J. Crop Prot. 2013, 2 (2): 163-169 ______

First records of the gnats (Diptera: ) reared from fruiting bodies of agaric fungi in Kermanshah province, Iran

Somayeh Barzegar1, Abbas Ali Zamani1*, Saeed Abbasi1 and Reza Vafaei Shooshtari2

1. Department of Plant Protection, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah. 2. Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch.

Abstract A survey was conducted to identify the fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Kermanshah province (west of Iran) during 2010-2011. The specimens were collected from nine different localities. Adults were reared from the fruiting bodies of agaric fungi. Five species are recorded for the first time from Iran: strigatoides (Lundrock), ornaticollis (Meigen), pseudocretensis Burghele-Balacesco, Synplasta gracilis (Winnertz) and eryngii Chandler. Eight host associations (gnats-fungi) are also reported for the first time. The diagnostic characters, host range and geographical distribution of each species are given.

Keywords: fauna, fungus gnats, Mycetophilidae, agarical fungi, Kermanshah

Introduction12 (), Megaselia halterata (Wood) and M. scalaris (Loew) () were reared from Fruiting bodies of macrofungi and Agaricus spp. also very little information is myxomycetes represent a suitable food source available on the mycetopholids, as the well and habitat for the larvae of several known fungi associated gnats. A few species of groups, mainly (Diptera) and beetles the genus Mycetophila Meigen, 1803 have (Coleoptera), but also tineid moths already been recorded from Iran (Lastovka and (Lepidoptera: Tineidae), springtails Matile, 1969), Portugal Ribeiro, 2003, 2004); Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 16:45 IRST on Friday September 24th 2021 (Collembola), thrips (Thysanoptera) and even Romania (Parvu, 2004) and palaearctic region the hymenopteran parasitoids of all these (Hackman et al., 1988). . Most of the insects which live in or on Mycetophilidae family includes a group of fungi (excluding parasitoids) are mycophagous small flies, forming the main part of fungus or mycosaprophagous with various degrees of gnats species. There are approximately 3000 host specificity, while some groups are described species in 150 genera, but the true predaceous or polyphagous, but still more or number of species is undoubtedly much less associated with fungi (Sevik, 2006). The greater (Matile, 1999). The fungus gnats are a fungivorus Diptera were sporadically studied in large and diverse group of Diptera which can Iran. In a study by Zamani (2001) four species be found in various habitats. The immature including Lycoriella auripila (Winnertz) stages are very often found in the fruiting (), (Meigen) bodies of the fungi and also in decaying wood (Ribeiro, 2004). The adults are mainly found in wet places in forests and woodlands and can Handling Editor: Dr. Ali Asghar Talebi ______be easily recognized by their humpback body, * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] long coxae and developed tibial spurs Received: 27 October 2012; Accepted: 5 March 2013 (Ribeiro, 2004). Sevcik (2006) provided

163 New records of fungus gnats from Iran ______J. Crop Prot.

comprehensive lists of diptera that are University of Ostrava, Czech Republic). The associated with fungi in Czech and Slovakia host fungi were identified by the third author. Republics where most species recorded belong All mycetophilid specimens are deposited in the to the family Mycetophilidae (84 species). laboratory of Entomology of Razi university, The current study is intended to improve our Kermanshah. understanding about the fungus gnats, their fungal hosts and their distribution in Results Kermanshah province. During the two years of survey, a total of 199 Materials and Methods (out of 699 samples infested by various fungivorous insects) mycetophilid-infested The fruiting bodies (basidiocarps) of different agaric fungi belonging to five genera and nine species of Agaric fungi were collected from species were collected and separated in the April 2010 to August 2011 from different fields laboratory. Five genera and five species within in the Kermanshah Province of Iran. A total of the family Mycetophilidae, in total, were 699 samples of fungi infested by Diptera reared and identified. All the mycetophilids (mainly Mycetophilidae) were collected. Each are new records for the fauna of Iran. The list sample was placed on a piece of damp filter of species together with a short description of paper in a polyethylene container or paper bag diagnostic characters are presented as follow: in the field and transferred to the laboratory. Each fungus species was placed on a piece of Allodia ornaticollis (Meigen, 1818) (Fig. 1) filter paper on moistened sand in a cylindrical Materials examined: 60♀, 42 ♂, ex Agrocybe polyethylene container (11 × 11 cm). Another dura (Bolton), 20.iv.2010, Sahneh (34˚29´07˝N cylindrical plastic container was used as a lid. - 47°41´39˝E); 1♀, 4♂, ex Agrocybe bisporus The containers were kept in the laboratory (Bull.), 30.iv.2010, Taa village, vicinity of under natural light conditions at 25 °C and Kamyaran (34°45´51˝N - 46˚55´04˝E), Leg. S. misted regularly to prevent drying. For three Barzegar. months, each container was inspected every 3 Diagnosis: Antennae filiform, as long as head or 4 days to check for the emergence of adult and thorax; flagellar segments with tiny straight insects. The flies that emerged were preserved macrotrichia; clypeus ovate, higher than broad; in 75% ethanol for identification at a later date. prothorax rather narrow; the angle between the Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 16:45 IRST on Friday September 24th 2021 The number of individuals of each species and pronotum and scutum around the anterior its related host fungus were recorded. spiracle rather wide; discal bristles of scutum in Geographical coordinates and altitude of two (dorso-central) stripes, sometimes also a sampling localities are as follows: Biston: median stripe present, scutellum with two 34˚23´00˝N - 47˚25´56˝E, 1299m; Kerend-e- strong marginal bristles; two propleural bristles Gharb: 34˚16´54˝N - 46˚14´38˝E, 1575m; Sarab projecting downward; mesopleura rather high; Qanbar: 34˚17´12˝N - 47˚03´17˝E, 1461m; mesanepisternum rounded hexagonal ovate, Campus of Agriculture, Razi University: bare; a pair of very long bristles on the 9th 34˚19´27˝N - 47˚05´56˝E, 1323m; Sahneh: tergite. 34˚29´07˝N - 47˚41´39˝E, 1401m; Paveh: Distribution- Holarctic; widely distributed in 35˚02´38˝N - 46˚21´00˝E, 1471m; Taa village, Europe (Chandler, 2005), new record from Iran. Kamyaran: 34˚45´51˝N - 46˚55´04˝E, 1403m; Kobogar village, Kamyaran: 34˚45´53˝N - Mycetophila strigatoides (Lundrock, 1927) 46˚55´04˝E, 1404m and Mahidasht: (Fig. 2) 34˚16´13˝N-46˚48´37˝E, 1361m. Materials examined: 53♀, 44♂, ex Lentinus The mycetophilid species were identified by tigrinus (Bull.), 01.v.2010, Biston (34˚23´00˝N- J. Sevcik (Department of Biology & Ecology, 47˚25´56˝E); 9♀, 14 ♂, ex Stropharia coronilla

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(Bull.) Quel., 11.iv.2010, Kerend-e-Gharb setae on pronotal lobe and one strong (34˚16´54˝N - 46˚14´38˝E); 18♀, 10♂, ex L. proepisternal seta; wing yellowish; legs tigrinus, 19.v.2011, Sarab Qanbar (34˚17´12˝N yellow, with all bristling dark. - 47˚03´17˝E); 63♀, 43♂, ex L. tigrinus, Distribution – Western Palaearctic. This is a 13.x.2010, Campus of Agriculture and Natural mainly Mediterranean species, recorded from Resources(34˚19´27˝N - 47˚05´56˝E), Leg. S. Southern Europe (France), North Africa and the Barzegar. Middle East, but also from central Asian Diagnosis: Head brown; scape, pedicel and countries (Zaitzev, 1993; Chandler, 2005), new base of first flagellar segment yellow, rest of record from Iran. antennal segments grey; palpi brownish yellow; mesoscutum mainly shining dark Sciophila eryngii Chandler, 1994 (Fig. 4) brown, clothed with pale hair; anterior Materials examined: 5♀, 3♂, ex Agrocybe margin, broad humeral margins and small vervacti, 14.iv.2011, Sarab-e-Qanbar postalar patches yellow; prothorax brownish (34˚17´12˝N - 47˚03´17˝E); Leg. S. Barzegar. yellow; rest of pleura, metathorax and Diagnosis: Body length 3.5 mm resp. 2.8 mm, scutellum brown; three propleurals, four the antennae are mainly dark brown; head dark bristles on mesepimeron, two pairs of brown, grey dusted; antenna with scape, pedicel scutellars; wing length 3.2 mm; halteres and base of first flagellomere yellow, rest of yellow; legs entirely yellow except faint flagellar segments brown, with median darkening at extreme tip of hind femur; flagellomeres about 3 times as long as broad; anterior setulae of hind tibia dark; hind coxal pulpus yellow; thorax orange yellow, with three setae short. vaguely darker stripes on mesonotum; wing length 3.6 mm; legs yellow, with all setae on Distribution- Palaearctic, widely distributed in coxae and femora, tibial setulae and spurs Europe (Chandler, 2009), new record from Iran. yellow. Distribution Palaearctic. Russia and adjacent Rymosia pseudocretensis Burghele-Balacesco, countries (Sevcik, 2004), Mediterranean 1967 (Fig. 3) (Cyprus, Crete) (Chandler et al., 2005), new Materials examined: 7♀, 6♂, Pleurotus record from Iran. eryngii (DC.) Quel., 22.iv.2010, Kobogar village, vicinity of Kamyaran (34˚45´53˝N- Synplasta gracilis (Winnertz, 1863) (Fig. 5) Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 16:45 IRST on Friday September 24th 2021 46˚55´04˝E); 17♀, 21♂, ex Stropharia Materials examined: 3♀, 5♂, ex Coprinus sp., magnivelaris (Peck), 17.iv.2010, Mahidasht 30.iv.2010, Paveh (35˚02´38˝N-46˚21´00˝E); (34˚16´13˝N - 46˚48´37˝E); Leg. S. Barzegar. Leg. S. Barzegar. Diagnosis: Head brown, grey dusted, with Diagnosis: A small dark species with yellow black bristling, a row of longer setae above legs; head dark brown with yellow mouth lateral ocellus and eye margin; face and parts; antennae with scape, pedicel and base clypeus grey with short dark hair; antenna of first flagellar segment yellow, rest of with scape, pedicel and base of first flagellar segments brown; scutellum dark flagellomere yellow, flagellum otherwise brown. brown, with short grey hairs; flagellomeres Distribution: Western Palaearctic (Chandler, about 3 times as long as broad; palpi yellow; 2009), new record from Iran. thorax brown, thinly grey dusted, with all bristling dark; short weak setae on disc of scutellum; prothorax yellow, with 3 strong

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Figures 1-5 Lateral habitus of the adult fungus gnats: 1-Allodia ornaticollis (Meigen, 1818); 2-Mycetophila strigatoides (Lundrock, 1927); 3-Rymosia pseudocretensis Burghele-Balacesco, 1967; 4-Sciophila eryngii Chandler, 1994; 5-Synplasta gracilis (Winnertz, 1863).

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Discussion (Ribeiro, 2004), M. bialorussica Dziedzicki (Košel and Laštovka, 1997), M. alea Laffoon This study is contribution to the Iranian (Parvu, 2004); M. curviseta Lundström Mycetophilidae (Diptera) fauna and their (Hackman et al., 1988) and M. formosa associated host fungi in Kermanshah province. (Lastovka and Matile, 1969). Sevcik (2001) Five species were found in Iran for the first recorded Fomitopsis pinicola (Sowerby) as a time, which shows the limited knowledge of host fungus for M. auonsa Laffoon and P. species composition of fungus gnats in this ciliates as a host fungus for M. strigatoides. region. A more comprehensive study of the fungus gnats in the area should result in Acknowledgments significant additions to the Iranian list of species, as well as to their distribution. The We would like to express our sincere thanks to currently recorded species are widespread and Jan Sevcik (Czech Republic) for identifying common in Europe. However, less information Mycetophilid species. This study was funded by was presented for fungivorous insects on exotic Razi University of Kermanshah. fungi. This is the first study in Iran. Various genera of agaric fungi have been References recorded as hosts for A. ornaticollis (Sevcik, 2006), indicating its extensive host range. Chandler, P. J. 1977. Studies of some fungus Larvae of R. pseudocretensis develop in fruit gnats (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) including body of fungi of the family Helvellaceae nine additions to the British list. Systematic (Zaitzev, 1993). We found larvae of L. Entomology, 2: 67-93. pseudocretensis in fruiting bodies of two Chandler, P. J. 2005. Fauna Europaea: families of Pleurotaceae and Strophariaceae. Mycetophilidae. In: Dejong, H. (Ed.): Fauna This species is principally associated with Europaea: Diptera, . Fauna Polyporus sp., but there are some other rearing Europaea version 1., 2., Available on: records from unnamed species of Trametes, http://www.faunaeur.org. Polyporus and Russula, which their Chandler, P. J. 2009. The fungus gnats confirmation is required, especially in the case (Diptera: Bolitophilidae, , of Russula (Sevcik, 2006). Mycetophilidae) of Sardinia, with Mycetophila strigatoides resembles M. description of six new species. Zootaxa, Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 16:45 IRST on Friday September 24th 2021 bialorussica Dziedzicki in many aspects 2318: 450-506. including the fore tarsi thickened in both sexes; Chandler, P. J., Bechev, D. N. and Caspers, N. apart from genital characters (notably the bifid 2005. The Fungus Gnats distal portion of the dististyle), males of M. (Diptera: Bolitophilidae, , strigatoides have the tarsi less strongly enlarged Keroplatidae and Mycetophilidae) of and the wing markings smaller; the preapical Greece, its islands and Cyprus. Studia band is less intense and is not always touching Dipterologica, 12: 255-314. the tip of vein R1 (Chandler, 1977). Sevcik Hackman, W., Lastovka, P., Matile, L and (2006) has introduced Polyporus ciliatus Fr., Väisänen, R. 1988. Family Mycetophilidae. Polyporus melanopus (Sw.) Fr. and L. tigrinus In: Soós, A and Papp, L. (Eds.). Catalogue as host fungi for M. strigatoides. of Palaearctic Diptera. – Eleven species of the genus Mycetophila Mycetophilidae, 3: 220-327. have already been recorded from Iran. They Košel, V. and Laštovka, P. 1997. Faunistic include M. trinotata Staeger, M. stolida Walker, records from the Czech and Slovak M. pumila Winnertz and M. formosa Lundström republics: Diptera. Mycetophilidae. In (Ribeiro, 2003), M. dentate (Lundström), M. Rozkošný R. & Vaňhara J. (Eds.): exstincta Loew and M. sordid van der Wulp Dipterologica bohemoslovaca. Vol. 8-Folia

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Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Sevcik, J. 2001. New records of Diadocidiidae, Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis. Keroplatidae and Mycetophilidae (Diptera: Biologia, 95: 214-215. ) from the Czech Republics. Lastovka, P. and Matile, L. 1969. Contribution a Casopis Slezskeho Zemskeho Muzea Opava, la faune de l. Iran. 16. Diptères 50: 159- 169. Mycetophilidae des provinces Caspiennes. 2. Sevcik, J. 2004. New data on Sciaroidea (Diptera) Genere Mycetophila. Annales de la Societe from the Czech and Slovak Republics, with Entomologique de France, 5: 681-686. descriptions of seven new species of Matile, L. 1999. Family Mycetophylidae. Mycetophilidae. Casopis Slezskeho Zemskeho Australasian/Oceanian Diptera Catalog- Muzea Opava, 53: 49-74. Web Version. Available on: Sevcik, J. 2006. Diptera associated with fungi in http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/aocat/myceto. Czech and Slovak Republics. Casopis html. Slezskeho Zemskeho Muzea Opava, 55: 1-84. Parvu, C. 2004. Fungus gnats (Diptera: Zaitzev, A. I. 1993. New and little known Mycetophilidae) from Piatra Craiuli national fungus gnats of the genus Rymosia Winn. Park, Romania. Travauxa du Museum from Russia and Middle Asia (Diptera, National d’ Histoire Naturelle (Grigore Mycetophilidae), GEIR E. E. SQLI. Greece. Antipa), pp: 233-239. Zamani, A. A. 2001. Identification of injurious Ribeiro, E. 2003. Twenty five new records on dipterean pest of button mushroom Portuguese fungus gnats (Diptera: (Agaricus bisporus) and study on some of Scatopsidae), Arrquivos Museu Bocage, pp: their biological characteristics in Karaj, Iran. 529-550. MSc. Thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Ribeiro, E. N. 2004. New data on some fungus Tehran. 152 pp. gnats (Diptera, Sciaroidea) in Portugal. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, 23: 573-590. Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 16:45 IRST on Friday September 24th 2021

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ﮔﺰارش ﭘﻨﺞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ از دوﺑﺎﻻن ﻗﺎرچﺧﻮار (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) روي ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎي ﻛﻼﻫﻚدار از اﺳﺘﺎن ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه

ﺳﻤﻴﻪ ﺑﺮزﮔﺮ1، ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻌﻠﻲ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ1*، ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻲ1 و رﺿﺎ وﻓﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻮﺷﺘﺮي2

1- ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎهﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، ﭘﺮدﻳﺲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه رازي ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، ﺻﻨﺪوق ﭘﺴﺘﻲ 85438-67156، ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، اﻳﺮان. 2- ﮔﺮوه ﺣﺸﺮهﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك. * ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﻪ: [email protected] درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: 6 آﺑﺎن 1391؛ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش 15 اﺳﻔﻨﺪ 1391

ﭼﻜﻴﺪه: اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ دوﺑﺎﻻن ﻗﺎرچﺧﻮار (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه (ﻏﺮب اﻳﺮان) در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 1389 و 1390 اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري از 9 ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ از ﻛﻼﻫﻚ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎي آﮔﺎرﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪﻧﺪ. ﭘﻨﺞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر از اﻳﺮان ﺟﻤﻊآوري و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از: (Allodia ، Mycetophila strigatoides (Lundrock (Synplasta gracilis ،Rymosia pseudocretensis (Burghele-Balacesco) ،ornaticollis (Meigen (Winnertz) و (Sciophila eryngii (Chandler. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﺸﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪي ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ دوﺑﺎﻻن ﮔﺰارش ﻣﻲﺷﻮد. ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻫﻤﺮاه داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ و اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

ﻛﻠﻴﺪ واژﮔﺎن: ﻓﻮن، ﭘﺸﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرچﺧﻮار، Mycetophilidae، ﻗﺎرچ ﻛﻼﻫﻚدار، ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه

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