FERRO-ALLOYS

Indian Minerals Yearbook 2013 (Part- II : Metals & Alloys)

52nd Edition

FERRO-ALLOYS

(ADVANCE RELEASE)

GOVERNMENT OF MINISTRY OF MINES INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES

Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines, – 440 001

PHONE/FAX NO. (0712) 2565471 PBX : (0712) 2562649, 2560544, 2560648 E-MAIL : [email protected] Website: www.ibm.gov.in

December, 2014

6-1 FERRO-ALLOYS

6 Ferro-alloys

erro-alloys are one of the important inputs Table – 1 : Capacity of Ferro-alloys Fin the manufacture of alloys and special Industry in India . Ferro-alloys impart special properties to steel. The alloys provide increased resistance to (In tonnes per annum) corrosion, improves hardness and tensile Ferro-alloy Installed strength at high temperature, gives wear and capacity abrasion resistance and increases creep strength etc. The growth of Ferro-alloys Industry is, thus, Total 5150000 linked with the development of the Iron and Steel Bulk Ferro-alloys: 5100000 Industry, Foundry Industry and to some extent Manganese alloys 3160000 Electrode Industry. The principal ferro-alloys are , manganese and silicon. The Chrome alloys 1690000 product series consists mainly of ferro- Ferro-silicon 250000 manganese, silico-manganese, ferro-silicon and ferro-chrome. Noble Ferro-alloys: 50000 Ferro-alloys are classified into two main categories, viz, bulk ferro-alloys and noble Source:Indian Ferro-Alloys Producers' Association (IFAPA), ferro- alloys. Due to high cost of power, Ferro- Mumbai. alloys Industry has not been oprating to its full capacity in India. Ferro-alloys Industry spends 40 The Ferro-alloys Industry was established as to 70% production cost on power consumption. an ancillary industry to cater to the growing The power consumption per tonne of ferro- needs of the domestic Steel Industry and is alloys production in the country varied from spread all over the country. Most of the ferro- 3,000 to 12,000 kWh. alloys units have been set up in , At present, major portion of the ferro-alloys Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya produced is exported. Ferro-manganese, silico- Pradesh, , and West Bengal manganese, ferro-silicon, high carbon ferro- because of availability of the raw material. chrome and charge-chrome are exported after meeting the domestic requirements. India has Recently, the Industry has further spread to the sufficient raw materials of good quality, highly- North-Eastern Region of India. In Meghalaya, a skilled technical manpower and the latest number of small units producing ferro-silicon equipment technology for production of ferro- and ferro-silico-manganese have come up. The alloys. production of various ferro-alloys, as reported INDUSTRY, PRODUCTION, by IFAPA is given in Table-2. DEVELOPMENT AND CONSUMPTION The ferro-alloys units have incorporated As per Indian Ferro-Alloys Producers' the latest technology in order to use non- Association (IFAPA), the total installed capacity metallurgical grade ores, both lumps and of bulk ferro-alloys Industry in India is fines, after necessary beneficiation and estimated at 5.15 million tonnes per annum and agglomeration. The units have also incorporated for noble ferro-alloys it is 50,000 tonnes per an effective pollution control measures in annum. The Industry is reported to be working at the form of gas cleaning, deoxidising and waste about 60-65% capacity utilisation.The details are given in Table -1. heat recovery. 6-2 FERRO-ALLOYS

Table – 2 : Production of Ferro-alloys, 2009-10 to 2011-12 (In tonnes)

Ferro-alloy 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Total (A) + (B) 2493633 2796913 3000397

A) Bulk Ferro-alloys 2462775 2762918 2958784 HC Ferro-manganese 341883 388079 427415 MC Ferro-manganese 8222 7625 12386 LC Ferro-manganese 6018 6313 6932 Silico-manganese 1066485 1193874 1418844 MC Silico-manganese 24108 24068 33662 LC Silico-manganese 25454 24197 25897 Ferro-silicon 97682 115164 127092 HC Ferro-chrome/charge-chrome 890916 1001582 902840 LC Ferro-chrome 2007 2016 3716

B) Noble Ferro-alloys 30858 33995 41613 Ferro-molybdenum 2822 3090 4362 Ferro-vanadium 1389 1521 2459 Ferro-tungsten 150 150 225 Ferro-silico-magnesium 17132 19079 24452 Ferro-aluminium 7017 7538 7393 Ferro-silico-zirconium 120 118 130 Ferro-titanium 1929 2172 2217 Ferro-boron 90 90 103 Ferro-nickel-magnesium 209 237 272

Note: HC: High carbon MC: Medium carbon LC: Low carbon Source: Indian Ferro-Alloys Producers' Association (IFAPA), Mumbai.

Production of Bulk Ferro-Alloys BULK FERRO-ALLOYS 2006-07 to 2011-12 Bulk ferro-alloys consist of principal alloys, 1600 viz, ferro-manganese, silico-manganese, ferro- 1400 chrome, charge-chrome and ferro-silicon.The 1200 1000 production of different kind of ferro-alloys were 800 not received from IFAPA as well as from other 600 sources. Hence could not be updated inTable-2. 400 However, the data received from JPC for some 200 of the ferro-alloys as well as partial coverage Production ('000 Production ('000 tonnes) 0 from ferro-alloys have been published in 07 08 09 10 11 12 ------Monthly Statistics of Mineral Production 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 (MSMP) - March,2013 is being reproduced in Year Table-2 (A). It is to be noted that the data Fe -Mn Si -Mn Fe -Cr * Fe -Si coverage in Table-2 (A) is partial and does not * Including charge chrome reflect the actual production of ferro-alloys.

6-3 FERRO-ALLOYS

Table – 2 (A) : Production of Ferro-alloys, 2011-12 and 2012-13 (In tonnes)

Ferro-alloy 2011-12 2012-13

A) Bulk Ferro-alloys

Ferro-manganese 517000 518000

Silico-manganese 201066 236541

Ferro-silicon 89000 90000

Ferro-chrome/charge-chrome 943000 944000

B) Noble Ferro-alloys

Ferro-molybdenum 1058 1076

Ferro-vanadium 695 796

Ferro-tungsten NA NA

Ferro-silico-magnesium 19491 19205

Ferro-aluminium 5850 4935

Ferro-silico-zirconium NA NA

Ferro-titanium 594 629

Ferro-boron 92 42

Source: Monthly Statistics of Mineral Production (MSMP), IBM. March,2013

Ferro-manganese/Silico-manganese Ores Ltd, Sandur, Karnataka; Indsil Electromelt Ferro-manganese is produced as high carbon Ltd, Palakkad, Kerala; Chandrapur Ferro Alloys ferro-manganese with 72-82% Mn, 6-8% C and Plant (formerly Maharashtra Electrosmelt Ltd), 1.5% Si, medium carbon ferro-manganese with Chandrapur, Maharashtra; Nagpur Power Ind. 74-82% Mn, 1-3% C and 1.5% Si, and low Ltd, Kanhan, Maharashtra; Natural Sugar & carbon ferro-manganese with 80-85% Mn, 0.1- Allied Ind. Ltd, Osmanabad, Maharashtra; 0.7% C and 1-2% Si. Manganese in the form of Adhunik Meghalaya Pvt. Ltd, Bymihat, ferro-manganese is added for hardening and Meghalaya; Meghalaya Sova Ispat Ltd, desulphurisation of steel. Nav Bharat Ferro Meghalaya; Shyam Century Ltd, Meghalaya; Tata Alloys Ltd, Paloncha, Andhra Pradesh; Steel Ltd, Joda, Odisha; Bhaskar Shrachi Alloys Chhattisgarh Electricity Co. Ltd, Raipur, Ltd, Durgapur, West Bengal; Cosmic Ferro Chhattisgarh; Indsil Energy & Electro Chemicals Alloys Pvt. Ltd, Bankura, West Bengal; Dayal Ltd, Raipur, Chhattisgarh; Ispat Godavari, Ferro Alloys Ltd, Ramgarh, West Bengal; Haldia Raigarh, Chhattisgarh; Monet Ispat Ltd, Raipur, Steels Ltd, Burdwan, West Bengal; Impex Ferro Chhattisgarh; Union Ferro, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh; Tech Ltd, Burdwan, West Bengal; Maithan Alloys Prakash Industries, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh; Ltd, Burdwan, West Bengal; Modern India Con- Tirumala Balaji Alloys Pvt. Ltd, Raigarh, Cast Ltd, Birhampur, West Bengal; Sharp Ferro Chhattisgarh; Vandana Global Ltd, Raipur, Alloys Ltd, Durgapur, West Bengal; Shri Gayatri Chhattisgarh; SAL Steels Ltd, Gandhidham, Minerals Ltd, Bishnupur, West Bengal; Shyam Gujarat; Anjaneya Ferro Alloys Ltd, Mihijam, Ferro alloys Ltd, Burdwan, West Bengal; and Jharkhand; Gautam Ferro Alloys Ltd, Ramgarh, Sova Ispat Ltd, Durgapur, West Bengal are the Jharkhand; Shivam Iron & Steel Co. Pvt. Ltd, major producers of ferro-manganese/silico- Giridih, Jharkhand; Sandur Manganese & Iron manganese.

6-4 FERRO-ALLOYS

Silico-manganese, a combination of 60-70% Indian Metals & Ferro Alloys Ltd, Therubali, manganese, 10-20% silicon and 20% carbon is Odisha; Jindal Stainless Ltd, Duburi, Odisha; used as substitute for low carbon ferro- Nava Bharat Ferro Alloys Ltd, Dhenkanal, Odisha; manganese in the Steel Industry. It consumes Utkal Manufacturing Services Ltd, Choudhwar, around 4,750 to 5,250 kWh power per tonne of Odisha; Rawat Ferro Alloys, Cuttack, Odisha; silico-manganese produced. Silico-manganese Rohit Ferro Tech. P. Ltd, Bishnupur, West Bengal has emerged as a more important alloy than and Sri Vasavi Ind. Ltd, Bishnupur, West Bengal ferro-manganese. The country, thus, has emerged are the major ferro-chrome producers. A sizeable as a leading producer of silico-manganese. quantity is also produced by units in the small- Silico-manganese was also produced by a number scale sector. of small-scale ferro-alloy producers. Ltd, FACOR and Indian Metals & The total production of ferro-manganese in Ferro Alloys Ltd, (IMFA) the three major producers 2010-11 was about 402,017 tonnes which of charge-chrome in the country are 100% export- increased to about 446,733 tonnes in 2011-12. oriented, having a total capacity of 182,500 tpy. Tata Consumption of ferro-manganese was reported at Steel with its charge-chrome plant at Bamnipal, 123,900 tonnes in 2012-13. The production of Odisha, has a capacity of 55,000 tpy. FACOR has a silico-manganese (including medium carbon & capacity of 65,000 tpy charge-chrome at its Randia low carbon silico mangenese) which was about Plant, Bhadrak district, Odisha. Indian Metals & 1,242,139 tonnes in 2010-11 increased to Ferro Alloys Ltd, (IMFA), Cuttack district, Odisha 1,478,403 tonnes in 2011-12 In 2012-13, the has an installed capacity of 62,500 tpy. total consumption of silico-manganese by all The production of high carbon ferro-chrome/ industries has been reported at 217,700 tonnes. charge-chrome which was 1,001,582 tonnes in Ferrro-chrome/Charge-chrome 2010-11 decreased to 902,840 tonnes in 2011-12. The production of low carbon ferro chrome was Ferro-chrome when added to steel imparts 3716 tonnes in 2011-12.The consumption of ferro- hardness, strength and augments its stainless chrome in 2012-13 was reported at 286,900 characteristics. Carbon content classifies the tonnes. ferro-chrome alloy into high carbon (6-8%), Ferro-silicon medium carbon (3-4%) and low carbon (1.5-3%), although chromium content in all the three Ferro-silicon contains about 75-90% silicon grades is around 60-70%. Around 2.5 tonnes and minor amounts of iron, carbon, etc. It is chrome ore, with an estimated power produced by using quartzite, iron ore, coke and consumption of 4,500 kWh is required to electrode paste. Around 1.75 to 2 tonnes produce one tonne of ferro-chrome. quartzite is required to produce one tonne of ferro-silicon. A very high consumption of FACOR Alloys Ltd, Garividi, Andhra Pradesh; GMR Technologies & Ind. Ltd, Srikakulam, power, i.e., 9,000 to 10,000 kWh is required to Andhra Pradesh; Jindal Steel & Power Ltd, produce one tonne ferro-silicon. It is a powerful Raigarh, Chhattisgarh; Standard Chrome Ltd, deoxidising agent and its major applications are Raigarh, Chhattisgarh; SAL Steel, Kachchh-Bhuj, in electrical steel used for transformers and Gujarat; Balasore Alloys Ltd, Balasore, Odisha; dynamos, alloy steel for tools & automobile IDCOL Ferro Chrome Plant, Jajpur Road, Odisha; valves and in iron casting and mineral dressing.

6-5 FERRO-ALLOYS

Bharat Alloys & Energy Ltd, Kurnool, 237 tonnes & 272 tonnes of ferro-nickel- Andhra Pradesh; VBC Ferro Alloys, Medak, magnesium was reported in 2010-11 and 2011- Andhra Pradesh; SMS Smelters Ltd, Lekhi, 12, respectively. The consumption of ferro- Arunachal Pradesh; Visvesvaraya Iron & Steel nickel in 2012-13 was 2,235 tonnes. Plant, Bhadravati, Karnataka; Silical Metallurgic Pvt. Ltd, Palakkad, Kerala; Jayantia Alloys, Ferro-molybdenum Meghalaya and Indian Metals & Ferro Alloys Ltd, There were five important units, namely, Therubali, Odisha are the major producers of Mehra Ferro-alloys, Electro Ferro-alloys Pvt. ferro-silicon. Small-scale producers of ferro- Ltd, India Thermit Corporation, Dandeli Steel & silicon are also in operation in Kerala and Tamil Ferro-alloys Ltd and Eastern Metals & Ferro- Nadu. In Meghalaya, three units have sprung up alloys Ltd. The all India production which was that produce ferro-silicon. 3,090 tonnes in 2010-11 increased to 4,362 tonnes in 2011-12. The consumption in 2012- The production of ferro-silicon which was 13 was 676 tonnes. around 115,164 tonnes in 2010-11 increased to 127,092 tonnes in 2011-12. The domestic Ferro-tungsten consumption of ferro-silicon in the organised Production of ferro-tungsten was 225 tonnes sector was 41,800 tonnes in 2012-13. in 2011-12. The domestic consumption was NOBLE FERRO-ALLOYS 18 tonnes for the year 2012-13. Noble ferro-alloys are one of the vital Ferro-vanadium additive inputs required especially in production Production of ferro-vanadium in 2010-11 of alloy and special steel. Noble ferro-alloys also refer to alloys used in small quantities and was 1,521tonnes which increased to 2,459 tonnes are relatively expensive compared to bulk ferro- in 2011-12. The consumption in 2012-13 was alloys. These are used in the production of steel 1,109 tonnes. as deoxidant and alloying agents. Others These high temperature alloys impart Misra Dhatu Nigam Ltd (A Govt. of India strength, resistance and stability within a Enterprise), Hyderabad, produced chiefly cobalt, temperature range from 260 to 1200o C. These molybdenum, titanium and tungsten-based super- alloys are used generally in turbine engines, alloys. power plants, furnaces and all pollution control The production details of various types of equipment. Noble ferro-alloys include ferro- bulk ferro-alloys and noble ferro-alloys in vanadium, ferro-titanium, ferro-nickel, ferro- 2009-10 to 2011-12 are furnished in Table - 2. molybdenum, ferro-tungsten and ferro-niobium. In India, noble ferro-alloys are mostly Information on plant-wise capacity of manufactured through alumino-thermic process. principal ferro-alloys in India together with Ferro-nickel general specifications of products is given in Production of ferro-nickel was not reported Table-3. Consumption of principal alloys by in the organised sector. However, production of different industries is given in Table-4.

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Table – 3 : Statewise, Plantwise Capacity and Specifications of Principal Ferro-alloys Produced in India

Name & location of the plant Product Specifications capacity Installed (tpy) Andhra Pradesh Andhra Ferro-alloys Ltd HC ferro-chrome Cr: 60-65% max, Si: 2-4% max, Srinivasanagar, C: 6-8% max, P: 0.040% max, Distt. Vizianagaram S: 0.040% max

Silico-manganese Mn: 60% min, 20,000 C: 2.5% max, Si: 14% min, P: 0.3 % max, S: 0.035% max

FACOR Alloys Ltd HC ferro-manganese Mn: 70-80%, C:6-8%, 72,500 Shreeramnagar, Garividi Si: 1-5 % max, (For all Distt. Vizianagaram P: 0.35% max, ferro-alloys) S: 0.05% max, Size: 25-150 mm +/- 10%, Corresponding ISI specification: IS 1171-2011.

Ferro-chrome Cr: 60-63%, Si: 3-4%, C: 6-8%, P: 0.03-0.05% (max), S: 0.03-0.05% (max)

Silico-manganese Mn: 60-70%, Si: 16-20% , C: 2.0% max, S: 0.03%, P: 0.3 %, Size: 10 - 150 mm +/- 10%, Corresponding ISI specification: IS 1470-1990.

Ferro-silicon Si: 60-80%, C: 0.15% max, P: 0.05%, S: 0.05% max, Al : 1-15% max, Size: 25-150 mm +/- 10%, Corresponding ISI specification: IS 1110-2011.

Ferro- silicon- magnesium Mg: 4-30%, Si: 44-55 %, Al: 1.00%, Ca: 1.0-4.0%,

Silico-chrome NA Other ferro-alloys NA

Deccan Ferro Alloys (P)Ltd Chintalapalem (PO), Pendurthi (SO) silico-manganese NA 13,054 Vishakhapatnam

Jindal Stainless Ltd HC ferro-chrome Cr: 62%, Si: 2.5%, 40,000 (Ferro Alloys Division) C: 7-8%, P: 0.040%, Jindal Nagar, Kothavalasa Distt. Vizianagaram .

GMR Technologies & LC ferro-manganese Mn: 60%, 25,000 Industries Ltd MC ferro-manganese Si: 16%, (Total) Village Ravivalasa HC ferro-manganese S: 0.05%, P: 0.5% Distt. Srikakulam.

(Contd.) 6-7 FERRO-ALLOYS

Table - 3 (Contd.)

Name and location of the plant Product Specifications Installed capacity (tpy)

Silico-manganese – – Ferro-silicon – – LC ferro-chrome Cr: 60-68%, – HC ferro-chrome Si: 2.0 to 4% , S: 0.05 (max) , – Silico-chrome P: 0.03%, S: 0.05%

VBC Ferro Alloys Ltd Ferro-silicon – 10,000 Village Rudraram Ferro-chrome 27,000 Patancheru Mandal Silico-manganese/ – 31,500 Distt. Medak. Ferro-manganese

Nav Bharat Ferro-Alloys Ltd HC ferro-chrome Cr: 60% (min), Si: 3-4% (max), 12,491 E.M.D., Paloncha, Kothagudem C: 6-8%, P: 0.03% (max), Distt. Khammam. S: 0.03% (max)

Silico-manganese Mn: 60-70%, 9,581 Si: 15-16% (min), C: 2% (max), P: 0.03% (max), Si: 0.03% (max)

Ferro-silicon Si: 40-45%/70-75%/75-80%, 9,309 Al: 0.5% (max)/1.25% (max), C: 0.15% (max), P: 0.05% (max), S: 0.05% (max)

Sree Sarda Alloys Ltd Ferro-chrome NA 6,000 Ravivalsa, Tekkali Mandal Distt. Srikakulam.

Shree Raghvendra Ferro alloys Silico- Manganese NA 15000 Pvt Ltd , Nalgonda

Metkore Alloys and Industries Ltd H C Ferro Chrome NA 25000 Srikakulam

Chhattisgarh Hira Group of Industries Jain Carbides & Chemical Ltd (i) Unit 1, Urla, Distt. Raipur. HC ferro-manganese Mn: 70-75%, Si: 1.5% (max), 7,000 C: 6-8% (max), P: 0.40% (max), S: 0.05% (max)

Silico-manganese Mn: 60-65%, Si: 13-17% (max), 20,000 C: 2.5% (max), P: 0.35% (max), S: 0.03% (max) (ii) Unit-2,urla,Distt.Raipur HC ferro-manganese 14,000 Silico-manganese Mn: 60-65% 12,000

(iii) Hira Ferro Alloys Ltd HC ferro-manganese Mn: 70-75%, Si: 1.50% max, Urla, Distt. Raipur. C: 6-8 %, P: 0.30% max, S: 0.05% max 60,500

Silico-manganese Mn: 60-65%, Si: 14-17%, C: 2.0% max, P: 0.35% max, S: 0.05% max

(iv) Alok Ferro-Alloys Ltd Silico-manganese NA 18,000 Raipur.

INDSIL Energy & HC ferro-manganese N A 25,000 Electrochemical Ltd Raipur, Chhattisgarh Silico-manganese Mn: 55% (min), 21,500 Si: 23-27%, C: 0.1 % (max)/0.2% (max)/0.3% (max), S: 0.02% (max), P:0.15% (max) (Contd.)

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Table - 3 (Contd.)

Name & location of the plant Product Specifications Installed capacity(tpy)

Sarda Energy & Minerals Ltd Ferro-manganese – 66,000 (Formerly Raipur Alloys Silico-manganese – – & Steel Ltd)

Chhattisgarh Electricity Co. Ltd HC ferro-manganese Mn: 70-75%, 36,000 Siltara, Raipur. Si: 1.5-2.0%, C: 6.0-8.0%, P: 0.35-0.40%, S: 0.05 (max)

Silico-manganese Mn: 60-65% , NA Si: 15-20%, C: 2.0-2.5%, P : 0.3-0.35 %, S: 0.05% (max) Nav-chrome Ltd HC ferro-manganese NA 21,560 Urla Industrial Area Silico-manganese NA Distt. Raipur. HC ferro-chrome NA 14,700

Deepak Ferro Alloys Ltd Ferro-manganese 5,000 Urla Industrial Area HC ferro-manganese Distt. Raipur. MC ferro-manganese Std. Specified LC ferro-manganese

Silico-manganese 5,000 Ferro-Silicon –

Ferro-chrome 5,000 LC ferro-chrome NA HC ferro-chrome Cr: 60-70%, Si: 2 to 4%, S : 0.05%, C: 6 to 8% Silico-chrome - - Others - -

Jindal Steel & Power Ltd HC Ferro-chrome Cr: 60-66%, 36,000 Kharsia, Distt. Raigarh. C: 6 to 8%, Si: 4% (max), P: 0.050 (max), S: 0.050 (max), Silico-manganese Mn: 60%, Si: 15%, P: 0.3% max -

Sai Chemical Pvt Ltd , Silico-manganese NA 10,200 Tadesara,Distt. Rajnandgaon

Goa Karthik Alloys Ltd NA NA 4,100 Cuncolin, Distt. South Goa.

Gujarat Essel Mining & Industries Ltd Ferro-vanadium V: 50%, C: 0.1% (max), 400 Vapi, Distt. Valsad. S and P: 0.05% each, Al: 1.5%

Ferro-molybdenum Mo: 60%, C: 0.1%, 1,200 S: 0.08%, P: 0.06%, Al: 0.5%

Ferro-titanium NA 600

Electro Ferro-Alloys (Pvt.) Ltd Ferro-molybdenum NA 300 Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Ferro-silico-zirconium

Baroda Ferro-Alloys HC ferro-chrome NA 3500 Distt. Panchmahals.

Haryana Haryana Ferro-Alloys Ltd –– 2,500 Gohana Road, Distt. Rohtak.

Jammu and Kashmir Shree Sitaram Industries Pvt. Ltd Ferro Chrome NA 3,325 Phase II, SIDCO Complex, Bari Brahmana. (Contd.)

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Table - 3 (Contd.)

Name & location of the plant Product Specifications Installed capacity(tpy)

Jharkhand Anjaneya Ferro Alloys Ltd, Ferro-silicon NA NA Mihijam Silico-manganese NA NA Dist. Dumka. Ferro-manganese NA NA

Bihar Foundry & Casting Ltd Silico-mangnese Si: 14%, Mn : 60% 34,000 (Unit Gautam Ferro Alloys)

Gautam Ferro-Alloys Ltd –– 5,500

Karnataka Sandur Manganese & Iron Ores Ltd HC ferro-manganese – 29,100 Vyasanakere, Distt. Bellary Silico-manganese 20,000 (Plant closed since 1.8.1998) Ferro-silicon 24,000

Dandeli Steel & Ferro Alloys Ltd Ferro-manganese Mn: 70-75%, C: 0.1%, 6,000 Dandeli, Distt. Uttar Kannada. Si: 2.4%, P : 0.15%, S: 0.05%, Size: 37 mm MC ferro-manganese Mn: 70-75%, C: 1.5%, P: 0.25%, Si: 2%, S: 0.05%

S.R. Chemicals & Ferro-alloys LC Ferro-manganese Mn: 70%, 25 KIADB Honaga, C: 0.1%, Distt.Belgaum P: 0.12%

Thermit Alloys (Pvt.) Ltd Ferro-manganese NA N-7, Industrial Estate Silico-manganese NA Distt. Shivamogga. Ferro-chrome NA 1,200 Ferro-silicon NA Silico-chrome NA

Kerala The Silical Metallurgic Ltd Silico-manganese Mn: 70-75% 3,600 Wayalur, Distt. Palakkad.

INDSIL Electrosmelts Ltd Silico-manganese NA NA Pallatheri, Distt. Palakkad. Ferro-silicon NA NA

INDSIL Hydro Power & Silico-manganese Mn: 55% (min), 14,400 Manganese Ltd Si: 23-27%, Distt.Palakkad, Kerala C: 0.1 % (max)/0.2% (max)/0.5% (max), S: 0.02% (max), P: 0.15% (max)

Shri Laxmi Electro Ferro-silicon NA NA Smelters (Pvt.) Ltd. Industrial Development Area Erumathala, P.O. Aluva - 683 105.

Madhya Pradesh MOIL Ltd HC ferro-manganese Mn:78±1%, 10,000 (formerly Manganese Ore (India) Ltd) Ferro-manganese Plant P: 0.35% (max), Bharweli (Manjhara), Distt. Balaghat. C: 6.8%

Jalan Ispat Castings Ltd Silico-manganese Mn: 60-65%, Si: 15-20%, 12,000 Industrial Area C: 2% (max), P: 0.35% Meghnagar, Distt. Jhabua.

Crescent Alloys Pvt. Ltd Ferro-silicon N.A. 4,500 Seoni. Ferro-manganese N.A. (Total)

S.R Ferro Alloys , Jhabua silico- mangenese NA 13,000

(Contd.)

6-10 FERRO-ALLOYS

Table - 3 (Contd.)

Name & location of the plant Product Specifications Installed capacity (tpy)

Maharashtra Chandrapur Ferro Alloy HC ferro-manganese Mn: 70-74 % and 74-78% , 50,000 Plant,(Erstwhile Maharashtra Si: 1.5% (max), Electrosmelt Ltd) C: 6.8%, P: 0.43%. (max) Distt.Chandrapur - 442 401. MC ferro-manganese Mn : 70-74% and 74-78% , 1,800 Si: 2% max, C: 1 - 3% , P: 0.4% max

LC ferro-manganese Mn: 70-74% and 74-78% , NA Si: 2% (max), C: 1.5% max, P: 0.4% max. Silico-manganese Mn: 60-65% and 65% Min, 32,765 Si: 15-20%, C: 2 % max, P: 0.35% max

Nagpur Power & Industries Ltd Silico-manganese Mn: 60-65%, P: 0.35% NA P.O. Khandelwal Nagar HC ferro-manganese Mn: 70-75%, P: 0.4% NA Distt. Nagpur.

Bharat Pulverising Mills Ltd Ferro-molybdenum NA 200 Andheri, Mumbai. Ferro-tungsten NA (Total) Ferro-vanadium NA Sunbel Alloys Co. of India Ltd Ferro-molybdenum NA 300 Thane-Belapur, Mumbai. Ferro-silicon NA (Total) Ferro-tungsten NA Ferro-vanadium NA

Natural Sugar and Allied HC Ferro-manganese Mn: 70-75%, (5 MVA) Ind. Ltd, Si: 2-2.5%, Sainagar, Ranjani, P: 0.4%, Distt. Osmanabad. C: 6-8%

Silico-manganese Mn: 60-65%, (6 MVA) Si: 13-15%, P: 0.3%, C: 2-2.5% Odisha Ferro Alloys Corporation Ltd HC ferro-chrome/ Cr: 60-64%, Si: 3-4%, 65,000 Ferro Chrome Plant Randia Charge-chrome C: 6-8%, P: 0.03-0.05% (max), D. P. Nagar Randia, Distt. Bhadrak. S: 0.03-0.05% (max)

Tata Steel Ltd, Ferro Manganese HC ferro-manganese Mn: + 70%, C: 6-8 %, 50,400 Plant, Joda, Si :0.3-2%, P: 0.2-0.4%, Distt. Keonjhar Silico-manganese Mn: 46-48%, Si: 14.56%, P: 0.197%

Tata Steel Alloys Ltd, Ferro-chrome 50,000 Ferro Alloy Plant Cuttack.

Tata Steel Ltd, Charge-chrome Cr: 60% (min), Si: 4% (max) , 55,000 Charge-chrome Plant C: 8% (max), P: 0.03% (max) , Bamnipal, Distt. Keonjhar. S: 0.03% (max)

Balasore Alloys Ltd, HC ferro-chrome Cr: 60-63% 110,000 Balgopalpur, Distt. Balasore. Si: 3.5% (max) Grade I (Formerly Ispat Alloys Ltd) C: 8.0% (max) Cr: 57-60% S: 4.0% (max) Grade II C: 8.0% (max)

(Contd.)

6-11 FERRO-ALLOYS

Table - 3 (Contd.)

Name & location of the plant Product Specifications Installed capacity (tpy) Jeypore Sugar Co. Ltd, HC ferro-chrome Cr: 60-65%, 22,000 (Ferro-manganese Plant) P: 0.055%, Distt. Rayagada. C: 2%, S: 0.05%, Si: 4%, Fe: Balance Silico-manganese Mn: 60-65%, 22,000 Si: 15-18%, C: 2% max. J. B. Ferro Alloys ,Ward - 2 LC ferro manganese NA 200 Barbil,

IDCOL Ferro Chrome & Alloys Ltd HC ferro-chrome Cr: 62-65%, 18,000 Jajpur Road, Distt. Jajpur. Si: 1.5 to 8%, C: 8% (max)

Indian Metals & Ferro Alloys Ltd., HC ferro-chrome/ Cr: 60% 62,500 (IMFA) Charge-chrome

Indian Metals & Ferro Alloys Ltd Ferro-silicon Si: 70-75%, 61,000 (IMFA), Therubali, Distt. Rayagada. HC ferro-chrome Cr: 60% 275,000

Superb-Metal alloys (Pvt.) Ltd Ferro-columbium NA 300 Rairangpur, Distt. Sundergarh Ferro-molybdenum (Total) Ferro-tungsten Ferro-vanadium

Jabamayee Ferro alloys Ltd. HC Ferro chrome NA 15660

M M Minerals & Alloys Pvt Ltd. HC Ferro Chrome NA 25000 Jamirdiha ,Distt. Mayurbhanj

T S Alloys Ltd. Anantpur , Cuttak HC Ferro Chrome NA 59400

Puducherry The Silical Metallurgic Ltd Ferro-silicon – 10,560 Ferro-silicon-magnesium – 1,800

VSK Ferro Alloys Ltd Ferro-silicon Si: 72.3%, C: 0.15%, 3,000 Thuthipet. S: 0.051%, Mn: 0.55%, P: 0.042%, Fe: 26.13%

Snam Alloys (Pvt.) Ltd Ferro-silicon NA 12,000 Kariamanikam, Ferro-silicon-magnesium Distt. Puducherry.

Punjab Mehra Ferro-Alloys Ferro-molybdenum NA 300 Verka, Amritsar. Ferro-vanadium (Total) Ferro-titanium Ferro-tungsten Ferro-boron Sikkim Akshay Ispat & Ferro Alloys Ltd, Ferro-silicon NA 6,000 Mamring, Namchi, Distt. South Sikkim.

Uttar Pradesh The India Thermit Corp. Ltd Ferro-molybdenum NA 300 Fazalganj,Distt. Kanpur. Ferro-titanium (Total) Ferro-chrome Ferro-boron Chromium metal LC ferro-manganese Ferro-vanadium (Contd.) 6-12 FERRO-ALLOYS

Table - 3 (Concld.)

Name & location of the plant Product Specifications Installed capacity(tpy)

Hindustan Ferro-Alloys Ferro-siIicon NA 3,200 Hamirpur. West Bengal Bhaskar Shrachi Alloys Ltd, Silico-manganese Si: 15% 24,000 Durgapur

Cosmic Ferro Tech. Ltd, HC ferro-manganese Mn: 66-71%, Si: 1.4% 45,375 Bishnupur, C: 6.5-7%, P: 0.3% Distt: Bankura. Silico-manganese Mn: 61-65%, Si: 15.5% C: 1.9%, P:0.28% Sri Gayatri Minerals Pvt. Ltd, HC silico-manganese Mn: 60-65% & 65% min, 24,000 WBIIDC Growth Centre, Si: 15% min & 16% min, Bishnupur, Bankura. C: 2% max, P: 0.3 max, S: 0.03 max Industrial Metals & Ferro Alloys LC Ferro Titanium NA 20 Jamuria, Burdwan. LC ferro Chrome NA 20

Hira Concast Ltd,Salanpur Silico-manganese NA 11,455 Burdwan Ferro manganese NA 15,225

Karthik Alloys Ltd (I & II) MC silico-manganese Mn: 54-56%, C: 0.2-0.5% Si: 22-25% 19,000 Durgapur. P: 0.15-0.2, S: 0.05%

LC silico-manganese Mn: 53-55%, C: 0.15-0.2% Si: 25-28% NA P: 0.15-0.2%, S: 0.05% Maithan Alloys Ltd, Ferro-manganese NA 52,600 Burdwan. Silico-manganese (Total) Ferro-chrome Monnet Ferro Alloys Ltd Silico-manganese NA 12,500 Burdwan.

Shyam Ferro Alloys Ltd HC silico-manganese NA 100,000 Burdwan. HC ferro-manganese (Total) HC ferro-chrome Srinivasa Ferro Alloys Ltd HC ferro-manganese Mn: 70-74%, 74-76% 10800 Durgapur,Burdwan. Si: 1.5% max, C: 6-8%,, P: 0.25, 0.30 and 0.40 max, S: 0.03 max HC silico-manganese Mn: 60-65% & 65% min 23,400 Si: 15% min & 16% min C: 2% max, P: 0.3% max, S: 0.03% max LC silico-manganese NA 5,400

Shri Vasavi Industries Ltd HC ferro-chrome Cr: 58-60%, Si: 2-4%, 45,000 WBIIDC Industrial Growth Centre, C: 8% max, P: 0.05% max (16MVA 1No. & Bishnupur, Distt. Bankura. S: 0.05% max 12MVA 1 No.)

Modern India Con-Cast Ltd, Bulk ferro-alloys – 22,000 WBIIDC Industrial Growth Centre, Bishnupur, Distt. Bankura.

Rohit Ferro Tech. Ltd HC ferro-chrome Cr: 60% (min), C: 8% (max) 45,375 Bishnupur, Distt. Bankura Si: 3.5% (max), P: 0.03% (max) S: 0.04% (max) Sharp Ferro Alloys Durgapur HC Silico Manganese NA 42500

Nilkantha Ferro Ltd., Bankura HC Silico Manganese NA 39960 Silico Manganese Slag NA 40200

Note: HC : High carbon. MC: Medium carbon. LC: Low carbon. Source: Information collected by IBM .

6-13 FERRO-ALLOYS

Table – 4 : Consumption of Principal Ferro-alloys, 2012-13 (P) (By Industries) (In tonnes)

Ferro-alloy Iron & steel Alloy steel Foundry Electrode Total

Ferro-aluminium 1165 (3) 57(1) –– 1222

Ferro-chrome 258800(15) 27600(12) 300(9) 200(4) 286900

Ferro-chrome-silicon – 460(1) –– 460

Ferro-manganese 116200(17) 6400(10) 500(18) 800(21) 123900

Ferro-molybdenum 162(11) 435(8) 50(8) 29(2) 676

Ferro-nickel – 2235(4) –– 2235

Ferro-niobium 1166(5) 0(1) –– 1166

Ferro-phosphorus 263(3) - 10(1) – 273

Ferro-silicon 35900(27) 3300(8) 2200(22) 400(7) 41800

Ferro-silicon-magnesium –– 13(2) – 13

Ferro-titanium 1037(9) 191(6) 4(1) 2(1) 1234

Ferro-tungsten – 18(2) –– 18

Ferro-vanadium 1079(11) 26(5) 4(1) – 1109

Silico-manganese 215500(28) 2000(3) 200(3) – 217700

Silico-vermiculite ---- 1600**

Note: Figures rounded off. Figures in parentheses denote the number of units in the organised sector reporting* consumption. (* Includes actual consumption and / or estimates made wherever required) (** Estimate based on Annual Returns)

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS AND FUTURE SCOPE

Studies reveal that depending on the ferro- utilisation of waste materials by converting them alloy manufactured, waste generation per day in into building materials will result in bringing down 35 tpd and 50 tpd ferro-silicon and ferro- the building material cost, and therefore, lead to chrome plants respectively, may be in the conservation of natural resources like clay and sand. following range: Domestic vanadium sludge is used for Silica fines: 7 to 8 tonnes/day producing ferro-vanadium by Essel Mining & Fe-Cr slag (fined boulder): 40 tonnes/day Industries Ltd, Gujarat. Charcoal & coke fines: 7 to 8 tonnes/day The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol To utilise the waste from ferro-alloys by European Union provides significant industries, a typical Fe-Si or Fe-Cr manufacturing opportunities for Ferro-alloys Industry in India unit can provide material for 10 small-scale units to implement CO2 reduction technologies, for manufacturing bricks and each unit can produce which could be traded in terms of carbon credits. 2,400 bricks per day. Other units which can be set Installation of an electricity generation facility up are board-and-briquette-making units. The driven by CO-rich furnace gas is an obvious

means by which CO2 saving could be achieved.

6-14 FERRO-ALLOYS

WORLD REVIEW which seem to had influence as per the different The major ferro-alloys producing countries circumstances that prevailed in different markets. were China, South Africa, India,Russia and Kazakhstan. Estimated world production of bulk SRC process (Show Denko,Japan) Outo Kumpu ferro-alloys of chromium, manganese and silicon was Process (Finland) are some of the energy saver well- about 36.8 million tonnes produced in 2011. The known processes which have been adopted in a large markets for the bulk alloys like high carbon ferro- scale in the world. manganese, silico-manganese, ferro-silicon and high carbon ferro-chrome showed varied responses to the World production of various ferro-alloys in fluctuations in steel and stainless steel production principal producing countries is furnished in Table-5.

Table - 5: World Production of Ferro-alloys, 2010 to 2012 (By Principal Countries) (In tonnes)

Country Ferro-alloy 2010 2011 2012

Australia FeMn &FeSiMn 219000 267000 198000

Brazil FeCr 172800 145000 165500

FeSiCr 13100 11600 12000e

FeSiMg 33600 20900 20000e

FeMn 87200 77000 80000e

FeSiMn 218700 218600 220000e

FeNi 23800 45600 94400

FeNb 77200 81900 50400

FeSi 247300 210900 204000

Others 36650 32700 35000e

Canada FeNb 4620 4620 4600e

FeSi 36786 31039 31000e

China FeCr ---

FeSiCr ---

Otherse 26100000 28400000 30000000

Colombia FeNi 145239 103371 138966

Dominican Republic FeNi - 34576 39000

Finland FeCr 238000 231000 229000

Francee FeMn 138100 130500 131000e

FeSiMn 62400 63400 64000e

FeSie 27000 59000 60000

(Contd.)

6-15 FERRO-ALLOYS

Tabe -5 (Contd.) Country Ferro-alloy 2010 2011 2012

Georgia FeSiMn 203791 242746 257421

FeMne 4500 4500 4500

Greece FeNie 69600 94000 96435

Iceland FeSi 114230 120076 131818

India FeAl 7538 7393 7400e FeCr 1003598 906556 900000e FeSiMg 19079 24452 25000e FeMn 402017 446733 450000e FeSiMn 1242139 1478403 1500000e FeMo 3090 4362 4100e FeSi 115164 127092 130000 FeTi 2172 2217 2200e FeV 1521 2459 2500e Others 595 730 700e

Japan FeCr 16208 17217 19392

FeMn 453265 456798 436171

FeSiMn 49865 49798 52287

FeMo 4615 5167 4616

FeNi 348420 279944 371913 FeV 4190 3980 4403

Others 16374 20913 19364

Kazakhstan FeCr 1311302 1289917 1305343

FeSiCr 159765 143296 164853

FeSiMn 224627 232039 251530

FeSi 4813 1683 464

Others 1283 1754 1845

New Caledonia FeNi 165506 169513 184476

Norway FeMne 130000 130000 130000

FeSiMn 281266 248700 266000

FeSi 200000e 170102 203865 Otherse 150000 150000 150000

(Contd.)

6-16 FERRO-ALLOYS

Tabe- 5 (Concld.) Country Ferro-alloy 2010 2011 2012

Russia Spiegeleisene 7000 7000 7000

FeCre 414000 414000 414000

FeSiCr 4200 4200e 4200e

FeMn 171000 170000e 170000e

FeSiMn 147900 148000e 148000e

FeMo 6491 6917 7018

FeNi 34363 34400e 34000e

FeSi 916000 916000e 916000e

FeV 13507 16683 14381

Otherse 34000 34000 34000

South Africa FeCr 3607132 3421911 3000000e

FeMne 517000 696000 654000

FeSiMne 273000 368000 346000

FeSie 128000 135000 133000

FeVe 19000 18000 16000

Sweden FeCr 64400 80140 35800

Ukraine FeMn 285643 187897 163921

FeSiMn 1000329 930337 823131

FeNi 102940 89903 119652

FeSi 253801 186306 150265

Others 28546 25126 22115

USA FeSi 370000 294000e 294000e

Venezuela FeMn 5300 12000 12000e

FeSiMn 16500 24000 24000e FeNi 45200 51800 50000e FeSi 76800 70000 70000e

Zimbabwe FeCr 154336 161839 60205

FeSi --- Source: World Minenral Production, 2008-2012 Note: FeAl : Ferro-aluminium; FeCr : Ferro-chrome; FeSiCr : Ferro-silico-chrome; FeSiMg : Ferro-Silico-magnesium; FeMn : Ferro-manganese; FeSiMn : Ferro-silico-manganese; FeMo : Ferro-molybdenum; FeNi : Ferro-nickel; FeNb : Ferro-niobium; FeSi : Ferro-silicon; FeTi : Ferro-titanium; FeV : Ferro-vanadium. * India`s production of ferro- alloys duning 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12 is furnished in Table-2

6-17 FERRO-ALLOYS

FOREIGN TRADE silicon accounted for about 48% followed by ferro- Exports manganese (15%), ferro-chrome (12% ), ferro-nickel In 2012-13, exports of ferro-alloys (11%), Charge-chrome (7%).Other ferro-alloys increased to 16,83,184 tonnes valued at `10,196 together accounted for remaining 7% of imports in crore from 15,32,694 tonnes valued at `8,399 2012-13. Imports were mainly from Bhutan (29%), crore in the previous year. In terms of quantity, followed by South Africa (19%), China (12%), Russia exports of ferro-silico-manganese accounted for (11%), Japan (4%), Brazil and Korea, Rep. of (3 % 58%, followed by ferro-chrome (31%), ferro- each) (Tables 25 to 42 ). manganese (9%) and ferro-silicon (1%) in 2012- Table – 7: Exports of Ferro-Boron 13. The other ferro-alloys together accounted for (By Countries) remaining 1% of exports. Exports were mainly to China (15%), Korea Rep. of and Japan (13% 2011-12 2012-13 Country each), Italy (9%) , Netherlands (8%), Chinese Qty Value Qty Value `' `' Taipei/Taiwan (7%), Turkey (5%), Thailand (3%) (t) ( 000) (t) ( 000)

Malaysia (2%), (Tables 6 to 24). All Countries 2 351 2 721

Turkey ++ 54 2 518 Imports Imports of ferro-alloys increased from South Africa -- ++ 120 2,78,759 tonnes valued at `2,975 crore in Malaysia -- ++ 83 ` 2011-12 to 2,79,513 tonnes valued at 3,580 crore Other countries 2 298 -- in 2012-13. In terms of quantity, imports of ferro-

Table – 6: Exports of Ferro-alloys : Total Table – 8: Exports of Ferro-Chrome (By Countries) (By Countries)

2011-12 2012-13 2011-12 2012-13 Country Country Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000)

All Countries 1532694 83992729 1683184 101964984 All Countries 567660 32760788 517724 33106639

China 262806 13921073 245642 15278647 China 245642 13193611 245144 15250717

Korea, Rep. of 25190414870177 217385 13777872 Korea, Rep. of 202332 12183073 159571 10438817

Japan 169033 9418853 212217 12776226 Japan 47370 2951185 60133 3929700

Italy 147463 7653418 158022 8539944 Italy 7751 492216 12245 815454

Netherlands 116918 6526764 138420 7609477 USA 10781 659470 7255 491045

Chinese Taipei/ Chile 3830 276384 4717 356044 Taiwan 86355 4564768 126260 7003718 Mexico 4374 277161 4289 312442 Turkey 61653 3058679 79635 4589460 Netherlands 6665 4093455 5093 293152 Thailand 40277 2121576 45050 2593819 Belgium 3719 116316 4935 219083 UAE 12565 653358 18558 2367040 Egypt 3177 222985 2724 192241 Malaysia 28546 1585769 28290 2254976 Other countries 32019 1979042 11618 807944 Other countries 355174 19618294 413405 25173805

6-18 FERRO-ALLOYS

Table – 9: Exports of Charge-Chrome Table – 12: Exports of Ferro-Nickel (By Countries) (By Country)

2011-12 2012-13 Country 2011-12 2012-13 Qty Value Qty Value (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) Country Qty Value Qty Value All Countries 39 4709 66 7286 (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) Morocco -- 21 3317 Chinese Taipei/ All Countries ++ 413 1715 1800674 Taiwan - - 27 1689 UAE -- 1214 1279043 Bahrain -- 10 1463 Saudi Arabia 9 1854 6 411 Malaysia -- 501 521631 Nigeria 1 188 2 406 Other countries ++ 413 -- Other countries 29 2667 --

Table – 10: Exports of Ferro-Manganese Table – 13: Exports of Ferro-Niobium (By Countries) (By Countries)

2011-12 2012-13 Country Qty Value Qty Value 2011-12 2012-13 (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) Country Qty Value Qty Value All Countries 159122 8379784 157871 8857051 Iran 31554 1817548 23890 1359877 (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) Chinese Taipei/ Taiwan 14348 698794 19288 1029528 All Countries 14 6445 1 1737 Korea, Rep of 13915 682031 13624 782804 Singapore -- 1 1653 Saudi Arabia 8513 337637 12065 698541 Italy 13037 659247 13227 690636 USA -- ++ 50 Netherlands 14373 738951 10113 558440 Indonesia -- ++ 24 Japan 3047 172417 9578 504479 UAE 4267 241572 7425 404864 Nepal -- ++ 10 Pakistan 7319 371278 6755 348669 Other countries 14 6445 -- US A 3337 284109 3806 329551 Other countries 45412 2376200 38100 2149662

Table –14 : Exports of Ferro-Phosphorus Table – 11: Exports of Ferro-Molybdenum (By Countries) (By Countries)

2011-12 2012-13 2011-12 2012-13 Country Country Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) All Countries 292 223797 735 447766 Netherlands 145 159396 220 229684 All Countries 240 6401 18 1555 Belgium 5 5062 150 83456 Saudi Arabia 11 1754 60 65386 Sweden 10 727 10 644 UAE 26 26135 20 18741 South Africa -- 33 12383 Morocco -- 3 384 Israel 1 1827 7 7647 Chile 4 7282 3 5486 UK 23 1118 ++ 353 Oman 25 4496 38 4351 Pakistan 16 7828 61 4136 Pakistan -- 5 174 USA -- 20 2665 Other countries 207 4556 -- Other countries 59 10019 123 13831

6-19 FERRO-ALLOYS

Table – 15 : Exports of Ferro-Silico- Table – 18: Exports of Ferro-Silicon Chrome (By Countries) (By Countries) 2011-12 2012-13 Country 2011-12 2012-13 Qty Value Qty Value Country (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) Qty Value Qty Value (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) All Countries 46422 3265270 18824 1459548 All Countries 15 903 363 20551 Brazil 1950 160827 2267 196300 UAE -- 360 20301 Netherlands 16442 1147146 2706 188083 Ivory Coast/ Italy 11704 780199 1883 140270 Cote-D Ivoire -- 3 250 Japan 630 57815 1577 121531 Other countries 15 903 -- Oman 855 61818 1601 118819 Table – 16 : Exports of Ferro-Silico- Magnesium Slovenia 1752 131383 881 78486 (By Countries) Turkey 1244 97666 961 73090 USA 350 37048 545 62320 2011-12 2012-13 Lithuania 770 49832 790 55869 Country Korea, Rep. of 308 27805 409 38936 Qty Value Qty Value (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) Other countries 10417 713731 5204 385844

All Countries 7047 688615 9114 947969 Table – 19 : Exports of Ferro-Titanium (By Countries) Turkey 1459 128831 2585 241383 Iran 1094 121686 1022 119022 USA -- 897 86270 2011-12 2012-13 Country Saudi Arabia 290 29733 729 79528 Qty Value Qty Value Mexico 105 16537 566 74210 (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) Oman 588 67850 598 72593 All Countries 1041 56766 116 21763 Spain 349 38485 500 59551 Iran 25 1264 50 16093 Brazil 878 63472 467 43468 Brazil 2 415 5 1356 Slovenia 424 37429 294 23548 Turkey 5 752 6 1179 South Africa -- 193 20018 Belgium 8 1513 3 695 Other countries 1860 184592 1263 128378 Finland 2 380 12 652 Mexico ++ 38 2 393 Table – 17 : Exports of Ferro-Silico- Morocco -- 16 282 Manganese USA 1 32 17 237 (By Countries) Indonesia -- 1 202 Philippines 20 1058 1 184 2011-12 2012-13 Other countries 978 51314 3 490 Country Qty Value Qty Value (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) Table – 20 : Exports of Ferro-Tungsten (By Countries) All Countries 732424 37641216 970056 54166178 2011-12 2012-13 Japan 117435 6216684 140279 8195293 Country Italy 113822 5629064 129781 6821833 Qty Value Qty Value Netherlands 78641 4036383 120030 6147420 (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) Chinese Taipei/ All Countries 16 5239 157 28124 Taiwan 69771 3741670 105812 5900807 Bhutan -- 40 8000 Turkey 51811 2437868 74024 4138538 Netherlands -- 5 7266 UK -- 40 4618 Korea, Rep. of 34733 1949138 43560 2510111 Nepal 6 422 56 3975 Thailand 36587 1896699 39463 2252377 Finland 9 3850 12 3082 South Africa -- 2 491 Bulgaria 7377 385543 33866 1881601 Indonesia -- ++ 288 Malaysia 25434 1392437 24729 1482419 Saudi Arabia 1 885 2 277 Philippines ++ 82 ++ 127 Ukraine 39428 2135708 23496 1332909 Other countries –– -- Other countries 157385 7820022 235016 13502870

6-20 FERRO-ALLOYS

Table – 21: Exports of Ferro-Vanadium Table – 24: Exports of Ferro-alloys (By Countries) (Others) (By Countries)

2011-12 2012-13 Country 2011-12 2012-13 Qty Value Qty Value Country (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) Qty Value Qty Value (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) All Countries 209 92494 488 458454 All Countries 18024 844699 5928 632197 Netherlands ++ 87 155 176430 Iran 2860 335758 2471 341386 UAE 74 62381 75 77107 Saudi Arabia 58 10128 1006 124403 Iran ++ 928 55 65162 Italy 600 45792 737 58103 Bahrain -- 361 47963 USA 5 6134 56 48040 Japan 540 20323 649 25105 Malaysia 22 9408 32 43266 Korea, Rep. of 548 26272 220 7099 Nepal 2727 63976 138 5802 Sri Lanka -- 20 14249 Netherlands 70 2197 50 4054 Vietnam -- 9 12717 Oman -- 38 3425 Mauritius 103 9530 76 12513 Kuwait ++ 65 10 2210 Belgium -- 5 6391 Other countries 10621 340188 248 12647 Turkey 1 1185 3 1152 Table – 25: Imports of Ferro-alloys: Total (By Countries) Other countries 4 2841 2 1427

2011-12 2012-13 Country Table – 22: Exports of Ferro-Columbium Qty Value Qty Value (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) (By Countries) All Countries 278759 29752569 279513 35802706 2011-12 2012-13 Bhutan 76257 4624446 80858 5168900 Country Japan 1733 1235940 10999 4304287 Qty Value Qty Value Brazil 7629 2885826 8696 3732575 (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) China 49124 4810101 33194 3372610 All Countries 2 3711 4 6180 South Africa 60465 3523592 53960 3264946 Israel 1 1807 3 5568 Russia 26747 2953020 31364 3101468 Turkey -- ++ 507 Greece 1478 1254061 6898 1962810 Columbia 91 44032 2978 1514932 Philippines -- 1 85 Korea, Rep. of 3721 1146631 9557 1473421 Australia -- ++ 11 New Caledonia 625 553722 4564 1305123 Guyana -- ++ 9 Other countries 50889 6721198 36445 6601634 Other countries 1 1904 --

Table – 26: Imports of Ferro-Boron Table – 23: Exports of Ferro-Zirconium (By Countries) (By Countries)

2011-12 2012-13 2011-12 2012-13 Country Country Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) All Countries 642 124181 779 154825 All Countries 115 10269 2 541 China 629 120979 749 149174 New Zealand -- 10 1976 Indonesia 1 388 2 497 US A -- 10 1924 Malaysia -- ++ 44 Singapore -- 5 955 Germany 11 2669 5 795 Other countries 114 9881 -- Other countries 2 533 ++ 1

6-21 FERRO-ALLOYS

Table – 27: Imports of Ferro-Chrome Table – 30: Imports of Ferro-Molybdenum (By Countries) (By Countries)

2011-12 2012-13 2011-12 2012-13 Country Country Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) All Countries 1067 1541479 656 870906 All Countries 32064 3694428 33728 3982920 Korea, Rep. of 437 639673 374 493127 Russia 9945 1423301 12508 1630942 China 287 396790 97 110998 South Africa 11222 855724 10923 872313 Belgium -- 38 59102 China 3046 382487 2527 405125 Russia 158 270952 40 55689 Kazakhstan 2136 222984 3260 386281 Austria -- 28 43906 UK -- 26 33259 Brazil 1545 211217 2091 318368 Italy 34 37578 14 21858 Turkey 566 68919 353 63122 Thailand 6 9189 12 19860 Chinese Taipei/ Taiwan 213 25413 327 35184 Japan 6 10234 10 10052 Germany 527 93100 166 32275 ChineseTaipei / Taiwan 12 21344 4 6907 Hong Kong __ 183 26419 Other countries 127 155719 13 16148 Switzerland 73 6784 158 25072 Other countries 2791 404499 1232 187819 Table – 31: Imports of Ferro-Nickel Table – 28: Imports of Ferro-alloys Charge- (By Countries) Chrome (By Countries) 2011-12 2012-13 Country

Qty Value Qty Value (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) 2011-12 2012-13 Country All Countries 6864 4796001 31801 12198988 Qty Value Qty Value (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) Japan 1063 1130376 10692 4169302 Greece 1441 1249606 6898 1962810 All Countries 34731 1847286 19440 1073849 Columbia 91 44032 2978 1514932 South Africa 33732 1792726 19241 1055102 New Caledonia 625 553722 4564 1305123 Brazil 1898 706078 3153 1272222 China 999 54560 162 9997 Macedonia 749 729494 1895 1237825 Russia -- 37 8750 Venezuela 230 72718 728 170840 UAE -- 152 131224 Table – 29: Imports of Ferro-Manganese Albania -- 101 100894 (By Countries) Korea, Rep of -- 98 93275 Other countries 767 309975 542 240541

2011-12 2012-13 Table – 32: Imports of Ferro-Niobium Country

Qty Value Qty Value (By Countries) (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) 2011-12 2012-13 Country All Countries 24660 1732494 41942 2805528 Qty Value Qty Value South Africa 12854 676374 23185 1203180 (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) Korea Rep. of 2323 212855 8762 783701 All Countries 1660 2355931 1380 2650527 Norway 6283 584499 5043 463727 Brazil 1114 1571089 951 1770662 China 1298 113479 982 86751 Canada 3 7155 194 379197 Germany 224 14572 760 37490 Singapore 433 593817 131 317240 China 29 57986 30 49479 Bahrain 267 13425 700 34094 Italy -- 27 47310 Russia 45 6734 458 33060 Korea, Rep. of 2 4646 12 28110 Chinese Taipei/ USA 22 28576 10 15982 Taiwan 40 3290 270 27102 Iraq -- 10 15881 Italy 1 56 353 25538 Netherlands -- 7 15144 UAE 54 4345 375 19878 Finland -- 5 6650 Other countries 1271 102865 1054 91007 Other countries 57 92662 3 4872

6-22 FERRO-ALLOYS

Table – 33: Imports of Ferro-Phosphorous Table – 36: Imports of Ferro-Silico- (By Countries) Magnesium (By Countries) 2011-12 2012-13 Country Qty Value Qty Value (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) 2011-12 2012-13 Country All Countries 2373 56798 1739 46328 Qty Value Qty Value China 2073 48054 1470 36122 (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) Sweden 5 1257 38 3223 Germany All Countries 2227 235038 906 101364 Germany 27 597 74 1746 Turkey -- 72 1739 China 896 80421 627 65819 UK 6 1311 6 1409 Norway 103 13875 125 16835 Italy -- 27 704 Romania 623 -- 26 South Africa -- 42 5232 Iran 116 2470 24 527 Japan 21 376 2 235 Russia 50 3367 41 5147 Other countries 125 2733 -- Netherlands -- 40 4827

Table – 34: Imports of Ferro-Silico- Chile -- 20 2471 Chrome (By Countries) Hong Kong -- 11 1033

Other countries 1178 137375 -- 2011-12 2012-13 Country Qty Value Qty Value Table – 37: Imports of Ferro-Silicon (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) (By Countries) All Countries 107 7137 20 1630 2011-12 2012-13 Kazakhstan -- 20 1630 Country Other countries 107 7317 -- Qty Value Qty Value (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000)

Table – 35: Imports of Ferro-Silico- All Countries 148759 10206947 134834 9419073 Manganese Bhutan 76095 4612859 80858 5168900 (By Countries) China 35597 2656121 23440 1766232

2011-12 2012-13 Russia 15986 1106475 18060 1278185 Country Qty Value Qty Value France 3701 444563 2895 378359 (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) Norway 2605 343154 2212 280304 All Countries 13223 529245 2612 140282 Vietnam 3906 257824 2439 173281 Norway 400 31392 601 57310 Egypt 2552 120337 1838 93617 Saudi Arabia 8229 283869 1529 51763 Brazil 381 43880 491 50728 South Africa 2472 90782 315 16033 Kuwait -- 553 33383 China 211 18041 103 10324 Chinese Taipei/ Thailand -- 60 4595 Taiwan 306 23252 271 22554 Malaysia -- 4 257 Other countries 7630 598482 1777 173530 Other countries 1911 105161 --

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Table – 38: Imports of Ferro-Titanium Table – 40 : Imports of Ferro-Vanadium (By Countries) (By Countries)

2011-12 2012-13 2011-12 2012-13 Country Country Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000)

All Countries 1370 496047 1631 594182 All Countries 907 1098356 577 744080 UK 574 216688 1098 413148 China 359 421152 254 339763 Canada 321 116138 199 74675 Japan 36 43084 72 94682 Russia 191 65815 204 70621 South Africa 78 100498 72 92029 Korea, Rep. of 13 4521 31 12387 Switzerland 24 28872 57 74748 China 24 7354 28 8265 Brazil 10 13940 50 41104 Finland -- 17 5977 USA 85 87462 19 30671 Thailand -- 10 4024 Korea , Rep. of 166 206860 22 29180 USA -- 40 3832 Russia 21 26235 16 19074 Qatar -- 4 1253 Vietnam -- 6 11230 Other countries 247 85531 -- Netherlands -- 4 5903 Other countries 128 170253 5 5696 Table – 39: Imports of Ferro-Tungsten (By Countries) Table – 41: Imports of Ferro-Zirconium (By Countries) 2011-12 2012-13 Country Qty Value Qty Value 2011-12 2012-13 (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) Country Qty Value Qty Value All Countries 10 23797 16 35707 (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000) China 6 14360 7 16303 All Countries 689 75704 215 34646 Brazil 2 4990 3 7382 China 513 54159 146 24336 France -- 3 6358 Japan -- 25 3767 Korea, Rep.of -- 2 4599 Egypt -- 24 3600 Vietnam -- 1 1028 Korea, Rep.of -- 20 2943 USA -- ++ 37 Other countries 2 4447 -- Other countries 176 21545 --

Table – 42: Imports of Ferro-alloys (Others) (By Countries)

2011-12 2012-13 Country Qty Value Qty Value (t) (`'000) (t) (`'000)

All Countries 7406 931700 7237 945413 Argentina 1485 191444 2088 294374 China 3050 377022 2572 293924 Brazil 2179 275420 1957 272109 Norway 98 13888 213 35125 Sweden -- 150 11390 Vietnam -- 62 7893 Dominican Rep. -- 48 7030 South Africa 1 902 21 4503 UK 3 951 10 4153 Netherlands -- 19 4122 Other countries 590 72073 97 10790

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FUTURE OUTLOOK because of its robust economy, massive infrastructure needs and expansion of industrial Depending on the process of steel making production. India is expected to become one of and the type of steel being manufactured, the the leading steel consuming nations in the next requirement of diffrent ferro alloys varies decade. In this scenario, the Ferro Alloy Industry widely. According to IFAPA, on an average, about estimates that the consumption of Ferro Alloys 30 to 40% production of ferro-alloys is will increase domestically and internationally exported. The Industry output has always been in the coming years. Some of the Ferro Alloy surplus and meeting the demand of the domestic Producers have already gone for expansion and steel industry. India has also established itself some new units are coming up. as one of the regular and leading exporters of ferro-chrome and silico-manganese in the world. Indian Ferro-alloys Industry has immense The ferro-alloys industry in India has a potential and capability to compete in the capacity of 5.15 million tonnes and is international market. There is a need to accounted for nearly 10% of the world’s ferro encourage the Indian Ferro-alloys Industry for alloys production. It is among the 10 largest setting up captive power plants and also allocate producers of the material in the world. At coal linkages for the same. The prospects for present, industry is facing few issues related to the Ferro-alloys industry is bright provided high input prices of manganese and chrome ore, innovations are made in the process technology coal, coke and a high energy tariff. On the other & plant equipment design, and new cost-effective hand the ferro alloy producers are also facing the product mix is frequented at. problem of price in adequacy and instability on The fall in the demand for ferro-alloys their production. globally, and the re-emergence of China as a major However, India is expected to show strong exporter and the threat of imports are some of the growth in usage of steel in the coming years factors that the Indian-ferro alloys industry would need to tackle.

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