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Allen W. Dulles and the CIA
THE GILDED AGE Allen W. Dulles and the CIA Allen W. Dulles spent his tenure as the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) entrenched in secret power struggles that would ensure his ultimate power over the foreign and domestic aff airs for the United States. Th roughout his childhood, Dulles learned to use political power in order to get ahead, and to use secrecy to make unilateral deci- sions. Aft er analyzing examples of his treatment of various foreign aff airs disasters, as well as his manipulation of American media and politicians, Dulles is exposed as a man whose legacy lives in the CIA, as a legendary fi gure who is in fact much more of a craft ed legend than a man of truth. By Sada O. Stewart ‘16 Princeton University of the CIA’s own making, the product of the publicity and the political propaganda Allen Dulles manufactured in the 1950s.”4 How, though, did Dulles craft a fl awless, genius im- age for the CIA? What methods did Dulles use to manipulate the press, the public, and even the other branches of govern- ment to bring forth an agency with “a great reputation and a terrible record?”5 Dulles made the CIA seem like an elite agency full of top agents resulting in high risk, high reward missions—how is this reconciled with the reality of the CIA under Dulles’ reign? INTELLIGENCE IN YOUTH To begin, it is vital to identify the signifi cance of developing and running an intelligence agency in an open democratic system.6 Sun Tzu, author of Th e Art of War, insists the best A Bas-relief of Allen Dulles at the Original Headquarters of (only) way to fi ght a war is to know the enemy. -
Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS
ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr. -
Rotefan Eloyan Markosovish Prisoner Petition Letter to Comrade
See also Vladislav Eloyan and Michael McKibben with Joseph Lipsius and George West. "Eloyan Rotefan Marcosovich. A Newly Discovered 69th Inf. Div Legacy of Spirit, Resilience and Valor. 69th Inf Div 271st Inf Reg AT Co". The U.S. Army 69th Infantry Division Association Website. July 4, 2010. Petition Letter <http://www.69th-infantry-division.com/whowhere/photoo3-Eloyan- Rotefan-Marcosovich.html>. Last updated December 21, 2010. Original Russian Petition Letter follows. From: Eloyan Rotefan Markosovich, Prisoner To: Comrade Malenkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR1 Date: 22 October 1953 I would like to introduce myself and describe the recent events in Norilsk briefly. I was born in Erevan in 1925 and moved to Moscow with by brother and father in 1930. In 1941 I finished seven years of education in school No. 279. In July 1941 at only 15 years old I joined the Red Army as a volunteer in an armored cavalry battalion of the 13th Rifle Division. On 22 October I was severely wounded near Vyazma city and picked up by an army ambulance from the village of Proletarskoe. A week later our ambulance detail was captured by Germans. After I had partially recovered, I escaped on crutches and wandered into the Smolensk district. Since I was only 16 years old, the Germans didn’t ask me for documents, so I roamed from village to village with some of my friends. My wounds healed slowly, making it difficult to walk for the longest time. I was once sheltered by Ivan Mikheev at his house in the village of Kamentshiki. -
Spy Culture and the Making of the Modern Intelligence Agency: from Richard Hannay to James Bond to Drone Warfare By
Spy Culture and the Making of the Modern Intelligence Agency: From Richard Hannay to James Bond to Drone Warfare by Matthew A. Bellamy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (English Language and Literature) in the University of Michigan 2018 Dissertation Committee: Associate Professor Susan Najita, Chair Professor Daniel Hack Professor Mika Lavaque-Manty Associate Professor Andrea Zemgulys Matthew A. Bellamy [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6914-8116 © Matthew A. Bellamy 2018 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to all my students, from those in Jacksonville, Florida to those in Port-au-Prince, Haiti and Ann Arbor, Michigan. It is also dedicated to the friends and mentors who have been with me over the seven years of my graduate career. Especially to Charity and Charisse. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ii List of Figures v Abstract vi Chapter 1 Introduction: Espionage as the Loss of Agency 1 Methodology; or, Why Study Spy Fiction? 3 A Brief Overview of the Entwined Histories of Espionage as a Practice and Espionage as a Cultural Product 20 Chapter Outline: Chapters 2 and 3 31 Chapter Outline: Chapters 4, 5 and 6 40 Chapter 2 The Spy Agency as a Discursive Formation, Part 1: Conspiracy, Bureaucracy and the Espionage Mindset 52 The SPECTRE of the Many-Headed HYDRA: Conspiracy and the Public’s Experience of Spy Agencies 64 Writing in the Machine: Bureaucracy and Espionage 86 Chapter 3: The Spy Agency as a Discursive Formation, Part 2: Cruelty and Technophilia -
"Legacy of Ashes: the History of CIA" — Central Intelligence Agency
Review of "Legacy of Ashes: The History of CIA" — Central Intelligence Agency https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/... Search CSI Review of "Legacy of Ashes: The History of CIA" Tim Weiner. New York: Doubleday, 2007. 516 pages. Notes and index. Nicholas Dujmovic Legacy of Ashes is not the definitive history of the CIA that it purports to be. Tim Weiner’s Legacy of Ashes is not the definitive history of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that it purports to be. Nor is it the well researched work that many reviewers say it is. It is odd, in fact, that much of the hype surrounding the book concerns its alleged mastery of available sources. Weiner and his favorable reviewers—most, like Weiner, journalists—have cited the plethora of his sources as if the fact of their variety and number by themselves make the narrative impervious to criticism. But the thing about scholarship is that one must use sources honestly, and one doesn’t get a pass on this even if he is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist for the New York Times. Starting with a title that is based on a gross distortion of events, the book is a 600-page op-ed piece masquerading as serious history; it is the advocacy of a particularly dark point of view under the guise of scholarship. Weiner has allowed his agenda to drive his research and writing, which is, of course, exactly backwards. History, fairly done, is all about context, motivations, and realistic expectations in addition to the accurate portrayal of events. -
Russian Origins of the First World War
The Russian Origins of the First World War The Russian Origins of the First World War Sean McMeekin The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts • London, Eng land 2011 Copyright © 2011 by Sean McMeekin All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data McMeekin, Sean, 1974– The Russian origins of the First World War / Sean McMeekin. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-674-06210-8 (alk. paper) 1. World War, 1914–1918—Causes. 2. World War, 1914–1918—Russia. 3. Russia—Foreign relations—1894–1917. 4. Imperialism—History— 20th century. 5. World War, 1914–1918—Campaigns—Eastern Front. 6. World War, 1914–1918—Campaigns—Middle East. I. Title. D514.M35 2011 940.3'11—dc23 2011031427 For Ayla Contents Abbreviations ix Author’s Note xi Introduction: History from the Deep Freeze 1 1. The Strategic Imperative in 1914 6 2. It Takes Two to Tango: The July Crisis 41 3. Russia’s War: The Opening Round 76 4. Turkey’s Turn 98 5. The Russians and Gallipoli 115 6. Russia and the Armenians 141 7. The Russians in Persia 175 8. Partitioning the Ottoman Empire 194 9. 1917: The Tsarist Empire at Its Zenith 214 Conclusion: The October Revolution and Historical Amnesia 234 Notes 245 Bibliography 289 Acknowledgments 303 Index 307 Maps The Russian Empire on the Eve of World War I 8 The Polish Salient 18 The Peacetime Deployment of Russia’s Army Corps 20 The Initial Mobilization Pattern on the Eastern Front 83 Russian Claims on Austrian and German Territory 91 “The Straits,” and Russian Claims on Them 132 Russia and the Armenians 167 Persia and the Caucasian Front 187 The Partition of the Ottoman Empire 206 The Eastern Front 219 Abbreviations ATASE Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı Arşivi (Archive of the Turkish Gen- eral Staff). -
The Cultural Cold War the CIA and the World of Arts and Letters
The Cultural Cold War The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters FRANCES STONOR SAUNDERS by Frances Stonor Saunders Originally published in the United Kingdom under the title Who Paid the Piper? by Granta Publications, 1999 Published in the United States by The New Press, New York, 2000 Distributed by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York The New Press was established in 1990 as a not-for-profit alternative to the large, commercial publishing houses currently dominating the book publishing industry. The New Press oper- ates in the public interest rather than for private gain, and is committed to publishing, in in- novative ways, works of educational, cultural, and community value that are often deemed insufficiently profitable. The New Press, 450 West 41st Street, 6th floor. New York, NY 10036 www.thenewpres.com Printed in the United States of America ‘What fate or fortune led Thee down into this place, ere thy last day? Who is it that thy steps hath piloted?’ ‘Above there in the clear world on my way,’ I answered him, ‘lost in a vale of gloom, Before my age was full, I went astray.’ Dante’s Inferno, Canto XV I know that’s a secret, for it’s whispered everywhere. William Congreve, Love for Love Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................... v Introduction ....................................................................1 1 Exquisite Corpse ...........................................................5 2 Destiny’s Elect .............................................................20 3 Marxists at -
Strategy, Bureaucracy and the Development of US Political Warfare
DISORDER OVER DESIGN: STRATEGY, BUREAUCRACY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF U.S. POLITICAL WARFARE IN EUROPE, 1945-1950 by STEPHEN JOHN KENNETH LONG A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of American and Canadian Studies School of Historical Studies The University of Birmingham September 2008 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Access to Research Theses INFORMATION FOR ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES The information on this form will be published. To minimize any risk of inaccuracy, use only a word-processor or typewriter to complete it. Please supply two copies. Full name (surname first): Long, Stephen John Kenneth School/Department: School of Historical Studies/ Department of American and Canadian Studies Full title of thesis/dissertation: Disorder over Design: Strategy, Bureaucracy and the Development of U.S. Political Warfare in Europe, 1945-1950 Degree: PhD Date of submission: 29 September 2008 Date of award of degree (leave blank): Abstract (not to exceed 200 words - any continuation sheets must contain the author's full name and full title of the thesis/dissertation): This study explores factors behind the development of a covert political warfare capability by the United States government from 1945-1950. -
EUROPE DUSTS OFF “THE MIGHTY WURLITZER” by John R. Haines
JANUARY 2015 COUNTERING RUSSIAN DISINFORMATION: EUROPE DUSTS OFF “THE MIGHTY WURLITZER” By John R. Haines John R. Haines is a Senior Fellow of the Foreign Policy Research Institute and Executive Director of FPRI's Princeton Committee. Much of his current research is focused on Russia and its near abroad, with a special interest in nationalist and separatist movements. As a private investor and entrepreneur, he is currently focused on the question of nuclear smuggling and terrorism, and the development of technologies to discover, detect, and characterize concealed fissile material. He is also a Trustee of FPRI. “The Might Wurlitzer” is a 1950s quip by Frank Wisner, who was the first director of the Central Intelligence Agency ‘s Office of Special Projects, soon renamed the Office of Policy Coordination. As the New York Times put it succinctly, “For most of the [first] three decades of its existence, the Central Intelligence Agency…engaged in an unremitting, though largely unrecognized, effort to shape foreign opinion in support of American policy abroad.”1 It acted through a series of conduits or information gateways and individuals, which CIA used to direct information to targeted publics. The official name for Wisner’s complex of front organizations was the “Propaganda Assets Inventory.” To those inside CIA, however, “it was ‘Wisner’s Wurlitzer’.”2 The historian Hugh Wilford explains the metaphor: “CIA’s relationship with its front organizations has often been depicted in the imagery of musical recitation or theatrical performance. The Agency has variably been portrayed as playing the keys of a giant organ, pulling the strings of marionettes, or calling the tune of a piper. -
The Curious Case of Sydney Gruson and the Obsessions of Guatemala
The Curious Case of Sydney Sydney Gruson was expelled from Guatemala twice, once by the Guatemalan government and Gruson and the Obsessions of once by the CIA. Gruson, through his contacts at Guatemala and the United the State Department in Guatemala and his Guatemalan contacts, was one of the only reporters States able to see the whole picture unfolding in Guatemala. By researching his reporting for the Brian O’Rourke New York Times, we can uncover the obsessions of Rutgers University– Camden both sides and their inability to understand the opposition’s concerns. Gruson and his reporting are the perfect prism with which to view this debacle of By 1954, the United States was gripped by tunnel vision. the fear of the ever-expanding Communist tide. The expansion of Soviet Russia into Eastern This tunnel vision is covered very Europe, the fall of China to the reds, and the war differently by four books that discuss the CIA coup over the Korean peninsula had all shaken America’s in Guatemala, and each has their own somewhat nerves. As the only non-Communist super-power, narrow point of view. In Schlesinger and Kinzer’s the United States felt that it was its duty to first halt book Bitter Fruit, they are too concerned with the the spread of Communism and then push it back influence and power of the United Fruit Company and replace it with democracies. Any government just like Guatemalan President Arbenz and his that had even the slightest hint of Communism must administration. They make great pains to link the be removed for the safety of the United States and administration of Eisenhower and the hierarchy of democracy. -
ENGLISH Original: RUSSIAN
The OSCE Secretariat bears no responsibility for the content of this document PC.DEL/840/20 and circulates it without altering its content. The distribution by OSCE 3 July 2020 Conference Services of this document is without prejudice to OSCE decisions, as set out in documents agreed by OSCE participating States. ENGLISH Original: RUSSIAN Delegation of the Russian Federation STATEMENT BY MR. ALEXANDER LUKASHEVICH, PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, AT THE 1273rd MEETING OF THE OSCE PERMANENT COUNCIL 2 July 2020 On manifestations of neo-Nazism in the Czech Republic Mr. Chairperson, We are obliged once again to draw attention to the situation in the Czech Republic, where in recent years there has been a rise in the number of instances of manifestation of neo-Nazism, and a tendency has emerged towards belittling the Red Army’s role as a liberating force while glorifying accomplices of the Nazis, specifically the “Vlasovites”. One of the first steps in this direction was taken in Prague in 2017, when renovation works were used as a pretext to remove the memorial plaque on the Old Town Hall commemorating the city’s liberation from its Nazi occupiers by troops from the First Ukrainian Front. In August 2019, there was an official announcement about the municipal authorities’ decision not to keep that plaque on the Town Hall building. A campaign then ensued to blacken the reputation of Ivan Konev, Marshal of the Soviet Union, who was twice honoured with the title of Hero of the USSR and under whose command Prague was liberated from Nazi rule. -
Draft Working Paper
SECRET DRAFT WORKING PAPER RECLASSIFIED AND RELtASED nY CENTRAL INTELL 16ENCt ARENCY SoNRCESMETHOOSEXENPT ION 382i ran wAR C1 INES bl SCLOSURt DATE 2007 Chapter Three Persons From All Spheres of Influence (U) Germany became the scene of intense competition between East and West as the Cold War heated up. While Berlin was the epicenter of this struggle, many of the Central Intelligence Agencys earliest operations in Germany originated in Munich, the birthplace of Nazism. The citys proximity to both Austria and Czechoslovakia transformed the city into a crossroads for Europes refugees in the wake of Hitlers Gotterdammerung and a center of postwar intelligence operations. (U) American occupation officials had sole responsibility for Munich, the largest city in the US zone after the four allies divided Germany in 1945. The citys location minimized direct contact with the Russians or, for that matter, with the British and the French as well. Consequently, US intelligence agencies faced fewer obstacles from competing Allied and Soviet intelligence services and preferred Munich for unilateral 'The literature on the American role in Germany after World War II is extensive. For example, see Douglas Botting, From the Ruins of the Reich: Germany 1945-1949 (New York: Crown Publishers, 1985); Earl F. Ziemke, The US Army in the Occupation of Germany 1944-1946 (Washington, DC: US Army Center of Military History, 1975); and Harold Zink, The United States in Germany 1944-1955 (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand, 1957). (U) SECRET SECRET DRAFT WORKING PAPER operations. Intelligence collection and operation, however, was still split among several US civilian and military organizations.