel Albuquerque is located The Historical Society of New Mexico minimum number of co lonists willin g modern and up to date section of just north of Old Town Plaza and The San Felipe de Neri. west tower, Old Town to live in th e new villa. In his Albuquerque. which soon was known Albuquerque Museum. The New Albuquerque. Octob er 2005 document. Cuervo y Valdes indicated as "New Town." As the city began to Mexico Natural Histor y Museum. the that thirty-five families had already expand during the twentieth century. Atomic Museum. Explore Children's will hold its annual conference in made their residences in the new town. "New Town" became known as Museum. Tiguex Park and Old Town Albuquerque. April 20-22. 2006. The Villa maintained its status and "Downtown." Plaza are all with in two blocks of the Holding its conferen ce in Albuquerque enjoyed substantial success. with little Albuquerque, proud to celebrate its hotel. The Old Town Plaza is ho me to is especially timely considering that change. until the Mexican government 300th anniversary. planned numerous specialty shops. restaurants and the April 23 wiII be the 300th anniversary of took over in 1821 . after which trade ac tivities over a period eighteen historic San Felipe de Neri Catholic the city's founding. Located with the United States via the Santa Fe months. The op ening celebration of Church. The plaza. itself. is an urb an approximately sixty miles south of Trail and trade with Mexico along the the Tricentennial took place in April garden with flowers. grass and trees Santa Fe. the site qualified for villa Camino Real brought more economic 2005. In recognition of the actual date with a bandstand in the ce nter. status on all counts. The Spanish development to ViIIa de Albuquerque. of April 23. a "La Entrada" will be The 2006 Historical Soci ety of New Crown req uired tha t new tow ns follow The demeanor of the Old reenacted . The plan is for 200 head of Mexico in Albuqu erque promises to be a a strict set of rules. which were detailed Albuquerque Plaza began to change Corriente cattle. a Mexican breed. to be grand celebration of three centuries of in the "Law of the Indies." On April 23. significantly wh en the Americans driven from BernaliIIo. Ieavinq there on the Duke City's history. CL 1706. almost a century after th e arrived. Brigadier General Stephen friday. April 21 and arriving in the Old 'Feliz Cumpleeiios. Albuquerque! founding of Santa Fe, then governor Watts Kearny entered the plaza in Town Plaza on Sunday, April 23. 2006. Make your hotel reservations now! Francisco Cuervo y Valdes wrote the September 1846 and declared it to be Those attending the Historical Soci ety Hotel Albuqu equ e at Old Town formal document, which he sent to his part of the United States. franz Huninq. of New Mexico conference wiII have an 1-800-237-2133 • • • Cathedral Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi pro cess whi ch co incide ntally started in had been moved to La Villa Real de Ia 2003. the 150th anniversary of th e Santa Fe de San Francisc o de Assisi (the By Ken Earle founding of the Archdiocese in Santa Fe. Royal ViIIage of the Holy Faith of St. It is fitting that this ho nor be Francis of Assist). bestowed upon the Cathedral. The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 resulted in Becoming a Basilica is reserved for the destruction of the earlier church. It select churches around the world. It is was not until 1714. nearly fifteen ye ars meant to honor the seat of significant after Don Diego de Varg-as re­ church leadership in the Catholic established Spanish influence in New world. The use of the word basilica Mexico . that the church was rebuilt. (basil in Greek means king) in referring With the Mexican-American War of 1846 to churches dates back to Emp eror and the revised national boundaries. Constantine. the first Christian emperor the American territory was separated of Rome. As a Basilica, St. Francis will from the Duran go Mexico bishopric and receive a new coat of arms representing Santa Fe was establishe d as the new its elevated sta tus . Additionally, a seat of pastoral responsibilities. With canopy specially made in Rome wiII be the naming of the new dio cese. the installed for special feast days and in parish church becam e a Cath ed ral. To the event of a papal visit. St. Francis reflect his new status, Bishop Jean became a Cath edral in 1853 after the Baptiste Lamy began the construction arrival of Jean Baptiste Lamy. of the existing- Cathedral building. The Santa Fe has a long history as a only remaining part of the 1714 ce nter of Catholicism in the southwest. Parroquia church is the small sid e Franciscan pri ests were among the chapel. Our Lady of Peace. The earliest parties of Spanish explorers to Cathedral cornerstone was laid in 1869. enter New Spain. In the nearly 500 but it was 1895 before it wa s Cathedra! BasiIica ofSt. Francis ofAssisi. Santa Fe, No vemb er 2005 years since the Coronado expedition. consecrated; the abbreviated towers are The long histor y of Santa Fe as the named a Basilica. The official title is Catholicism has played a major role in a reminder that the co nstruction was cradle of Catholicism in the Southwest now the Cathedral Basilica of St. the settlement, history and culture of never completed . But, co mpleted or passed another significant milestone on Francis of Assist Shortly before the New Mexico . no t, it wiIIsoon begin its fifth century as July 13. 2005. Archbishop Michael J. announcement Archbishop Sh eehan Governor Juan de Onate established the center of Cat holicism in the Sheehan announced that the Cath edral had returned from an audience with the original capitol in 1598 at San Juan southwest. KE of St. Fran cis of Assisi in Santa Fe had Pope Benedi ct XVI. This visit was the de los Caballeros (Ohka y OWingeh) in rec eived th e papal honor of being culmination of a two year application the Espanola Valley. By 1610. the capital • believed the historic struc ture could be remained o n the homestead. Chri stina Brams Mail Order House moved int o Amis tad ne ar the smaIl died in 1990 and a gra ndson of Nels. Kai comm unity m useum. whi ch th e Bradl y of Kansas offered to give the Receives Award women had maintaine d for a number "Monkey Ward" ca talog house to the of ye ars. The United Methodist Churc h com m unity. agreed to let the Brams House be se t on The two-story struc ture. truly gra nd church property north of the present for its da y whe n most homest eaders edifice. itself an historic building. we re living in half dugouts, featured a Howe ver. no church money would be kitchen. a dining ro o m with a ba y spe nt on the preser vation of the little window, a living room. which was house. The Amistad Museum had a co nnected to the dining room with an smaIl banf account and an appeal was archway. Another archway led to the made to pr esent and former hall. stairs. front door and the "master community residents. Along with a bedroom." Upstairs has two small great many volunteers and some ve ry bedrooms, two smaIl closets and three patient cre dito rs. th e task was crawl space sto rage spaces in the attic . successfully accomplish ed . The house The porch is com plete with supporting was moved to its present location on piIIars. Febr uary 6. 2000. and the last In renova ting the house. volunteers o utsta ndi nq debt was paid o n un covered original waIlpaper and the Novembe r 21. 2004. hardwood floors have been preser ved . The Brams House was purchased in ha \7ing been covered in linoleum. A 1906 or 1907 fro m the Montgomer y ~ re a t deal of the original finish remains. Ward Com pany of Chica go shortly after Much work remains to be done . "Little House on the Prairie" aka Brams House . Amistad. NM th e establishment of Amistad. The es pecially th e old w indow screens: (photograph by Pat Copeland. 2005) house was shippe d by rail to Nara Visa . however. th e Brams House truly "The twenty miles so uth of Amistad. and was Little House on the Prairie." has been At its annual Awards Banquet held in northeastern New Mexic o . It to ok freiqhted by wagon to its ori ginal site. suc ce ssfully saved and is an asset to the Clay ton on April 23. 2005. the Historical several years of research to prove it was the homestea d of Edward Haroraves. a community. It is a focal point for the Society of New Mexico presented the L. ind eed a Montgomery Ward Catalog Civil War ve tera n. The "I

On Jun e 18. 2005. approximately 300 tearing them down and replacing them alum ni and teach ers of the Amistad with modular struc tures . Sc ho ol. former residents and famil y. "Amistad went to wo rk. Your returned to th e Union County representatives pleaded yo ur case homestead community for a reunion. before the Publi c Sch ool Capital Outlay with dinner and dance. The reunion School Council. You enlisted the aid of Works ProgressAdm inistration (WPA) Am istad Gymnasium. Built in 1937 ~ ues t s of honor were th e Ami stad the Historic Preser vation Division of the (Photograph by Pat Cop eland. 2005) Cow boy clas ses of 1971 through 1975. Office of Cultural Affairs. You even go t Foll owinc a formal progr am my office involved . Tonkin. a well-hnown Amistad builder. Amistad are stilI talk ed about. There red edicating th e 1937 WPA-built "With th e help and cooperation of ac ting as pr oj ect foreman. It was was even a mattress factory in this gym nasium. m asters of cere mo nies th e Public Sc hool Ca pital Outlay env isione d the project would create 50 pla ce. I think we ha ve one at the Cheste r Kimb er a nd Lynn Clay Co unc il staff a nd everyo ne else jobs. Co ns truction did not ge t Herzstein Museum that is from the old introduced th e members o f th e involve d . th e foc us went ba ck to underway until January of 1937 and it Eklund Hot el. Marguerite Kimber ha s hon ored graduating classes. restoration and rehabilitation. Today. was com pleted in August of that year. o ne for sure." D. Ray Blak eley. di rector of th e the Amistad Gymnasium ge ts its lonq­ At that time . The Clayto n News Blakel ey went o n to detail the work Herzstein Memorial Museum in approved, but never placed . sta te pronounced this struc ture as being one done in getting the building listed o n Clay to n, whi ch is owne d by the Union historic sit e desiqnation plaque ­ that would be a credit for a town ten the New Mexico Registry of Cultural County Histori cal Society. presented a Number 1622. times the size of Amistad. Properties. and made several mentions bri ef talk ab out th e history of th e "I salute yo u. the people of Amistad "The structure is the earliest free of the civic minded women responsible building. He emphasized the efforts. led and the surrounding area. for yo ur standing WPA gym in the state that is for the preservation of the historic by the community women. to save the hardworf and success at keeping the still in use as ori ginally intended. It is building. struc ture from destruction. heart of your com m unity - the Amistad older than other S6yms in the area. The He aclanowledqed certain Blakeley opened his remarks by School - alive and we Il as a center of literature indicates that surplus adobe individuals. including Sheila Miller, reading a letter from GOvernor BiII co m m unity activity. So Ionq as yo u ca n bricks were transp orted to Clayton for Gene Payn e. Pat Copeland and Barbara Richardson . which follows. work together on projects suc h as this. use in the Huff Gym on the Clayton Copeland. and th e people of th e "Co nqratulations to the people of the future of Amistad is secure. High School cam pus. The adobes were exte nded Amistad community. Am istad. gathe red for a reunion of "With warmest regards. made at a site 200 yards so utheast of He ended his comments by former students and residents. and to Bill Richardson Amistad Gymnasium. describing the two plaques now affixed place the Nationa l Register of Histori c Governor of New Mexico" "The first com m uni ty social event in to the historic building. The first is the Places plaque o n th e Ami stad During the course of Blakeley's talk. this building was a dance to the music ori ginal WPA plaque. which for some Gym nasium and Sc hool. he introduced two representatives of of 'The Rhythm Kings' and was a unknown reason. was never put on the "This ch erish ed facility ha s be en the the Historic Preser vati on Division of the fundraiser to bu y a lighting system. The building and w hich came to light co m m unity ce nte r of Amistad since it New Mexico Department of Cultural ~ym had its own power plant until the during a clean-up project. wa s first constructed in the 1930s under Affairs. Dorothy Victor and Ken Earle. arrival of yet another New Deal agency Barbara Copeland created th e th e auspices o f th e WPA. The both of Santa Fe. In addition. he the Rural Electrification Administration second plaque usin g an old radiator cla ssrooms were added in the 1950s and recognized local resident Ken Earle of (REA) in 1949 and 1950. Primarily for from the school. She made the plaque ex te nded in th e 1960s . before th e the Amistad com m unity and school functions. the gym has seen its durinq an iron foundry course at Am istad public sc hool was co m mented on the fac t that two people sha re of ba sRetball and volleyball Mesalands Community College in consolidated into the Clay to n School with the name of Ken Earle were in ga mes and tournaments, plays. Tucumcari. District. atte ndance at the red edication. musical s. Christmas program and the The Union County Leader. Clayton. "Things did not look good for this Blakeley remarked o n the history of like. New Mexico . Wednesd ay. June 29.2005. eastside landmark a couple years ago. the Amistad Gymnasium. sa yin~ : "It has likewise seen its share of publish ed a versio n of this article by D. whe n the co nsultant rep ort estimated "In O ctobe r of 1935. th e WPA literary so ciety events . club meet ings. Ray Blakel ey. whic h was titled "Histo ric the cost of rehabilitating and rest oring authorized $15.000 for the construction roller-skating and even weekly. we ll­ old gym at Amistad red edicated during the old buildinqs at $1.2 miIIion more of a school ~ym nas i u m/a u d i t o r i u m . a ttended movies. a nd . of co urse. reunion." DRB than th e almost $1 million cost of J.B. lslar designed the struc tu re with f A. dances. The New Year's Eve dances at

2 TESTS OF FAITH: Maintaining Religious Tradition in Tough Country By Sharon Karpinszy

The story of faith on the product of the region's extreme Saladito. Puerto. Endee and Plaza northeastern high plains contradicts the isolation. Althouqh both the Santa Fe Largo of Guadalupe County?" reliqious experience of the rest of New Trail and. later. the Goodniqht-Lovlnq The parish built an impressive Mexico . Elsewhere in the state, fully cattle drives moved throuch the establishment for Lammert. Under the sixty percent of the population has tableland. few Europeans established a supervision of Blanchard Mitchell. a remained Catholic, the dominant brand firm presence until the Indians Wars French-Canadian who may have had of Christianity for over four hundred ended. Prior to 1880. the high plains architectural training. and Rafael Tixier, years. In the upper Rio Grande valley remained disputed territory. uneasily patriarch of one of the valley's ranching the stronghold of early Hispanic shared by Utes . Kiowas, Apaches. families, the parish constructed a settlement, the Catholic census reaches Comanches and Southern Shoshone. sizable two story rock church on land ninety percent.' However, the state's all of whom hunted buffalo there." The donated by the Tixiers. " At a time when northeast plains were settled far later by lower Ute Valley contained the many New Mexico country churches two distinct sets of miqrants. Hispanic overlapping Baca and the Montoya were drafty clapboard affairs Catholics from the west moved into the land ~rants but neither family had resembling barns or pewless adobe area in the 1870s and 1880s. only manaqed to maintain settlement captllas, the Sacred Heart in Bueyeros sli~htly ahead of the Anglo Protestants because of persistent Indian raids on and the almost-as-impressive red rock from the east who first appeared their lrcestocb." Not until the 1870s did Immaculate Conception mission in around 1890. There was little formal the ViQil and Baca families, foIlowed Gallegos represented the parishioners' Detail map of Union COL/my and HardinS6' COL/Il tf in northeastern New Mexico religion of any variety prior to 1880. By shortly after by the Mieras and Garcias. remarkable commitment. Both "Let me tell you about what is going 1922, as the area's population first trail sheep into the Ute Valley from sanctuaries display an arnazinq level of on in these lands of God ." The writer of approached its maximum. Union Las VeQas , ninety miles west. These patrimony for small, isolated this letter identified New Mexico's Ute County contained fourteen Catholic sheep ranchers established Los Vi~iles communities. Antonio Maynes, a VaIIey as sacred earth because of its churches. at least four Penitente (which became bueyeros). Tequesquite Mexican national. laid the stone for newly established Catholic parish but a moradas and ei~hteen Protestant (later Albert) and Tramperos Plaza (now Sacred Heart." He may have been hawk's eye view of the Canadian River churches, a remarl

3 The Bueyeros circuit shrank to around 1915. Meanwhile. Wannamaker laid out first concreqatton managed to build Conference. offered her services to the 4.000 square miles. the size that it the townsite and sold lots. a far more th eir church!" proposed mission." Two years later. remained for the ne xt fifty years. The lucrative activity than dryland farmino. Schlotterbeck ev an g- elized the after the Home Mission Board approved parish still demanded hardworhinq Business boomed. Soon there were pioneer homesteading families of the idea-and Miss Perkins had studied curates. however. The resident priest two to four families per square mile eastern New Mexico while also Spanish at Holton Colleqe-the Velarde said Mass several tim es weekly at the around the nascent town. which. within establishinc churches in Wa~on Mound Mission opened. It represented a bueyeros Church and once a month at months. contained a ~rocery store. a and Las Ve~as . '

4 had already absorbe d a hea vy dose o f relocat ed so me of th em before th ey homest eaders' church still runs a Bible fa m ilie s who "stuck" and who discrimination from th eir own cl er ~y ac tua lly starved. Down in th e va lley Scho ol. a com m una l Thank s ~i vin ~ maintained stro nq spiritual ties w ith th e aft er Archbishop Larny install ed French fewer people moved though that same Homecominq. a Chri stmas paceant and church. Several of th e Ute VaIIey's cleri cs all over the territory in the mid­ ye ar. during th e worst of the drought, yea rly Easter Eql6 hunts. They hold ranching families have lived th ere for ninet eenth cent ury. th ey were not Petra Baca and Nestor and Feliciana clo thing dri ves . th e Sunday School over one hundred ye ars. In Amistad . a inclined to be ministered to by ye t Mier a organized the first La Misa de! visits nursin g homes. and the church's ve ry few tough people have continued another ~roup of outsiders." Cerro (liter ally "Mass o f th e Hill") to chil dre n collect aluminum cans for Sc hlotterbeck's evanqelism through Prot estant literature of the peri od is petition God for rain. VaIIey Cathol ics charitable relief funds. The basement three ge nerations . Several names that particularly ethnocent ric. The Ch urch ~ a t he re d to pray before an altar social haIl cont inues to host weddinq appear on Am istad's homestead claims on the Cheneino Frontier. a 1922 study constructed w ithin th e red-rock ed rec eptions. anniversaries. refreshments from th e early 1900s are still of evolvinq reliqious traditions in four overha nq of one o f th e valley's after funerals. and eve n exercise represented in the community tod ay." homestead areas (on e of them Union landmark buttes. classes." The town is ~o ne but Amistad. In both churches. th e parishioners of County). reflects both th e social qospe l The Hispanic subsiste nce pastoralists like bueyeros. remains a com m unity. 1910 would recognize their parish and an in cipient ra cism that alone the Canadian fared marcinally Althouq h th ey d o not sh are a descendant by th eir deeds. Reverend undoubtedly o u traged th e Spanish­ better than th e An glo farmers. The theology or a sim ilar social al6end a. th e Sc hlotterbeck. ~iven th e opportunity. Am ericans they propos ed to villaqes had ditches fro m th e river that two parish es ha ve accepted similar­ would sure ly collect aluminum cans for proselytize. Ph ot ographs illustrate th e allowed a ~a rde n and perhaps enough sometimes di fficult-compromises in Honduran relief. In the Catho lic va lley booz . The Prot estants of Union County pasture for a cow or two . Nobody had o rde r to persist." Mosquero and Roy cong re ga tio ns. th e ~r eat - lJr eat are shown attendtnq Sunday School an y money. but there was food. albeit ha ve always been rival com m unities ~ ra n d c h i l d re n of the oriqlnal founding picnics or home demonstration m onotonous. Out on th e eastern plains. with Ionq-sirnrnertnq enm ittes." Racial. families continue to maintain folk sessions with th e County Aqent. The th e droucht com bined with the dust econom ic and political differences fed Ca tho lic tr aditions and the va lley's ladies wear neat house dresses and dark made raisin q any kind of a cro p. even the se paration. Mosquero was ori qin ally unique buildings. Instead of bu ying stocbinqs . \Vell-fed m a trons pose in fod de r. nearly impossible. The Am istad a Spantsh-speazinq town in Mosquero sta tu a ry. th ey now w rite gra n t bloominq qardens. In cont ras t, the few United Brethren circuit shrank to two Canyon . Its bu sin esses m oved up to the proposal s. but th e end result is "Spa nish-Americ a ns" pictured ch urc hes. down from e iqh t. Cone . top of th e mesa when th e railroad com parable. stereotype th eir subject s. In o ne Centerville and Thomas ceased to exist. came. but th e settlement remained Both churches had co nqreq a tio ns ph oro qraph of Hispanic New Mexicans. Hayd en. Sedan and Amistad dwindled primarily Hispanic and Catholic. Roy, that co m m itted to sanctuaries more a ve ry rude one-room ado be house is from bustlinq market towns to founded later. was identified as an expa nsive than th ose of neighboring lab eled a "typical" home. In an other. a cross ro ads." By 1940. a scant 26 1 Anglo town. When Harding County ch urc hes, a ltho ugh th ey did if fo r shabbily-clad wom an. weathered by the people lived in and aro und Amistad. split fro m Union in 1922 . both di fferent reasons. Sacred Heart's su n. hair uncombed. is called a Most of th e county's Protestant "Spanish-American" type. In the final churches and Sunday schools listed in picture. a threadbare family stands in The Ch urch on the Changing Frontier front of a sm all rock dwelling above th e disappeared by 1960. The Catholic caption "The Family Mansion." The ch urc hes to the west persisted. bo ok states that "a larqe number of Bueyeros. although demoted from Sp anish-Ameri cans in Union County parish center to missi on. remained a are not provided for by the Catholic viable co nqreqatio n . church....so At the tim e there were Eve n tua lly however. the eiqhteen Catholic parish churches and depopulation of the entire area-m esa. missions in th e county. all ser ved va lley and easte rn hi qh plains-led regularly by pri ests and twenty-one Protestants and Catholics in Protestant churches. some entirely northeastern New Mexico to adapt without prea ch ers." parallel survival strateqies." In th e As late as th e 1950s. this stereotyp e of early 1970s. th e Mosquero and Roy Hisp anic Cathol ic reli qious tradition pa rishes united." Further co nso lidation prevailed in th e national m edia. This occurred in 1997 when th e Santa Clara view is e pito m ized in a 1951 parish in Wa ~ on Mound was added to documentary film . "The Flying Padre." th e o ne pri est 's circuit. The current featurinq Hardinq County's Father priest serves an area almost as Iarqe as Stadtmueller as he flew to his parish Fath er Lammert's in 1910. Fortunately. duties. The o nly church ex te rio r it in th e interim the state paved th e ro ads. shows is th e tin y ad obe missi on at Only four of the valley missions still Sabinosa. The narrator identifies it as exist; Bueyeros. Gall egos. Albert and Gallegos, which is. in reality a sizable Sabinosa. vaulted ro ck church . The parishi oners Despite the shrtnalnq population. all arrive on horseback. we a r i n ~ ov eralls the survivinq missions continue to be Piete donated by the C de Baca famify to the Sacred Heart Church in Bueyeros to a funeral. Stanley Kubrick. who the center of th eir church com m unities. (Photograph by Sharon Karpinsuy, 2004) dir ected the film early in his career. even though bueyeros and Albert no sp ent a qreat deal of tim e sh ooting dark longer exist as towns. Three have been settlements so ug h t th e cou nty se at. arc hitectu re and art represent th eir women in scarves. l

5 December 1973 com m uni ties . within the congregati on. In Amistad. Harding Co unty was a lways far smaller. In 32. Officially there were 759 people in the 54. Michael J. Sheehan... ed .. Pour Hun dred 1930. th e first censu s recor ds show Hard ing the parish continually fund raises to Amistad VOting precin c t in 19 10. It is Years of Feith. Seeds of Struggle-Harvest of at 4.400. droppi ng to 3.000 by 1950. In 1996. maintain th e ch urc h while also impossible to separa te th e town population Feith. A History of the Catholic Ch urc h in there were 946 people left there. m a k in ~ supportinq a museum in the rest ored from th e farmers nearby. ho wever. U.S. New Mexico (Albuquerqu e. N.M.: Starline Harding County the least populous county Brams' house next door. To create the Census Reports. 1910. Printing. 1998).. unnumbered in New Mexico . museum. they first had to move the 33. .Kre hbiel. Homestesdinq... 55. The misa is an exa m ple of Hisp anic folk 9. Belknap. Ch urch.... 129 34. No exa mples exist of the Rev. Weimar's Ca tholicism . "w ha t historian Arnoldo de house ." Accordinq to Barbara 10. In 1920. 5.5% of Union Co unty's tot al "unorthodox" v iews whic h were held. at th e Leon called 'a n attitude conso na nt m ore Copeland. who sp earheaded th e population was illiterat e . Ibid .. 130 time . to be "very liberal. " Brandst etter. w ith life ex periences than rheol ocy.' museum effort. ''We did it a nickel at a 11. The Goodnight-Loving followed th e Mission History ..3 Hispanic Catholi cs in New Mexic o tim e. I knew that if God wanted it to be. Ca nad ia n throu gh Sa binosa a nd up th e 35. Ibid .. 6-7 ce lebra ted a variety of religious holidays co nnec ting canyons to Chicosa Lak e a nd th e money would come ." Bueyeros 36. Ibid . 15. that had only d im echoes east of th e th en into Oklahoma . Janet Cates. Harding recently becan similar efforts to save 37. Ibid .. 17 Mississipi...a day for blessing th e Coun ty Historical Al bum (publish er the WPA school building and the old 38. Ibid. 15 anim als...th e healing mud of th e chapel o f unknown. 1980). 3. The last Indian rai ds in post office. its only rernaininq secular 39. Ibid .. 10 Chim ay6." Feren c Szasz. "The United Stat es th e Ute Valley occurred in the mid- 1870s 40. Co peland Inter view a nd New Mex ico: A Tw entieth Ce nt ury public structures still standinc. This when th e Gonzales and Garcia fam ilies lost 4 1. Robert H. Terry Light in the Valley; The Comparative ReliSJio us History." Szasz & . sense of history and continuity unite sheep to ei ther Apache o r Ute Indians. WM. McCurdy Mission School Story. (Sa nt a Fe: Etul ain. eds. Religi on in Modern New the ~e ne r a t io ns in Am istad and the Ute Emery. "Indians and Sh eepmen.."WPA Files Sunsto ne Press. 1984) 27 Mexico.... 184. Valley. A commitment to tradition (Misa 5-4-20 # 2. Chavez History Libra ry. Santa Fe. 42. Ibid . 56. Mary Gonzales in terview 15 O ct 2004. del Cerro and Am istad's co m m unal N.M. 43. brandstetter, Mission Pioneering.. 19 57. Ibid. Thanks ~i vin~ Dinner) reach out to 12. These tw o Mexican la nd grants 44. Terr y. Li ~h t.. .. 54-57 58. Barbara Cope land . "Throug h the Years. event ually formed the Bell Ranch. whose yo unger people as well as th e old 45. Protestant m in isters. unlike Ca tholic Am ista d Ch urch . 1909-1999." Program fo r northern border reached th e canyons below stalwarts. helping th e churches to pr iests. did nor necessarily have to sa tisfy th e 90 th anniversary of th e c h urch's Mosquero .. George WEIIIis. Be!! Ranch As I remain the center of their com m unities ed uc a tio na l require m ents. Bel Rna p. fo u ndin g. Littl e House o n th e Pr airie Knew It. (Kansa s City. MO : The Lowell Press. ~ ro u ps Church... 94-95 . co llectio n. Amistad. New Mexico. Can the two continue to 1973). 46. Barbara Copeland intervi ew 15 Oct 2004 59. Ibid . survive into their second one hundred 13. All the dates are a pproxima te . Tradition 47. "Pounded and Tarred ." Nara Visa New 60. The Bueyeros ch urc h mission is to years? The qu estion may in the end ha s th e sheepherding families in th e valley Mexico News. NoV'. 24. 191 1. preserve faith and Hispanic tradition for th e have less to do with faith than money­ by 1875 but th e first post o ffices don't appear 48. Terry. Li~11t. ... 33 glo ry of God w hile Am ista d conti nues to not to support churches per se but to until 1886. where Los Tra mperos w as m oved 49. This was the famous "Larny's Leqion." a pursu e th e missionary and socia l gospel sustain their parishioners. The ranchin g six mil es and renamed Miera. After th e gro u p of French pries ts imported by a~e n da of its first pastor. move. Miera actually stood in th e hills north busin ess . always risky. is no w riskier Archbis hop Lamy who attem pte d to ove rlay 61. Stadtrnueller...10 NoV' 2004 . of th e Ute Valley. A fourt h se ttlement . Ga rcia than ever in the face of risin~ energy Hispanic Cat holicism in New Mexico with 62. Ibid...10 Dec 2004. Plaza . was also in th e northerly hills. Adolf 1. prices. a persistent dr ouqht. and hiqh er ni neteent h ce ntu ry European church 63. Jo nes Fa m ily Collect ion. ACC 118. Box I. Krehb iel. "Amistad Homesteading Brough t labor and equipment costs." The price practice aft er he exco m m unicat ed a la rqe Chavez History Library. Sa nt a Fe . N.M. Po pulation Exp losion ." Union County n umber of the nat ive-bo rn Hispanic priests. 64 . The ch urch did nor even acqui re stained of beef hasn't kept pa ce with the price Leader. 19 December 1973. For an ex haustive h istory of th e pri ests glass w indows until the 1970s. Co peland. of ~ as . 14. Both Cates and Julyan co nt end that Jesu s Larny recruited. see Nancy Hanks. Ph D. Through the Years... Herding County's population has Mari a Gall egos founded Rincon Co lorado in Lemy's Legion Individual Histories of the 65 . Th e Bra ms house. like th e ch urc h dwindled to the point that the county 1840. This date is hard to credi t because Secular Clergy Setvino the Archdiocese of int erior. was purchased prefa brica ted fro m ha s difficulty keepin~ its schools and neither the Baca no r th e Montoya families. Santa Fe fro m 1850 to 19 12. Santa Fe . N.M.: Monrsom ery Wa rd . The Brams family ~overnment whose land grants abut th e Ga llegos ranch. other services Iunctloninq. HRM BOORS. 2000. owned it for over 80 years. No w structurally we re abl e to sustai n se ttlement until th e U.S. Even in more populous Union County. 50. bellenap . Church... 110 so und o nce m ore . its int erior represents subd ue d th e Indi ans th irty years lat er. The Amistad's children must travel sixty 5 1. At th e tim e . Bueyeros Churc h was stilI in what life was like in Am istad's heyday. The Gall egos family built a cha pe l. which lat er mil es round trip to hiqh school. Union County and. in fact. the bueyer os museum's collection in cludes copies o f became th e Immaculate Conception Church and Rect or y are pictured in o ne Montgomery Ward house ca ta logs. th e Furthermore. many of the Amistad Mission. in th e 1870s. The author believes cha pter of th e boob. identified as a "green so urce of many of th e area's homes. ranchers operate from a smaller land th e cha pe l was probably cons tructe d oasis in a barren waste ." Ibid . 98 66. The persistent drought may. in fact. be ba se . the result of consolidating concurre nt w ith se ttlement . as was usually 52. Iulyan. Place Names....72.351 . w ha t the "real" climate w ill be like for th e homestead sectio ns. Almost inevitably. the practice in Hisp anic villages. 53. Another drought hit in th e 1950s. th e foreseea ble future . Judging fro m tree rin ~ many of the c urrent ~e ne r a t i o n o f 15. Robert Julyan. The Place Names of New small fa rms. replanted to ~ra ss . were dat a . th e last o ne h undred years on th e high Mexico (Albuquerqu e: UNM Press . 1996). yo unq. would-be ranch ers must look at Iarqer lach plains appear to have been unnaturally wet. 142. absorbed by the ranches and th e leavinq the land because the smaller of any industry outsid e of ranch inq made it SK 16. Janet Cates. Hardin g County Historical spreads simply will not support them. hard to keep yo u ng people in the Alb um. 1980. pu blish er un kn own . 14 The situation may be so mewhat 17. This wa s an o th er 8.5% ~r a de. Whe n better in the valley . The ranches are heavy rain hit . even a m in or c ulve rt clog Iarcer, makinq the economics a bit less wou ld was h o ut th e road . ~ r i m . Furthermore. the valley missions 18. Chavez y V i~i l. Vincent and Reb ec ca are all "picturesque." The real estate has Go nzales de Archulet a . Bueyeros & Getteeos cac he as Ii vin~ history. But. as th at Catho lic Com m unities Cent ennial nursery rhyme says . "Here is the church Ce!ebra[ions . 1894- 1994. pr iva rely printed. and here is the steepl e. Open the doors 1994.11. 19. Int erestingly. th e o rigi na l land that and see all the people." If there are no M i ~u el Tixier conveyed to Archbishop people. then there is no church. bourcade w ho in turn deed ed it to th e Notes... Arc hd ioc ese in 1906. was swapped by th e I. "...acerca de es ta parroqu la de bueyeros. Arc hdi ocese for a different parcel in 1930. Co ndado de Union. yo me 10 ex plico ...10 Who owned th e second parcel. why th e qu e pasa po r estas tierras de Dios.". "Ecos de exc hange w as made. a nd if th e church stood Ia parroquia de bueyc ros. N.M.." Ieevists o n the first or th e second parcel (or if th ere Cetolice. XXXII. 27 [un dat ed . 1907?]. p. 3 10. was ins te ad a reco rding erro r) re main Bueyeros Fold er. Arc hdiocese of Santa Fe mysteries to th e author. R e ~i st r y of Deed s. Archives . Arc hdiocese of Sa nt a Fe Archives. 2. Monsign or Frederick Stadtmuell er. 20. Chavez y Vi ~iI et al, Centenniel.: I 1 Int erviewed by th e au thor Nov em ber 5. 21. The ro ck c hurch was built in 1916. 2004. "Gall egos" Folder. Archdiocese of Santa Fe 3. Upton. D. Bradley a nd Janet Cates. Archt ves. Hom estead Daze in Burro Canyon (Roy. 22. "Ecos de la parroquia de Bueyeros. N.M.:Floersheim Printinv Co .. 1987). 86-8 7. N.M.." Ieeviste Cetotice. XXXII. 27. p. 310 Richard Melzer. HSNM President and Sharon Karpinski. recipient ofa 4. The cases co nt ained pri estly spare parts­ 23. Ibid . Myra Ellen Jenkins Graduate Scholarship. at the Awards Banquet th e host. consecr at ed o ils. etc. Stadrmueller 24. When th e mission was ab andoned. the Int erview bulto was m oved to EI Sagra do Corazon in Clayton. April 23. 2005 5. Randi Jones Walker. "Pro tes ta nt ism." Bueyero s Religion in Mo dem New Mexico. Ferenc M. 25. Chaves Y Vigil et al. Centennial. 14- 15. Sha ro n Karpinski is pursuing a Karpinski wrote thi s ess ay for Ferenc Szasz and Richard W. Etulain. eds. Stadtm ue ller Interview. 10 Nov 2004 Master's Dezree in history fro m University Szasz's grad ua te seminar about religion in (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico 26. The pari sh church was moved from of New Mexico. Her specific interests th e America n West. S he w as a ble to Press. 1997). bueyeros to Mosquero in 1932. reflecting include environmenta l borderlands complete th e research with th e help of a 6. Hard ing Co u nty was formed from parts of that shift in populat io n fro m th e va lley to his tory. th e environ menta l histo ry of the grant fro m th e UNM Hist o ry Graduat e Mora and Union Co unty in 1922. Prior to th e homesteader towns o n the mesa ab ove . High Plains. which includes th e Dust Bowl Students Organizat ion, wh ich furnish ed Harding's establishment . Mosquero and th e Chavez y Vigil et al. Centennial.... 13 Era . S he is also interes ted in the depleti on funds fo r traveling ex pe nses in Ute Valley were in Union Co unty. 27. Albe rt was event ua lly e nt ire ly of th e O ~alIal a aquifer a nd th e o ngoins:J nort heaste rn New Mexico . where she The Ch urch on the 7. Helen Oli ve Belknap. surrounded by th e Mitch ell ranch although depopulatio n of the plat eaus that open ed interviewed vario us people a nd Changing Frontier. A Study of th e it antedated it. The chapel now stands in a to homesteading in the early 20th century. ph o to graphed numerous sites . Karpinski Hom esteader and His Chutcti (New York: ghost town. Sh e focused o n northea stern New Mexico a nd Jacobo Baca were th e recipients of th e Doran. 1922). 98.13 1. 28. A. L Brandstetter. "Mission Pioneering in in this article because unlike o ther 2005 Myra Ellen Jenkins Graduate 8. Exact statistics o n w hen Harding and New Mexico. " manuscript history of th e southern hi SJh plains homesteading Sc ho la rsh ip awarded by th e Historical Union County conta ined th eir hi ghest Am istad Church. Little House o n th e Prairie coun try in Kan sas. O klahom a and th e Socie ty of New Mexico . Th ey were populat ions are impossible to o bta in collec tio n . Ami stad. New Mexico . 9 Texas Panhandl e . two divergent cultures classmates in th e gra d uate seminar. because Harding Co unty d id n't ex ist pri or to 29. Julyan. Place Names....14 (Hisp ani c and Ang lo) arr ive d at ab out th e O rd inarily o ne sc holars hi p is awarded in 1922. skeWing th e cens us re cords. 30. Sta nley J. Layto n . To No Ptivileeea Class. sa me time in Union and Harding co unt ies. thi s ca tegory. however. both Karpinski a nd Population patterns can be deduced Sa lt Lak e City: Brigham Young University. Despite di ffere nces in reli qlon a nd Baca subm itted o u tstanding essays. You however, Union Co unty rose from 4.500 Cha rles Redd Ce nter for Western Studies. la nguage . the two grou ps devel oped ca n see baca's essay "The Dixon Cas e . 1947­ h i ~h people in 1900 to a of pro bably around 1988. 47 simila r survival stra tegies. Karpinski. 195 1: The End of th e Cat holic Era in New 12.000 in 1920. By 1940. the population fell 31 . Adolf 1. Krehbie l. "Am istad basically grew u p in ru ral Illino is. but spent Mexico Public Educatio n" in the July 2005 to 9.000. In 2000. Union's po pulati on had Homest eading brouuht Populat ion a couple ye ars in Hard ing Co unty when she (No . 65) issu e of La Cro nies de Nuevo dro pped to below th at of 100 ye ars before. Explos io n. " Union County Leade r. 19 was a small ch ild. Mexico. with 4.200 people remaininq in th e area.

6 Endangered Places of New Mexico 2005

Thompson Seton. Set on is best I

7 • • This Newspaper is published by

HISTORICAL SOCIETY l\'OIl-Prolit O rga nizatio n OF U.S . POSTAGE PAID NEW MEXICO Santa Fe" New M exi co no Box 1912 La Crol1ica . 87501 Santa Fe. New Mexico 8750 -1 oe Nuevo MeXlco Per m i t No. 95 EDITOR Carleen C. Lazzcll Number 66 ASSOCIATE EDITOR Ron ald R. Hadad HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF NEW MEXICO OFFICERS Richard Melzer - President Post Office Box 1912 Mi chael Stevenson - 1St Vice President Kathr yn Flynn - 2nd Vice President Santa Fe, New Mexico 87504 John Ram sa~~ - Treasurer John Por ter Bloom - Secretary DIRECTORS TO: Jan Dodson barn hart Cecilia Jensen Bell Ken Earle Fred Friedm an Rene Harr is Carleen Lazzell Ma r ~ar et Espin osa McDon ald Esrevan Rael-C:i cilvez ~nes a R e e\~ e Ri cl~ Hendricks - Past President

The opin ions expressed in si~n ed articles are not necessarily those of the Histo rical Society of New Mexico . Mention of a produ ct. service or pro fessiona l in these co lum ns is no t to he considered an endorsement of that pro duct. serv ice or profession by the Historical Soci ety of New Mexico . Printed b~o Trl-Srare Prmtinq. www.hsnm.org • •

Books:

A German POW in New Mexico Curandero: A Life in Mexican folk By Walter Schmid Healing Albuqu erqu e: UNM Press. 2005 By Eliseo "Cheo" Torres with Timothy L. 167 pp. ap pendix. bibllocraphy Sawyer, Jr. illustrations. $24.95 hardcover Albuquerque: UNM Press. 2004 Reviewed by Richard Melzer 180 pp. . selected blbliocrsphy index. AGerman POW in New Mexico is the $14.95 paperback most recent publication in a lon ~ series Reviewed by Lynn Adkins of historical works published by the This bOOR was written as a University of New Mexico Press in collaboration between Eliseo "Cheo" co njunction with the Historical Society Torres and his friend and colleague. of New Mexico. Timothy L. Sawyer. Jr.. a University of Walter Schmid was a twen ty-one year New Mexico public information old German soldier wh en he and his representative. Torres, who is UNM vice­ fellow members of the Afrika Korps president for student affairs. is a native surrendered to Allied troops in North Texan who was born near San Antonio Africa on May 13. 1943. Schmid's story. and ~rew up in a rural area close to based on his memories and wartime Corpus Christi. where curanderismo or diari es. tells of his experien ces in POW folk healing was a common practice. ca mps not only in New Mexico, but also Sawyer, acting as writer and editor, has in Oklahoma an d in Enqland. Includinq taken Torres' many years of research. descriptions of camps in Oklahoma and interviews, presentations and other in Enqland allows read ers to compare materials and stitched them into a SJroup and contrast co nditions in New Mexico here that he returned fifty-two years later of ch apters all relating to the 1990s at an international conference on with conditions in POW cam ps to visit the area and renew old curanderismo theme. The stories told in traditional medicines. where he met Dr. elsewhere. friendships. The author's 1998 trip to Las ea ch chapter take a narrative form with Arturo Ornales Lizardi, an administrator AGerman POW in New Mexico is Cruces help ed to inspire the New Mexico Torres as the storyteller. at the State University of Morelos in perhaps most interestin g whe n it Farm and Ranch Herttaqe Museum's In the first chapter Torres strives to Cuernavaca . Mexico. Dr. Lizardi had describes German reactions to see inq the im pressive exhibit on the important define the meaning of curanderismo or developed a traditional healinq institute United States and meeting average co ntributions of POW labor to New the nature of Mexican folk healinq at his home in Cuernavaca. where American citizens for the first time. The Mexico agriculture durinc World War II. tradition. He explains that there are physicians and nurses inte racted with soldiers' personal experiences stood in Schmid's book is enhanced with different varieties of folk healing. some traditional curanderos. After visitinSJ the sharp contrast to what they had been many photographs and appendixes, placmq more emphasis on the body. institute himself. Torres decided to told about this country and its citizenry including excerpts from his POW camp some more focused on the mind. Some propose a class on curanderismo at the by the German SJovernment's vast diary. Only an index is missinq. employ more ritua l than herbal remedies University of New Mexico and to involve propaganda machine. A German POW in New Mexico and others vice versa. He states that for Dr. Lizardi and some of his curanderos as Schmid enjoyed oppo rtunities to reminds us of the need to treat POWs the true curandero, the profession is a a major part of the curriculum. By meet several New Mexico families and fairly even in the worst of wars . A main calllnq that is pursued not for profit or Torres' own account, the first class. which befriend a number of Hispanic yo uths reason wh y American POWs were personal SJain, but as a form of charitable was held in the summer of 2002, was a while he and his fellow POWs worked in ~enera ll y treated well in German POW care-SJivin SJ . rousing success and was rep eated in the cotton fields near Las Cruces. Only camps was because Schmid and his One of the mos t compellinq stories in 2003. SJreat homesickn ess and the brutality of a fellow German POWs were SJenerally the book comes in the second chapter This book seems a bit disjointed as it particular cam p commander marred treat ed well in this country. Ironically. wh ere he relates the life chanqinq ranges from topic to topic. and doesn't Schmid's twenty months in New Mexico. wa r is the ultimate test of man's expe riences he underwent durtnq a flow easily. His several chapters on from July 1944 to March 1946. humanity to man. especially whe n a pil grima~e to the tiny village of Espino in childhood memories are scattered Schmid had such positive memories nation claims to be fiSJhtinSJ for human Nuevo Leon, Mexico. where twice yearly within the book. Nevertheless. it offers of New Mexico and the people he met rights and justice for all. RM fiestas were held to honor the late interesting insight to a subject that curandero and folk saint. El Nino deserves serious consideration for its • • Fidencio. continuing relevance to modern AVISO! In other chapters he relates anecdotes medicine and life. LA THE IllSTORICAL SOCIETY OF NEW MEXICO of folk healing and remedies as practiced ANNUAL CONFERENCE IN ALBUQUERQUE, APRIL 20-22, 2006 by his mother and others durinq his rats WILL BE SPECIAL IN SEVERAL WAYS: childhood in south Texas. StilI other f IRST: This will be the " hi~ h lili! h t" weekend of Albuquerque's Tri-centcnnl al commemo ration. chapters tell of exotic rituals in Mexico , April 23. 1706. The DURe of Alburquerque [sic] will be in Albuquerque. the Spanish KinlJ and and stories that he was told by others Queen are invited. etc.. etc. reqardinq the lives of past folk saint THEREfORE: O ur hotel w ill be fully occupied. HSNM members and others wh o w ill attend should curanderos. In the final chapters. Torres, maze hotel reservations now. The former Sheraton Old Town Hotel is now: who now teaches a very popular class in Hotel Albuquerque at Old Town folk medicine and medicinal herbs at Phone 505/843-6300 or 1-800-237-21 33 UNM. discusses his involvement with (Be sure to aSR for our special. convention rate.) current curanderismo. This began in the SECOND: The proqrarn will be special in several ways. Some hi ~hli !6ht s are: • US Senator Pete Dornenici. banquet address • • • Openi nq Reception at newly expanded. remo deled Museum of Albuq uerque • Adj acent. accessible conference of SOHA (South west Oral Histor y Asociatio n) Please visit the • Outstanding sessions on Albuquerque histor y • Outstanding sessions on New Mexico hi stor y Historical Society of New Mexicoweb site! • Usual awards. bOORexhibits. auctio n. tour s • Unma tched fellowship . socializi n!6 The printed procrem anei registration forms will be our early in 2006: info rmacion will be available on the HSNM website: www.hsnm .oto wwwhsnm.orq • • • •