PROGRAMME AND ABSTRACT BOOK

Edited by Ewa Głowniak, Agnieszka Wasiłowska, Paulina Leonowicz IX ProGEO Symposium

Geoheritage and Conservation: Modern Approaches and Applications Towards the 2030 Agenda

Chęciny, Poland 25-28th June 2018

PROGRAMME AND ABSTRACT BOOK

Edited by Ewa Głowniak, Agnieszka Wasiłowska, Paulina Leonowicz This publication was co-financed by Foundation of University of Warsaw and ProGEO – The European Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage

Editors: Ewa Głowniak, Agnieszka Wasiłowska, Paulina Leonowicz

Editorial Office: Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, 93 Żwirki i Wigury Street, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland

Symposium Logo design: Łucja Stachurska

Layout and typesetting: Aleksandra Szmielew

Cover Photo: A block scree of Cambrian quartzitic sandstones on the slope of the Łysa Góra Range – relict of frost weathering during the Pleistocene. Photograph by Peter Pervesler

Example reference: Dunlop, L. 2018. Natural Capital – placing a value on geoconservation within a landscape framework in the UK. In: E. Głowniak, A. Wasiłowska, P. Leonowicz (Eds), Geoheritage and Conservation: Modern Approaches and Applications Towards the 2030 Agenda. 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 25-28th June 2018 Programme and Abstract Book, p. 25. Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw.

Print: GIMPO Agencja Wydawniczo-Poligraficzna, Marii Grzegorzewskiej 8, 02-778 Warsaw, Poland

©2018 Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw

ISBN 978-83-945216-5-3

The content of abstracts are the sole responsibility of the authors

Organised by Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Science Kielce Geopark Polish Geological Institue – National Reserach Institute

Under the auspices of ProGEO – The European Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage IUGS International Commission on GeoHeritage IUCN WCPA Geoheritage Specialist Group Marshal of the Holy Cross Province Mayor of the Chęciny Town and Municipality Rector of the University of Warsaw

Co-financed by Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw ProGEO – The European Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage Rector of the University of Warsaw University of Warsaw Foundation

Partners European Center of Geological of the University of Warsaw Bochnia Salt Mine of the Kielce Village Ojców National Park Journal of GeoHeritage PATRONS

PARTNERS

THE ORGANISING COMMITTEE WOULD LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE VALUABLE SUPPORT OF OUR PATRONS AND PARTNERS CONTENTS

Programme Timetable ...... 11

Keynote Speakers ...... 18 Juana Vegas ...... 18 Kyung Sik Woo ...... 18

Abstracts in thematic order ...... 19 Keynote Lectures ...... 19 Vegas Juana. Geoconservation from the public administrations: Fifty years of work at the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME) ...... 19 Woo Kyung Sik, Ju Seong Ok, Brilha José. Key Geoheritage Area: A potential new programme in IUCN for geoheritage conservation ...... 20

Session A: Geoconservation and landscape management ...... 21 Oral presentations ...... 21 Cernatič Gregorič Anica. Typical landforms of Kras (Slovenia), an important constituent part of the Karst landscape and possibilities for their conservation ...... 21 Díaz-Martínez Enrique, Charles Nicolas, García-Cortés Ángel, Vegas Juana. European cooperation towards the promotion of geoconservation in Africa ...... 23 Dunlop Lesley. Natural Capital – placing a value on geoconservation within a landscape framework in the UK ...... 25 Forte João, Matias Maria Isabel, de Moura Pereira Pascal, Brandão Coelho Luís. Geodiversity in the Terras de Coura Landscape Plan ...... 26 Karancsi Zoltán, Horváth Gergely, Csüllög Gábor, Szabó Mária. The role of the landscape aesthetic values in the geotourism ...... 28 Lah Marvy. Evaluation of within the Cultural Heritage Protection System ...... 30 Lee Kuang-Chung. Enhancing Community–School Partnership for Rural Landscape Conservation: a case study in Taiwan ...... 31 de Siqueira Canesin Thais, Brilha José, Díaz-Martínez Enrique. Geoconservation and management strategies: A case study with two Spanish UNESCO Global Geoparks ...... 33 Urban Jan, Margielewski Włodzimierz, Radwanek-Bąk Barbara. Concepts of geoheritage and geosite in a strategy and practice of geoconservation and geology promotion ...... 34 Posters ...... 36 Bajraktari Fadil, Behrami Sami, Zogaj Nazmi, Avdia Blerta. Protected areas at the cross-border region Kosovo–Albania ...... 36 Moura Pâmella, Motta Garcia Maria da Glória, Brilha José. Enhancing geoconservation strategies by quantitative assessment of geosites in the Ceará Central Domain, Northeastern Brazil ...... 37 Zboińska Katarzyna, Tarka Robert, Szadkowski Mateusz. Protection of inanimate nature in Lower Silesia (Poland) ...... 39 Zwoliński Zbigniew. Spatial scales of geodiversity and landform taxonomic hierarchy ...... 41

Session B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities ...... 42 Oral presentations ...... 42 Bąbel Maciej, Jarzyna Adrian, Ługowski Damian, Bogucki Andriy, Yatsyshyn Andriy, Nejbert Krzysztof, Olszewska-Nejbert Danuta. 3D documentation, monitoring and origin of the hydration caves from the unique outcrop of weathering anhydrites at Pisky near Lviv (Ukraine) ...... 42

6 CONTENTS

Corbí Hugo, Martín-Rojas Ivan, Martínez-Martínez Javier. Linking geological and architectural heritage through a 3D geological model of a historical quarry ...... 44 Cropp David. The Geo-Village: from concept to reality ...... 46 Evans Ben. TIPical Valleys: reintroducing local people to iconic mineral spoil landscapes in the South Wales Coalfield ...... 47 Kubalíková Lucie. Bringing geoheritage to people: developing geotourism within urban areas – a case study of Brno (Czech Republic) ...... 48 Machalski Marcin, Liwiński Wiesław. Geotourism as a vehicle for geoconservation: the case of an abandoned phosphorite mine at Annopol, Poland ...... 50 Pieńkowski Grzegorz, Fijałkowska-Mader Anna. Geological and cultural heritage of the proposed Kamienna Valley Geopark, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland ...... 52 Pivko Daniel. Stones in history of Slovakian territory and tourist interesting places ...... 54 Prosser Colin. Using quarries to link communities to their geoheritage ...... 55 Schweigert Günter, Roth Sigfried. Geopark Schwäbische Alb – an outstanding area for Jurassic and Miocene palaeontology and Pleistocene human ...... 57 Telbisz Tamás, Gruber Péter, Kőszegi Margit, Mari László, Standovár Tibor, Bottlik Zsolt. Geoconservation – an opportunity for people living on karst terrains? A case study of the Aggtelek National Park (Hungary) ...... 59 Vajskebrová Markéta, Gürtlerová Pavla, Svítil Radek. Systematic data collecting and appropriate ways of their presentations for effective protection of the geological heritage ...... 61 Zgłobicki Wojciech, Gajek Grzegorz, Kołodyńska-Gawrysiak Renata. Educational value of quarries located within the proposed Geopark Małopolska Vistula River Gap, Eastern Poland ...... 63 Posters ...... 65 Bąbel Maciej, Jarzyna Adrian, Ługowski Damian, Vladi Firouz, Bogucki Andriy, Yatsyshyn Andriy, Nejbert Krzysztof, Olszewska-Nejbert Danuta, Kotowski Jakub, Kremer Barbara, Tomeniuk Olena. The hydration caves as a unique geological heritage ...... 65 Baráz Csaba, Holló Sándor, Telbisz Tamás. Creation of a new geopark in the Bükk Region (Hungary) – a bottom-up initiative ...... 67 Brzezińska-Wójcik Teresa, Skowronek Ewa. Heritage of the Brusno stone work centre as an opportunity to develop and promote rural areas of Roztocze Region (Southeastern Poland) ...... 69 Fermeli Georgia, Koutsouveli Anastasia. The conglomerates of Meteora: a geological heritage monument of Greece ...... 71 Jamorska Izabela, Karasiewicz Tomasz, Tylmann Karol. Geodiversity and geoheritage of the glacial landscape areas in Poland ...... 73 Kałaska Maciej, Siuda Rafał, Sierpień Paula. Application of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and geochemical survey to investigations of old mining center in Radzimowice (Lower Silesia, SW Poland) ...... 74 Kazancı Nizamettin, Suludere Yaşar, Şaroğlu Fuat, Gürbüz Alper, Özgüneylioğlu Aysen, Mülazımoğlu Necip S., Mengi Hamdi, Arslan Sonay Boyraz, Gürbüz Esra, Yücel Tahsin Onur, Ersöz Merve, İnaner Hülya. Archaeological and historical mines in Turkey as instruments for public awareness on geoconservation: JEMİRKO Project ...... 76 Kociuba Waldemar, Brzezińska-Wójcik Teresa, Skowronek Ewa. High-resolution Terrestrial Laser Scanning as a tool for acquisition and analysis data of geo-and cultural heritage: an example from the Roztocze Region (Southeastern Poland) ...... 77 Koźma Jacek. The use of post-mining landscape for geotouristic purposes in Geopark – by the example of the Polish part of UNESCO Global Geopark Muskau Arch ...... 79 Nikolić Gojko R. Geodiversity and biodiversity complementary in nature protection in Montenegro ...... 81

7 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Özkul Mehmet, Gökgöz Ali, Yüksel Ali Kamil. Travertine Spring Towers as rare depositional morphologies in geothermal fields: the example of the Hisaralan Geothermal Field in NW Turkey ...... 83 Weis Robert, Di Cencio Andrea. Geoheritage in the Red Rock Region, Southern Luxembourg: towards an integrative view of natural diversity in a cultural landscape? ...... 84 Woodward Dilyara, Ivanova Natalуa, Yegemberdieva Kamshat, Akiyanova Farida, Fishman Il’ya. Mangistau Aspiring Geopark () ...... 86

Session C: Moveable geoheritage and science ...... 88 Oral presentations ...... 88 Kazancı Nizamettin. Mucurtachylites: an ‘astrobleme category’ geosite in the inventory list of Turkey ...... 88 Posters ...... 89 Fijałkowska-Mader Anna. Use of ‘rose-like’ calcite for determination of age and origin of the calcite minerals in the Holy Cross Mountains (Southern Poland) ...... 89 Özgen Erdem Nazire, Kazancı Nizamettin. Local fossil sites: a new proposal to be included in the national geological frameworks of Turkey ...... 91

Session D: Geoconservation in protected areas and nature conservation strategies ...... 92 Oral presentations ...... 92 Ásbjörnsdóttir Lovísa, Þorvarðardóttir Guðríður. Selecting important geoheritage for a conservation strategy plan in Iceland ...... 92 Mari László, Telbisz Tamás. European National Parks with karst landscapes ...... 94 Matthews Jack J., McMahon Sean. Exogeoconservation: Protecting Geological Heritage on Celestial Bodies ...... 96 Monge-Ganuzas Manu, Salazar Ángel, Herrero Nadia, Guillén-Mondéjar Francisco, HilarioAsier, Lorente Javier, Mata-Perelló Josep María, Utiel Juan Carlos, Díaz-Martínez Enrique. Spanish achievements and initiatives towards geoconservation: 2018 update ...... 97 Monge-Ganuzas Manu, Salazar Ángel, Herrero Nadia, Guillén-Mondéjar Francisco, Hilario Asier, Mata-Perelló Josep M., Utiel Juan C., Díaz-Martínez Enrique. The inclusion of the geodiversity and geoheritage in the Ordesa-Viñamala Action Plan 2017 – 2025 for the Spanish Network of Biosphere Reserves (SNBR) ...... 99 Motta Garcia Maria da Glória, Brilha José, de Gouveia Souza Célia Regina, Del Lama Eliane Aparecida. Preliminary assessment of ecosystem services provided by geodiversity in the coastal region of the state of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil ...... 101 Novak Matevž, Stupar Martina. Geoheritage in Slovenia – a short overview ...... 103 Seghedi Antoneta. Geosites in the area of Dobrogea, Romania, and the need for local geodiversity action plans ...... 105 Woo Kyung Sik, Sohn Young Kwan, Kil Youngwoo. The aspiring Hantangang Global Geopark in Korea: its international geological significance and justification for UNESCO Global Geopark ...... 107 Posters ...... 108 Grabarczyk Anna, Stróżyk Katarzyna. Natural and social aspects of the selection of the GSSP; the case of the Słupia Nadbrzeżna river cliff section (Central Poland), the candidate stratotype for the basal boundary of the Coniacian Stage (Upper Cretaceous) ...... 108 Matthews Jack J. Discovery Aspiring Geopark: A candidate for UNESCO Global Geopark from the Bonavista Peninsula of Newfoundland ...... 110 Trela Wiesław, Szrek Piotr, Salwa Sylwester. Land of Tetrapod and Petrified Dunes: geoheritage of proposed geopark in the western part of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland...... 111

8 CONTENTS

Woo Kyung Sik, Chun Seung Soo, Moon Kyong O. Outstanding Universal Values of the Korean Archipelago Getbol: Its potential for World Heritage Nomination ...... 113 Session E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism ...... 114 Oral presentations ...... 114 Corbí Hugo, Alfaro Pedro, Andreu José Miguel, Baeza José Francisco, Benavente David, Blanco-Quintero Idael F., Cañaveras Juan Carlos, Cuevas Jaime, Delgado José, Díez-Canseco Davinia, Giannetti Alice, Martín-Rojas Ivan, Martínez-Martínez Javier, Medina-Cascales Ivan, Peral Juan, Rosa-Cintas Sergio. ‘Geogymkhana’: an outreach activity to bring closer the geoheritage to high schools ...... 114 Głowacki Wiktor. Diversified approach to dynamic fluvial geoheritage of Western Outer Carpathians – selected problems of conservation and use ...... 116 İnaner Hülya, Sümer Ökmen, Akbulut Mehmet. Geosites and protected areas in the western termination of the Büyük Menderes Graben and their importance of science education and tourism . . . . 118 Kananoja Tapio. Geoconservation for education – from classroom to reality ...... 120 Ludwikowska-Kędzia Małgorzata, Wiatrak Małgorzata. Geotourism potential of small river valleys of the Holy Cross Mountains (Central Poland) ...... 122 Lyakhnitsky Yury, Ivanova Tatiana. Creation of a geotouritstic underground route in the Ruskeala Mining Park (the Republic of Karelia, Russian Federation) ...... 124 Macadam John, Popa Răzvan-Gabriel, Toma Cristina, Kudor Stefan George, Popa Diana-Alice. Cooking, Culture and Concretions:The Three Cs for compulsive, creative in Buzau Land Aspiring Geopark (Romania) ...... 126 Manjon Mazoca Carlos Eduardo, Costa Mucivuna Vanessa, Motta Garcia Maria da Glória, Henriques Renato, Del Lama Eliane Aparecida, Bourotte Christine. Panoramic 360° images and 3D models as tools to promote cultural and geological heritage: the example of Bertioga, central coast of São Paulo State, Brazil ...... 128 Matthews Jack J. Threats to Geoheritage at the Mistaken Point World Heritage Site: Identification, Monitoring, and Management ...... 130 Migoń Piotr, Duszyński Filip, Różycka Milena, Jancewicz Kacper. Tracing landform evolution through time along a thematic trail in Elbsandsteingebirge (Germany) – application of ergodic principle in interpreting geoheritage ...... 131 Page Kevin, Pereira Lola, Schouenborg Björn, de Wever Patrick. The International Commission on Geoheritage (ICG): A new partner for developing global geoconservation policy and practice ...... 133 Pereira Paulo, Insua Pereira Diamantino, Gonçalves Bruno, Viveiros Carla, Afonso Andreia. Assessment of tourism value in geological heritage: why, what and how ...... 134 Pijet-Migoń Edyta, Migoń Piotr, Rozpędowska Ewelina. Between geoconservation, tourism, education and local community involvement – the past, present and future of volcanic geosites in the Land of Extinct Volcanoes (Pogórze Kaczawskie, SW Poland) ...... 135 Roberts Raymond. Brymbo: Derelict former steelworks to internationally important geoconservation and geotourism site ...... 137 Serjani Afat. Geological context of geosites ...... 139 Vegas Juana, Cabrera Ana, Prieto Ángel, Díez-Herrero Andres, García-Cortés Ángel, Díaz-Martínez Enrique, Carcavilla Luis, Salazar Ángel. ‘Watch over a rock’, a Spanish programme towards geosite ...... 141 Posters ...... 143 Afonso Andreia, Pereira Paulo. Assessment of the geological heritage tourism value in the Peneda-Gerês National Park (Northern Portugal): a site selection ...... 143 Akiyanova Farida, Adilbekova Fariza, Atalikhova Aksholpan, Jussupova Zulfira, Simabtova Aliya, Dolbeshkin Maxim, Akishev Nurzhan. Conservation and sustainable recreational use of unique ecosystems of the Burabay State National Nature Park (Northern Kazakhstan) ...... 145

9 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Alenicheva Аntonina А., Semenova Ljudmila R. Geosites of the Sakhalin and Moneron: geotourism development ...... 147 Brilha José. The establishment of geoconservation standards: the ProGEO glossary of geoconservation terms...... 149 Corbí Hugo, Asensio-Montesinos Francisco, Abellán Antonio, Pardo Vicent, Martínez-Martínez Javier. 3D geological models for promoting geoheritage: the Messinian atoll reef of Santa Pola (SE Spain) ...... 150 Gogin Ivan Ya. Regional type-sections of GSSPs as Geological Heritage sites of practical importance ...... 152 Górska-Zabielska Maria, Witkowska Kinga, Pisarska Magdalena, Musiał Rafał. Erratic boulders in Świętokrzyskie Region and their geotouristic potential ...... 154 Krzeczyńska Monika, Wierzbowski Andrzej, Woźniak Paweł. For the sake of protection of geodiversity implemented through geological education and geotourism ...... 156 Lundqvist Sven, Ransed Gunnel, Dahl Rolv. Geological heritage in the central part of Scandinavia (GEARS) – a Norwegian-Swedish transboundary Interreg Project (2017–2019) ...... 158 Lyakhnitsky Yury, Ivanova Tatiana. The Kapova Cave (Shulgantash Cave) – one of the well-known geosites of South Ural (Russian Federation)...... 160 Macadam John, Popa Răzvan-Gabriel, Toma Cristina, Kudor Stefan George, Popa Diana-Alice. Using provocative interpretation to manage visitors to the fragile, dynamic geoheritage of mud volcanoes in Aspiring Geopark Buzau Land in Romania? ...... 162 Mizerski Włodzimierz, Skurczyńska-Garwolińska Katarzyna. The educational role of the outcrops in qualified geotourism in which one may define the age and process of the tectonic movements – some examples from the Holy Cross Mountains, Central Poland ...... 164 Niculiță Mihai. Bahluieț Valley at Costești village (Romania) geoarchaeosite: the need for its protecting, promoting and managing ...... 166 Semenova Ljudmila R. A Significant Geosite – The Lovozero Alkaline Massif (Russia) ...... 167 Stróżyk Katarzyna, Grabarczyk Anna, Machalski Marcin. Reasons behind plans to conserve the Cretaceous–Paleogene Boundary site at Lechówka, southeast Poland ...... 169 Stupar Martina, Laganis Jana. Recommendations for visitors in the Danube Geoparks ...... 171 Szente István, Takács Bence, Harman-Tóth Erzsébet, Weiszburg Tamás G. Geological Garden at Tata (Hungary) – cleaned and beautified ...... 172 Szrek Piotr. Geoeducation potential of the Łagów area in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland ...... 174 Trela Wiesław. Scientific and educational aspects of Ordovician and Silurian geosites at Mójcza and Bardo Stawy in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland ...... 175 Vdovets Marina S., Petrov Oleg V., Gogin Ivan Ya., Semiletkin Sergei A. Representative and unique geosites of the Russian Plate and prospects for their conservation ...... 177 Abstracts in alfabetic order ...... 179 List of Contributors ...... 185

10 PROGRAMME TIMETABLE

Sunday 24th of June – Monday 25th of June

Pre-symposium field trip: Top Geosites of the Kraków Region Convener: Jan Urban

Monday 25th of June

18:00–22:00 Conference registration 19:00–23:00 Icebreaker party and grill dinner in the ECEG Venue in Chęciny

Tuesday 26th of June

7:45–8:45 Conference registration 9:00 Welcoming Ceremony and address 9:45–11:20 Keynote lectures: 9:45 Geoconservation from the public administrations: fifty years of work at the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME). Juana Vegas 10:30 Key Geoheritage Area: A potential new programme in IUCN for geoheritage conserva- tion. Kyung Sik Woo, Seong Ok Ju, José Brilha 11:20–11:40 Coffee break 11:40–13:00 Session D1: Geoconservation in protected areas and nature conservation strategies Convener: Kyung Sik Woo 11:40 The inclusion of the geodiversity and geoheritage in the Ordesa-Viñamala Action Plan 2017–2025 for the Spanish Network of Biosphere Reserves (SNBR). M. Monge- Ganuzas, A. Salazar, N. Herrero, F. Guillén-Mondéjar, A. Hilario, J.M. Mata-Perelló, J.C. Utiel, E. Díaz-Martínez 12:00 Selecting important geoheritage for a conservation strategy plan in Iceland. L. Ásbjörn- sdóttir, G. Þorvarðardóttir 12:20 Preliminary assessment of ecosystem services provided by geodiversity in the coastal region of the state of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. M.G. Motta Garcia, J. Brilha, C.R. de Gouveia Souza, E.A. Del Lama 12:40 Geosites in the area of Dobrogea, Romania, and the need for local geodiversity action plans. A. Seghedi 13:00–13:20 Coffee break 13:20–14:00 Lunch 14:00–15:00 Poster session Convener: José Brilha B-01 Creation of a new geopark in the Bükk Region (Hungary) – a bottom-up initiative. C. Baráz, S. Holló, T. Telbisz

11 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

B-02 Heritage of the Brusno stone work centre as an opportunity to develop and promote rural areas of Roztocze Region (Southeastern Poland). T. Brzezińska-Wójcik, T. Skowronek B-03 Archaeological and historical mines in Turkey as instruments for public awareness on geoconservation: JEMİRKO Project. N. Kazancı, Y. Suludere, F. Şaroğlu, A. Gürbüz, A. Özgüneylioğlu, N.S. Mülazımoğlu, H. Mengi, S.B. Arslan, E. Gürbüz, T.O. Yücel, M. Ersöz, H. İnaner B-04 Mangistau Aspiring Geopark (Kazakhstan). D. Woodward, N. Ivanova, K. Yegember- dieva, F. Akiyanova, I. Fishman E-01 Conservation and sustainable recreational use of unique ecosystems of the Burabay State National Nature Park (Northern Kazakhstan). F. Akiyanova, F. Adilbekova, A. Atalikhova, Z. Jussupova, A. Simabtova, M. Dolbeshkin, N. Akishev E-02 Geosites of the Sakhalin and Moneron: geotourism development. A.A. Alenicheva, L.R. Semenova E-03 3D geological models for promoting geoheritage: the Messinian atoll reef of Santa Pola (SE Spain). H. Corbí, F. Asensio-Montesinos, A. Abellán, V. Pardo, J. Martínez-Martínez E-04 A Significant Geosite – The Lovozero Alkaline Massif (Russia). L.R. Semenova E-05 Scientific and educational aspects of Ordovician and Silurian geosites at Mójcza and Bardo Stawy in the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland). W. Trela E-06 Representative and unique geosites of the Russian Plate and prospects for their conserva- tion. M.S. Vdovets, O.V. Petrov, I.Ya. Gogin, S.A. Semiletkin E-07 Reasons behind plans to conserve the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary site at Lechówka, southeast Poland. K. Stróżyk, A. Grabarczyk, M. Machalski E-08 Geoeducation potential of the Łagów area in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. P. Szrek

15:00–16:20 Session A1: Geoconservation and landscape management Conveners: Lesley Dunlop, João Forte 15:00 Geoconservation and management strategies: A case study with two Spanish UNESCO Global Geoparks. T. de Siqueira Canesin, J. Brilha, E. Díaz-Martínez 15:20 Typical landforms of Kras (Slovenia), an important constituent part of the Karst land- scape and possibilities for their conservation. A. Cernatič Gregorič 15:40 European cooperation towards the promotion of geoconservation in Africa. E. Díaz- Martínez, N. Charles, A. García-Cortés, J. Vegas 16:00 Enhancing Community–School Partnership for Rural Landscape Conservation: a case study in Taiwan. K.Ch. Lee 16:20 Concepts of geoheritage and geosite in a strategy and practice of geoconservation and geology promotion. J. Urban, W. Margielewski, B. Radwanek-Bąk 16:40–17:00 Coffee break 17:00–17:40 Poster session Convener: Ewa Głowniak C-01 Use of ‘rose-like’ calcite for determination of age and origin of the calcite minerals in the Holy Cross Mountains (Southern Poland). A. Fijałkowska-Mader C-02 Local fossil sites: a new proposal to be included in the national geological frameworks of Turkey. E.N. Özgen, N. Kazancı D-01 Natural and social aspects of the selection of the GSSP; the case of the Słupia Nadbrzeżna river cliff section (Central Poland), the candidate stratotype for the basal boundary of the Coniacian Stage (Upper Cretaceous). A. Grabarczyk, K. Stróżyk

12 PROGRAMME TIMETABLE

D-02 Discovery Aspiring Geopark: A candidate for UNESCO Global Geopark from the Bona- vista Peninsula of Newfoundland. J.J. Matthews D-03 Land of Tetrapod and Petrified Dunes: geoheritage of proposed geopark in the western part of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. W. Trela, P. Szrek, S. Salwa D-04 Outstanding Universal Values of the Korean Archipelago Getbol: its potential for World Heritage Nomination. K.S. Woo, S.S. Chun, K. O Moon

17:40–18:00 Session C: Moveable geoheritage and science Convener: Colin Prosser 17:40 Mucurtachylites: an ‘astrobleme category’ geosite in the inventory list of Turkey. N. Kaza ncı 18:00–19:00 Session B1: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and com- munities Convener: Colin Prosser 18:00 The Geo-Village: from concept to reality. D. Cropp 18:20 Bringing geoheritage to people: developing geotourism within urban areas – a case study of Brno (Czech Republic). L. Kubalíková 18:40 3D documentation, monitoring and origin of the hydration caves from the unique out- crop of weathering anhydrites at Pisky near Lviv (Ukraine). M. Bąbel, A. Jarzyna, D. Ługowski, A. Bogucki, A. Yatsyshyn, K. Nejbert, D. Olszewska-Nejbert 19:00–20:00 Dinner 20:00 Departure to the workshop: Conservation, promotion and sustainable use of geo- logical heritage on the urban areas – a case study from Kielce Geopark Convener: Michał Poros

Wednesday 27th of June

9:00–11:20 Session E1: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism Conveners: Marina Vdovets, Kevin Page 9:00 ‘Geogymkhana’: an outreach activity to bring closer the geoheritage to high schools. H. Corbí, P. Alfaro, J.M. Andreu, J.F. Baeza, D. Benavente, I.F. Blanco- Quin tero, J.C. Cañaveras, J. Cuevas, J. Delgado, D. Díez-Canseco, A. Giannetti, I. Martín-Rojas, J. Mar tínez-Martínez, I. Medina-Cascales, J. Peral, S. Rosa-Cintas 9:20 Geotourism potential of small river valleys of the Holy Cross Mountains (Central Poland). M. Ludwikowska-Kędzia, M. Wiatrak 9:40 Creation of a geotouristic underground route in the Ruskeala Mining Park (the Republic of Karelia, Russian Federation). Y. Lyakhnitsky, T. Ivanova 10:00 Brymbo: Derelict former steelworks to internationally important geoconservation and geotourism site. R. Roberts 10:20 ‘Watch over a rock’, a Spanish programme towards geosite stewardship. J. Vegas, A. Cabrera, A. Prieto, A. Díez-Herrero, A. García-Cortés, E. Díaz-Martínez, L. Carca- villa, Á. Salazar 10:40 Geoconservation for education – from classroom to reality. T. Kananoja 11:00 Geological context of geosites. A. Serjani

13 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

11:20–11:40 Coffee break 11:40–13:00 Session A2: Geoconservation and landscape management Convener: Barbara Radwanek-Bąk 11:40 Natural Capital – placing a value on geoconservation within a landscape framework in the UK. L. Dunlop 12:00 Geodiversity in the Terras de Coura Landscape Plan. J. Forte, M.I. Matias, P. de Moura Pereira, L. Brandão Coelho 12:20 The role of the landscape aesthetic values in the geotourism. Z. Karancsi, G. Horváth, G. Csüllög, M. Szabó 12:40 Evaluation of Cultural Landscape within the Cultural Heritage Protection System. M. Lah 13:00–14:00 Lunch 14:00–15:00 Workshop: Geoheritage and geoconservation: junior researchers’ perspectives Convener: Paulo Pereira 15:00–16:40 Session D2: Geoconservation in protected areas and nature conservation strategies Conveners: Lovísa Ásbjörnsdóttir, Maria da Glória Motta Garcia 15:00 The aspiring Hantangang Global Geopark in Korea: Its international geological signifi- cance and justification for UNESCO Global Geopark. K.S. Woo, Y.K. Sohn, Y. Kil 15:20 Threats to Geoheritage at the Mistaken Point World Heritage Site: Identification, Moni- toring, and Management. J.J. Matthews 15:40 Spanish achievements and initiatives towards geoconservation: 2018 update. M. Monge- Ganuzas, Á. Salazar, N. Herrero, F. Guillén-Mondéjar, A. Hilario, J. Lorente, J.M. Ma- ta-Perelló, J.C. Utiel, E. Díaz-Martínez 16:00 Geoheritage in Slovenia – a short overview. M. Novak, M. Stupar 16:20 European National Parks with karst landscapes. L. Mari, T. Telbisz 16:40–17:00 Coffee break. Group photo. 17:00–18:00 Poster session Convener: Jan Urban A-01 Protected areas at the cross-border region Kosovo‒Albania. F. Bajraktari, S. Behrami, N. Zogaj, B. Avdia A-02 Enhancing geoconservation strategies by quantitative assessment of geosites in the Ceará Central Domain, Northeastern Brazil. P. Moura, M.G. Motta Garcia, J. Brilha A-03 Protection of inanimate nature in Lower Silesia (Poland). K. Zboińska, R. Tarka, M. Szad- kowski A-04 Spatial scales of geodiversity and landform taxonomic hierarchy. Z. Zwoliński B-07 The hydration caves as a unique geological heritage. M. Bąbel, A. Jarzyna, D. Ługowski, F. Vladi, A. Bogucki, A. Yatsyshyn, K. Nejbert, D. Olszewska-Nejbert, J. Kotowski, B. Kre- mer, O. Tomeniuk B-08 The conglomerates of Meteora: a geological heritage monument of Greece. G. Fermeli, A. Koutsouveli B-09 Geodiversity and geoheritage of the glacial landscape areas in Poland. I. Jamorska, T. Ka- rasiewicz, K. Tylmann B-10 Application of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and geochemical survey to investi-

14 PROGRAMME TIMETABLE

gations of old mining center in Radzimowice (Lower Silesia, SW Poland). M. Kałaska, R. Siuda, P. Sierpień B-11 High-resolution Terrestrial Laser Scanning as a tool for acquisition and analysis data of geo- and cultural heritage: an example from the Roztocze Region (Southeastern Poland). W. Kociuba, T. Brzezińska-Wójcik, E. Skowronek B-12 The use of post-mining landscape for geotouristic purposes in Geopark – by the example of the Polish part of UNESCO Global Geopark Muskau Arch. J. Koźma B-13 Geodiversity and biodiversity complementary in nature protection in Montenegro. G.R. Nikolić B-14 Travertine Spring Towers as rare depositional morphologies in geothermal fields: the exam- ple of the Hisaralan Geothermal Field in NW Turkey. M. Özkul, A. Gökgöz, A.K. Yüksel B-15 Geoheritage in the Red Rock Region, Southern Luxembourg: towards an integrative view of natural diversity in a cultural landscape. R. Weis, A. Di Cencio E-08 Erratic boulders in Świętokrzyskie Region and their geotouristic potential. M. Górska- Zabielska, K. Witkowska, M. Pisarska, R. Musiał E-09 For the sake of protection of geodiversity implemented through geological education and geotourism. M. Krzeczyńska, A. Wierzbowski, P. Woźniak E-10 The Kapova Cave (Shulgantash Cave) – one of the well-known geosites of South Ural (Russian Federation). Y. Lyakhnitsky, T. Ivanova

18:00–19:00 Session B2: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and com- munities Convener: Günter Schweigert 18:00 Stones in history of Slovakian territory and tourist interesting places. D. Pivko 18:20 Geotourism as a vehicle for geoconservation: the case of an abandoned phosphorite mine at Annopol, Poland. M. Machalski, W. Liwiński 18:40 Educational value of quarries located within the proposed Geopark Małopolska Vistula River Gap, E Poland. W. Zgłobicki, G. Gajek, R. Kołodyńska-Gawrysiak 19:00–20:00 Dinner for non-attending the Gala Dinner 19:15 Departure to the Gala Dinner and Cultural Event at the Ethnographic Park in Tokarnia

Thursday 28th of June

9:00–11:20 Session E2: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism Conveners: Tapio Kananoja, Enrique Díaz-Martínez 9:00 Assessment of tourism value in geological heritage: why, what and how. P. Pereira, D. Insua Pereira, B. Gonçalves, C. Viveiros, A. Afonso 9:20 Between geoconservation, tourism, education and local community involvement – the past, present and future of volcanic geosites in the Land of Extinct Volcanoes (Pogórze Kaczawskie, SW Poland). E. Pijet-Migoń, P. Migoń, E. Rozpędowska 9:40 Exogeoconservation: Protecting Geological Heritage on Celestial Bodies. J.J. Mat- thews, S. McMahon 10:00 The International Commission on Geoheritage (ICG): A new partner for developing global geoconservation policy and practice. K. Page, L. Pereira, B. Schouenborg, P. de Wever

15 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

10:20 Diversified approach to dynamic fluvial geoheritage of Western Outer Carpathians – selected problems of conservation and use. W. Głowacki 10:40 Cooking, Culture and Concretions: The Three Cs for compulsive, creative communica- tion in Buzau Land Aspiring Geopark (Romania). J. Macadam, R.-G. Popa, C. Toma, S.G. Kudor, D.-A. Popa 11:00 Geosites and protected areas the in western termination of the Büyük Menderes Graben and their importance of science education and tourism. H. İnaner, Ö. Sümer, M. Akbulut 11:20–11:40 Coffee break 11:40–12:20 Session E3: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism Convener: Jack J. Matthews 11:40 Tracing landform evolution through time along a thematic trail in Elbsandsteingebirge (Germany) – application of ergodic principle in interpreting geoheritage. P. Migoń, F. Duszyński, M. Różycka, K. Jancewicz 12:00 Panoramic 360° images and 3D models as tools to promote cultural and geological her- itage: the example of Bertioga, central coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. C.E. Manjon Mazoca, V. Costa Mucivuna, M.G. Motta Garcia, R. Henriques, E.A. Lama, C. Bourotte 12:20–13:00 Session B3: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and com- munities Convener: Markéta Vajskebrova 12:20 Linking geological and architectural heritage through a 3D geological model of a histor- ical quarry. H. Corbí, I. Martín-Rojas, J. Martínez-Martínez 12:40 TIPical Valleys: reintroducing local people to iconic mineral spoil landscapes in the South Wales Coalfield. B. Evans 13:00–14:00 Lunch 14:00–15:40 Session B4: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and com- munities Conveners: Daniel Pivko, Hugo Corbí 14:00 Using quarries to link communities to their geoheritage. C. Prosser 14:20 Geopark Schwäbische Alb – an outstanding area for Jurassic and Miocene palaeontolo- gy and Pleistocene human culture. G. Schweigert, S. Roth 14:40 Geological and cultural heritage of the proposed Kamienna Valley Geopark, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. G. Pieńkowski, A. Fijałkowska-Mader 15:00 Geoconservation – an opportunity for people living on karst terrains? A case study of the Aggtelek National Park (Hungary). T. Telbisz, P. Gruber, M. Kőszegi, L. Mari, T. Standovár, Z. Bottlik 15:20 Systematic data collecting and appropriate ways of their presentations for effective pro- tection of the geological heritage. M. Vajskebrová, P. Gürtlerová, R. Svítil 15:40–16:20 Poster session Convener: Mehmet Özkul E-11 Assessment of the geological heritage tourism value in the Peneda-Gerês National Park (Northern Portugal): a site selection. A. Afonso, P. Pereira

16 PROGRAMME TIMETABLE

E-12 The establishment of geoconservation standards: the ProGEO glossary of geoconservation terms. J. Brilha E-13 Regional type-sections of GSSPs as Geological Heritage sites of practical importance. I.Ya. Gogin E-14 Using provocative interpretation to manage visitors to the fragile, dynamic geoheritage of mud volcanoes in Aspiring Geopark Buzau Land in Romania? J. Macadam, R.-G. Popa, C. Toma, S.G. Kudor, D.-A. Popa E-15 Geological heritage in the central part of Scandinavia (GEARS) – a Norwegian-Swedish transboundary Interreg Project (2017–2019). S. Lundqvist, G. Ransed, R. Dahl E-16 Educational role of the outcrops in qualified geotourism in which one may define the age and process of the tectonic movements – some examples from the Holy Cross Mountains, Central Poland. W. Mizerski, K. Skurczyńska-Garwolińska E-17 Bahluieț Valley at Costești village (Romania) geoarchaeo site: the need for its protecting, promoting and managing. M. Niculiță E-18 Recommendations for visitors in the Danube Geoparks. M. Stupar, J. Laganis E-19 Geological Garden at Tata (Hungary) – cleaned and beautified. I. Szente, B. Takács, E. Harman-Tóth, T.G. Weiszburg

16:20–16:40 Coffee break 16:40–18:20 ProGeo General Assembly 18:20–19:00 Closing Ceremony Presentation of the proposal of the next ProGEO meeting in Spain by Enrique Diaz-Martinez 19:00–20:00 Dinner 20:00–22:00 Guided Tour in Chęciny Convener: Bartosz Piwowarski

Friday 29th of June – Saturday 30th of June

Post-symposium field trip: Top Geosites of Góry Świętokrzyskie Convener: Stanisław Skompski

17 KEYNOTE SPEAKERS

Juana Vegas Geoconservation from the public administrations: Fifty years of work at the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME) Tuesday, 26th June, 9:45 Dr. Juana Vegas received her PhD from the Complutense University of Madrid focusing on geology. Since 2005 she has been employed at the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), where she is currently holding a position of a head of the Geological and Mining Heritage Department. She is also a representative of the Geological Survey of Spain for the Spanish Inventory Geosites in the Committee of the Spanish Inventory of Natural Heritage of the Ministry of the Environment of Spain. Juana’s reserach interest is focused on geoheritage inventories and geoconservation. Her outstand- ing research contibution contains the implementation of indicators for the geoheritage conservation in the natural protected areas, and the development of the methodology for integrating geoheritage into environmental impact assessment. These achievements have been developed in cooperation with the geoheritage research team of the Geological Survey in Spain. Juana is an author of numerous scientific articles, books and chapters in books on geodiversity. She has participated in many scientific conferences devoted to the issues of geodiversity protection.

Kyung Sik Woo Key Geoheritage Area: A potential new programme in IUCN for geoheritage conservation Tuesday, 26th June, 10:35 Dr. Kyung Sik Woo is a professor at the Department of Geology, Kangwon National University, Korea since 1986. He graduated from the Seoul National University and received a MS degree in Geological Oceanography at Texas A&M University and a PhD degree in Geology at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA. He is the Chair of IUCN WCPA Geoheritage Specialist Group and has carried out field evaluation of World Heritage nominated sites for IUCN since 2009. He was the founder and the first President of Asian Union of Speleology and he served as the President of International Union of Speleology from 2013 to 2017. He has published ten books and more than 300 International and Korean scientific papers on carbonate sedimentology and diagenesis, speleology, paleoclimatology, paleoceanography, and geoheritage, including his paleoclimatic study using speleothems in Nature in 2014. He was in charge of a nomination document for Jeju World Heritage and Jeju Island Global Geopark. He has received many awards including the commendation by the Minister of Environment (2001), the Prime Minister (2003), the President (2009), and received a Medal of Science and Technology by the President (2013) and a National Academy of Science Award (2017).

18 ABSTRACTS IN THEMATIC ORDER

KEYNOTE LECTURES

Geoconservation from the public administrations: Fifty years of work at the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME)

Juana Vegas

Geological Survey of Spain (Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geoconservation, geoheritage, national inventory, Geological Survey of Spain

Much done, but much more to do: At the end of the on Natural Heritage and Biodiversity in its Annex seventies of the 20th century, the first geoheritage re- VIII. In parallel, two decrees were approved in rela- search in Spain was started at the Geological Survey tionship with Law 42/2007. Royal Decree 556/2011, of Spain (IGME in Spanish) that is a public research for the development of the ‘Spanish Inventory of Centre of the General Public Administration. From Natural Heritage and Biodiversity’ which includes, the beginning, systematic work was promoted among others, the Spanish Inventory of Places of through the so-called ‘National Inventory of Points Geological Interest (IELIG in Spanish) that is de- of Geological Interest (INPIG)’. Several method- veloped methodologically and coordinated by the ological and inventory works were developed in var- IGME. The main objective of this Inventory is to ious provinces and geological domains linked to this have reliable and comparable at the project. Subsequently, the INPIG was interrupted national level. As a consequence of this new era for budgetary reasons, so the inventorying of geo- for Geoheritage in Spain, in the same year, the heritage was limited to the incorporation of several ‘Geological and Mining Heritage Department’ was ‘points of geological interest’ to the mapping work created in the IGME’s structure and staff. Its tenth of the National Geological Map (MAGNA), at scale anniversary has been celebrated in 2017. E 1:50,000, from the year 1989. In this way, IGME is the only public adminis- One of the most noteworthy milestones was the tration in Spain that expressly includes in its stat- leadership of the IGME in Spain of the International utes this new discipline of Geology, reinforcing Global Geosites project of IUGS-UNESCO (García- the pioneering works which has begun in the 20th Cortés et al. 2000), which was completed in 2006. century and today relies on the team of seven re- Through this project, 21 geological frameworks and searchers. Nowadays the frontiers of knowledge 152 geosites exposed in 214 outcrops have been of this new discipline have been reinforced with identified (García-Cortés 2008). the development of a unified methodology for in- The year 2017 has been supposed to be a revo- ventory in Spain, system of indicators for geocon- lution for the geological heritage in Spain with servation and the presidency and secretariat of the the approval of three state-level laws issued for National Committee of UNESCO Global Geoparks the conservation of nature that expressly include in Spain. It has strengthened the institutional re- geoheritage and geoconservation. These laws are presentation of the IGME on an international the Law 42/2007 of the Natural Heritage and the scale, such as ProGeo, IUCN, EuroGeoSurveys, Biodiversity, the 5/2007 of the Network of National ASGMI (Iberoamerican Association of Geological Parks or the 45/2007 of Sustainable Development and Mining Surveys) and OAGS (Organization of the Rural Environment. But without a doubt, the of African Geological Surveys) with PanAfGeo greatest success has been reflected by the inclusion Project. As a public administration, our team will of International Geological Frameworks for Spain always aim to defend and outreach the geological (from the Global Geosites Project) in Law 42/2007 heritage as a common asset of the entire Society.

19 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Key Geoheritage Area: A potential new programme in IUCN for geoheritage conservation

Kyung Sik Woo1, Seong Ok Ju1, José Brilha2

1 Department of Geology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwondo 24341, Republic of Korea; e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 University of Minho, Earth Sciences Department, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geoheritage, conservation, designation, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

Geoheritage site or geosite can be defined as a significance which may reveal significant stories site with exceptional geological or geomorpholog- about the Earth history. ical values, that should be conserved and inherited Therefore, a new programme – Key Geoheritage to future generations. Geoheritage values can be Area (KGA) – is proposed here to recognize and categorized into local to international values, and conserve them. The KGA should be justified, in the geoheritage sites must have a statutory protection. first place, by geological (scientific) values, with- Unfortunately, there is no international protec- out considering additional educational and touris- tion measure for the conservation of nature, thus tic values. For effective designation and protection, geosites can be only protected by national laws, objective geological contexts with appropriate cri- if available and/or applicable. Today, significant teria should be developed considering representa- geoheritage sites are not well recognized at na- tiveness, rarity and integrity. This new programme tional and international level, particularly when could contribute to conserve geoheritage sites compared to ecological and biodiversity values. worldwide if adopted by IUCN in the future. Thanks to the international programmes for rec- This proposal is being developed under the ognizing geoheritage values, a number of nations scope of the Geoheritage Specialist Group of the have shown interest for UNESCO designation as World Commission on Protected Areas (GSG World Heritage or Global Geoparks. However, both WCPA, IUCN). The definition of its aims, methods, programs are geographically very limited because and outcomes is being clarified, together with the World Heritage sites should be ‘representatives of definition of the way links can be established with the best in the world’ and Global Geoparks should partner organizations, such as the International have international geoheritage sites, associated Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), The with local communities to promote geotourism European Association for the Conservation of the and sustainable development. However, there are Geological Heritage (ProGEO), Global Geopark so many more geosites of national to international Network (GGN), and others.

20 SESSION A Geoconservation and landscape management

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

Typical landforms of Kras (Slovenia), an important constituent part of the Karst landscape and possibilities for their conservation

Anica Cernatič Gregorič

Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature Conservation, Regional unit Nova Gorica, Delpinova 16, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: karst, geodiversity, landscape, conservation, valuable natural features

Goals: Slovenian region of Karst, known in Slo- recognized as a unique natural and cultural heri- vene as Kras, is a low carbonate plateau in the tage at the international level. southwestern part of Slovenia, on the Slovenian- Methods: Current regulations in Slovenia pro- Italian border. The local name of the plateau (Karst vide some measures to ensure the protection of in English) gave the scientific name to all similar some surface geomorphological features. They land formations around the world. The karstifi- can be protected as valuable natural features (nat- cation of the landscape resulted in numerous and ural heritage) or as an integral part of landscape diverse surface and underground geomorpholog- elements that are important for the biodiversity ical karst features. Two parts of karst landscape, conservation. Facing the problem of disappearing surface and underground part, are integrated en- typical geomorphological features, we established tirety by numerous and various interactions be- that existing measures were only partly efficient, tween them; so karst landscape must be treated and that it was generally impossible to implement and studied as a karst landscape system. Because the protection of the karst landscape. During our of its characteristics, it is an environmentally sen- fieldwork, we identified and documented several sitive landscape. Expansive economic and urban degradations and misuses of typical karst land- development in the Karst region resulted in numer- forms, mostly dolines. During the preparation of ous changes in land use and had damaging effect the nature conservation guidelines for national and on the surface geomorphological karst features. municipal spatial plans, we were faced with sev- Significant parts of the Karst landscape, like do- eral initiatives with a possible devastating impact lines, one of the main surface geomorphological on karst features, some of which could result in features on Karst, and rocky areas with various uniform type of landscapes, without typical land- small macro- and micro solution features on the forms. We carried out a number of coordination rocks, exposed on the surface, are among the most meetings between municipalities to encourage net- affected. Underestimating geodiversity as an im- working between them and to reduce the indiffer- portant part of the landscape and Karst landscape ent acceptance of capital that result in the negative as a whole, can affect karst processes, unique hab- impact on landscape. itats and the Karst landscape as the non-renewable natural resource. Finally, landscape as an area, Conclusions: The Karst landscape is recognized as whose character is the result of the action and in- a significant landscape and because of its charac- teraction of natural and/or human factor (European teristics – one of the most complex and vulnerable Landscape Convention, Florence, 2000) can lose ones. Considering options, provided by applicable its acknowledged identity. It is necessary to em- legislation and fieldwork experience, conservation phasize that the Karst landscape has already been measures and approaches provide mostly detailed

21 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 scale approach and neglect the major geomorpho- rection have been made. Karst landforms are now logical features. Conservation efforts need to be recorded in the new municipal spatial plans as one upgraded by supplementary strategies that would of the important elements of the Karst landscape cover other scales and levels of conservation of that must be protected. All institutions performing typical geomorphological features. Conservation spatial and sectorial planning, who are aware of the of typical geomorphological features as a con- importance of both, natural and cultural landscape stituent part of the Karst landscape within nature elements, could contribute to achieving sustainable management can be easier, especially on a land- development for the benefit of everybody. scape scale. Therefore, further measures can be taken to identify, evaluate, and classify possible References valuable landscapes in accordance with the Nature Conservation Act. Furthermore, it is necessary to Antrop, M. 2006. Sustainable landscapes: contradiction, fic- stress the importance of geodiversity as the es- tion or utopia? Landscape and Urban Planning, 75 (3–4), 187–197. sential foundation for biodiversity and just as an Breg, M. 2007. Environmental aspects of dolines protection important part of the Earth`s heritage as biodiver- in Slovenia. Dela, 28, 43–57. (In Slovenian with En- sity is. A clearer stated link between biodiversity, glish summary). geodiversity and landscape in the legislation could Council of Europe 2000. European Landscape Convention. offer new possibilities in the overall framework of Firenze, October 20, 2000. nature management. Erhartič, B. 2007. Landforms as geodiversity (geomorpho- Finally, we should be aware of the fact that logical natural heritage). Dela, 28, 59–74. Karst landscape is a product of interactions be- Gams, I. 2003. Karst in Slovenia in space and time, pp. 1–516. ZRC, ZRC SAZU; Ljubljana. (In Slovenian with tween humans and the natural environment that it English summary). is mostly cultural landscape and a dynamic system Gray, M. 2004. Geodiversity: valuing and conserving abiotic that constantly changes. It is inevitable and neces- nature, pp. 1–434. John Willey and Sons; Chichester. sary to balance nature conservation with the needs Gray, M. 2013. Geodiversity: Valuing and Conserving Abio- of the human inhabitants of a landscape and the tic Nature (second edition), pp. 1–512. Willey-Black- surrounding community constantly. Conservation well; Chichester. is therefore about the management of change (Gray Kovačič, G., Ravbar, N. 2013. Analysis of human induced changes in a karst landscape – the filling of dolines in 2004). According to our experience, conservation the Kras plateau, Slovenia. Science of the Total Envi- of karst landscape major landforms is more effec- ronment, 447, 143–151. tive by coordination through spatial and sectoral Nature Conservation Act. Official Gazette of the Republic planning process. Some steps in the positive di- of Slovenia, No. 96/2004.

22 SESSION A: Geoconservation and landscape management

European cooperation towards the promotion of geoconservation in Africa

Enrique Díaz-Martínez1, Nicolas Charles2, Ángel García-Cortés1, Juana Vegas1

1 Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 2 French Geological Survey (BRGM), 3 Av. Claude Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geological survey, geoconservation, geosite inventory, international cooperation, Africa

Introduction: The project PanAfGeo, developed tion concepts and methodologies, and even less of between African and European national geolog- recent advances on geosite value and vulnerabil- ical surveys through the international coopera- ity assessment, geoheritage management, and use tion between their continental federations (the of geosites towards local socioeconomic develop- Organisation of African Geological Surveys and ment, whether as part of geoparks or natural pro- EuroGeoSurveys), promotes ‘Geoscientific knowl- tected areas. Hence, the potential for future devel- edge and skills in African Geological Surveys’. The opment of geoconservation in Africa is very high. project spans 2017–2019 and aims to strengthen Trainings on geoheritage: Ten training courses the capacity of geological survey organizations took place during 2017 for the 7 work packages (GSOs) in Africa. We herein summarize the key of PanAfGeo at different locations in African aspects of this project as it relates to geoheritage countries. The training for WP6 took place in studies within its Work Package 6 (WP6), and pro- Morocco, with and active and crucial participation vide several guidelines for future steps to be taken of the Moroccan GSO (Direction de la Géologie, towards geoconservation in Africa. Ministère de l’Energie et des Mines), both with Current status: A previous feasibility study personnel and in-kind contribution. A total of 18 (2013–2016) identified a series of gaps to be tar- trainees from 8 GSOs participated, both in the con- geted by the PanAfGeo project, including a prelim- ferences with practical examples at the School of inary analysis of the status of geoheritage studies Mines and Museum of Marrakech, developed by African GSOs (Díaz-Martínez 2016). and in the extensive fieldwork at the UNESCO Its overall conclusion was that GSOs’ knowledge Global Geopark of M’Goun, in the High Atlas. The and responsibilities regarding geoheritage varies latter included practical examples of identification, significantly, but there are some identifiable main description, mapping, value assessment and man- common trends. Some GSOs are not aware of what agement proposal for different types of geosites. has been done or what needs to be done in their An open pit quarry in operation and an archaeo- country regarding geoheritage. This is actually still logical site with rock engravings were also visited normal throughout the world, as the methodologies in order to discuss the management issues related for geoheritage studies and management aimed with natural versus cultural heritage, their proper at proper conservation and public use are seldom consideration in legislation, and their potential for applied globally, with concepts and specific tech- tourist and educational use. All the evaluations re- niques developed only during the last two decades. ceived from participants mentioned the usefulness The questionnaire identified wide differences be- of the knowledge acquired, and at the same time tween GSOs: some with apparently no interest in questioned the proper consideration of geoconser- the subject and no personnel dedicated to it, and vation principles and methodologies once back at others with plenty of interest and good inventories their GSOs. already completed or on their way. The most im- Two more trainings on geoheritage studies portant need identified by GSOs was training on are planned for 2018, in Tanzania and Namibia, geosite inventory (including mapping and value in collaboration with the respective GSOs of each assessment) and geosite management (including country, and a similar content plan. In brief, this planning, restoration and public use). In general, includes geoconservation in Africa and the po- most African GSOs are not aware of geoconserva- tential of GSOs, basic concepts and principles,

23 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 methodologies for the inventory, identification and Geoparks, but also considering other types of local assessment of geoheritage, vulnerability and risk initiatives that may not necessarily require such a of degradation, legislation, protected areas, Global big economic compromise, but just take advantage Geosites, moveable geoheritage, geotourism and of traditional societal and marketing structures al- geoparks in Africa. ready existing. As in other parts of the world, Africa is only Prospects for the future: With proper geoheri- beginning to discover its rich geoheritage and geo- tage inventories and assessment, GSOs can advise diversity (e.g. Errami et al. 2015). African govern- their governments and their society, including spe- ments and international organizations must sup- cial interest groups like local communities, travel port GSOs in their much needed task of setting the agencies or protected areas, towards the sustain- path towards geoconservation by characterizing able use proper management of geosites. The tra- the geodiversity and identifying the geoheritage ditional division of government agencies between to be preserved for future generations and to be the industrial and business sector on one side, and sustainably used for local, national and regional the environmental and nature conservation sector socioeconomic development. on the other side, is nowadays losing its . Regional and local socioeconomic development References initiatives that reconcile mining with geotour- Díaz-Martínez, E. 2016. Perspectives on geoheritage re- ism have a huge potential in Africa, particularly search and promotion for African geological survey or- when historical mining of world-class deposits ganizations. 35th International Geological Congress, 27 has resulted in mining heritage coinciding with August – 4 September 2016, Cape Town, South Africa, type-localities for mineral deposits and geologic Abstract, 4585 (last access: 11/03/2018), https://www. americangeosciences.org/sites/default/files/igc/4585.pdf processes. New tourist products are yet to be devel- Errami, E., Brocx, M., Semeniuk, V. (Eds) 2015. From Geo- oped herein, not only under the framework of in- heritage to Geoparks: Case Studies from Africa and Be- ternational networks such as the UNESCO Global yond, pp. 1–269. Springer; Berlin – Heidelberg.

24 SESSION A: Geoconservation and landscape management

Natural Capital – placing a value on geoconservation within a landscape framework in the UK

Lesley Dunlop

English Geodiversity Forum (Chair), Department of Geography and Environmental Science, Northumbria University, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Natural Capital, geoconservation, ecosystems services, management

Natural Capital is a mechanism through which a scape management. Using an ecosystems services value can be placed on nat ure allowing it to be consid- and biodiversity analogies this paper presents a ered alongside other assets. When the Government framework that can be adopted for evaluation of of the United Kingdom produced a Natural Envi- geological sites (English Nature 2006). ronment White Paper ‘The Natural Choice: securing It is important that any case study using natu- the value of nature’[2] there was no direct mention of ral capital to place a value on geodiversity should geosites, geoheritage or geodiversity. build upon all aspects. For example, a recent proj- One ambition of the Natural Environment White ect within the North Pennines, UK, looked at the Paper was to stop environmental degradation and regulating potential of peat bogs and how conser- to rebuild natural capital and to value it. Whilst vation of these can add to improvement in the re- landscapes are mentioned in the paper neither geo- sourse and management. Wrens Nest, part of the conservation or geodiversity are not directly and Black Country aspiring Geopark, has value not just this has been problematic for funding and recogni- for tourism but also cultural, health and knowledge tion within the UK. Natural Capital is being used benefits and the national status of the site aids with as the basis for many of the environmental reviews geoconservation. Using examples such as these it therefore it is essential that geoconservation and can be shown that geoconservation has an import- natural diversity be included within this. ant role within natural capital and this can be im- The World Forum on Natural Capital defines portant to highlight this aspect. natural capital as ‘the world’s stocks of natural as- sets which include geology, soil, air, water and all References living things’ (naturalcapitalforum.com). Many English Nature 2006. The social and economic value of the other definitions are not so clear. For instance within UK’s geodiversity, Research Report 709, pp. 1–113. En- the UK the Natural Capital Committee defines nat- glish Nature; London. ural capital as ‘those elements of the natural envi- Lawton, J.H., Brotherton, P.N.M., Brown, V.K., Elphick, C., ronment which provide valuable goods and services Fitter, A.H., Forshaw, J., Haddow, R.W., Hilborne, S., to people’. In the main, these goods and services Leafe, R.N., Mace, G.M., Southgate, M.P., Sutherland, W.A., Tew, T.E., Varley, J., Wynne, G.R. 2010. Making are related to ecology/biodiversity rather than to the Space for Nature: a review of England’s wildlife sites and full range of natural capital and there is no mention ecological network. Report to Defra, pp. 1–119. London. of the geology in the second report[1], preferring to make reference to sub-soil assets. Internet sources The English Geodiversity Forum have been pro- [1] Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs ducing case studies as to how this might be done for (Defra) 2015. The state of natural capital: protecting and different locations and this paper will present the improving natural capital for prosperity and wellbeing, work of this and how a value can be attributed to pp. 1–73. Department for Environment, Food and Rural geodiversity, and in particular the benefits of inclu- Affairs. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ sion of geoconservation. For example links to tour- uploads/attachment_data/file/516725/ncc-state-natu- ism and recreation within areas such as the Jurassic ral-capital-third-report.pdf [2] Her Majesty’s Government (HMG) 2011. The natural Coast World Heritage Site and the Black Country choice: securing the value of nature, pp. 1–84. Her Majes- proposed Geopark are easy to place a value on but ty’s Stationary Office. https://www.gov.uk/government/ it is more difficult to include geoconservation and publications/the-natural-choice-securing-the-value-of- the use of educational, scientific sites within land- nature

25 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Geodiversity in the Terras de Coura Landscape Plan

João Forte1, Isabel Maria Matias2,3, Pascal de Moura Pereira2, Luís Brandão Coelho4

1 Geodiversity consultant, Moinho das Moitas, 3240-127, Ansião, Portugal; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Leiras do Carvalhal, Lda., Caminho do Crasto, 289, 4940-687, Paredes de Coura, Portugal; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Centro de Estudos Arnaldo Araújo/ESAP, Escola Superior Artística do Porto, Largo de S. Domingos, 80, 4050-545, Porto, Portugal; e-mail: [email protected] 4 Valminho, Av. Miguel Dantas, nº 69, 4930-678, Valença, Portugal; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: landscape plan, geodiversity, Paredes de Coura, territorial management

Paredes de Coura is a municipality located in north- community funds – North 2020 National Heritage. ern Portugal. The Terras de Coura Landscape Plan A partnership was made by the city council with lo- was developed in this territory and is a pilot Project cal agents, namely: Leiras do Carvalhal Lda, a pri- in Portugal concerning the implementation of the vate company located in Paredes de Coura, Centro European Convention for Landscape on a munici- de Estudos Arnaldo Araújo/ESAP and Valminho pal level. Florestal. This project was possible after the approval of The guidelines for the development of this the application presented by the city council for project followed European methodologies such as

Fig. 1. Geodiversity map of the municipality of Paredes de Coura, Portugal.

26 SESSION A: Geoconservation and landscape management those defined in Spain, France and Italy. As an by side at in the Terras de Coura Landscape Plan, example, some common elements with the ‘pla de following the ecosystem approach, even if still lacks paisatge’ in various ‘ajuntaments’ of the autono- the status and standing in political, diplomatic, pol- mous region of Catalonia can be found in Terras de icy and public arenas, for geodiversity, as referred Coura Landscape Plan. Currently it does not exist by Crofts (2014). The authors expect that this pilot a legal figure in Portugal to serve as a guideline for landscape plan can lead to a better recognition of the elaboration of landscape plans on a local level. geodiversity as part of nature and landscape policies By implementing this methodology, ten land- in Portugal. Also that the relationship between bio- scape units were defined and they portray the diversity and geodiversity can be better understood, Paredes de Coura territory. At a subsequent phase since Paredes de Coura municipality enclosures a quality objectives were established for each one Natura 2000 area and the Corno do Bico Protected of these units. In the last stage an action plan was Landscape. Geodiversity is not usually included in elaborated and a variety of actions, such as projects the management tools for protected sites, that’s why and measures aiming at protecting, managing and this landscape plan can represent a new step not planning the landscape units were defined. A fun- only for management of natural protected areas but damental issue was the involvement of local people also as a municipal/landscape scale. trough public participation in this landscape plan. Another major development was made by the This potentially enables them to preserve their own establishment of the Landscape Observatory of identity and to motivate the community to its role Paredes de Coura. Its aim is to develop policies in the construction of the landscape. Renaming one related with landscape and it will be complemented of the landscape units (Porreiras Granites to São with a geodiversity action plan for Paredes de Silvestre Granites) is one example of it. During the Coura. It will be probably the first geodiversity public participation process, the community rec- action plan in Portugal. ognised important values related with geodiversity (e.g. intrinsic, cultural, aesthetical). References A new and innovative guideline (Forte 2014; Benito-Calvo, A., Pérez-González, A., Magri, O., Meza, P. Forte et al. 2018) was implemented, concerning the 2009. Assessing regional geodiversity: the Iberian Pen- inclusion of geodiversity in this landscape plan. insula. Earth Surface Processes Landforms, 34 (10), Analysis of geodiversity was made at municipality 1433–1445. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1840 level (Fig. 1) and at landscape units. The charac- Crofts, R. 2014. Promoting geodiversity: learning lessons from biodiversity. Proceedings of the Geologists Asso- terization of geodiversity patterns is a major asset ciation, 125, 263–266. for territorial management (Hjort, Luoto 2010) and Forte, J.P., Brilha, J., Pereira, D., Nolasco, M. 2018. Kernel also for landscape plans. Physical factors such as Density Applied to the Quantitative Assessment of Geo- lithology, landforms and soils, used in this proj- diversity, Geoheritage. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371- ect, constitute the basis of a landscape (Benito- 018-0282-3 Calvo et al. 2009). The inclusion of geodiversity Forte, J.P. 2014. Avaliação quantitativa da geodiversidade: in the Terras de Coura Landscape Plan is another Desenvolvimento de instrumentos metodológicos com aplicação ao ordenamento do território. Dissertação de milestone and follows the increasing need for the Doutoramento, pp. 1–286. Universidade do Minho. knowledge, promotion and protection of the abiotic Hjort, J., Luoto, M. 2010. Geodiversity of high-latitude land- elements of natural environment. scapes in northern Finland. Geomorphology, 115 (1–2), Biodiversity and geodiversity can now walk side 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.09.039

27 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

The role of the landscape aesthetic values in the geotourism

Zoltán Karancsi1, Gergely Horváth2, Gábor Csüllög2, Mária Szabó2

1 University of Szeged, Faculty of Education, Department of Geography and Ecotourism, Boldogasszony sugárút 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Geography and Geosciences, Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; e-mails: [email protected], g.csullog@gmail. com, [email protected] (M.S.)

Keywords: landscape evaluation, geoheritage, geopark, geotourism, Hungary

Goals: Landscapes inspire not only the artists but Geological, geomorphologic, botanic and other also the tourists. The greatest part of the visitors landscape values induce geotourism (Newsome, chooses destinations by the attractiveness of the Rowling 2006). Geotourism, which appeared in view. Beautiful scenery touches everyone, because the 2000’s together with geopark sightseeing, is scenic landscapes, together with their natural real- one of the youngest branches of the tourism ac- ity and cultural character, have a pleasant ambience tivities in Hungary. The first geopark in Hungary, and express aesthetic value. When assessing any a Hungarian-Slovakian transborder geopark, is natural-cultural landscape, it is not easy to evalu- the Novohrad-Nógrád Geopark (Horváth, Csüllög ate the natural landscape only. However, this is the 2011, 2013). The presentation will introduce the most considerable attractiveness for the visitors, and main aesthetic landscape elements of this geopark, they certainly find it most worth remembering. The like eroded rhyolite surfaces, basalt outcrops partly physical condition of the landscape also reflects the crowned by medieval castles, sandstone gorges anthropogenic effects on the environment (Horváth, (Horváth 1999), as well as sites of cultural heritage, Karancsi 2011; Karancsi et al. 2015): the landscape mining heritage (Horváth et al. 2012; Horváth, changes in time, societies transform the natural Csüllög 2012), folk architecture, folk costumes, landscapes into cultural landscapes, which process etc. and their effect on geotourism. often results in observable conflicts in the life of Methods: Beyond the geographical evaluation, the landscape. In this context, the state of natural in this this research the investigations in archives landscapes also acts a mirror or even a self-portrait have been carried on, as well as landscape analyses of humans who use and transform the landscape. and cartographic methods have been applied. Just like any other products, the natural land- scapes as destinations of tourism also need adver- Conclusions: During the assessment of a natural- tising. Even today, postcard pictures play important cultural landscape, the analysis of the scenery role in popularizing them (Pócsik et al. 2014). This plays an important role. The interpretation of the is why this paper investigates the geographical and aesthetic values and their visualisation in maps aesthetic aspects of the postcards of the authors’ promote controlling geotourism. As a result, the- research area. The first Hungarian postcard in this matic routes linking spectacular places should be region was printed in 1899; since then, more than created in the geoparks. 300 different types were published. Most of these postcards satisfy the artistic expectations and pres- References ent some attractions, sometimes very interesting Horváth, G. 1999. Landscape values in the Medves Area, attractions, which are typical of the time in which North Hungary. In: P. Hlavinková, J. Munzar, (Eds), Re- they were made, though they are not characteristic gional prosperity and sustainability, p. 95–104. Regio- features of postcards today (e.g. man-made land- graph; Brno. scape objects like waste dumps or mine shafts). Horváth, G., Csüllög, G. 2011. Geoconservation and geo- tourism in a new Central European geopark. In: J.-C. Paintings of landscapes made by painters can also Lin (Ed.), Landscape conservation, p. 31–42. National serve for introducing the attractiveness of the land. Taiwan University; Taipei. Paintings and graphics by famous artists often help Horváth, G., Csüllög, G. 2012. The role of ecotourism and to raise the interest in landscape tourism too. geoheritage in the spatial development of former mining

28 SESSION A: Geoconservation and landscape management

regions. In: P. Wirth, B. Černič Mali, W. Fischer (Eds), Horváth, G., Karancsi Z. 2011. Intensity of the anthropo- Post-mining regions in Central Europe. Problems, Poten- genic effects on a small landscape unit in North Hunga- tials, Possibilities, p. 226–240. Oekom Verlag; München. ry. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 55, Supplementary Horváth, G., Csüllög, G. 2013. A new Slovakian-Hungari- Issue 1, 37–50. an cross-border geopark in Central Europe – Possibility Karancsi, Z., Horváth, G., Sütő, L., Csüllög, G. 2015. An- for promoting better connections between the two coun- thropogenic geomorphosites in the Karancs – Medves tries. European Countryside, 5 (2), 146–162. Region. In: D. Lóczy (Ed.), Landscapes and landforms Horváth, G., Csüllög, G., Karancsi, Z. 2012. Mines as geo- of Hungary, p. 139–147. Springer; Berlin – Heidelberg. sites and objectives of geotourism in Hungary. In: M. Newsome, D., Rowling, D. 2006. Geotourism, sustainability, Bentivenga, F. Geremia (Eds), Geoheritage: Protecting impacts and management, pp. 1–260. Elsevier; Oxford. and Sharing, Proceedings and fieldtrip guides of the 7th Pócsik, E., Kiss, A., Karancsi, Z. 2014. Role of postcards in International Symposium ProGEO on the Conservation the ‘sale’ of (historic) landscapes and townscapes. Com- of the Geological Heritage, 24–28 September 2012, Bari, parative analysis of two different Hungarian key tourist Italy. Geologia dell’Ambiente Supplemento, 3, 141–142. areas. Siedlungsforschung, 31, 337–351.

29 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Evaluation of Cultural Landscape within the Cultural Heritage Protection System

Marvy Lah

Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, Cultural Heritage Service, Metelkova 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: cultural landscape, cultural heritage, evaluation, protection

Goals: The knowledge about historic landscapes is Conclusions: The interests in the landscape is an integral part of the information which is import- expressed also within other sectors, e.g. envi- ant for spatial planning. Recording, assessing and ronment, agriculture and forestry, and the settle- studying landscapes is the essential contribution to ment. None of them alone can cope with cultural the and management. landscapes. Each can only contribute knowledge The cultural landscape is significantly differ- from a specific professional segment regarding ent from the rest of heritage. The most import- the cultural landscape. Management can only be ant factors of the landscape are climate and relief. initiated by a creative dialogue within the spatial In accordance with these natural features a plant planning. cover is formed, which is the most visible element of landscape. Man also adapts to natural condi- References tions and at the same time he manipulates it to suit Lah, M. 2016. Vrednotenje kulturne krajine v sistemu varst- his own needs. These interventions are reflected va kulturne dediščine (Evaluation of cultural landscapes in new forms of settlements, food production and in the system of cultural heritage protection). Master solving or removing the barriers in nature. thesis, pp. 1–143. University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Nowadays the changes in the landscape are fast Faculty; Ljubljana. Ogrin, D. 1996. Strategija varstva krajine v Sloveniji (Land- and the traces of earlier periods are disappearing. scape Protection Strategy in Slovenia). Master thesis, Each cultural landscape is also a category of pres- pp. 1–59. University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, ent, and all cultural landscapes are embedded in Institute of ; Ljubliana. the technological and economic logic of the current Pirkovič, J. 1987. Vrednotenje kulturne dediščine (Evalua- time. We do not deal with cultural landscape as built tion of cultural heritage). Varstvo spomenikov. Journal heritage, which is renewed and later maintained and for the Protection of Monuments, 29, 29–40. ensured to preserve the historical image. The essen- Pirkovič, J. 1993. Osnovni pojmi in zasnova spomeniškega varstva v Sloveniji (Basic concepts of monument pro- tial of landscape compared to the rest of tection in Slovenia). Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine cultural heritage is that it is continuously changing. Slovenije, 11, pp. 1–176; Ljubljana. In cultural landscape there are always irreversible Rules on the Cultural Heritage Register. 2009. Uradni list changes. Therefore it cannot be evaluated with the Republike Slovenije, 66/09. same criteria as the rest of cultural heritage. Rules on the Register of Immovable Cultural Heritage. 2002. Uradni list Republike Slovenije, 25/02. Methods: The assessment method is based on the Spatial development strategy. 2004. Ljubljana, Ministry of fact that even, when evaluating cultural landscapes the Environment, Spatial Planning and Energy, pp. 1–75. it is possible to identify the structure and monu- Spatial Planning Directorate, Spatial Development Of- mental remains or substance as it is with the rest of fice; Ljubljana. the heritage. The structure of a cultural landscape Zakon o varstvu kulturne dediščine (Cultural Heritage Protec- tion Act), 1. 2008 Uradni list Republike Slovenije, 16/87. is determined by the distribution of its essential el- ements. Particularly important in regard to historic Internet sources landscapes is the readability of the structure and the [1] Handbook of legal regimes of cultural heritage protection. ability to identify individual functional units. The 2013. Ljubljana, Ministry of Culture (digital database) (In state of both indicates a conservation status which Slovene). http://giskd6s.situla.org/evrdd/ P_11_11_02.htm is to be tested using available historical sources. (June 2013).

30 SESSION A: Geoconservation and landscape management

Enhancing Community–School Partnership for Rural Landscape Conservation: a case study in Taiwan

Kuang-Chung Lee1

1 National Dong-Hwa University, Department of Natural Resources and , No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: landscape conservation, rural community development, geo-tourism, school-community-univer- sity partnership, participatory forum

The study area: Academics in Taiwan have Aims: This research aims in looking into the pro- been working on landscape conservation for 30 cess as to how the above two communities and two years. Numerous studies focus on investigation, schools collaborated on planning and conducting assessment, monitoring and education of special related community development projects between scientifically important geo-conservation sites. 2005 and 2010, with focus on analyzing the process However, few researches have been done on the and outcomes of setting up a school–community– issues of local stakeholder participation and rural university partnership platform for conducting the community development. The author chooses one collaborative projects. of the national- level geo-conservation sites, the Methods: The theory of collaborative planning and Lichi Badland in Taitung County, Taiwan, as a management (Healey 1997, 1998) was employed to case study area. The area is surrounded by two explore issues of geo-conservation, geo-tourism and villages; each has a branch of elementary school local community development. Many participatory (Figs. 1, 2).

Fig. 1. Location of the study area.

31 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

and training workshops, local people and teachers figured out a common ground of their interests and goals. They worked together to draw up and conduct several landscape conservation projects which aimed to enhance better understandings of relationships between local people livelihoods and the badland as resources. Through the implemen- tation processes of these projects, local people and teachers had completed local natural and cultural resources investigation, and interpretation materials, as well as carried out several pilot programs of geo-tourism. A detailed data analysis shows that the process and outcomes of the school–community–university partnership Fig. 2. Lichi badland landscape and the village. building of the case study from 2005 to 2010 could be influenced by the following 13 factors, includ- ing: local problems and needs; development goals and visions; strategies and action plans; commu- nity leadership and coherence; school leadership and coherence; collaborative role of the research team; collaborative role of local authorities; role recognition of each other; operational mechanism of the school-community partnership platform; policies and resources of relevant community proj- ects; human resources and participation; finan- cial resource and allocation, and benefits sharing. Fig. 3. The ‘school–community–university partner- Besides, the analysis of the focus group discussion ship platform’. in 2016 reveals that the image of ‘badland’ used to be negative perceived by local people has now be- forums were designed and conducted in two villages come a resource for local community and tourism to enhance school–community–university partner- development. ships for rural landscape conservation of the area. The ‘school–community–university partnership This study employs qualitative data inquiry meth- platform’ proves to be a genuine assistance to pro- ods including participant observation, individual in- mote knowledge resources, relational resources, and terviews and group discussions. A focus group dis- mobilization capacity among the local stakehold- cussion was conducted in Lichi village in November ers and help to promote geo-conservation and rural 2016 to explore the meanings and values of ‘bad- community development. lands’ perceived by local people and teachers. References Findings and conclusions: The findings show that the ‘school–community–university partnership Healey, P. 1997. Collaborative planning: shaping places in plat form’ was like a new bridge activating part- fragmented societies, pp. 1–338. Macmillan; London. Healey, P. 1998. Building institutional capacity through col- nership between local communities and schools. laborative approaches to urban planning. Environment Through regular panel discussions on the platforms and Planning A, 30, 1531–1546.

32 SESSION A: Geoconservation and landscape management

Geoconservation and management strategies: A case study with two Spanish UNESCO Global Geoparks

Thais de Siqueira Canesin1, José Brilha1, Enrique Díaz-Martínez2

1 Institute of Earth Sciences, Pole of the University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geoconservation, geological heritage, geoparks management, UNESCO Global Geoparks

The aim of geoconservation is the proper conser- of experts within the technical staff of geoparks. vation and management of geological heritage. Equally important is the existence of management A geoconservation strategy can be more effective structures that can effectively ensure a connection when the steps for inventory, assessment, conserva- with the community and with all stakeholders in tion, promotion, and monitoring are applied in se- the territory, so as to ensure an integrated develop- quence (Brilha 2006). UNESCO Global Geoparks ment of the whole region. A good cooperation with (UGG) have geological heritage with international the administration of any protected area is also a relevance that is used in action plans towards the remarkable positive factor. Park managers have ex- sustainable socioeconomic development of these tensive experience in the implementation of nature territories. Therefore, geoconservation must be conservation and environmental education actions, one of the main axes on which other complemen- activities that can certainly benefit any geopark. tary strategies, such as the educational and touris- The work done in these two case studies allowed tic ones, should be based. to confirm some good-practices that can help the We herein describe the geoconservation and success of any UGG: (1) Establishment of a data- management strategies of two Spanish UGG: Las base with all actions and activities organized in Loras Geopark (LLG) and Molina de Aragón-Alto the geopark, not only by the geopark’s manage- Tajo Geopark (MATG). This study aims to under- ment, but also by geopark partners; (2) Existence of stand how these geoparks were implemented in the geoconservation experts within the geopark’s staff; territory, to identify what their major challenges are, (3) Creation and implementation of a geoconserva- and finally to suggest procedures that may improve tion action plan involving all steps of a geoconser- the outcomes of these UGG and others. The data for vation strategy; (4) Existence of a multidisciplinary this analysis was obtained during a 3 months stay staff team; (5) Existence of management and stra- at each of the two geoparks. During this period, tegic plans covering key activities of geoparks, geopark managers provided relevant documenta- namely education, tourism, communication and tion, field work was done on 15 geological sites, and sustainable development; and (6) Promotion of par- contacts were made within each of the communities. ticipative management with stakeholders and local LLG started its activities in 2004/05 and was population, as a tool for the development of the accepted by UNESCO as a UGG in 2017. MATG whole territory. was accepted in the European Geoparks Network in 2014, after 8 years of activities together with the References Alto Tajo Natural Park and the Museum of Molina Brilha, J. 2006. Proposta metodológica para uma estratégia de de Aragón. These two case studies, with distinct geoconservação. VII Congresso Nacional de Geologia, histories, and different management models, allow Estremoz, Portugal, 29 June – 13 July, 2006, 7, 925–927. Canesin, T. 2017. Análise comparativa da implementação the identification of some aspects that may be cru- de desenvolvimento dos Geoparques Mundiais da UN- cial for the success of any geopark. ESCO Las Loras e Comarca de Molina de Aragón-Alto As geological heritage is an essential require- Tajo (Espanha) e propostas de gestão. Dissertação de ment for any geopark, geoconservation needs to mestrado em geociências, pp. 1–308. Universidade do be properly applied, which requires the presence Minho.

33 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Concepts of geoheritage and geosite in a strategy and practice of geoconservation and geology promotion

Jan Urban1, Włodzimierz Margielewski1, Barbara Radwanek-Bąk 2

1 Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Carpathian Branch, Skrzatów 1, 31-560 Kraków, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geoheritage, geosite, geoconservation, caves, springs

Introduction: The term ‘geoheritage’ was intro- the role of the Earth (its evolution, structure and duced in the ‘International Declaration of the Rights processes) and geosciences in the interpretation of of the Memory of the Earth’ adopted during the human history and present-day situation will be the First International Symposium on the Conservation best promotion of geoheritage and geoconservation. of our Geological Heritage hold in Digne les Bains, This ‘human centered’ perspective is not contradic- France, 1991. Such circumstances of its creation in- tory to the geoheritage evaluation based on intrinsic dicate its connection with consciousness of threats value, but adds new, humanistic feature to this eval- and necessity of protection of the Earth and its ele- uation. We postulate thus to include the role of site ments. In order to make significant progress in the in the human history or present-day status into the geoconservation, the notion of geoheritage should features of geoheritage. be easily recognized and adopted by various groups The extraordinary example of such geoheritage of public, also policy makers. The aim of this paper feature proving the direct role of specific geological is to indicate arguments and methods that will facil- structure in human history is Wawel Hill crowned itate proper and more eager perception of geoheri- with the Royal Castle in Kraków city, a historical tage and its elementary portions, ‘atoms’ – geosites, capital of Poland. This hill is a tectonic horst built as heritage needing conservation. of Jurassic limestone, framed by steep slopes and Geoheritage role in human past, present-day and surrounded by marshy plain of Vistula river val- future: Every definition recognises geoheritage as ley built of Miocene and Quaternary clayey-sandy intrinsic scientific features/sites that allow us to un- rocks. Such geological structure and consequent derstand history of the Earth and life and processes morpho- and hydrological conditions favored hu- responsible for this history. Some definitions include man colonization of the hill in the prehistoric and to the geoheritage features also cultural importance Early Medieval time: the hill population was nat- of sites (Brocx, Semeniuk 2007). Nevertheless, there urally sheltered from enemies, never suffered hun- is still a crucial aspect of human-geoscience inter- ger due to fishing and cultivation of different (hu- relation not clearly expressed in these definitions, mid plain and dry plateau) areas, had rock material probably due to the anxiety that it may introduce for construction and convenient communication human perspective into the purely scientific, intrin- and river transport (Alexandrowicz et al. 2009). sic evaluation of geoheritage features. This idea was Apart from the individual sites, there are geo- emphatically formulated in the ‘Declaration’ in the site categories which structurally illustrate depen- following phrase: ‘Mother Earth supports us. We dence of human live on geological/geomorpholog- are each and all linked to her […]’, and has been ical elements, resources or processes. Caves are developed by van Wyk de Vries et al. (2018), who such category, due to their role in the prehistoric remind the role of geosciences in understanding the development of human civilisation as well as in Earth system dynamics and evolution, which have present-day cultural activities. The co-occurrence determined human being in the past and currently of relevant geological features, and cultural values in the time of violent global changes. Consequently, represented by archeological artifacts of Paleolithic they postulate the necessity ‘to communicate geo- (Madeyska, Cyrek 2002) is principally a sciences to the audience of all types from politicians direct consequence of cave occurrence, location, to general public’. Therefore, evidences showing shape and general character.

34 SESSION A: Geoconservation and landscape management

Springs are the other geoheritage category Conclusions: We postulate to properly appreciate whose recognition, studies and conservation is of and include into the ‘geoheritage structure’ sites principal importance for human being. Springs and categories of sites that convince public and are thus evidences of water resources necessary policy makers that Earth’s elements/features/phe- for live and economy, and provide information nomena were and are necessary not only for geo- on groundwater circulation in the Earth’s crust scientist but they and their recognition have been (Baścik et al. 2009). In the epoch, when people do playing crucial role in the development of human not connect water with its subsurface resources, civilization, history and present-day situation. the educational role of natural springs is of crucial importance. Springs emphatically illustrate the References role of Earth resources and processes and their rec- Alexandrowicz, Z., Urban, J., Miśkiewicz, K. 2009. Geo- ognition (thus geosciences) in human live. logical values of selected Polish of the UN- ESCO World Heritage List. Geoheritage, 1 (1), 43–52. Consistent and simple ‘structure of geoheritage’ Baścik M., Chełmicki W., Urban J. 2009. Geoconservation as a necessary condition of efficient geoconser- of springs in Poland. Episodes 32, 3, 177–185. vation: The other condition to make geoheritage Brocx M., Semeniuk V. 2007. Geoheritage and geoconser- better perceptible to public and easier to manage by vation – history, definition, scope and scale. Journal of governmental, communal or private agencies is to Royal Society of Western Australia, 90, 53–87. Madeyska, T., Cyrek, K. 2002. Cave filling – a chronicle of construct its ‘structure’ consistent, as well as to use the past. An outline of the Younger Pleistocene cave sed- terminology and classifications clear and simple. iments study in Poland. Acta Geologica Polonica, 52 (1), This postulate is not against expanded and complex 75–96. systems of geosite evaluation and classification de- Van Wyk de Vries, B., Byrne, P., Delcamp, A., Einarson, P., veloped for the last quarter of a century. It concerns Göğüş, O., Guilbaud, M.-N., Hagos, M., Harangi, S., the final reports that present results of geoheritage Jerram, D., Matenco, L., Rapprich, V., Rose, W., Vye, E. inventories and evaluations, as well as recommenda- 2018. A global framework for the Earth: putting geolog- ical sciences in context. Global and Planetary Change. tions on the geoheritage management. Even if these http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.12.019 documentations include descriptions of complex Wimbledon, W., Ishchenko, A., Gerasimenko, N., Alexand- features referred to ‘roots of geological knowledge’, rowicz, Z., Vinokurov, V., Liscak, P., Vozar, J., Voza- they must be clear and understandable for ordinary rova, A., Bezak, V., Kohut, M., Polak, M., Mello, J., managers and agency officers, possibly naturalist. Potfaj, M., Gross, P., Elecko, M., Nagy, A., Barath, I., A language (terminology) and illustrations are of Lapo, A., Vdovets, M., Klincharov, S., Marjanac, L., crucial meaning in this case (van Wyk de Vries et al. Mijovic, D., Dimitrijevic, M., Gavrilovic, D., Theo- dossiou-Drandaki, I., Serjani, A., Todorov, T., Nakov, 2018). Such final report should include a list of eval- R., Zagorchev, I., Perez- Gonzales, A., Benvenuti, M., uated geosites and geomorphosites, with a descrip- Boni, M., Brancucci, G., Bortolami, G., Burlando, M., tion of their values, threats and recommendations Costanini, E., D’Andrea, M., Gisotti, G., Guado, G., on their management, i.e. monitoring, conservation Marchetti, M., Massoli-Novelli, R., Panizza, M., Pavia, procedures, possible public access (geotouristic us- G., Poli, G., Zarlenga, F., Satkunas, J., Mikulenas, V., age). Evaluation of geosites, given in the final re- Suominen, V., Kananoja, T., Lehtinen, M., Gongrijp, G., port, should be based on principal and commonly Look, E., Grube, A., Johansson, C., Karis, L., Parkes, M., Raudsep, R., Andersen, S., Cleal, C., Bevins, R. understood criteria – preferably proposed in the 1998. A first attempt at a GEOSITES Framework for GEOSITE project which were applicable in very Europe – an IUGS initiative to support recognition of different geological regions (Wimbledon et al. 1998, Word heritage and European geodiversity. Geologica 2001). Presented evaluation levels: local, regional, Balcanica, 28 (3–4), 5–32. supraregional and global, ought to include respec- Wimbledon, W.A.P., Ishchenko, A.A., Gerasimenko, N.P., tively all geosites taken into account during the proj- Drandaki., I., Karis, L.O., Suominen, V., Johansson, ect realisation. It does not mean that during the pro- C.E., Freden, C. 2001. IUGS’s GEOSITES initiative: science supported by conservation. In: D. Barettino, fessional categorisation and evaluation much more W.A.P. Wimbledon, E. Gallego (Eds), Proceedings of complex and sophisticated procedures could not be the Madrid 3rd International Symposium on the Conser- used, however, the final report must be sufficiently vation of the Geological Heritage, November 23–25th clear to guide the conservation and management 1999, Madrid, p. 69–94. Instituto Tecnológico Geomi- activities realised by non-geoscientists. nero de España; Spain.

35 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

POSTERS

Protected areas at the cross-border region Kosovo–Albania

Fadil Bajraktari1, Sami Behrami1, Nazmi Zogaj2, Blerta Avdia3

1 Kosovo Institute for Nature Protection, Luan Haradinaj str., New Government Building, 10000, Pristina, Kosovo; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Competence Center Malisheva, Habib Berisha str. without number, Neighborhood of Mirdita, 24000, Malisheva, Kosovo; e-mail: [email protected] 3 University College Logos, Department of Tourism, Dritan Hoxha str., Comfort Palaces (Over NBG), In front of the Sports Palace Asllan Rusi, Tirana 1001, Albania; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: protected cross-border areas, cultural value, natural heritage, Kosovo–Albania joint manage- ment plans

Natural heritage: The natural heritage of a country products, improvement of existing infrastructure, is one of its most important assets. The cross-border integration of the local community and improving area Kosovo–Albania is characterized by a high di- the social welfare of communities. versity of natural and cultural values. This area with Cross-border cooperation is a key element of 116.3 km long is located the southern and western European Union (EU) policies to support the de- part of Kosovo. The most important natural heritage velopment of countries within the EU and in partic- areas of the Balkan are located along this cross-bor- ularly the development of neighbouring countries. der region, such as: ‘Bjeshkët e Nemuna’ (Albanian Alps), ‘Pashtriku’ and ‘Sharri Mountains’. Within Albania–Kosovo cooperation for environmen- the cross-border area of Kosovo–Albania, there are tal protection: The first initiative for cross-border three strict nature reserves (‛Koritnik’, ‛Bredhiku’ cooperation between Kosovo and Albania for the and ‛Gashi River’), two National Parks (‘Sharri and proclamation of protected nature areas has started Bjeshkët e Nemuna’), two Natural Parks (‘Pash- in 2006. This cooperation started within the frame- triku’ with ‘Lake of Vermica’, and ‘Korab-Koritnik’ work of the ‛Peace Park’ and the ‛Green Belt’. ‒ managed natural resources, category IV). The to- This initiative for cooperation and proclamation tal surface of these protected areas is about 45 thou- of the cross-border protected areas of Kosovo and sand hectares. Albania, were also supported by the joint meeting of the Government of the Republic of Kosovo and Need of protection: In the cross-border mountain the Government of the Republic of Albania held in relief there are a large number of rare habitats (flora 2017, during which was signed a memorandum of and fauna) and endangered species of national and cooperation for environmental protection and an- international importance. Based on the scientific, nouncement of protected cross-border area of the natural, cultural and historical values, this area Pashtrik Mountain and Lake Vermica. deserves protection of nature, and development of tourism. The development and protection of References cross-border areas can be realized through plans Avdia, B. 2015. Vlerësimi dhe Menaxhimi i Resurseve Naty- and programs to be implemented by the two coun- rore dhe Njerëzore të Krahinave Lumë-Gorë (Kosovë) tries. The designation of cross-border protected ar- për Zhvillimin e Qëndrueshëm të Tyre’. PhD Disetacioni, eas increases the possibility to obtain international Tiranë. funding for the protection and conservation of na- Bajraktari, F., Behrami, S. 2013. Zonat e Mbrojtura të Ko- ture. The management of these cross-border areas, sovë, Kërkime Gjeografike, 15, 65‒73. Universiteti I Prishtinës, Fakulteti i Shkencave Matematike ‒ Naty- joint management plans and strategies, which will rore, Departamenti i Gjeografisë, Prishtinë. promote the sustainable economic development of Dollma, M. 2015. Geotourism and sustainable development the area, such as: protection of natural and cul- in Skrapar, Acta Geoturistica, 6 (2), 11‒17. https://geotur. tural heritage, ecotourism, promotion of traditional tuke.sk/pdf/2015/n02/02_Dollma_v6_n2.pdf

36 SESSION A: Geoconservation and landscape management

Enhancing geoconservation strategies by quantitative assessment of geosites in the Ceará Central Domain, Northeastern Brazil

Pâmella Moura1, Maria da Glória Motta Garcia 2, José Brilha3

1 Federal University of Ceará, Centre of Sciences. Geology Postgraduate Program, Campus do Pici, Bloco 912, CEP 60440-554, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Centre for Research Support in Geological Heritage and Geotourism, Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, CEP 05508-080, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Institute of Earth Sciences, Pole of the University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geoheritage, GEOSSIT, priority protection, management plan

In general, the rural area of Northeast of Brazil initiatives implemented around the world in the is characterised by low socioeconomic condi- last two decades, an inventory of geoheritage has tions, partially due to a harsh semiarid climate, been developed in this domain, seeking to identify as it is the case of the Ceará state. The main geo- geological sites (geosites and geodiversity sites) logical setting of this state is dominated by the that could be used to promote local sustainable de- Ceará Central Domain (CCD), one of the oldest velopment. The working area of about 39.000 km² tectonic ‘terranes’ in Brazil. It is composed of comprises 29 municipalities (Fig. 1). To date, a mixed assemblage of magmatic and metamor- 52 geo logical sites were identified, representing phic rocks, mainly formed due to compression eight geological frameworks (Moura et al. 2017). efforts in the West Gondwana continent during A quantitative assessment of these geological sites the Neoproterozoic. This domain also includes im- was calculated aiming to reduce the subjectivity of portant features representing the geological evolu- the inventory process and to provide information tion of the South American Continent. Taking into to allow a proper site management, as stated in account the success of several geoconservation Brilha (2016).

Fig. 1. Priority areas for a geoconservation management plan in the Ceará Central Domain, highlighting geosites, geodiversity sites and priority sites for educational and touristic purposes.

37 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

The Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM) has tection priority with 8 geosites. Four priority areas developed an online platform named GEOSSIT in could be defined based on the distribution of sites order to guide and standardize the inventory and inside the CCD and the administrative units of quantitative assessment of national geoheritage regional planning, according to the Ceará Decree- (Lima et al. 2012; Rocha et al. 2016). GEOSSIT Law nº 154/2015 (Fig. 1). was adapted from Brilha (2005, 2016) and Garcia- The quantitative assessment of geoheritage in Cortés, Carcavilla (2009) proposals by considering the CCD allowed defining the priority sites for pro- the local conditions in Brazil. Based on the data tection of scientific value as well as the promotion uploaded by each researcher, the platform calcu- of potential uses. One of these presented areas will lates the scientific value, the degradation risk, the be chosen to develop a geoconservation manage- potential educational and touristic uses, besides the ment plan based on geoeducational and geotourism scientific, educational and touristic protection pri- purposes. orities. The protection priorities assessment aims to identify which geosites should receive the first References actions and resources for conservation, regarding Brilha, J. 2005. Património Geológico e Geoconservação: their values, potential uses and degradation risk A conservação da natureza na sua vertente geológica, (Garcia-Cortés, Carcavilla 2009). In this work, it pp. 1190. Palimage Editores; Braga. Brilha, J. 2016. Inventory and Quantitative assessment of was necessary to ensure that both geosites with geosites and geodiversity sites: a review. Geoheritage, high scientific value and relevant potential uses 8 (2), 119–134. would be included in a future geoconservation García-Cortés, A., Carcavilla, L.U. 2009. Documento met- management plan; therefore, different priorities odológico para la elaboración del Inventario Español de were assessed considering each value and use. lugares de interés geológico (IELIG), 2, pp. 1–164. In- According to the GEOSSIT platform, 44 sites stituto Geológico y Minero de España; Madrid. were considered as geosites, scoring more than 200 Lima, E.R., Rocha, A.J.D., Schobbenhaus, C. 2012. GEO- SSIT: Uma ferramenta para o Inventário de geossítios. points for scientific value, whereas 8 sites were 46 Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Santos, Brazil, considered as geodiversity sites, scoring less than September 30 – October 5, 2012, p. 35. Sociedade Bra- 200 points. Degradation risk was moderate for 60% sileira de Geologia; São Paulo. of sites. Educational and touristic uses scored rang- Moura, P., Garcia, M.G.M., Brilha, J. 2017. Conservation of ing 165 to 335 points and 150 to 320 points, respec- geosites as a tool to protect geoheritage: the inventory tively, from a total of 400 points. Only geological of Ceará Central Domain, Borborema Province – NE sites scoring more than 250 points for educational Brazil. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, or touristic uses and more than 200 points for sci- 89 (4), 2525–2645. Rocha, A.J.D., Lima, E., Schobbenhaus, C. 2016. Aplica- entific value were considered for the next stages of tivo GEOSSIT: nova versão, 48o Congresso Brasile- the work. As a result, three sorted lists of geolog- iro de Geologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 9–13 October, ical sites were obtained: (1) Scientific protection 2016, p. 6389. Sociedade Brasileira de Geologia; São priority with 14 geosites; (2) Educational protec- Paulo. tion priority with 14 geosites and (3) Touristic pro-

38 SESSION A: Geoconservation and landscape management

Protection of inanimate nature in Lower Silesia (Poland)

Katarzyna Zboińska1,2,3, Robert Tarka2,3, Mateusz Szadkowski3

1 Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Lower Silesian Branch, Jaworowa Avenue 19, 53-122 Wrocław, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 2 University of Wrocław, Department of Earth Sciences and Environmental Protection, Institute of Geological Sciences, Max Born Square 9, 50-205 Wrocław, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Sudetic Foreland Geopark, Piastowska 40, 58-240 Piława Górna, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geosites, documentation sites, geotourism

Lower Silesia is widely recognized as one of the created due to inanimated nature as the main sub- most interesting regions of Poland in terms of ge- ject of protection. In the case of two additional ology. The extraordinary richness of inanimate na- nature reserves, abiotic features are the purpose ture, numerous geomorphological forms, diversity of protecting of the area[1]. Also weak empha- of geology – mainly in the Sudety Mountains and sis on the significance of inanimate nature can Sudetic Foreland – confirm the high environmental be seen among natural monuments: among over attractiveness of this part of country. However, de- 2,500 natural monuments in the voivodeship area, spite the existence of certain natural values, the level only less than 100 are geological and geomorpho- of protection of the abiotic elements of nature in logical objects, of which erratics constitute a sig- Lower Silesia is very low. This fact is surprising not nificant part[2]. The issue of documentation sites only because of the enormous natural potential of looks similar: there are around 168 objects of this the region (voivodeship), but also due to the fact that type in Poland, while in Lower Silesia there are the economic values that carry this type of nature only three[3] (Bochenek 2017). It should be noted, elements are not being used – especially in terms however, that in addition to the formal protec- of geotourism. Geotourism is a form of cognitive tion of documentations, there is a rich network of tourism, based mainly on the educational and sci- so-called geosites included in the national regis- entific value of inanimate nature objects. In recent ter maintained by Polish Geological Institute – years, the interest in geotourism has significantly National Research Institute[4]. However, they are increased. Ensuring access to the various geotourist only slightly presented in other catalogues. objects should therefore be in the interest of both As a part of the Global Geosites program coor- local authorities and inhabitants of the region. dinated by ProGEO, 175 objects from Poland were There are several legally established forms of selected and gathered in the Polish Database of nature conservation, referring also to the abiotic Representative Geosites (Miśkiewicz 2012). The environment: national parks, landscape parks, na- database contains only 13 objects from the Lower ture reserves, nature-landscape complexes, natural Silesia. monuments, documentation sites (Gawlikowska The presented statistics indicate the necessity of 2000). These forms differ in their legal status of enhancing the formal protection of inanimate nature protection and are located throughout the whole in the Lower Silesia voivodeship. Many interest- Lower Silesia area. ing abiotic elements suggested for protection there There are two national parks in the region: should be indicated, among them: Skalickie Skałki Karkonosze National Park and Góry Stołowe in Skalice near Henryków, presenting a unique re- National Park. Both are characterized by the out- cord of the formation of the geological structure of standing qualities of inanimate nature. In the case the Niemczańsko-Strzelińskie Hills; Goethe Rock of the Góry Stołowe National Park, the protection in Krzywina village with specific ‘date-fruit quartz- of abiotic environmental components was the main ites’; loesses in Biały Kościół village, illustrating purpose of its establishing. climate changes in the Pleistocene; Colorful Lakes The issue of nature reserves looks different: in Rudawy Janowickie Mountains, created in places on 67 reserves in Lower Silesia only five were where pyrite was exploited, and others.

39 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

References Internet sources Bochenek, D. (Ed.) 2017. Environment 2017. Statistical in- [1] Rezerwaty przyrody 2017. Biuletyn Informacji Publi cz- formation and elaborations, pp. 1–551. Central Statisti- nej Regionalnej Dyrekcji Ochrony Środowiska we Wro- cal Office; Warszawa. cławiu; Wrocław. http://bip.wroclaw.rdos.gov.pl/rejestr- Gawlikowska, E. 2000. Geodiversity conservation of the form-ochrony-przyrody Lower Silesia with Map of protected areas and objects [2] Rejestr pomników przyrody województwa dolnośląskiego of inanimated nature 1:300 000, pp. 1–72. Ministry of 2018. Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Regionalnej Dyrek- Environment and Polish Geological Institute; Warszawa. cji Ochrony Środowiska we Wrocławiu; Wrocław. http:// Miśkiewicz, K. 2012. Inanimate nature conservation in bip.wroclaw.rdos.gov.pl/rejestr-form-ochrony-przyrody Poland with particular reference to nature monuments [3] Wykaz stanowisk dokumentacyjnych województwa dolno- and nature reserves. In: T. Słomka (Ed.), The catalogue śląskiego 2017. Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Regionalnej of geotourist sites in nature reserves and monuments, Dyrekcji Ochrony Środowiska we Wrocławiu; Wrocław. pp. 1–13. AGH University of Science and Technology; http://bip.wroclaw.rdos.gov.pl/rejestr-form-ochrony-przy- Kraków. rody [4] Centralny Rejestr Geostanowisk Polski. Państwowy Insty- tut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy. http:// geoportal.pgi.gov.pl/portal/page/portal/geostanowiska/

40 SESSION A: Geoconservation and landscape management

Spatial scales of geodiversity and landform taxonomic hierarchy

Zbigniew Zwoliński

Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, B. Krygowskiego 10, 61-680 Poznań, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geodiversity, landforms, spatial scale

Over the last quarter of century, the understanding forms, type of landform, morphological landscape, of geodiversity from various points of view has geomorphological region, morphogenetic prov- been quite widely discussed. As a result, various ince, morphogenetic zone, and geomorphic realm. methods of geodiversity research have developed This division of the spatial scale corresponds well (Zwoliński et al. 2018). In the multiplicity of meth- to the taxonomic hierarchy of the morphological ods, there is now a need to standardize the methods landscape, which best reflects the geodiversity of of assessing geodiversity. This task is difficult due any area of assessment. This presentation depicts to the huge diversity of geology and morphology couple examples of spatial scales of geodiversity of the earth’s surface, two main factors affecting with the taxonomic hierarchy of landforms. This geodiversity. Finding an objective method and at comparison of scale and hierarchy shows the de- the same time giving comparable results of this as- gree of lowering geodiversity from geomorphic sessment is one of the main challenges in the study realm to microform. of geodiversity. Another important aspect and challenge of the References standardization of methods for assessing geodi- Chorley, R.J., Schumm, S.A., Sudgen, D.E. 1984. Geomor- versity is the spatial scale of the area’s assessment. phology. Earth Sciences and the Past, pp. 1–605. Met- There are many such spatial scales in the earth huen; London. Tricart, J., Cailleux, A. 1965. Introduction a la Geomorpho- sciences from very small (in mm) to very large logie Climatique, pp. 1–306. SEDES; Paris. (in thousands of km). In general, such scales have Zwoliński, Z., Najwer, A., Giardino, M. 2017. Methods for 10 levels (e.g. Tricart, Cailleux 1965; Chorley et assessing geodiversity. In: E. Reynard, J. Brilha (Eds), al. 1984). Therefore, it is possible to propose a Geoheritage: Assessment, Protection, and Management, 9-level scale: microform, landform, set of land- p. 27–52. Elsevier; Amsterdam.

41 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

SESSION B Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

3D documentation, monitoring and origin of the hydration caves from the unique outcrop of weathering anhydrites at Pisky near Lviv (Ukraine)

Maciej Bąbel1, Adrian Jarzyna1, Damian Ługowski1 , Andriy Bogucki2, Andriy Yatsyshyn2, Krzysztof Nejbert1, Danuta Olszewska-Nejbert1

1 University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Ivan-Franko National University of Lviv, Faculty of Geography, Doroshenka 41, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: hydration, anhydrite, cave, dome, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Badenian gypsum, Carpathian Foredeep

Introduction: Hydration caves are unique objects gypsum at Pisky (west Ukraine, 25 km south of the formation of which is associated with the phe- Lviv) in 1996, and has been studied systematically nomenon of anhydrite rocks weathering. Anhydrite by the authors since 2012 (Fig. 1A, B). Various (CaSO4) exposed at the surface undergoes hydra- methods have been applied for documentation of tion under influence of surface and subsurface the hydration forms – in particular the methods water. During this reaction a secondary gypsum permitting their three-dimensional (3D) analysis (CaSO4•2H2O) is formed and, sometimes, an in- (e.g. Bura, Janowski 2017). The authors would like crease in the volume of the rock is observed. As a to draw attention to the importance of such docu- result of this process unusual morphological forms mentation which is useful not only for the quantita- are created at the surface of the swelling rocks. tive investigation of these unique forms but also for The most important of them are hydration domes the monitoring their evolution in time as well as for with empty chambers inside them. When these the comprehensive protection. chambers fit to the definition of a cave, i.e. they are large enough for a person to enter or to crawl Methods: The basic data regarding hydration caves inside, they represent the hydration caves. The were collected in the catalogue of 99 documented characteristic feature of these forms is their rela- hydration domes (and 21 hydration caves among tively rapid development. In order to recognise the them) recognised at Pisky, where i.a. information individual stages of development, it is necessary about their essential morphometric features and the to monitor them and to provide detailed documen- range on the orthophotomap foundation were in- tation. Until now, only a few places on Earth have cluded. Documentation in the form of terrestrial been documented where the hydration caves occur. photogrammetry using the ‘Structure from Motion’ They include: Walkenried (Germany), Dingwall tool was used for more detailed analysis. This (Canada), Put-in-Bay (USA), as well as Pisky in method is based on automatic localization of the Ukraine studied by the authors. The outcrop of places of the taken photographs and creates the ge- gypsum-anhydrite rocks with actively growing hy- ometry of the space using the ‘Bundle Adjustment’ dration domes and caves was recognised in a semi- algorithm, defined as a method for visual recon- closed quarry of the Badenian (Middle Miocene) structions that attains jointly optimal structure and

42 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

Fig. 1. Exemplary hydration cave from Pisky quarry. A – Location of Pisky quarry. B – Large opened dome (no. 42) with the cave shaped like tepee structure, in senile stadium of development, c – arrow showing entrance to the cave, photograph taken in 28.07.2016 by Damian Ługowski. C – Portion of Digital Elevation Model of study area (resolution: 3.5 mm/pix) based on photogrammetric survey made in 02–08.09.2015, a – extent of form no. 42 illustrated in B, b – extent of cave, c – arrow showing entrance to the cave. camera estimates. As a result of several days of maximal growth rate (rate of displacement of rock fieldwork in 2015, about 4,500 photos covering al- blocks) and to trace their structural evolution. The most the entire outcrop were obtained, while in obtained results made possible to understand better 2016 – 2,700 photographs of selected parts, such as their development. the largest hydration caves, were taken (Ługowski et al. 2016). Photographs were elaborated in the Final remarks: In winter 2017–2018 during irre- AgiSoft program, where orthophotomap and Digital sponsible activities of the owner of quarry thirteen Elevation Model (DEM) were obtained, a signifi- of the twenty one documented hydration caves were cant part of them with a resolution of 4.7 mm/pix destroyed. Despite significant damage done to the (orthophotomap) and 3.5 mm/pix (Fig. 1C). Dozens studied area, weathering of anhydrite continues, of additional small-scale models with much higher and hydration forms still develop. It is very import- accuracy were also produced. The obtained data ant to provide the environmental protection of this were subjected to spatial analysis in the ArcGIS site as the potential unique geoheritage place. program in order to measure accurately the forms, Research sponsored by National Science Centre, to create the differential models, the hypsometric Poland, grant no. DEC-2012/05/B/ST10/00918. profiles, and the basic topographic attributes such as shaded relief, slope and aspect. In addition, a model was created to interpret the stages of devel- References opment of selected forms. A comparative analysis Bura, M., Janowski, J. 2017. Virtual trip to the hydration of the photographs taken during several years of caves at Pisky near Lviv (results of 3D documentation studies was also used to illustrate changes in the using a terrestrial laser scanning; TLS). In: M. Bąbel, evolution of hydration domes and caves. D. Olszewska-Nejbert, K. Nejbert, J. Kotowski (Eds), Wietrzenie skał gipsowych i anhydrytowych. Polsko- Conclusions: The 3D documentation allows to rec- Ukraińskie Seminarium Naukowe, 19–21.01.2017, War- ognise precisely the structure and spatial form of szawa, p. 47–51. Instytut Geologii Podstawowej, Wyd- the hydration domes and caves as well as many of ział Geologii, Universytet Warszawski; Warszawa. (In their important features like the thickness of the Polish). Ługowski, D., Jarzyna, A., Bąbel, M., Nejbert, K. 2016. separated rock layers forming the roof of the caves. Metody dokumentowania zastosowane w badaniach The differential models prepared for some selected terenowych stanowiska wietrzejących anhydrytów w forms combined with many years of field observa- Piskach koło Lwowa. Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu tions made it possible to calculate their average and Geologicznego, 466, 201–214.

43 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Linking geological and architectural heritage through a 3D geological model of a historical quarry

Hugo Corbí1, Ivan Martin-Rojas1, Javier Martínez-Martínez2

1 Department of Earth Sciences and the Environment, University of Alicante, Apdo. Correos 99, 03080 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geoheritage, 3D geomodel, Betic Cordillera, quarry, historical monuments, western Medi- terranean

Introduction: The geoheritage potential of a site cal mapping of the quarry area; (3) Hand sample can depend not only on their intrinsic geological description of building materials; (4) Microscope characteristics, but also on these elements repre- observations of thin sections under optical micro- sented in historical quarries and built monuments scope; (5) Conservation state analysis of the stones (architectural heritage and heritage stones) (Brocx, in the architectural heritage was carried out at the Semeniuk 2017; De Wever et al. 2017). In this con- mesoscale by visual inspection and monument map- tribution, we implement a 3D Geomodel of a histor- ping; (6) Different deterioration patterns observed ical quarry presented in a western Mediterranean in rock ashlars were classified; and (7) Correlation island, called Nueva Tabarca. The 3D Geomodel of the different calcarenite varieties observed in the can be considered as the key for understanding city-wall with the rock facies previously defined in completely the connection between geology, his- the stratigraphic sequence. After this initial stage, tory and architecture. we produced a 3D photogrammetric model of the historical quarry using 997 aerial photographs taken Geological setting: The Nueva Tabarca Island is by Remotely Piloted Aerial System. The model was located in the eastern sector of the Betic Cordillera constructed using the software Agisoft Photoscan (SE Spain). This mountain range, together with the ©. The outcrop model was converted into a re- Rif in northern Morocco, constitutes the western al-world reference frame using the positions of the termination of the Alpine Perimediterranean orog- images recorded by the in-built GPS device of the eny. According to the stratigraphy and spatial dis- aircraft and visual alignment from available georef- tribution of rocks, the island can be divided in two erenced LiDAR data and high resolution orthoim- sectors. In the eastern sector, the island consists of a ages. Finally, to construct the geological 3D model basement of fine-grained meta-gabbros, grey lime- we included the detailed geological data onto the 3D stones and meta-marls, all of them Triassic in age photogrammetric model. With these data, we built (Betic Internal Zones). In the western sector (partic- 49 geological cross sections. All the information ularly in La Cantera islet), Late Miocene (Tortonian) was integrated in the 3D geological model using the yellowish calcarenites (Corbí, Soria 2016), which software Move©. Surfaces were created in Move by was the main building material used in the outer kriging the georeferenced lines from the geological parts of the constructions, are widely represented. map and cross sections. After that, geological vol- The recent petrological and stratigraphical inte- umes of each stratigraphic unit were created using grated analysis, carried out by Martínez-Martínez et the previous surfaces as top and bottom horizons. al. (2017) has enabled to subdivide the Late Miocene materials into five informal lithostratigraphic units. Discussion: The 3D geological model we built rep- resents a key for the heritage interpretation of the Methodology: First of all, a detailed geologi- Tabarca Island, as this model permits a detailed cal study of the La Cantera islet quarry has been quantification of the rock volumes extracted for performed, which includes the following aspects: the construction of the fortress. Moreover, these (1) Facies distribution and establishment of the volumes can be expressed in terms of the different composite stratigraphical section; (2) Structural stratigraphic units, leading to an accurate charac- analysis, together with a comprehensive geologi- terization of the origin of the different facies used

44 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities in each monument. In addition, from the 3D model References the remaining rock volumes can also be calculated, Brocx, M., Semeniuk, V. 2017. Building stones can be information useful for potential restoration of is- of geoheritage significance. Geoheritage. https://doi. land´s monuments in the future. Furthermore, the org/10.1007/s12371-017-0274-8 3D model is an excellent way for visually outreach- Corbí, H., Soria, J.M. 2016. Late Miocene–early Pliocene ing the geoheritage represented in the island. planktonic foraminifer event-stratigraphy of the Bajo Segura basin: A complete record of the western Med- Conclusion: This study shows that Nueva Tabarca iterranean. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 77, 1010– Island, one of the most significant geological loca- 1027. tions of the SE Spain from a scientific, didactic and De Wever, P., Baudin, F., Pereira, D., Cornée, A., Egoroff, G., Page, K. 2017. The Importance of Geosites and outreach point of view, is an excellent representa- Heritage Stones in Cities – a Review. Geoheritage, 9 tive geosite that connects together geoheritage and (4), 561–575. cultural heritage. This contribution concludes that Martínez-Martínez, J., Corbí, H., Martin-Rojas, I., Baeza- geosites can be of special significance precisely to Carratalá, J.F., Giannetti, A. 2017. Stratigraphy, petro- their huge potential to connect heritages of varied physical characterization and 3D geological modelling of nature. The closer are the links between the geol- the historical quarry of Nueva Tabarca Island (western ogy, history and architecture, the higher will be the Mediterranean): Implications on the heritage conserva- people concerned in Geoheritage. tion. Engineering Geology, 231, 88–99.

45 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

The Geo-Village: from concept to reality

David Cropp

Teme Valley Geological Society, www.geo-village.eu; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geo-heritage, geo-tourism, rural regeneration, community development

Introduction: Since 2013 the goal of the Geo-Village fully individuals or groups that will be keen to concept has been to develop a cohesive plan to es- drive it through. Inevitably there will need to be tablish a network of communities, initially across a commitment of human and financial resources Europe, that can offer high quality and local geolog- by communities, as well as some measure of eco- ical assets. The intention is that these high-quality nomic and tourism capacity and support, rather sites, which will be much smaller than the inter- than control, from local government, if the longer national geological destinations such as GeoParks, term objectives and outcomes are to be secured in should be developed by the communities in which a coordinated approach and genuine partnership. they are based, by means of a self-evaluation of Self-evaluation and self-assessment will enable practice and provision, and by a European-wide communities to identify a number of potential as- form of self-accreditation. The concept of the Geo- sets above and beyond their geological heritage, Village was created through the combined actions and which they either have in place or have the of the communities of Sentheim in France, Eichstadt ability to initiate. These benefits may well include: in Germany, Boyabat in Turkey, and Martley in The rural regeneration, employment potential, social United Kingdom. The subsequent Geo-Village de- and community cohesion, health and education, sign was offered for presentation, discussion and biodiversity, as well as the promotion of locally development at both the International GeoParks specific produce and traditional industries. At a Congress in Torquay and the European GeoParks wider regional level, such outcomes will also help Congress in The Azores during 2017. to develop greater economic and touristic diversity.

Detailed outline: In their self-assessment, appli- Procedural actions: It is proposed that the 9th cant communities will have few if any conflict- ProGEO Symposium will host the official launch ing priorities in terms of other tourist attractions; of the European Geo-Village. The templates for but they will have the potential to establish and Expressions of Interest, Initial Information and develop geological assets that will act as attrac- Registration, and Self-Assessment and Self- tors to a wider audience, both in terms of general, Evaluation, will all be available, as will the pro- and geologically specific, tourism. It is at the same posed new Logo for successful self-accredited time clear that the desire to initiate new geologi- communities. cal destinations for development, where the related tourist infrastructure may not be fully developed, Conclusions: It is self-evident that not all geol- will make it essential to encourage communities ogy exists in GeoParks and National Parks. It is to move forward on an agreed programme and also self-evident that there are many communities timescales that are attainable and match their across the whole of Europe that already have the community capacity. The key initial requirements potential to become part of a new network of geo- will be for a community to identify and assess logical and touristic destinations, and that these its geo-assets, to identify sources of expertise, to aspirations should now be able to be recognised, establish local advice and assistance, and hope- encouraged and celebrated.

46 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

TIPical Valleys: eintroducing local people to iconic mineral spoil landscapes in the South Wales Coalfield

Ben Evans

British Institute for Geological Conservation, C/o Amgueddfa Cymru-National Museum Wales, Cathays Park Cardiff, CF103NP, Wales, UK; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: tips, citizen science, community engagement, co-creation, mining, coalfield

TIPical Valleys is the latest project of the British Institute for Geological Conservation. It aims to inspire and engage communities in rural areas of the South Wales Coalfield, challenging the mis- conceptions surrounding mineral spoil landscapes and reintroducing them to their wonderful geology, biodiversity and heritage. For many years mineral spoil in South Wales has been viewed as an eyesore in the increasingly green valleys of the former mining area. For de- cades now tips have been planted, removed and reclaimed in the name of progress. Increasingly, however, spoil tips and their associated features are Fig. 1. Cwm Glo tips becoming colonised with species being seen as an important, highly valuable and an rich, heathland vegetation. Photograph by Ben Evans. increasingly scarce resource. Neglect and the passage of time has allowed organisations and encourage them to work together an incredible transformation. The remaining tips and take part discovery type activities at mineral have become naturally revegetated and they now spoil localities. Our project will reintroduce com- form part of an important and locally distinctive munities to mineral spoil sites across the Cwm mosaic habitat colonised by unique and unusual Taf area, encouraging and validating their use and assemblages of flora and fauna. Scratch the sur- appreciation. Ultimately through education, active face of these tips and their rocky substrate also citizenship, research and sympathetic commu- provides valuable geological information, yielding nity management, the aim is to raise the profile rare fossils and unusual minerals. Now that most of mineral spoil, highlighting its importance as of the mines have closed, tips provide a valuable an invaluable biological, geological and heritage and unique window into the rocks that lie beneath resource with land managers, decision makers and much of South Wales. regulatory bodies. Amongst local ecologists, geologists and his- TIPical Valleys Project has been funded by torians there is growing appreciation and under- the European Agricultural Fund for Rural standing of the once considered unsightly tips. Development. Many communities regard the now iconic tip as part of their cultural identity and an important part References of their local heritage, displaying a reverend fond- Evans, B.G., Cleal, C.J., Thomas, B.A. 2018. Geotourism ness for these distinctive landscape features. in an Industrial Setting: the South Wales Coalfield Geo- Through a two year-long phase of public en- heritage Network, Geoheritage 10 (1), 93–107. https:// gagement, the TIPical Valleys project will bring doi.org/10.1007/s12371-017-0226-3 together people from local communities with spe- Olds, L. 2015. Spoilt rotten the wonders of colliery spoil cialists from a wide cross section of stakeholder tips. Natur Cymru, 56, 24–28.

47 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Bringing geoheritage to people: developing geotourism within urban areas – a case study of Brno (Czech Republic)

Lucie Kubalíková

Institute of Geonics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Drobného 28, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: geotourism, geoeducation, urban geosites and geomorphosites, geoheritage

Goals: In the last years, geotourism has shown Kubalíková 2013; Kubalíková, Kirchner 2016; a considerable growth all over the world and it is Brilha 2016) and it takes into account wide spec- appreciated as a useful tool for promoting natural trum of possible values (scientific, added, tourist, and cultural heritage, both within rural and urban conservation and educational). Consequently, an areas. The importance of geodiversity and geoher- elaboration of SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weak- itage in towns and cities has been already recog- nesses, Opportunities and Threats of the site) offers nized. The geotourism products within urban areas the overview about the real situation of the site. represent a new type of attractiveness and they are Based on the aforementioned steps, the synthesis, considered as a fresh alternative to the traditional which includes proposals for the rational use of urban tourist destinations (London Geodiversity geotourism potential and particular management Partnership 2014; Reynard et al. 2017; Pica et al. measures, is done. Proposed method represents an 2017). However, in some cases, the potential is not integrated approach to assessment according to the fully developed and these resources remain hidden. currently accepted holistic concept of geotourism This is the case of Brno city which is very interest- (Dowling, Newsome 2010). ing and varied from the Earth-sciences point of Conclusions: Based on the fieldwork and litera- view (Bohemian Massif and Carpathian Foredeep ture review, two areas of interest within Brno city meet here, so lithological and morphological diver- were selected: Červený kopec and Špilberk/Petrov. sity of the area is very high). Some sites (e.g. lime- Červený kopec include two different sites (old loess stone quarries of Hády or Stránská skála) are al- pit with soil profiles and conglomerate/sandstone ready promoted and used for geotourism purposes, quarries) and it is very important from the palae- there are educational trails about the Earth-science opedological, ecological, geohistorical and cultural and other (ecological, historical, mining) aspects, point of view (Tůma et al. 2011). Špilberk/Petrov but some sites lack of these facilities, although they are two different elevations, however they are sit- also possess high educational and tourist potential uated in close proximity of each other and geolog- (e.g. world-known soil profiles at Červený kopec ically and morphologically they are very similar, or remarkable elevations composed of Proterozoic so we can consider them as one ’study area’. They volcanic rocks just in the city centre – Petrov and represent significant urban landscape dominants, Špilberk). on the slopes the outcrops of the oldest rocks of the Methods: For the assessment of geotourism and Brno massif are displayed and they are also specific geoeducational potential of urban geosites, a com- thanks to historical and cultural values (Müller, plex method is proposed. The first step, inventory- Novák 2000). ing, includes the description of scientific (geolog- For every area of interest, the inventory, as- ical, geomorphological, ecological, hydrological), sessment and SWOT analysis were done. Based cultural (geohistorical, artistic, architectonical), on that, some proposals for geotourist and geoed- tourist and conservation characteristics. The sec- ucational use were designed, especially geo-paths ond step is the proper assessment of the geotourism (Červený kopec: a trail connecting the loess pit and geoeducational potential. It is anchored espe- and conglomerate/sandstone quarries, Špilberk and cially in the concept of geomorphosites (Panizza Petrov: a walk connecting these elevations and in- 2001) and already used methods (e.g. Pralong 2005; cluding other specific geo-features of the city cen- Reynard et al. 2007, 2016; Pereira, Pereira 2010; ter, e.g. architectonical issues) and some additional

48 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities activities (e.g. installation of information panels, of Brno and its surroundings), pp. 1–90. Czech Geolog- adaption and cleaning of soil profiles). ical Institute; Prague. The development of geotourist and geoeduca- Panizza, M. 2001. Geomorphosites: concepts, methods and tional potential within these areas can help better example of geomorphological survey. Chinese Science Bulletin, 46, 4–6. understanding of the uniqueness of the specific Pereira, P., Pereira, D. 2010. Methodological guidelines for Earth-science features, it can extend the tourist geomorphosite assessment. Géomorphologie: Relief, offer of the city and above all, it can contribute to Processus, Environnement, 1 (3), 215–222. the acceptance of the importance of geodiversity Pica, A., Luberti, G.M., Vercari, F., Fredi, P., Del Monte, M. and geoheritage within urban areas. 2017. Contribution for an urban geomorphoheritage as- sessment method: proposal from three geomorphosites in Rome (Italy). Quaestiones Geographicae, 36 (3), 21–36. References Pralong, J.P. 2005. A method for assessing tourist potential Brilha, J. 2016. Inventory and Quantitative Assessment of and use of geomorphological sites. Géomorphologie: Geosites and Geodiversity Sites: a Review. Geoheri- Relief, Processus, Environnement, 1 (3), 189–196. tage, 8 (2), 119–134. Reynard, E., Fontana, G., Kozlik L., Scapozza, C. 2007. A Dowling, R., Newsome, D. (Eds) 2010. Geotourism. The method for assessing ‘scientific’ and ‘additional val- tourism of Geology and Landscape, pp. 1–246. Good- ues’ of geomorphosites. Geographica Helvetica, 62 (3), fellow Publishers Ltd; Oxford. 148–158. Kubalíková, L. 2013. Geomorphosite assessment for geo- Reynard, E., Perret, A., Bussard, J., Grangier, L., Martis, S. tourism purposes. Czech Journal of Tourism, 2 (2), 2016. Integrated approach for the Inventory and Man- 80–104. agement of geomorphological Heritage at the Regional Kubalíková, L., Kirchner, K. 2016. Geosite and Geomor- Scale. Geoheritage, 8, 43–60. phosite Assesment as a Tool for Geoconservation and Reynard, E., Pica, A., Coratza, P. 2017. Urban geomorpho- Geotourism Purposes: a Case study from Vizovická vr- logical heritage. An overview. Quaestiones Geographi- chovina Highland (Eastern Part of the Czech Republic). cae, 36 (3), 7–20. Geoheritage, 8 (8), 5–14. Tůma, A., Šebková, K., Musil, Z., Kovařík, M., Kotlánová, London Geodiversity Partnership 2014. London Geodiver- M., Hejkal, Z., Vít, J. 2011. Plán péče o Národní přírod- sity Action Plan 2014–2018. London: Capita Symonds ní památku Červený kopec na období 2012–2021. Care with assistance from the London Geodiversity Partner- plan of National Natural Monument Červený kopec for ship and Natural England. http://www.londongeopart- the years 2012–2021. Nature Conservation Agency of nership.org.uk/downloads/LGAP%202014-2018.pdf. the Czech Republic. http://drusop.nature.cz/ost/archiv/ Müller, P. Novák, Z. 2000. Geologie Brna a okolí (Geology plany_pece/index.php?frame&ID=24299.

49 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Geotourism as a vehicle for geoconservation: the case of an abandoned phosphorite mine at Annopol, Poland

Marcin Machalski1, Wiesław Liwiński2

1 Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Urząd Miejski w Annopolu, Rynek 1, 23-235 Annopol, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Key words: phosphorite mining, palaeontology, geocentrum, Annopol, Cretaceous

Introduction: The concepts of geoconservation examples of tectonic phenomena (faults, slick- and geotourism are tightly interconnected. Under ensides and tectonic breccias) and karst are also certain circumstances, geotourism may even take available. Last but not least, elements of mining a leading role so as to accomplish geoconservation infrastructure are still preserved in the mine, in- goals. We shall try to demonstrate this with the cluding a timber roof and wall support, transpor- case of an abandoned, underground phosphorite tation carts, railway tracks, examples of mining mine at Annopol, Poland. machinery and tools, storehouses and workshops. The mine is located on the right bank of the In summary, the mine at Annopol is an important Vistula river, along the northeastern limb of a small reference site for the study of Cretaceous strata in anticline. The Cretaceous marine deposits exposed Poland and Europe, being also of high educational along the limbs of this anticline range from lower and touristic acclaim in the fields of physical geol- Albian to middle Turonian (Machalski, Kennedy ogy, history of mining and culture. 2013). Starting in 1926 an Albian phosphorite hori- Geocentrum project: In view of this unique zon at Annopol was mined for use in fertiliser pro- combination of geoheritage values, the Annopol duction. The phosphate extraction continued until mine deserves protection and preservation for fu- 1970, when activities came to an end (Makowska, ture generations. In appreciation of these facts, Jędrzejczak 1975). the mine has been declared a geosite that plays Geoheritage values of the Annopol site: After a pivotal role within the concept of the planned a ‘dark period’ in its history, the Annopol mine ‘Geopark – Małopolska Gap of the Vistula River’ was brought back to public attention by spectac- ular finds of Cretaceous reptiles (Machalski et al. 2009). Subsequent palaeontological exploration of the Annopol area (Machalski 2011) yielded ex- tensive collections of fossils, both from the mine itself and from temporary trenches at ground level. This material includes remains of sharks (Siversson, Machalski 2017), chimaeroid fish (Popov, Machalski 2014), sea turtles (Kapuścińska, Machalski 2015), ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs (Bardet et al. 2016) and pterosaurs (Machalski, Martill 2013). The most important specimens came from the mine, and include ichthyosaur skulls and vertebrae and a skeleton of an atypical sea turtle. It is not only fossils that contribute to the value Fig. 1. The Cretaceous succession at Annopol. A – of the Annopol geosite. The preserved tunnels upper Albian phosphorite horizon; B – Cenomanian offer excellent opportunities for observation and marls with a composite, burrowed and mineralised sampling of the Cretaceous succession, with spe- hardground at the top; C – lower Turonian limestone cial emphasis to the phosphorite and hardground with another hardground; D – middle Turonian chalk genesis and stratigraphy (Fig. 1). Several text-book with flints. Photograph by Marcin Machalski.

50 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

(Harasimiuk et al. 2011). In view of expected high References conservation costs of the Annopol site, a com- AlRayyan, K., Hamarenh, C., Sukkar, H., Ghaith, A., Abu- bination of geoconservation with underground Jaber, N. 2017. From abandoned mines to a Labyrinth of geotourism (Wieja, Chmura 2013) appears to be Knowledge: a conceptual design for a Geoheritage Park the best way to achieve geoconservation goals at Museum in Jordan. Geoheritage. https://doi.org/10.1007/ Annopol. Accordingly, an idea to create an ed- s12371-017-0266-8 ucational-geotouristic centrum at Annopol was Bardet, N., Fischer, V., Machalski, M. 2016. Large pred- atory marine reptiles from the Albian–Cenomanian of born, which has resulted in a project worked out by Annopol, Poland. Geological Magazine, 153, 1–16. Centrum Projektowe Miedzi ‘Cuprum-Projekt’ sp. Harasimiuk, M., Domonik, A., Machalski, M., Pinińska, J., z o.o. in co-operation with the authors. Warowna, J., Szymkowiak, A. 2011. Małopolski Przełom The planned geocentrum will comprise a Wisły – projekt geoparku. Przegląd Geologiczny, 59, ground-level building and an extensive under- 405–416. ground tourist route, both provided with all facili- Kapuścińska, A., Machalski, M. 2015. Upper Albian chelo- ties necessary for geoheritage popularisation. This nioid turtles from Poland. Geobios, 48, 385–395. Machalski, M. 2011. Drugie życie annopolskiej kopalni. concept has been awarded the status of a strategic Rocznik Muzeum Ewolucji, 3, 20–31. project, included into the document ‘Priority un- Machalski, M., Kennedy, W.J. 2013. Oyster-bioimmured dertakings for the implementation of the objec- ammonites from the Upper Albian of Annopol, Poland: tives of the Lubelskie Voivodeship Development stratigraphic and palaeobiogeographic implications. Strategy for the years 2014–2020 (with a perspec- Acta Geologica Polonica, 63, 545–554. tive up to 2030)’ and positively assessed under Machalski, M., Komorowski, A., Harasimiuk, M. 2009. the negotiation and agreement procedure for the Nowe perspektywy poszukiwań morskich kręgowców kredowych w nieczynnej kopalni fosforytów w Annop- Regional Operational Programme for the Lubelskie olu nad Wisłą. Przegląd Geologiczny, 57, 638–641. Voivodeship for 2014–2020. Machalski, M. Martill, D.M. 2013. First pterosaur remains Final remarks: Awaiting completion of the pro- from the Cretaceous of Poland. Annales Societatis Geo- logorum Poloniae, 83, 99–104. cess, we wish to note that the planned Annopol Makowska, J., Jędrzejczak, M. 1975. Rys historyczny badań geocentrum, if succesfully implemented, may be geologicznych i górnictwa fosforytów w Annopolu. Biu- the first object of this type installed around a phos- letyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 286, 215–235. phate mine on a global scale (the only similar proj- Popov, E.V., Machalski, M. 2014. Late Albian chimaeroid ect we know of concerns an abandoned phosphate fishes (Holocephali, Chimaeroidei) from Annopol, Po- site at Ruseifa, Jordan; see AlRayyan et al. 2017). land. Cretaceous Research, 7, 1–18. On the other hand, the continuous natural deterio- Siversson, M., Machalski, M. 2017. Late late Albian (Early Cretaceous) shark teeth from Annopol, Poland. Alche- ration of the mine would ultimately lead to the loss ringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 41, of this important Polish geosite, if our project fails. 433–463. The study of the Annopol site by the first author Wieja, T., Chmura, J. 2013. Influence of protection of geo- was partially financed by a grant from the Polish logical and geodiversity heritage on designing Under- ground Touristic Routes. CUPRUM Czasopismo Nau- National Centre of Science (DEC 2012/05/B/ kowo-Techniczne Górnictwa Rud, 3 (68), 53–65. ST10/00710).

51 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Geological and cultural heritage of the proposed Kamienna Valley Geopark, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Grzegorz Pieńkowski¹, Anna Fijałkowska-Mader²

1 Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Holy Cross Mts. Branch, Zgoda 21, 25-953 Kielce, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Key words: geopark, geosite, geoheritage, cultural heritage

The Kamienna River valley between Niekłań erous places, without harming scientific merit of and Bałtów, located in the northern part of the these sites. Cultural monuments are equally inter- Holy Cross Mountains, known in Poland as Góry esting. The area of proposed Geopark is a cradle Świętokrzyskie (central Poland), is an unique of civilization in the Holy Cross Mountains region area on European scale (Pieńkowski 2008, 2009). and beyond, where the continuous development of Almost 30 easily accessible exposures (geosites) settelment, mining and metallurgy industry last- of different Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Quaternary ing for 12,000 years is well documented. It starts rocks (Urban, Wróblewski 1999; Wróblewski with Paleolithic (10,000–9,000 BC) pigments (he- 2000; Pieńkowski 2004; Urban, Gągol 2008). This matite, ocher) mining site with oldest known ar- area is also rich in world-class archaeological sites tificial mining supports in the area of the Rydno and unique historical landscapes and monuments, archeological reserve (Fig. 1, geosite 8; Kardyś et which luckily survived to our times (Fig. 1). Of note al. 2009), through famous Krzemionki Neolithic is original post-industrial landscape dated back to (5,000–4,000 BC) flint mines complex (Fig. 1, 19th century, harmoniously woven into the tradi- geosite 27, geocenter C; Bąbel A. 2007), and nu- tional agricultural landscape, which is a very rare merous iron smelting furnaces from the Iron Age case worldwide. All these advantages make this (2nd century AC; Orzechowski 2007). This area area very attractive for advanced tourism, partic- was one of the largest sites of iron production of ularly geotourism, and related archaeological and that time. The next medieval period of ancient in- old industry tourism. Concerning geology, the geo- dustry is connected with Cistercian arrival in the sites reveal a variety of rocks, representing a wide Wąchock Abbey (Fig. 1, geosite 9). Development of range of palaeoenvironments – from continental al- iron mining metallurgy and watermills, along with luvial redbeds, through alluvial/lacustrine, deltaic stone industry based on local Lower Triassic and and nearshore deposits to shallow-water marine Lower Jurassic sandstones (Urban, Gągol 1994), carbonates. In those environments lived, inter alia, introduction of new systems of agriculture took dinosaurs and other tetrapods, which left numer- place, what caused that Kamienna Valley became ous tracks. Most famous are dinosaur tracksites, a center of the Old-Poland’s Industry Region which with the oldest known (earliest Jurassic) trackways functioned from 13th, and then in a more com- documenting gregarious behavior of dinosaurs plete form from 17th to the 19th century. Numerous (Sołtyków Jet Preserve). In the same site one can historical objects, like the Starachowice steel mill also see the tracks of swimming dinosaurs, the first complex – the single existing and completely pre- ever reported evidence of such ability of these ani- served (with entire technological line) steel mill mals (Pieńkowski, Gierliński 1987). Starachowice from the end of 19th century (Fig. 1, geocenter B; Museum of Technlogy and Nature hosts one of the Orzechowski, Suliga 2006), ruins of rolling mill in most spectacular collections of reptile and amphib- Nietulisko (Fig. 1, geosite 16) or dam on Kamienna ian footprints of the Early Triassic age. No won- river in Brody (Fig. 1, geosite 13), can serve as ex- der, that the spectacular ‘Jura Park’ with life-size amples of unique industry monuments of this area. reconstructions of dinosaurs and other attractions Moreover, the Kamienna Valley Geopark in- was established in this area. There is a chance to cludes several natural sanctuaries with unique collect fossils in several indicated, very fossilif- flora (with some endemic ferns) and fauna. This

52 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

01020km

3 WARSZAWA WARSZAWA

2

4 8

SKARŻYSKO- SKARŻYSKO-KAMIENNA 7 KAMIENNA 5 6 9 STARACHOWICE

A B 11 14 1 D 29 1213 Kamienna 15 28

16 17 18 C 27 19 C OSTROWIEC 20 ŚWIĘTOKRZYSKI 26 border of the proposed Kamienna Valley Geopark 22 23

51 geosites 21 24 25 A geocentres

Fig. 1. A map of the proposed Kamienna Valley Geopark. relatively small area in the centre of Europe of- Pieńkowski, G. 2004. The epicontinental Lower Jurassic of fers a great educational potential, combining many Poland. Polish Geological Institute Special Papers, 12, fields of knowledge (such as geology, paleontol- pp. 1–154. ogy, evolution, paleoecology, ancient mining, an- Pieńkowski, G. 2009. Geopark ‘Dolina Kamiennej’. In: W. Trela, Z. Złonkiewicz (Eds), Perspektywy rozwo- cient metallurgy industry, historical monuments ju geoparków w regionie świętokrzyskim, p. 27–30. and landscapes, natural reserves). The main aim Wydawnictwo Kieleckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego; of the Kamienna Valley Geopark is to gain, in- Kielce. terpret and popularize the knowledge about geol- Pieńkowski, G., Gierliński, G. 1987. New finds of dinosaur ogy and human history related to the natural re- footprints in Liassic of the Holy Cross Mountains and sources of this region. There is possibility to obtain its palaeoenvironmental back ground. Przegląd Geolo- European Union’s and other subsides, and based on giczny, 35, 199–205. Pieńkowski, G. 2008. The Kamienna Valley Geopark – more its unique values concentrated in a relatively small than dinosaurs. Przegląd Geologiczny, 56, 629–638. area, the Kamienna Valley Geopark with neigh- Urban, J., Gągol, J. 1994. Kamieniołomy piaskowców w boring existing and planned geoparks are intended dawnych ośrodkach górnictwa kamiennego północnej to be included in the European and World Geopark części regionu świętokrzyskiego jako zabytki techniki i Network. przyrody. Przegląd Geologiczny, 42, 193–200 (In Polish with English summary). Urban, J., Gągol, J. 2008. Geological heritage of the Święto- References krzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains (Central Poland). Bąbel, A. 2007. Krzemionki. Prahistoryczne kopalnie krze- Przegl ąd Geologiczny, 56, 618–628. (In Polish with mienia pasiastego – Przewodnik, pp. 1–31. Muzeum English summary). Historyczno-Archeologiczne; Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski. Urban, J., Wróblewski, T. 1999. Representative geosites of Orzechowski, S., Suliga, I. (Eds) 2006. 50 lat badań nad the Góry Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross Mts) and the Nida starożytnym hutnictwem świętokrzyskim, p. 13–32 Basin, Central Poland. Polish Geological Institute Spe- Kie leckie Towarzystwo Naukowe; Kielce. cial Papers, 2, 61–70. Orzechowski, S. 2007. Zaplecze osadnicze i podstawy sur- Wróblewski, T. 2000. Geodiversity conservation in the Góry owcowe starożytnego hutnictwa świętokrzyskiego, pp. Świętokrzyskie region, pp. 1–88. Wydawnictwo Karto- 1–39. Kieleckie Towarzystwo Naukowe; Kielce. graficzne Polskiej Agencji Ekologicznej; Warszawa.

53 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Stones in history of Slovakian territory and tourist interesting places

Daniel Pivko

Department of Geology and Paleontology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Slovakia, history, stone products, buildings, historical quarries

Slovakia as a mountainous country is rich in nat- tines (Spiš Castle). Unique gothic, slim and delicate ural stone monuments but also stone resources. sandstone tabernacles are in many churches. Since Middle and more Late Palaeolithic age, Since the 14th century, the period of red ‛marble’ knapped stone tools were produced from the tombstones have begun. The number of ‛marble’ Jurassic radiolarite of Pieniny Klippen Belt in types has increased since the 16th century in the Považie region (western Slovakia), the Neogene Slovakian territory, where they were also used in obsidian (south-eastern Slovakia) and the Neogene the interiors for cladding, flooring, altars, sculp- limnosilicite (central Slovakia). Six thousand tures, balustrades and baptismal fonts. Some pol- years ago, copper ore from central Slovakia was ishable limestones come from Slovakia (e.g. Stará processed to copper and later to bronze products. Ľubovňa, Žarnov, High Nitra region). During the Approximately in turn of BC and AD eras the 18th and 19th century, many Trinity and Marian col- giant defensive rampart was constructed from umns were carved from porous limestones, sand- stone and loess, up to 6 m high, 17 m wide and stones, conglomerates and tuffs. The most used 60 km long in south-eastern Slovakia. Some for- ornamental stone in the 20th century was a white tified settlements of Púchov culture in northern Spiš travertine, that can be labelled as national Slovakia were reinforced by bedded sandstones stone. Many public buildings and memorials has disintegrated to rectangular pieces, and the mill- been built of this stone (Pivko 2010, 2012, in press). stones from rhyolite and limnosilicite in central Over 150 historical quarries and some under- Slovakia were carved in the same time (Kaminská ground chambers for the block extraction were iden- 2014). tified. Preserved tool marks point to the quarrying First dressed ashlars from the Neogene lime- methods like levering, wedging, carving, drilling, stone (Devín village) were used in Celtic buildings blasting and sawing. Medieval and Renaissance on the Bratislava Castle Hill in the 1st century BC. stepped quarry faces and the straight faces from the During Roman period some stone buildings (e.g. 17th century were identified. Some quarries were in the Gerulata Roman camp) were constructed, used as dwellings or cellars (Pivko 2010, 2012, in the ruins of which provided good material for con- press). structing some medieval buildings up to the 13th century. Great Moravian churches were built from References flat quarry stone. The church in Nitra (9th century Kaminská, Ľ. (Ed.) 2014. Staré Slovensko 2. Paleolit a AD) from Neogene limestone ashlars was the ex- mezolit, pp. 1–366. Archeologický ústav SAV; Nitra. ception. The process of consolidation of Hungarian Pivko, D. 2010. Významné horniny používané ako opraco- Kingdom which has been taking place since the 11th vané kamene v historických pamiatkach Slovenska. century was related to the castle, monastery and Mineralia Slovaca, 42 (2), 241–248. Pivko, D. 2012. Stavebný a dekoračný kameň a jeho opra- church construction, which were built from easily covanie na stredovekom Slovensku. Archaeologia his- dressed rocks like volcanic sandstones (Hronský torica, 37 (2), 609–628. Beňadik, Rimavské Jánovce, Kalinčiakovo, Bzo- Pivko, D. (in press). Súhrn poznatkov o ťažbe ušľachtilého vík), tuffs (Košice), limestones (Bratislava), sand- kameňa v historických kameňolomoch na Slovensku a stones (Nitra, Levoča, Bardejov), conglomerates ich dnešné využitie. Zborník banského múzea; Banská (Trnava), andesite (Banská Štiavnica) and traver- Štiavnica.

54 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

Using quarries to link communities to their geoheritage

Colin Prosser

Natural England and the Geologists’ Association, Unex House, Bourges Boulevard, Peterborough, UK; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geoheritage, quarries, cultural heritage, communities

Geoheritage, quarries and communities: There is heritage exposed and conserved in quarries, and a strong link between geology, geomorphology and associated historical and cultural aspects of the cultural heritage that takes many forms and may be daily lives of local communities and tourists. illustrated in many ways (e.g. Parkes 2004; Larwood Opportunities and good practice is explored here 2017). Quarries are just one way of making these using a number of examples. In England, these important links. To geologists, they provide exciting include Neolithic flint mining at Grime’s Graves, opportunities to practice our science, especially in Norfolk, links between local Jurassic limestone inland lowland areas where natural exposures may quarries and the buildingstone of Peterborough not exist. Whilst some members of the public will Cathedral in Cambridgeshire, rock-dwellings regard quarries as eyesores in the landscape, oth- at Kinver Edge, Staffordshire, and the links be- ers will be fascinated by such holes in the ground, tween the Silurian geology and fossils once quar- especially large ones, and are often keen to visit a ried at Wren’s Nest National Nature Reserve, West working quarry should an opportunity arise. Midlands, and the identity and culture of the pro- Whilst coastal and river cliffs, mountain crags posed Black Country UNESCO Global Geopark and gorges provide natural exposures of geology, in which it sits. There are many different ways quarries have an association with human activity, to make these links between geoheritage, quar- and as such provide a strong link with our culture ries and communities, and innovative approaches and history. A quarry exists because humans chose such as the Community Earth Heritage Champions to excavate it, usually to support a way of life at any Project from Herefordshire and Worcestershire given time in history. In other words, to support our (Miles 2013) and the Irchester Country Park culture. This link between geology and communi- Ironstone Geotrail, Northamptonshire (Fig. 1), ties, especially the local community, is important which presents its geology trail under a ‘healthy in building the support required to conserve geo- walking’ banner, are also described. heritage. Such support is particularly important in the case of quarries, where there is often pressure to infill or restore disused quarries to their original level, rather than to leave geological features ex- posed (Prosser 2016). Policy makers now place in- creased emphasis on the ‘services and benefits’ for people that arise from nature conservation, rather than on the intrinsic value of nature itself (Gray et al. 2013). As such, the social, cultural and his- torical narrative associated with quarries provides a unique opportunity to promote geoheritage and geoconservation within communities, and in doing so, to build the support required to help ensure that our geoheritage is protected when threats to it arise. Fig. 1. Launch of an Ironstone Geotrail at Irchester Making the links: There are examples in many Country Park, Northamptonshire, where the links be- countries, and in most UNESCO Global Geoparks tween geology, quarrying and the community are ex- and geological World Heritage Sites, which il- plored under the banner of encouraging walking for lustrate how links are being made between geo- health. Photograph by Julie Harrald.

55 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

A new opportunity? Finally, with a new Anthro- between nature and culture through World Heritage, pocene Epoch being proposed that reflects the im- p. 16–19. IUCN National Committee; UK. pact of human activity as recorded in the geolog- Miles, E. 2013. Involving local communities and volunteers ical record (e.g. Zalasiewicz et al. in press), what in geoconservation across Herefordshire and Worcester- shire, UK – the Community Earth Heritage Champions opportunities might this present for engaging with Project. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, communities and for conserving geoheritage that 124, 691–698. illustrates the long-standing relationship between Parks, M.A. (Ed.) 2004. Natural and cultural landscapes geology and human activity? For example, through – the geological foundation. Proceedings of a confer- using both working and disused quarries? ence 9–11 September 2002, Dublin Castle, Ireland, pp. 1–329. Royal Irish Academy; Dublin. References Prosser, C.D. Geoconservation, Quarrying and Mining: Op- portunities and Challenges Illustrated Through Working Gray, J.M., Gordon, J.E., Brown, E.J. 2013. Geodiversity in Partnership with the Mineral Extraction Industry in and the ecosystem approach: the contribution of geo- England. Geoheritage (2016). http://doi.org/10.1007/ science in delivering integrated environmental manage- s12371-016-0206-z ment. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 124, Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C., Williams, M., Aldridge, D.C. 659–673. Wilkinson, I.P. The stratigraphical signature of the An- Larwood, J. 2017. Geodiversity – a cultural template. In: J. thropocene in England and its wider context. Proceed- Larwood, S. France, C. Mahon (Eds), Culturally Nat- ings of the Geologists’ Association (in press). http://doi. ural or Naturally Cultural? Exploring the relationship org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2017.06.004

56 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

Geopark Schwäbische Alb – an outstanding area for Jurassic and Miocene palaeontology and Pleistocene human culture

Günter Schweigert1, Sigfried Roth2

1 Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Geschäftsstelle Geopark Schwäbische Alb, Altes Lager Gebäude R 13, 72525 Münsingen, Germany; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Jurassic Fossillagerstaetten, Miocene maar volcanism, Steinheim impact crater, early human art

Geological and palaeontological features: The to mention the Middle Miocene Randeck Maar Geopark Schwäbische Alb covers an area of 6,800 (Rasser et al. 2013), a volcanic crater with fossilif- km2 and includes the Jurassic of the Swabian Alb erous lake deposits (mainly insects and plants) and Mountains and its northern foreland. Towards the the slightly younger impact crater of Steinheim am west it is bordered by the Black Forest, towards Albuch. In the latter, evolution has been demon- the east by the Miocene Ries impact crater. In the strated for the first time in palaeontology (Rasser south the Upper Jurassic strata are overlain by flu- 2013). The lake deposits of Steinheim have also viatile and marine Tertiary deposits of the North provided a rich mammal fauna, which is typical for Alpine Foreland Basin. The Upper Jurassic lime- the European Neogene Mammal Unit 7. The Upper stones form the hills of the Swabian Alb, whereas Jurassic limestones of the Swabian Alb underwent at its foothill Middle Jurassic claystones, marly karstification, resulting in the formation of doli- limestones and sandstones occur, often covered by nas, dry valleys, karstic fissures and numerous debris from the overlying limestone formations. In caves. Some karstic fillings exposed in quarries the foreland there are the historical type localities have yielded rich mammal faunas ranging in age of two Jurassic stages, the Pliensbachian and the from the Paleocene until the Pleistocene. A couple Aalenian. The Jurassic deposits of Swabia and their of the larger caves are open for the public during rich and diverse fossil content have been studied summer. Although they are not as spectacular in by renowned palaeontologists, such as Friedrich size as the famous caves in the French Ardèche August Quenstedt (1809–1889) and Albert Oppel department or in Croatia, several caves in the Ach (1831–1865), since the 19th century. In the western and Lone valleys have recently got an UNESCO part of the Swabian Alb there is a unique Solnhofen- certification because of the world-oldest examples type lagoonal deposit, the Nusplingen Lithographic of human art (Venus of Hohle Fels, bone and ivory Limestone, which is of late Kimmeridgian age. flutes; Conard, Kind 2017). It is an important Fossillagerstaette, which yields Organization and activities: The Geopark ad- well-preserved fossils of sharks, fishes, marine ministration itself is a small bureau with few crocodiles and pterosaurs as well as cuttlefishes, employees and occasional trainees and volun- ammonites with their beaks and stomach content teers, who coordinate the various geotouristic in situ, crustaceans, insects, and terrestrial plants activities all over the area. There exist numerous (Dietl, Schweigert 2011). Even better known is the ‘Infostellen’, places, where interested people can world-famous Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale, get standardized information about the Geopark which outcrops in the foreland. It yields excellently and its regional highlights. These ‘Infostellen’ preserved marine vertebrates such as ichthyosaurs, are housed within small regional or plesiosaurs, crocodiles, fish and gigantic colonies other highly frequented localities. Numerous lo- of crinoids settling on logwood. Important sites, cal guides (‘Albguides’) offer special hiking tours where the Posidonia Shale is still quarried, are and further offers for tourists, pupils and other the vicinity of Holzmaden (with the private Hauff interested people. The Geopark administration has Museum) and of Dotternhausen (with the Museum selected the most important geotopic sites and tries ‘Werkforum’ of the Holcim-Lafarge Company). to find local people, who care for them. These sites Besides the Jurassic fossillagerstaetten we have form ‘Geopoints’, small information signs about

57 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 the special geotopic site. The information provided to look for fossiliferous karstic fissures in active at geotrails is usually supervised by a committee limestone quarries). Hazards for visitors and tour- of the Geopark. ists are steep natural trails, which can be extremely slippery and must be used on own risk. Climate Hazards and challenges: Apart from natural out- changes may cause landslides like in previous crops, the fossiliferous rocks within the area of the years. However, the Geopark administration has Geopark Schwäbische Alb were formerly often ex- no funds for any precautions, and the funding of posed along roads climbing the hillsides or in small the Geopark administration itself is far from being quarries where the rock was exploited for local use. adequate for coping the numerous tasks and chal- Nowadays many of these outcrops disappeared. lenges. Roadsides are covered with shotcrete or thick walls for prevention of rock fall, and small quarries are filled with waste dump. During the last decades it References has become more and more difficult to find any Conard, N.J., Kind, C.-J. 2017. Als der Mensch die Kunst outcrops of some Jurassic formations. Collecting erfand. Eiszeithöhlen der Schwäbischen Alb, pp. 1–192. fossils has a long tradition in Southern Germany Theiss; Darmstadt. and is no great problem for science, because the Dietl, G., Schweigert, G. 2011. Im Reich der Meerengel – Fossilien aus dem Nusplinger Plattenkalk (2nd ed.), pp. most important localities are protected as natural 1–221. Pfeil; Munich. heritage (especially the area around Holzmaden Rasser, M.W. 2013. Darwinʼs dilemma: The Steinheim and Nusplingen with special laws), and most of snailsʼ point of view. Zoosystematics and Evolution, the amateur collectors collaborate with scientists. 89, 13–20. The bigger problem is that the number of amateurs Rasser, M.W., Bechly, G., Böttcher, R., Ebner, M., Heizmann, strongly decline and there are not enough people E.P.J., Höltke, O., Joachim, C., Kern, A.K., Kovar-Eder, to study temporary outcrops. Modern exploitation J., Nebelsick, J.H., Roth-Nebelsick, A., Schoch, R.R., Schweigert, G., Ziegler, R. 2013. The Randeck Maar: Pa- techniques used in large quarries or during road laeoenvironment and habitat differentiation of a Miocene and railway construction destroy all fossils prior lacustrine system. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, to their potential discovery (e.g. there is nobody Palaeoecology, 392, 426–453.

58 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

Geoconservation – an opportunity for people living on karst terrains? A case study of the Aggtelek National Park (Hungary)

Tamás Telbisz1, Péter Gruber2, Margit Kőszegi3, László Mari1, Tibor Standovár4, Zsolt Bottlik3

1 Department of Physical Geography, Eötvös University, 1117 Pázmány Péter 1/C, Budapest, Hungary; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Aggtelek National Park, Tengerszem oldal 1, Jósvafő, Hungary; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Regional Science, Eötvös University; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 4 Department of Plant Taxonomy and Ecology, Eötvös University; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: karst, visitor numbers, geotourism, national park

Introduction: Karst terrains are generally unfa- question is the relative importance of geoconser- vourable for human settlement. However, these vation and geotourism among the several func- natural environments can be relatively well pre- tions of karst NPs. served, and given their special geologic and bio- Methods: First, we demonstrate that the ANP as logic settings, they often became protected areas. an employer has a significant direct impact on lo- Since the foundation of Yellowstone National cal development. Second, we present how geotour- Park in 1872, the national park (NP) concept has ism has changed over the last century in ANP, us- been transformed several times. Important compo- ing visitor numbers of the Baradla Cave. Third, we nents of the present NP concept are, for example, try to evaluate the relative importance of geocon- protection of ‘pristine’ nature, national identity, servation, bioconservation and other NP functions tourism, and other elements. The ‘worthless lands’ within the ANP. In addition to providing an over- hypothesis of Runte (In: Frost and Hall 2009) states view of the official ANP documents, we have used that ‘before designating public lands as national interviews and questionnaires. Semi-structured in- parks, the US Congress had to be persuaded that terviews were created with ANP managers and lo- those lands were ‘worthless’ for other purposes.’ cal stakeholders, as well as questionnaires targeted Our opinion is that karst-lands fit the ‘worthless employees of the ANP, local people and tourists. land’ hypothesis as they provide generally poor The ANP is the largest employer in the mi- conditions for the people living on them. Recently, cro-region. It has 106 direct employees and 141 we investigated human-environment relations in people employed in the framework of the ‛public the special context of karst terrains (Telbisz et al. works program in Hungary’. Furthermore, around 2014, 2015, 2016). The main conclusion of our stud- ies was that these karst-lands (including Aggtelek Karst, Hungary) were poor areas, affected by de- population in the second half of the 20th century. However, their special natural values and attrac- tions (e.g. caves and gorges) offer a good potential for tourism. Another important issue is the relationship of nature protection and regional development. It is increasingly emphasized that nature protection should contribute to regional development (Mose 2007). Thus, one of our main study questions is whether the Aggtelek National Park (ANP) can improve the socio-economic conditions of local people or not. Karst tourism is deeply related to geotourism and thus it may provide an oppor- Fig. 1. Visitor numbers at the Baradla Cave between tunity for a better life for local people. Another 1951 and 2016.

59 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

200 people work at small companies on the basis keting, and how tourists numbers can be further of contracts with the ANP. Thus, the mere exis- increased. tence of the ANP has a direct impact on the so- External determination versus limited opti- cio-economic conditions of the poor, depopulating mism: First, the opinion of ANP experts is that micro-region. the peripheral location of the ANP at the bound- Tourism trends at Aggtelek National Park since ary of Hungary, relatively far from urban centers, its inception: The ANP was founded in 1985. largely limits its opportunities. Second, a signifi- However, its main attraction, the Baradla Cave cant proportion of Hungarian tourists travel to for- (with total length of 25 km including the Domica eign countries, and the ANP is not as appealing as Cave, Slovakia) has a very long human history, as it was before. Third, state funds are sufficient for it was already known and inhabited by prehistoric infrastructure development, but not for everyday man. Exploration has been underway since the operation, and therefore an increase in geotourism 18th century, and the cave already became a tourist would be desirable. target in the second half of the 19th century, when it was the second longest known cave in the world. References Thus, in some ways, geotourism was always sig- Mose, I. (Ed.) 2007. Protected areas and regional develop- th nificant in this area. In the 20 century, tourism ment in Europe: towards a new model for the 21st centu- at Baradla Cave was intensively developed and it ry, pp. 1–249. Ashgate; Aldershot. became a brand name: ‘The Dripstone Cave’ – is Frost, W., Hall, M. (Eds) 2009. Tourism and National Parks: a must see for all Hungarians. Visitor numbers International perspectives on development, histories continuously increased until 1978 (Fig. 1), and and change, pp. 1–357. Routledge; New York. remained relatively high until 1987 with around Gruber, P., Gaál L. (Eds) 2015. A Baradla-Domica barlan- grendszer, pp. 1–512. ANPI; Jósvafő. 240,000–250,000 visitors per year. However, the Telbisz, T., Bottlik, Zs., Mari, L., Kőszegi, M. 2014. The political and economical change around 1990 had Impact of Topography on Social factors, a Case Study a serious impact on tourism at Aggtelek and since of Montenegro. Journal of Mountain Science, 11 (1), then there has been an almost continuous decrease 131–141. in visitors. This downtrend was interrupted for a Telbisz, T., Bottlik, Zs., Mari, L., Petrvalská, A. 2015. Ex- six-year period after the caves of Aggtelek Karst ploring Relationships Between Karst Terrains and So- and Slovak Karst became a UNESCO World cial Features by the Example of Gömör-Torna Karst (Hungary-Slovakia). Acta Carsologica, 44 (1), 121–137. Heritage Site in 1995, but the decrease then con- Telbisz, T., Imecs, Z., Mari, L., Bottlik, Zs. 2016. Changing tinued until 2013. Since that time, a slight increase Human-Environment Interactions in Medium Moun- in visitors is observable. The question is, whether tains, the Apuseni Mts (Romania) as a Case Study. Jour- this is a result of ongoing investments and mar- nal of Mountain Science, 13 (9), 1675–1687.

60 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

Systematic data collecting and appropriate ways of their presentations for effective protection of the geological heritage

Markéta Vajskebrová1, Pavla Gürtlerová1, Radek Svítil1

1 Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 118 21 Praha 1, Czech Republic; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Key words: database, web application, geological heritage, protection, geosite, map

The Database of Significant Geological Locali- database is used in the Geographic Information ties (SGL) of the Czech Republic: The Czech System (GIS). More than half of all localities are Geological Survey (CGS) has systematically reg- accompanied by photographs from the CGS Photo istered significant geological localities from the archive database[2]. For localities that are situated whole area of the Czech Republic since 1993 in currently protected areas it is possible to obtain (Lorencová, Budil 2005; Lorencová 2005). The the official designation documents or current man- Database of the Significant Geological Localities agement plan through a direct link to the Nature of the Czech Republic[1] currently presents more Conservancy Central Register by the Nature than 3,000 records publicly available online. The Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic. The database contains information about localities that SGL data are stored in the CGS Central Data Store are protected on different conservation levels, as (based on the Oracle database) and it forms a part well as information about scientifically signif- of the National Geological Map Database (NGMD) icant localities. Many of them are subsequently developed by the CGS. The scientific relevance proposed for protection (Budil et al. 2012). The of the database content is guaranteed by district report on each locality consists of descriptive items geologists of the CGS or by specialists from other which specify the position and character of the lo- geological institutions. cality including a detailed geological description, reasons for protection, level of importance and Ways to access data: There are three main ways other references. Each record is labeled by hier- how to obtain information from the Database of archical codes concerning the cadastral unit, map Significant Geological Localities on the CGS web- sheet Identification Number (ID), regional geo- site[3]. Firstly, user can visit our database appli- logic unit, stratigraphy, type of rock, genesis, geo- cation[4] which is suitable for making structured logical importance, level of protection, conflicts queries according to different criteria (e.g. loca- of interests and the condition of the locality. The tion, geological features, etc.). This can be done

Fig. 1. The latest map application ‘The Interesting Geosites of the Czech Republic’ is designed for the mobile devices.

61 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 by completing a user-friendly form. The other way Conclusions: It is important to keep the inserted is to use a map application[5] built upon GIS lay- data up-to-date regarding mainly the actual con- ers from the central geo-database. Thanks to the dition, level of protection of the locality, photos, implementation of other geoscientific layers (e.g. etc. Moreover, further cooperation with external geological maps and other ones) it gives the user specialists is welcome to extend the database with a deeper insight. In the world full of electronic de- new localities or more details in existing scientific vices and a common web-sites access, it seems to descriptions. The CGS has been doing this work be advantageous to design applications especially systematically over the last 25 years with the aim for these mobile devices (Fig. 1). Therefore, in 2016 to reach as much complex, actual and representa- the Czech Geological Survey created the light re- tive database as possible. The content, structure and sponsive map application ‘Interesting Geosites of functionality of web-applications make them useful the Czech Republic’ with the main focus on provid- for visitors, students, teachers, museum staff, geolo- ing quick response times and a simple user control, gists or specialists from other scientific branches or which are the key attributes for use in field[6]. It local authorities responsible for nature protection. enables accurate positioning by GPS of the device. Application gives access to more than 1,400 geo- References sites chosen from the database considering their at- Lorencová, M. 2005. Geotouristical education in the Czech tractiveness and usefulness with respect to natural Republic carried out by Czech Geological Survey. In: scientific and also geotouristic point of view. That M. Doktor, A. Waśkowska-Oliwa (Eds), Geotourism – is why the descriptions of the geosites are shorter New dimensions in 21st century tourism and Chances and more popular. The application shows natural for Future Development. 2nd International Conference GEOTOUR 2005, 22–24 September 2005, Kraków, geological outcrops, remains of human activities p. 77–78. AGH University of Science and Technology (mainly of mining origin), caves or karst phenom- Press; Kraków. ena. It also presents outdoor geological exhibits, Lorencová, M., Budil, P. 2005. The system of conservation museum with geological expositions and national and popularization of geological heritage in the Czech geoparks. Moreover it offers excursion guides and Republic. In: 4th International Symposium ProGEO animations of the ancient landscape. The layers tool on the Conservation of the Geological Heritage, 3–16 enables the user to turn on and off orthophotomap September, 2005, Abstract Book, p. 49. University of Minho; Braga. or additional map layers. The CGS also cooper- Budil, P., Lorencová, M., Stanzelová, Z., Stárka, L., Kříž, ates in recording new geosites with Czech geopark J. 2012 Czech Republic. In: W.A.P. Wimbledon, S. administrative bodies and with external authors. Smith-Meyer (Eds), Geoheritage in Europe and its con- And vice versa, it is possible for the geoparks to servation, p. 93–99. ProGEO; Oslo. use the data and application in a customized map view on their own web-pages or other touristic Internet sources regional websites, where other private layers could [1] http://www.geology.cz/lokality; http://www.geology.cz/ be added. All three above-mentioned applications localities are connected through the main report of each lo- [2] http://fotoarchiv.geology.cz cality. Photos are stored in the CGS Photo archive [3] http://www.geology.cz; http://www.geology.cz/extranet- database[2], which contains tens of thousands of eng [4] http://lokality.geology.cz; http://lokality.geology.cz/d.pl?l=e images from the present as well as from the past. [5] https://mapy.geology.cz/geologicke_lokality Each of these applications has its own English ver- [6] https://mapy.geology.cz/zajimavosti; https://mapy.geolo- sion (see links below). gy.cz/geosites

62 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

Educational value of quarries located within the proposed Geopark Małopolska Vistula River Gap, Eastern Poland

Wojciech Zgłobicki1, Grzegorz Gajek1, Renata-Kołodyńska Gawrysiak1

1 Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Kraśnicka 2d, 20-718 Lublin, Poland; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: education, geoheritage, geopark, quarries

Introduction: Within the proposed Geopark to include field classes in the curricula. Many of Małopolska Vistula River Gap, there are many ex- the quarries studied are located in the Kazimierz posures of Upper Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neo- Dolny area that is visited by large numbers of gene rocks as well as Pleistocene and Holocene tourist each year even though they are attracted sediments of varying age and origin. Many of them mainly by the cultural assets and scenic values of were quarried in the past, and the extensive quar- the town and its vicinity. This is an opportunity ries (Kaliszany, Kazimierz Dolny, Nasiłów) are for enriching the existing ‘traditional’ tourist offer remnants of that past mining activity. The most with elements of geoeducation that are innovative interesting sites, characterised by high geological in a sense. value and historic value as monuments of mining Methods: The educational values of 55 quar ries (in- technology, include the old quarry in Bochotnica cluding 27 old quarries of rocks of the Cretaceous (with a distinct K–T boundary) and the inactive and Palaeogene bedrock) located within the pro- and currently inaccessible phosphate rock mine in posed Geopark Małopolska Vistula River Gap Annopol. The educational value of some sites is were assessed. We used 20 frequently applied cri- enhanced by the occurrence of numerous fossils, teria divided into four groups of values: scientific, mainly in Upper Cretaceous and Neogene rocks educational, functional and tourist (Brilha 2016). (Harasimiuk et al. 2011). The method was prepared with consideration to The geological values occurring here influence elements significant from the perspective of or- the high educational potential of many quarries, ganising field classes, i.e. the uniqueness of the site which gives an opportunity to create educational on the one hand, and, on the other, its accessibility products designed for a wide audience (Doktor et or safety. Given the varying needs of the audi- al. 2015). The potential audience of the educational ence groups mentioned above, greater or smaller offer can be divided into three groups: (1) School significance was attached to the particular groups pupils and students, (2) Students of natural science of criteria. In the case of an assessment carried study programmes, (3) Tourists/geotourists. Field out for school education, the greatest significance classes are important from the perspective of ed- was ascribed to educational values, in the case of ucation, interpretation and promotion of geoheri- university education – scientific values, and in the tage. However, modern school education offers a case of tourists – tourist values. small number of field classes. This problem also concerns schools and universities located in areas Results and discussion: Among four groups of with valuable geoheritage. The convenient loca- criteria, the highest rating was given to functional tion of the Małopolska Vistula River Gap close to values, slightly lower rating to scientific values, larger (Lublin, Radom, Sandomierz) and smaller and the lowest rating to tourist and educational towns (Puławy, Kraśnik) enables the organisation values. The strengths of the sites include their rep- of short school trips and conducting geography resentative character, size of exposure, possibil- field classes. At the same time, in Lublin, the larg- ity of collecting samples, and accessibility. The est of the cities mentioned above, there are schools geotourist value of some geosites is reduced by a of higher education with programmes related to very small number of educational products, poor natural science and the tourist industry. Given the scenic qualities, lack of a varied educational of- educational values of the sites studied, it is possible fer, and poor availability of scientific literature.

63 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Besides a correlation concerning scientific and ed- leading role (Pijet-Migoń 2017). By offering sim- ucational values, no correlation was found between ple and complex geotourist products, geoparks the assessment results for the criteria groups under can reach a wide target audience. Simple geout- study. This means that preparing an educational ourist products offered by geoparks in Poland and offer can be difficult because only one group of other European countries include geoeducational criteria is characterized by high values. materials such as guidebooks, maps, brochures, The highest rating, above 75% of the maximum geo-teaching aids (worksheets and materials for score, was given particularly to Cretaceous rock teachers) and materials (Dryglas, quarries that are no longer operated: (1) The ex- Miśkiewicz 2014). They are available in printed tensive limestone and opoka quarry located on the form and can also be downloaded from the geopark slopes of the Vistula valley in Kaliszany; (2) The websites. In addition, there are many virtual/mul- opoka quarry in Kazimierz Dolny; (3) The small timedia products such as websites providing geo- quarry in the ‘Kamienny Dół’ quarry where re- information, virtual tours, geo-applications. The mains of a Paleocene crocodile have been found; geoparks’ geoeducational offer also encompasses (4) The ‘Ścianka Pożaryskich’ quarry with the pre- trips, field classes, workshops, experiments help- served sedimentary sequence at the K–Pg bound- ing understand geological processes, field games, ary; (5) The Kamienna Góra limestone quarry. or multimedia presentations. In many geoparks, The only highly rated geosite presenting younger the existing geoeducational offer is dedicated to formations is the glaciofluvial sediment exposure specific stages in education, and in some parks in Rąblów. All the sites, except Kamienna Góra, it corresponds directly with the curriculum (e.g. are located in the northern part of the designed Arouca Geopark, Katla Geopark, Petrified Forest geopark. The results of the assessment carried out Geopark). for the specific target audience groups indicated that sites with the highest values are attractive to References each of those groups. Besides high scientific val- Brilha, J. 2016. Inventory and Quantitative Assessment of ues, they are characterised by biotic or scenic val- Geosites and Geodiversity Sites: a Review. Geoheri- ues. Therefore, they should be the basis for the tage, 8, 119–134. development of the geotourism offer. In the future, Harasimiuk, M., Domonik, A., Machalski, M., Ponińska, J., Warowna, J., Szymkowiak, A. 2011. Małopolski Prze- indicating quarries with the highest educational łom Wisły – projekt geoparku. Przegląd Geologiczny, value will enable the preparation of educational 59 (5), 405–416. materials that could be used to prepare lesson plans Doktor, M., Miśkiewicz, K., Welc, E. M., Mayer, W. 2015. for field classes. The first actions are already being Criteria of geotourism valorization specified for various taken in this respect. The lack of geoproducts and recipients. Geotourism, 3–4 (42–43), 25–38. proper management of old quarries (plant succes- Dryglas, D., Miśkiewicz, K. 2014. Construction of the sion) are the biggest challenges. geotourism product structure on the example of Poland. In: 14th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geo- More than 10 years of experience with European Conference SGEM 2014, SGEM 2014 Conference Pro- geoparks provide many examples of good prac- ceedings, June 19–25 2014, 5 (2), p. 155–162. Albena. tices with regard to the education, interpretation, https://sgemworld.at/sgemlib/spip.php?article4834 promotion and accessibility of geoheritage. In this Pijet-Migoń, E., Migoń, P. 2017. Geopark Arouca w Portu- respect, the Arouca Geopark in Portugal plays a galii. Przegląd Geologiczny, 65 (2), 89–131.

64 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

POSTERS

The hydration caves as a unique geological heritage

Maciej Bąbel1, Adrian Jarzyna1, Damian Ługowski1, Firouz Vladi2, Andriy Bogucki3, Andriy Yatsyshyn3, Krzysztof Nejbert1, Danuta Olszewska-Nejbert1, Jakub Kotowski1, Barbara Kremer4, Olena Tomeniuk3

1 University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Deutsches Gipsmuseum und Karstwanderweg e.V., Düna 9a, 37520 Osterode, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Ivan-Franko National University of Lviv, Faculty of Geography, Doroshenka 41, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 4 Institute of Paleobiology, PAS, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: hydration, anhydrite, caves, Quellungshöhlen, secondary gypsum

Origin of hydration caves: More than fifty ge- ‘expansion blisters’, etc. It is important to dis- netic types of caves of non-karstic origin has been tinguish the discussed hydration domes and the recognized so far. Among them there are so-called caves from the morphologically similar weather- hydration caves which represent unique speleo- ing forms known as ‛gypsum tumuli’ (Calaforra, logical objects. They occur exclusively within the Pulido-Bosch 1999). The letter originate without calcium sulphate rocks (anhydrite and gypsum) any connection with the hydration. It is believed and are formed as a result of weathering (hydra- that the gypsum tumuli are formed due to cyclic tion) of the mineral anhydrite (CaSO4). Exhumed wetting and drying of the exposed naked gypsum anhydrite is thermodynamically unstable under rocks in a semi-dry climate or microclimate. wet surface and subsurface conditions and read- ily dissolves. This process is commonly associ- Occurrence of hydration caves: Hydration caves th ated with the crystallization of secondary gypsum has been known since 18 century from the south- ern margin of the Harz Mountains in Germany. (CaSO4•2H2O) at the expense of anhydrite (CaSO4 The most famous site is about one square km + 2H2O = CaSO4•2H2O). In some places pressure exerted by the crystallizing gypsum leads to the large area of Sachsenstein and Höllstein, between significant volume increase of the weathering Walkenried and Bad Sachsa, where a group of scat- rocks. The pressure is released in the surficial zone tered forms occurs in the protected forested zone. of the rock where spectacular deformational struc- Many occurrences of hydration caves are known tures develop such as pressure ridges or domes. from USA. Large collapsed caves interpreted as The domal structures form in places where ex- hydration forms were described from South Bass panding surficial layer of the rock detaches from Island and Sandusky Bay, on Lake Erie, in Ohio. the substrate and rises up. Inside the domes empty Tiny hydration caves or chambers are known from chambers appear which enlarge together with the New Mexico and Oklahoma. Hydration caves ac- growth of the domes (driven by the anhydrite hy- tively form in the abandoned gypsum quarries at dration process). Some chambers may reach the Dingwall in Nova Scotia, Canada. Hydration caves sizes large enough to permit a man to crawl in- were described from the small Alebastrovyye side and thus represent caves. Such caves were rec- Islands in the Kostin Shar strait, in Novaya Zemlya, ognised and named the ‛hydration caves’ by Kraus in Russia. They also form recently in the gypsum (1905) and the ‘Quellungshöhlen’ (in German), by quarries at Pisky near Lviv in Ukraine. How many Biese (1931), known as ‛swelling caves’ in English. hydration caves are known depends on the adopted The described hydration domes, chambers and definition of the term cave. Since the common defi- caves are known under many various names, as nition says that the cave is a natural, underground ‘bulge caves’, ‘gypsum bubbles’, ‘pressure blisters’, cavity large enough to be entered by man, it is the

65 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 size of the person which decides which hydration 1.5 m high. They occur within domes which are up chamber is, or not, the cave. Hydration caves are to 10×15 m in size. used as shelters and playing area for children. Geoheritage value: The hydration caves represent The largest hydration caves: Among the so far speleological objects of the great scientific, edu- described hydration caves there are a few real spe- cational and touristic values. They require more leological treasures – the caves in which a group of studies and systematic monitoring to understand adult people can shelter. The best known example fully their origin. Some of them require urgently from the southern margin of the Harz (environs the protection. of Walkenried-Bad Sachsa) is the so-called Forest Research sponsored by National Science Centre, Forge (Waldschmiede in German), the circular Poland, grant no. DEC-2012/05/B/ST10/00918, floor which is 7.5 per 8.0 m in size and ca. 2 m and financed from Polish budget funds for sci- in height. The people could stand inside this cave. ence in 2017–2020 as a research project within the The roof of that cave collapsed in 1966. Height ‘Diamond Grant’ program. of the largest collapsed and destroyed caves from South Bass Island on the Lake Erie in Ohio was References estimated as attaining from 3 to 6 m, and the ex- Bąbel, M., Bogucki, A., Yatsyshyn, A., Ługowski, D., Olsze- isting Perry’s Cave reaches 2.74 m in height. Some wska-Nejbert, D., Nejbert, K., Jarzyna, A., Bermes, A., of these caves could be the largest hydration caves Przybylik, G., Tomeniuk, O. 2017. Stanowisko wietrze- ever known, however unfortunately, the convinc- jących anhydrytów w Piskach. Część I. Ogólna charak- ing evidences of their origin and the true original terystyka. In: M. Bąbel, D. Olszewska-Nejbert, K. Nej- sizes are lacking. The largest documented hydra- bert, J. Kotowski (Eds), Wietrzenie skał gipsowych tion cave from Dingwall in Canada was the actively i anhydrytowych. Polsko-Ukraińskie Seminarium Nau- kowe, 19–21 styczeń 2017, Warszawa, p. 18–22. Instytut growing Maruhn Cave with the floor 9.5×4.5 m in Geologii Podstawowej, Wydział Geologii Uniwersytetu size and a maximum height of about 1 m measured Warszawskiego; Warszawa. in 2003 (Reimann and Vladi 2003). The roof of Biese, W. 1931. Über Höhlenbildung, 1. Entstehung der this cave collapsed before 2017. In the meantime, Gips höhlen am südlichen Harzrand und am Kyffhäuser. a larger cave was discovered: the Ramesh Cave, Abhandlungen der Preußischen Geologischen Lande- with the floor size of 10.7×6.6 m and the height of sanstalt, Neue Folge, 137, 1–71. 110 cm in 2008. The sizes of this actively growing Calaforra, J.M., Pulido-Bosch, A. 1999. Genesis and evo- lution of gypsum tumuli. Earth Surface Processes and cave have been changed. The height raised up to Landforms, 24, 919–930. 132 cm and the floor size shrunk to 9.95×4.10 m Kraus, E.H. 1905. Hydration caves. Science, New Series, 22, in October 2017. The largest recognized form from 502–503. Pisky in Ukraine was an actively growing cave Reimann, M., Vladi, F. 2003. Zur Entwicklung der sog. inside the so-called Great Dome. The cave showed Zwer genkirche am Sachsenstein bei Walkenried, Land- the maximum dimensions 9.5×7.8 m in plan and its kreis Osterode am Harz, Niedersachsen und vergle- height was about 1.2 m in August 2016 (Bąbel et al. ichende Beobachtungen zur rezenten Entstehung von 2017). This cave was destroyed in winter 2016/2017 Quellungshöhlen in eine maufgelassenen Gipsstein- bruch bei Dingwall, Nova Scotia, Kanada. Mitteilun- during irresponsible quarrying operations. The hy- gen des Verbandes der deutschen Höhlen- und Karst- dration caves from Alebastrovyye Islands are up to forscher, 49, 75–77.

66 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

Creation of a new geopark in the Bükk Region (Hungary) – a bottom-up initiative

Csaba Baráz1, Sándor Holló1, Tamás Telbisz2

1 Bükk National Park Directorate, 3304 Sánc u. 6, Eger, Hungary; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Department of Physical Geography, Eötvös University, 1117 Pázmány Péter 1/C, Budapest, Hungary; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geopark, geodiversity, geotourism, cultural heritage, landscape character

Introduction: Due to the increasing awareness History of the initiative: On June 20th, 2017, after about geoparks, some mayors in the Bükk re- some preliminary negotiations, there was a meet- gion initiated the creation of the third geopark of ing in Felsőtárkány for the mayors of settlements in Hungary, hence it is a nice example of bottom-up the Bükk region to officially initiate the foundation initiatives. At present, Hungary has two UNESCO of the Bükk Region Geopark. Mayors of 105 set- Global Geoparks, the Novohrad-Nógrad Geopark tlements signed a declaration, and they asked the and the Bakony-Balaton Geo park. While the first Bükk National Park (BNP) Directorate to elaborate is managed by an independent non-profit organi- the scientific documents, coordinate the process zation, the second works hand in hand with the and carry on the operative tasks. At present, the Balaton Uplands National Park. The Bükk Mts are elaboration of these documents, delineation of the basically a national park, but there are many valu- areal extent, designation of geosites (459 are in the able geosites in the wider Bükk region, which are list), and the outlining of management structure is outside the territory of the national park. The Bükk in progress. According to the plans, the scientific region has high geodiversity, thus it is a sample leadership will be the task of the Bükk National area of Hungarian geodiversity research. The rich Park similarly to the Bakony-Balaton Geopark. geological heritage and the bottom-up initiative provide a perfect base for the creation of a new Location of the planned geopark: The Bükk geopark. Mts are found in the North Hungarian Mts, which

Fig. 1. Map and some images of the planned Bükk Geopark.

67 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 are the southernmost part of the Northwestern Great Hungarian Plains. Hence, the infiltrating wa- Carpathians. In the north and west, the Bükk Mts ter moves within this aquifer from the mountains are surrounded by rugged hills. In the east and towards the lower areas and it uprises along natural south, the topography gradually lowers towards the faults or artificial wells as thermal water. This the Sajó river valley and towards the Great Hungarian reason for the famous spa locations (e.g. Cave Bath Plains. The Bükk region includes not only the of Miskolctapolca or Eger thermal springs). mountains but the surrounding hilly areas and pied- (4) Cultural character related to geology: The monts as well. The planned geopark would cover Bükk region is rich in historical and architectural roughly the whole Bükk region, a much wider area monuments, e.g. the aforementioned caves of pre- than the present national park. The Bükk region is historic people. It is also noted that the Bükk Mts highly diverse from geological, geomorphological, were the cradle of Hungarian prehistoric people landscape and cultural viewpoints. Altogether, 108 research. Several objects of paleolithic or neolithic settlements and 2817 km2 would become part of cultures have been preserved at these sites. Later in this geopark. history, there was iron ore mining and quarrying in the Bükk region, and several related industrial Characters of the planned geopark: The high monuments are preserved. In the southern pied- (geo)diversity of the Bükk region is briefly pre- mont, there are lots of beehive rocks, whose origins sented here according to its four main characters: are still not perfectly understood, and ignimbrite (1) Geological character: the Bükk Mts and the rocks were highly appropriate for the creation of adjacent Upponyi Mts at its northern side are char- cellars used for wine production, but there are also acterized by fold-and-thrust structures, which have cave flats, which were inhabited up to the 20th mainly formed during the Cretaceous tectogenesis. century. The rocks are mostly of Ordovician to Jurassic age. Predominant rock types are Triassic limestones, Suggested geosites: At present, there are 459 sug- but there are many interesting smaller geologi- gested geosites in the list, mostly caves, artificial cal formations, such as Jurassic pillow lavas in caverns, but protected geological outcrops are also the South Bükk. The hilly areas around the Bükk abundant, and it is noted that there is an ongoing are rich in Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary project to clean and secure these outcrops. Further rocks, but volcaniclastics related to large explosive on, beehive rocks, exogenic karst features and in- Miocene events are also widely distributed. dustrial monuments related to mining and quarry- (2) Geomorphological character: the Bükk Mts ing are also in the list. are rich in karst phenomena. Surface karst features Conclusions: The Bükk region is much larger than are mostly formed on Triassic limestones. There the Bükk National Park, and it is a highly var- are two plateaus with karrenfields, sinkholes and iegated area from geological, geomorphological, stream sinks. The plateau margins have spec- biological, landscape and cultural viewpoints. The tacular rockwalls, and at their bottoms, springs Bükk region has good availability, two large cities and different forms of travertines are found. The (Eger and Miskolc) are at the outskirt, and even Bükk Mts exhibit the highest number of caves in the capital, Budapest is not far away. The present Hungary, there are 1300 caves in the cave cadaster, tourism is already significant, but the geopark may including 52 specially protected sites. Caves with increase the awareness of tourists. In addition, by large entrance halls are typical in the area that have joining the UNESCO Global Geopark network, provided good shelter for prehistoric people. There the international reputation can be also improved are 46 caves with archeological material. and potentially, geotourists would arrive here from (3) Hydrogeological character: there is a con- other countries. So, we hope that this bottom-up nected large hydrodynamic karst aquifer within the initiative will become a success story. carbonate rocks of the Bükk region. The recharge area is basically the higher, karstified terrain of the Bükk Mts, but the carbonate rocks have a sub- This publication is supported by the research proj- surface continuation below the hills around the ect No. 124497 of the National Research, Deve- mountains, and even below the young rocks of the lopment and Innovation Office, Hungary.

68 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

Heritage of the Brusno stonework centre as an opportunity to develop and promote rural areas of Roztocze Region (Southeastern Poland)

Teresa Brzezińska-Wójcik1, Ewa Skowronek1

1 Wydział Nauk o Ziemi i Gospodarki Przestrzennej, Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, Al. Kraśnicka 2d, 20-718 Lublin, Poland; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Brusno Stare, Roztocze region, heritage, stonework, handicraft, regional development

Introduction: Geological and cultural heritage Results: The findings confirm the opinion that has been analysed in numerous papers in context Roztocze heritage is a unique natural and cultural of strengthening of the industrial development and resource. History and the artefacts from the Brusno promoting rural areas (Hose 2007; O’Connor 2008; Stare stonework centre make a good example of this Farsani et al. 2011; Bański 2017). Our presentation heritage. Stonemen’s workshops were made by lo- refers to the Polish part of the Roztocze region. cal farmers for whom mining and processing rocks around their fields was extra work that supple- Geological settings: Brusno Stare is situated in mented their income. Passed down from generation the south-east part of Roztocze region. The region to generation, stonework skills had become a local consists of a range of hills spreading from Kraśnik tradition. Initially, the work of the centre was purely (Poland) to Lviv (Ukraine). Geologically, Mesozoic functional and was connected with settlement de- calcareous-siliceous rocks and Cainozoic lime- veloping. With time, i.e. at the turn of the 17th and stones and some sandy formations predominate the 18th century, artistic work started and flourished in this area (Musiał 1987; Cieśliński 1998). The from the 18th century to the Second World War. Miocene organodetritic limestones and calcareous Sepulchral artwork has become the major brand sandstones have been the basis for the development of Brusno Stare stonework. It would feature char- of the stonework centre described in this paper. acteristic details, motives, shapes and decorations. Aims: Main aims of this paper include: (1) Popula- Brusno artwork was mainly church sculptures con- rising geological and cultural heritage of Roztocze nected with Greek Catholic (Greek Uniate) and based on the example of the stonework centre in Roman Catholic churches. However, there are also Brusno Stare; (2) Introducing the history of stone- some sepulchral works of the Evangelical German work and presenting features of the artefacts from minority and few Jewish cemetery tombstones. All Brusno; (3) Highlighting the importance of the these forms were preserved at local multireligious stonework heritage as the foundation for the multi- cemeteries that are widely considered to be some of functional development of the region relying on the the most beautiful European necropoles. Stonework traditional farming and tourism. from Brusno makes a visible evidence of a diversity of cultural and religious life of historic inhabitants Methods: A preliminary survey of bibliographic of the region. The downfall of the Brusno Stare cen- sources was carried out in order to present the his- tre was brought about political changes and shifts in tory of the development and features of the artefacts the settlement structure of borderland regions that from the Brusno stonework centre (Kawałko 1995, resulted in major depopulations and ethnic changes 2001; Mazur 2008; Brzezińska-Wójcik et al. 2015). to the whole region. The assessment of spatial distribution and state of Brusno stonework preservation has been based on Conclusions: Presently, Brusno Stare hardly makes the field inventory. Possibilities of developing tour- any use of its local heritage. However, there is an ist offers have been put forward with reference to urgent need to protect and promote it due to its some concepts of other authors (Nijssen, Nyssen uniqueness and fragility. Furthermore, it should 2011) and examples of good practices in using geo- form a basis for developing various forms of di- logical heritage (Hose 2007; Carvalho, Rodrigues dactic tourism (sightseeing, educational, cultural, 2010; Coelho et al. 2010; Farsani et al. 2011). sentimental, geoturism), eco- and agrotourism, and

69 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 even qualified tourism (hiking and cycling). In con- In: Z. Krzowski, M. Harasimiuk, T. Brzezińska-Wój- text of examples from other areas (i.a. Naturtejo cik, Z. Michalczyk, J. Rzechowski, J. Superson (Eds), and Arouca geoparks; Świętokrzyski Szlak Archeo- Budowa geologiczna Roztocza (100-lecie badań pol- Geologiczny trail; Szlak Rękodzieła Ludowego trail skich geologów), Przewodnik 69. Zjazdu Naukowego Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego. Krasnobród, in the Podlaskie Province; or thematic settlements/ 23–26.IX.1998, p. 47–50. villages, e.g. Mining Village in the Kujawsko- Farsani, T.N., Coelho, C., Costa, C. 2011. Geotourism and Pomorskie Province) this business function may be- geoparks as novel strategies for socio-economic devel- come an opportunity to improve economic situation opment in rural areas. International Journal of Tourism of the inhabitants of this part of Roztocze. Research, 13 (1), 68–81. Hose, T.A. 2007. Geotourism in Almeria Province, south- east Spain. Tourism, 55 (3), 259–276. References Kawałko, D. 1995. Bruśnieński ośrodek kamieniarski. Bański, J. 2017. Rozwój obszarów wiejskich, pp. 1–159. Zamojski Kwartalnik Kulturalny, 3 (45), 5–8. Państwowe Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne; Warszawa. Kawałko, D. 2001. Kamieniarstwo na Roztoczu – próba Brzezińska-Wójcik, T., Skowronek, E., Kondraciuk, P. 2015. porównania ośrodków bruśnieńskiego i józefowskiego. Możliwości wykorzystania dziedzictwa ośrodków ka- In: A. Jarosz, A. Michałowski (Eds), Roztocze – proble- mieniarskich Roztocza w turystyce. In: Z. Młynarczyk, my ochrony środowiska przyrodniczego i dziedzictwa A. Zajadacz (Eds), Uwarunkowania i plany rozwoju tury- kulturowego na pograniczu polsko-ukraińskim, 2, p. styki. Turystyka i Rekreacja – Studia i Prace, 15, 91–108. 315–323. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Państwowej Wyższej Carvalho, C.N., Rodrigues, J. 2010. Building a geopark for Szkoł y Zawodowej w Jarosławiu; Lubaczów. fostering socio-economic development and to burst cul- Mazur, J. 2008. Kresowe dziedzictwo. Kamieniarstwo bruś- ture pride: the Naturtejo European Geopark (Portugal). nieńskie, 12, 1–133. Muzeum Kresów w Luba czo wie; In: P. Florido, I. Rábano (Eds), Una visión multidisci- Lubaczów. plinar del patrimonio geológico y minero. Cuadernos Musiał, T. 1987. Miocen Roztocza (Polska południowo- del Museo Geominero, 12, 467–479. Instituto Geológi- wschodnia). Biuletyn Geologiczny, 31, pp. 1–149. Wy- co y Minero de España; Madrid. dział Geologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego; Warszawa. Coelho, C.O.A., Valente, S., Ribeiro, C. 2010. Northwest Nijssen, J., Nyssen, J. 2011. Pre-industrial headstones across Beira Highlands – Freita and Caramulo Hills (Portugal). the continental North Sea plain. Journal of Historical In: N. Evelpidou, T. Figueiredo, F. Mauro, V. Tecim, Geo graphy, 37 (3), 273–287. A. Vassilopoulos (Eds), Natural Heritage from East to O’Connor, P.J. 2008. The role of geotourism in supporting West, Case studies from 6 EU Countries, p. 169–174. regeneration in disadvantaged rural communities in Springer; Heidelberg – New York. Ireland. Transaction on Ecology and the Environment, Cieśliński, S. 1998. Osady kredowe Roztocza Lubelskiego. 115, 267–275.

70 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

The conglomerates of Meteora: a geological heritage monument of Greece

Georgia Fermeli1, Anastasia Koutsouveli2

1 Institute of Educational Policy, An. Tsocha 36, 11521 Athens, Greece; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Kolokotroni 148, 18121 Korydallos, Piraeus, Greece; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: world heritage, Greek world Heritage List, conglomerates, NATURA 2000

Introduction: In central Greece, in the northwest- type deposits that are regarded as those deposited ern part of Thessaly, giant rocks are rise to create in coastal environments and interpreted under the a spectacle landscape. The beauty of geological framework of the Gilbert-type Delta model and (2) phenomenon, which is also an important monu- Channel type deposits that are regarded as those ment for religion, has inspired people’s imagina- created during the base-level lowering or during tion leading to various myths about their creation, the upward movement of the feeding source. The including comparing the original landforms to old formation of the Meteora landforms is due to: (1) and abandoned towers amongst the neighbouring Tectonic events, (2) Fluvial erosion due to flowing green mountains. water and, to a smaller extent, (3) Aeolian erosion Meteora rocks are molasse sediments, depos- (Dermitzakis et al. 2007). Scientific references to ited in the Mesohellenic trench during the Early the phenomenon have been made since 19th century Miocene (about 23 million years ago), mainly con- (Phillippson 1890) and followed by many others, sisting of conglomerates and sandstones. The Mete- e.g. Brunn (1956), Aubouin (1959), Bizon (1967), ora conglomerates belong to the Pentalophos For- Savoyat et al. (1972). mation and were deposited in a Gilbert deltaic type system where there were large channels entrenched Conservation and management of Meteora perpendicularly to the axis of the delta. area: Meteora area has been included in the list of The main units of sedimentary deposits rec- World Cultural and Natural Heritage of UNESCO ognized in Meteora conglomerate are: (1) Wedge in 1988. The proposal, evaluation and selection

Fig. 1. Meteora conglomerates (Thessaly, central Greece). Photograph by Georgia Fermeli.

71 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 was mainly based on the UNESCO’s cultural cri- exceptional cultural importance and rare ecosystem teria (C 1–5)[1] and in one natural environment cri- types, is also a unique region for geology and it has terion (N 7)[1]. Meteora has also been proposed as been proposed a geological heritage monument. a geological heritage monument (Theodosiou et al. 2006) because it represents a significant geomor- References phology. Certainly, the UNESCO criterion N-8[1] Aubouin, J. 1959. Contribution à l’étude géologique de la should also be used for the evaluation of Meteora Grèce séptentrionale: les cofins de l’ Epire et de la Thes- conglomarates in order to recognise its significant salie. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques, 10, geomorphical features. 1–525. Meteora (Meteora-Antichasia area) is inclu- Bizon, J.J., Lalechos, N., Savoyat, E. 1968. Présence de l’Eocène transgressif en Thessalie. Incidence sur la ded in the European network of protected areas, paléogéographie régionale. Bulletin de la Société géo- NATURA 2000, which is the main national mean logique de France, 10, 36–38. for implementing Directive 92/43/EEC of the Brunn, J.H. 1956. Etude géologique du Pinde septentrional European Council ‛for the conservation of natural et de la Macédoine occidentale. Annales Géologiques habitats and wild fauna and flora’ (this Directive des Pays Helléniques, 7, 1–358. was incorporated into a Joint Ministerial Decision Dermitzakis, M., Drinia, Ch., Fermeli, G. 2009. Formation 33318/3028/11-12-1998, Government Gazette 1289/ and evolution of Meteora conglomerates. In: G. Stageas (Ed.), Proceedings 3rd Historical Congress in Kalamba- B/28-12-98). In particular, Meteora (Meteora- ka, 7–9. September, 2007, p. 197–116. Genesis; Kalam- Antichasia area) is included in both Natura 2000 ma- baka-Greece. jor units (‘Inland and mountain areas’ and ‘Special Hellenic Society for the Protection of Nature (HSPN), 2004. Protection Areas’) and the list of ‘Sites of outstand- NATURA 2000 protected areas in Greece, pp. 1–200. ing Natural Beauty’. In Meteora-Antichasia area HSPN and Ministry of Environment; Athens. there have been identified rare types of ecosystems, Phillipson, A. 1890. Bericht über eine Reise durch Nord rare plants and rare animals (Hellenic Society for und Mittel Griechenland. Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft the Protection of Nature 2004). für erdkunde, 25, 331–406. Berlin. Savoyat, E., Lalechos, N., Philippakis, N., Bizon, G. 1972. Conclusions: Meteora is of great interest for scien- Geological Map Kalambaka Sheet, 1:50,000. Greek In- tific, environmental, social, cultural, religious and stitute of Geology and Mineral Exploration; Athens. Thedosiou, I., Fermeli, G., Koutsouveli, A. 2006. Our geo- aesthetic reasons. Despite its importance, however, logical heritage, pp. 1–102. Kaleidoskopio; Athens. the region is currently under particular pressure arising from both the constantly increasing num- ber of tourists visiting the area and also from from Internet sources construction works (roads, installation of mobile [1] Unesco, 2005. World Heritage. The criteria for selection. infrastructure, etc.). The region, in addition to its http://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria.

72 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

Geodiversity and geoheritage of the glacial landscape areas in Poland

Izabela Jamorska1, Tomasz Karasiewicz1, Karol Tylmann2

1 Faculty of Earth Sciences Nicoulas Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Faculty of Oceanography and Geography University of Gdańsk, Al. Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geodiversity, glacial landscape, geosites

Goals: This study aims in the recognition and Conclusions: The main result of ours study is a evaluation of the geodiversity of the young glacial general characteristic of geoheritage of Poland’s landscape in the north of Poland. Three areas of glacial landscape as well as visualization and map- diversified morfology and geology, located within ping of the most favourable geoturistic regions and the extent of the last Weichselian glaciation have sites. The application of two methods of evaluating been selected as the research area. geodiversity has enabled the verification of apply- ing such method in case of lowlands as well as Methods: Three basic abiotic components of the selection of the area with the best representation of environment have been analysed: geology, terrain diversified young glacial landscape. relief and geosites. The diversity of these compo- nents have been evaluated by means of the point References bonitation method (Kot 2012, 2015; Kot, Szmidt Kot, R. 2012. Zastosowanie indeksu georóżnorodności dla 2010; Radwanek-Bąk, Laskowicz 2012) using określenia zróżnicowania rzeźby terenu na przykładzie ArcGIS software as well as applying the geodiver- zlewni reprezentatywnej Strugi Toruńskiej, Pojezierze sity index according to methodology by Serrano Chełmińskie. Problemy Ekologii Krajobrazu, 33, 87–96. and Ruiz-Flaño (2007). According to the Point Kot, R. 2015. The Point Bonitation Method for Evaluating Bonitation Method the investigated area has been Geodiversity: A Guide with Examples (Polish Low- divided into hexagonal test fields, and the diver- land). Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geogra- sity of the analysed natural components has been phy, 97 (2), 375–393. defined within particular fields. Every single el- Kot, R., Szmidt, K. 2010. Ocena georóżnorodności rzeź- by terenu fragmentu Basenu Świeckiego w skalach ements has been evaluated and the total number 1:10.000 oraz 1:25.000. Problemy Ekologii Krajobrazu, of points specified it’s geotouristic attractiveness. 27, 189–196. Geosites have undergone the additional evaluation Radwanek-Bąk, B., Laskowicz, I. 2012. Ocena georóż- in terms of geological and touristic values, with norodności jako metody określania potencjału geotury- special focus on erratic boulders. The geodiversity stycznego obszaru. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie- index, on which the other evaluation method is Skłodowska 67 (2), 77–95. based, has been calculated to the following for- Serrano, E., Ruiz-Flaño, P. 2007. Geodiversity. A theoretical and applied concept. Geographica Helvetica, 62, 1–8. mula (Serrano, Ruiz-Flaño 2007, 2009; Serrano at Serrano, E., Ruiz-Flaño, P. 2009. Geomorphosites and Geo- al. 2009): Gd = EgR/lnS, where: Gd – geodiversity diversity. In: E. Reynard, P. Coratza, G. Regolini-Bissig index, Eg – numer of different physical elements in (Eds), Geomorphosites, p. 51–63. Verlag Pfeil; Munich. the unit, R – coefficient of roughness of the unit, Serrano, E., Ruiz-Flaño, P., Arroyo, P. 2009. Geodiversity S – surface of the unit (km2). assessment in a rural landscape: Tiermes-Caracena area (Soria, Spain). Memorie Descrittive Della Carta Geoli- gica d’Italia, 87, 173–180.

73 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Application of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and geochemical survey to investigations of old mining center in Radzimowice (Lower Silesia, SW Poland)

Maciej Kałaska1, Rafał Siuda1, Paula Sierpień2

1 Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Research Center in Warsaw, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Light Detection and Ranging LiDAR, ArcGIS mapping, arsenic, geochemical survey, Radzi- mowice

Geological settings: The Radzimowice (currently samples collected at a depth of 20 cm were ana- a small village, located 15 km to the East from lyzed. The acquired geochemical data were used Jelenia Gora) is one of the oldest mining center in to prepare a detailed distribution map of selected Lower Silesia. The first mining works were car- elements created with the ESRI ArcGIS program. ried out in Radzimowice in the 15th century, when the subsurface parts of the deposit were exploited Conclusions: The LiDAR images enable identi- (Dziekoński 1972). Another period of intense devel- fication of individual old mining relicts and ore opment took place from 18th century to the 1920s. processing sites. One of the oldest mining facilities The only small reconnaissance work was conducted are: a chain of excavations with latitudinal course, here after War World II (Madziarz 2009). The mine located to the north of Radzimowice Village, in Radzimowice was finally closed in 1963. Several and excavations located at the southern slopes of polymetallic veins were exploited there (Stauffacher Żelaźniak and Bukowina hills. They were cre- th 1916). During the oldest period of exploitation only ated during the earliest period of exploitation (15 copper, silver and lead ores were mined. Later gold century). The exploitation was run by the system was also recovered. In the years 1819–1890 arsenic of multiple pit shafts. Today on the surface there trioxide and synthetic arsenic pigments were ob- are perfectly preserved sequences of small hol- tained from local arsenic ores. The abandoned min- lows (called ‘pinga’) which coincide with outcrop ing facilities, used for processing arsenic, are cur- of polymetallic ores containing Cu, Pb, Ag and Au rently a major ecological threat. The accumulated minerals. The remains of medieval exploitation are arsenic compounds in these places migrate to soils also noticeable near top of Żelaźniak hill. and ground waters and then are absorbed by plants The remains of mouth of the Heinitz adit, (Karczewska et al. 2006; Krzysiak et al. 2007). known in Polish as ‛roznos’, is related to mining and metallurgy activity from the 19th and 20th cen- Aims: The aim of this research was to make: (1) tury. The Heinitz adit was built in the direction of An inventory of the mining and metallurgical ac- the Louis adit at the beginning of the 19th century. tivity remains based on LiDAR data, (2) Use of The remains of the buildings of the arsenic smelter geochemical studies in the selected area to iden- and pond for the scrubber come from the same tify the location of the abandoned arsenic smelter period. The post-mining dumps are perfectly pre- and equipment for processing of local polymetallic served. They are located in the area of the Louis ores, and (3) To create a map of soil contamination and Arnold adits and below the Fryderyk drain with arsenic compounds. adit. Those remains are connected with mining Methods: The research was based on the data activity between the 19th and 20th century. from Geoportal2[1]. The geochemical analyzes The geochemical research carried out in the were carried out by using an X-ray fluorescence area of old mining buildings (i.a. arsenic smelter, spectrometer with EDS (XRF EDS) at the Faculty adit mouth) showed the highest concentration of of Geology, University of Warsaw. The 176 soil arsenic compound reaching 2% (weight percent)

74 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

because these compounds can accumulate in plants (Karczewska et al. 2017) and then in animals. The conducted research on the accumulation of As in the soil enables creation of a precise map of con- tamination with these substances and facilitates the planning of reclamation of contaminated areas.

References Dziekoński, T. 1972. Wydobywanie i metalurgia kruszców na Dolnym Śląsku od XIII do połowy XX wieku, pp. 1–420. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawni ctwo Pol- skiej Akademii Nauk; Wrocław – Warszawa – Kraków – Gdańsk. Karczewska, A., Bogda, A. 2006. Heavy metals in soils of former mining areas in the Sudety Mountains – their forms and solubility. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15 (2a), 104–110. Karczewska, A., Bogda, A., Dradrach, A., Lewińska, K., Mołczan, M., Cuske, M., Gersztyn, L., Litak, K. 2017. Solubility of arsenic and its uptake by ryegrass from polluted soils amended with organic matter. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 182, 193–200. Krysiak, A., Karczewska, A. 2007. Arsenic extractability in soils in the areas of former arsenic mining and smelt- ing, SW Poland. Science of the Total Environment, 379, Fig. 1. The map of soil contamination with arsenic 190–200. compounds. Madziarz, M. 2009. Kopalnie „Czarnów”, „Miedzianka” i „Stara Góra” w poszukiwaniach okruszcowania urano- related with place of the old arsenic smelter (Fig. 1). wego oraz rud metali w latach 40. i 50. XX w. In: P.P. Za- There is also significant concentration of arsenic in gożdżon, M. Madziarz (Eds), Dzieje górnictwa – element the ore processing areas and along the watercourse europejskiego dziedzictwa kultury, 2, p. 166–193. Ofi- from the drain adit. The other places with high cyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej; Wrocław. Stauffacher, J. 1916. Der Goldgangdistrikt von Altenberg arsenic concentration indicated former waste pile in Schlesien. Zeitschrift für praktische Geologie, 23, connected with extraction of ores from the Arnold 53–88. adit (the southern part of the map). Such signifi- cant concentration of arsenic compounds in soils Internet sources: is a significant threat to the natural environment, [1] www. geoportal.gov.pl

75 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Archaeological and historical mines in Turkey as instruments for public awareness on geoconservation: JEMİRKO Project

Nizamettin Kazancı1,2, Yaşar Suludere2, Fuat Şaroğlu2, Alper Gürbüz2,3, Aysen Özgüneylioğlu2, Necip S. Mülazımoğlu2, Hamdi Mengi2, Sonay Boyraz Arslan2,4, Esra Gürbüz2,5, Tahsin Onur Yücel2, Merve Ersöz2, Hülya İnaner2,6

1 Ankara Üniversitesi Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü 06830 Gölbaşı, Ankara, Turkey; e-mail: [email protected] 2 JEMİRKO – The Turkish Association for Conservation of Geological Heritage, 06570 Ankara, Turkey; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 3 Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 51240 Niğde, Turkey; e-mail: [email protected] 4 Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü 06800 Ankara, Turkey; e-mail: [email protected] 5 Aksaray Üniversitesi Harita Mühendisliği Bölümü, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey; e-mail: [email protected] 6 Dokuzeylül Üniversitesi Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 35370 Buca, İzmir, Turkey; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: archaeological findings, Ottoman mines, Bronze age, Anatolia, JEMİRKO Project

Archaeological mines in Turkey: Some findings, directly to the mineral, metal or mine names. It is i.e handicrafts, vessels, war tools and ornament also noteworthy, that three active mines (Maden, objects, which appeared in excavations in Turkey, Küre and Tuzluca mines) were inherited from the proved that the mining history in this coun- Romans. Based on the industrial development in try goes back to the Chalcolithic Period (Sasson the Middle East and on a clay tablet written to an 1995; Özdoğan, Özdoğan 1999). The most ancient Assyrian governor by a Hittite officer (Bilgiç 1943), mine gallery was dated to the period 4,500 BC it has been evidenced that mining in Anatolia was in north-central Anatolia (Yalçın 2000). The first essential for the establishment of the Silk Road be- metal coins and gold plaques were produced by tween Asia and Europe. Nevertheless, presently all the Lydians who created the Anatolian civilisa- these cities and towns have problems related to mi- tion. In general, mining, particularly metallogeny, gration and unemployment. had started in Anatolia ca. 6,500 yrs ago and then Conclusions: JEMİRKO – The Turkish Association spread to the world. Favorable circumstances for for the conservation of Geological Heritage leads a the beginning of mining in Turkey was i.a. forma- project in order to raise awareness on the geotour- tion of ore-deposits. ism potential of historical mines to local people, Geo-archaeological heritage: If one looks back taking into account the geo-cultural heritage. The through mining history, it becomes evident that the first results are encouraging and will be presented first metal to be mined in the past was copper, and in detail in this presentation. the stained glass was also discovered during the References Iron Age in this country. The carbonate rock known in Turkish as ‘marmor’ (Engl. ‘marble’) was named Bilgiç, E., 1943. Researches on the ancient Anatolian so- cieties in the light of Cappadocian tablets. Dil Tarih ve after the Marmara Island at the Marmara Sea. It was Cğrafya Fakültesi (DTCF) Dergisi 3, 32–43. (In Turkish). a preferable material of the Rome’s imperial build- Özdoğan, M., Özdoğan, A. 1999. Archaeological evidence ings. Archaeological and historical records show on the early metallurgy at Çayönü Tepesi. In: A. Haupt- that mining and building activities in Anatolia have mann, E. Pernicka, Th. Rehren, Ü. Yalçın (Eds), The continued non-stop despite of ups and downs of ci- Beginning of Metallurgy. Der Anschnitt, 9, 13–22. vilisations, conquers and kingdoms. Presently, the Sasson, J.M. 1995. Mining and Metalwork in Ancient West- number of the studied old mines in Anatolia is over ern Asia. In: J.M Sasson (Ed.), Civilizations of the An- cient Near East, pp. 1–648. Charles Scribner’s Sons; New 300. Moreover, the names of three modern prov- York. inces (Gümüşhane, Tunceli, Zonguldak), thirteen Yalçın, Ü. 2000. Anfänge der metallverwendung in Ana- towns (e.g. Maden, Küre, Gümüşhacıköy), some tolien. In: Ü. Yalçın (Ed.), Anatolian Metal I. Der An- mountains and many geographic sites are related schnitt, 13, 17–30.

76 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

High-resolution Terrestrial Laser Scanning as a tool for acquisition and analysis data of geo- and cultural heritage: an example from the Roztocze Region (Southeastern Poland)

Waldemar Kociuba1, Teresa Brzezińska-Wójcik1, Ewa Skowronek1

1 Wydział Nauk o Ziemi i Gospodarki Przestrzennej, Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, Al. Kraśnicka 2d, 20-718 Lublin; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: LIDAR, Terrestrial Laser Scanning, heritage, innovation tourism offer, Roztocze Region, Poland

Introduction: Detailed documentation of geo- and digital image; (3) Digital terrain and surface mod- cultural heritage is essential for its preservation els (DTM, DEM respectively). Currently TLS, and popularisation (Pavlidis et al. 2007). The Light which provides detailed and high accuracy infor- Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) technique and, mation, has become increasingly popular method in particular, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) is for documentation. In addition, the 3D building becoming a frequently used research tool to inves- mesh models can be easily generated from an ac- tigate topics in geology (e.g. Buckley et al. 2010). quired point cloud and recorded digital images. Geo- and cultural heritage documentation projects Furthermore, an important goal is to show the ap- still very rarely take advantage of TLS (Shih et al. plication of modern techniques and tools for the 2007). This rapidly developing survey technology design and enhancement of the attractiveness of can be easily applied to site and tourism planning tourism offers. and management (e.g. Guttentag 2010; Ali et al. Methods: The measurements were carried out 2016) as well as geo- and cultural heritage-oriented with the use of a Leica ScanStation C10 laser scan- education and research, providing a digital refer- ner. This type of scanner facilitates measurements ence and record for future generations (Rüther et at a distance up to 300 m with a green impulse al. 2009; Wei et al. 2009). This study refers to the laser (532 μm) at a rate of up to50 000 pts/s. The application of the LIDAR in the Polish part of the accuracy of the distance measurement 4 mm (up to Roztocze Region. 50 m), and the 3D position – 6 mm[1]. Geological settings: The Southern Roztocze be- Results: Measurement data acquired as ‘point gins prominently as a range of hills spreading from cloud’ form the ‘model space’ has been obtained. Kraśnik (Poland) to Lviv (Ukraine). Geologically, After merging each point cloud into 3D Digital Mesozoic calcareous-siliceous rock and Cenozoic Terrain Model (DTM), it has been possible to an- limestone and sand formations predominate alyze the parameters of the study objects (e.g. de- (Musiał 1987; Cieśliński 1998). An example of the tailed 2D and 3D measurements) and quad and use of local rocks in constructions, including sacral landscape plans. buildings (Kawałko 1995; Mazur 2008), is the Uniate church (presently at ruins) with the adjoin- Conclusions: This study shows that the middle- ing cemetery in Huta Różaniecka village (southern range TLS has been successfully applied for doc- Roztocze Region). umentation of both geo- and cultural heritage objects. The use of TLS facilitated digital docu- Aims: The aim of the research is to demonstrate mentation of the internal and external walls sur- the possibilities offered by the use of TLS for pre- faces of the Uniate church with the cemetery in cise three-dimensional documentation of rock ex- Huta Różaniecka village, and the site of extraction traction sites and buildings of high historical im- of the Miocene organodetric limestones used for portance. The TLS method, already proven in e.g. the construction of the object at Brusno Mountain geodesy or geomorphology, offers a new opportu- (ca. 20 km south-east of Huta Różaniecka). An nity such as: (1) Very accurate 3D point cloud copy exact copy of the current state of the analyzed ob- of the object and surroundings area; (2) Panoramic jects (in the form of a high-density 3D point cloud)

77 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 provides the basis for 3D modeling of their original Kawałko, D. 1995. Bruśnieński ośrodek kamieniarski. Za- appearance. It also allows using of their image to moj ski Kwartalnik Kulturalny, 3 (45), 5–8. make the perception of the tourism offer more at- Mazur, J. 2008. Kresowe dziedzictwo. Kamieniarstwo bruś- tractive and easier (virtual tourism). nieńskie, pp. 1–133. Muzeum Kresów w Lubaczowie; Lubaczów. Musiał, T. 1987. Miocen Roztocza (Polska południowo- References wschodnia). Biuletyn Geologiczny Uniwersytetu War- szawskiego, 31, 1–149. Ali, A.M., Shukor, S.A.A., Wong, R., Piao, R.C.C. 2016. 3d Pavlidis, G., Koutsoudis, A., Arnaoutoglou, F., Tsioukas, V., terrestrial laser scanning for Sabah historical landmark. Chamzas, Ch. 2007. Methods for 3D digitization of Cul- Documentation and virtual tourism. Journal of Built En- tural Heritage. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 8, 93–98. vironment, Technology and Engineering, 1, 321–329. Rüther, H., Chazan, M., Schroeder, R., Neeser, R., Held, Buckley, S.J., Enge, H.D., Carlsson, C., Howell, J.A. 2010. C., Walker, S.J., Matmon, A., Horwitz, L.K. 2009. La- Terrestrial laser scanning for use in virtual outcrop geol- ser scanning for conservation and research of African ogy. Photogrammetric Record, 25, 225–239. cultural heritage sites: the case study of Wonderwerk Cieśliński, S. 1998. Osady kredowe Roztocza Lubelskiego. Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, In: Z. Krzowski, M. Harasimiuk, T. Brzezińska- Wójcik, 36, 1847–1856. Z. Michalczyk, J. Rzechowski, J. Superson (Eds), Bu- Shih, N.J., Wang, H.J., Lin, C.Y., Liau, C.Y. 2007. 3D scan for dowa geologiczna Roztocza (100-lecie badań polskich the digital preservation of a historical temple in Taiwan. geologów), Przewodnik 49 Zjazdu Naukowego Pol- Advances in Engineering Software, 38 (7), 501–512. skiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, Krasnobród, 23–26 Wei, O.C., Chin, C.S., Majid, Z., Setan, H. 2010. 3D docu- September, 1998, p. 47–50. mentation and preservation of historical monument us- Guttentag, D.A. 2010. Virtual reality: applications and impli- ing terrestrial laser scanning. Geoinformation Science cations for tourism. Tourism Management, 3, 637–651. Journal, 10 (1), 73–90. http://www.leica-geosystems.co.uk/downloads123/hds/ hds/ScanStation%20C10/brochures-datasheet/Leica_ Internet sources ScanStation_C10_DS_en.pdf [1] http://www.leica-geosystems.co.uk

78 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

The use of post-mining landscape for geotouristic purposes in Geopark – by the example of the Polish part of UNESCO Global Geopark Muskau Arch

Jacek Koźma

Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Lower Silesian Branch, Al. Jaworowa 19, 53-122 Wrocław, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: post-mining area, geotouristic path, geotope, geoeducation, geodiversity conservation

Transboundary geopark: The UNESCO Global Geopark’s features: The present, unique land- Geopark Muskau Arch was established in 2011, as scape of the geopark has been influenced not only a result of a trilateral project implemented by the by the natural glaciotectonic structures that occur German State of Brandenburg, the State of Saxony in its basement, but also by mining activities. In the and the Polish Province Lubuskie. The Geopark 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, a represents a good geologic and geomorphologic regionally based industry emerged. It was based on overview of a northern glacial landscape and in- the rich sources of raw materials (coal, glass sand, cludes an Elsterian push moraine cut by deep ero- high-quality clay, alum earth, bog iron ore, mineral sion. It is a particularly beautiful example of per- springs). Recently, lignite and clay mining is aban- fectly formed tongue-shaped ice thrust ridge with doned, but their traces are distinctly visible in form deep soft sediment deformation (Koźma, Kupetz of narrow belts of elongated artificial lakes, located 2008). along the lignite and clay exposures within the gla-

Fig. 1. Geotouristic map of the ‛Babina’ path area.

79 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 ciotectonic slices. These belts, as well as moraine colors; a spring of acid water surrounded with crusts hills, create really a scenic landscape. Outcropped of chemical compounds; an outcrop of fine-grained elements of geological setting, preserved traces of sands and silts with fragments of coals strongly human activity and unique biocoenoses make this deformed by the glacial tectonic phenomena and area essentially valuable for nature and cultural numerous forms of deep erosion by rain water de- heritage protection. The Geopark offers an under- veloped on the sediments of mine heaps. standing and a unique experience of geology and The variety represented by the sites offers a the subsequent industrial history. This unique re- chance of seeing numerous phenomena that con- lationship between geology and objects formed as cern, for example, the rehabilitation of acid soils, a result of old mining activities was the reason for chemical transformations in waters that fill pits commencing work in order to create a geopark and after brown coal extraction, contemporary pro- its tourist attractions. cesses of terrain relief changes, plant successions changes in relation to the rocks in the basement, Geotouristic path: One of them is the geotouristic etc. Altogether, on the route of geotouristic path ‛Babina’ path (Koźma et al. 2016), which belongs 12 places with information tables were outlined, to a network of different thematic paths in the in- to explain mentioned environmental processes. In ternational geopark and goes through the post-min- the vicinity are located wooden tables and benches, ing area. The total area of post-mining land of the places for bicycles, diverse view platforms, and ‛Babina’ mine is estimated at around 430 hectares. one big view tower. The geotouristic path with in- In order to present natural, environmental processes formation tables describes geology, unique natu- taking place on areas that were strongly altered by ral environment and culture heritage of UNESCO mining activities, a decision was taken to open a Global Geopark Muskau Arch. geological-tourist trail near one of the largest pits of the ‛Babina’ mine. Along a 5.5-kilometer-long path References there are several geological sites which include: a vertical profile of a coal seam that will be artificially Koźma, J., Kupetz, M. 2008. The transboundary geopark exposed in the pit slope; an outcrop of brown coal (1 Muskau Arch. Przegląd Geologiczny, 56, 692–698. Koźma J. 2013. Geotouristic ‛Babina’ path as an example of m thick) with a well-marked transverse fault; a land sustainable development in the Muskau Arch Geopark. depression in the area of an old underground mine, Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana, 28, flooded with acid water characterized by changing 93–96.

80 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

Geodiversity and biodiversity complementary in nature protection in Montenegro

Gojko R. Nikolić

Department of Geography, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Montenegro, D. Bojovic 3, 81400 Nikšić, Montenegro; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: ecological state, geoecology, geo- and biodiversity, geoheritage, geoconservation, Protected Areas (PAs)

Goals: The biggest challenges in the Mediterranean of the Skadar Lake, which is a Ramsar site since countries, Montenegro included, presently encoun- 2006. The UNESCO sites are the following ones: (1) ter a critical geographic dimension: protected areas, Durmitor National Park (World Heritage List since natural disasters, climate change, energy security, 1980) and (2) Kotor-Risan Bay (World Natural and urbanization. Natura intacta and her holistic frame- Cultural Heritage List since 1979). The national ef- work is presently at risk of extinction. The aim of forts for conservation of biodiversity and natural as- this presentation is focus on the protection of bio- sets resulted in the designation of several Protected diversity. The result is emphasized by biocentrical Areas (PAs) under successive Nature Protection approach of the modern society (Reynard, Coratza Laws. The area of national PAs currently amounts 2007; Hjort et al. 2015). But what about geodiversity! to 167007.49 ha (10.305% of the Montenegro terri- Research source which includes these two conjugate tory). Five national parks (Durmitor, Skadar Lake, prefixes (geodiversity and biodiversity) has found Lovcen, Biogradska Gora and Prokletije national application in the area of geoecology, an interdis- parks) are the most important PAs in the country. ciplinary and highly integrated geospatial science. The other PAs (more than 60) fall under different categories. Nature Protection Law (2016) defines Methods: The analyses and results are based, six types of PAs with various coverage. They are through my work, on the field spatial planning as follows: strict nature reserves (3 sites), national documentation, dedicated studies, expertise, re- parks (5 sites), special nature reserves (1 site), nature ports by expert advisory committees (Spatial Plan parks (3 sites), natural monuments (57 sites), area of Montenegro 2020) and other publications (The of exceptional natural values (2 sites). Biological Fifth National Report of Montenegro to the United species under protection are given on the List of Nations Convention on Biological Diversity 2014). the Protected Species that has been accepted in Highlights: Geospaces of Montenegro possesses December 2006. A number of 307 plants, 111 fungi outstanding geodiversity and biodiversity poten- and 430 animal species are included in the List of tial, with elements that have a global character. the Protected Species (URL1[1], URL 2[2]). The idea of Montenegro as an Ecological State The territory of Montenegro is distinct not only (declared 1991) is based on this geoecological mo- within the regional framework, but also outside, saic and its geo- and biodiversity. Index of floristic as an area with an extremely complex natural diversity of Montenegro is 0.837, and is the highest grounds, particularly in terms of geology, hydrog- of all European countries (Nikolić et al. 2016). It is raphy and geomorphology. Although this area cov- well known that Montenegrin community started ers a relatively small area, it has a very large num- to protect the site Biogradska Gora at Biogradska ber of exceptional geoheritage sites, which belong River in 1878, only six years after the proclamation to various morphogenetic categories. Proposed of the first national park in the world (Yellowstone). Catalogue of geoheritage objects (in draft) com- The international status of geospace of Monte- prises 10 categories of geoheritage objects: geolog- negro is based on two Ramsar sites and two ical and stratigraphical objects, structural-tectonic, UNESCO sites. The Ramsar sites are the following petrological, neotectonic, climatic, hydrological ones: (1) The reserve for flora and fauna of Tivat and hydrogeological objects, geomorfological, spe- Salina (since 2013), and (2) The Montenegrin part leological, pedological, and archeological geoheri-

81 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 tage objects. About 250 objects have been recorded References in these categories (Nikolić, Radusinovic 2017). The Fifth National Report of Montenegro to the United Although geodiversity is a category of the high- Nations Convention on Biological Diversity 2014, pp. est rank – the principle of geocentricy (preservation 1–56. Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tour- of abiotic part of nature) has not been not fully re- ism Montenego and United Nations Development Pro- spected by the Montenegrin society, which follows gramme (UNDP); Podgorica. mainly biocentric point of view. The protection Nikolić, G.R., Radusinovic, S. 2017. Current situation of geoparks in Montenegro, Workshop of Global Geoparks of geodiversity in Montenegro has no systematic in Sout Eastern Europe, Idrija, pp. 1–22. Municipal Mu- character. Protection of geosites is implemented as seum; Idrija ‒ Slovenia. a part of nature conservation, established for the Nikolić, G.R., Barovic, G., Vujacic, D. 2016. Montenegro protection of biological elements. in the International System of Protection and Manage- ment of Geodiversity and the European Association for Conclusions: The meaning and scientific founda- the Conservation of Geological Heritage tion of geoecology are reflected in the synthesized ProGEO, Program and Abstract Book. 12th Conference on integrative knowledge of the genesis, content, sig- Cartography and Geoinformation commemorating the nificance and sustainability of the geoecological World GIS Day, November 16–18, 2016, p. 54–55. Croa- environment. Therefore, knowledge about the cre- tian Cartographic Society; Zagreb. ation and functioning of the geoecological envi- Reynard, E., Coratza, P. 2007. Geomorphosites and geodi- versity: a new domain of research. Geographica Helve- ronment is necessary and more valuable in relation tica, 62 (3), 138–139. to the knowledge about their appearance, because Hjort, J., Gordon, J. E., Gray, M., Hunter, JR. 2015. Why they have characteristics of prediction and sustain- geodiversity matters in valuing nature’s stage. Conser- able management. Thus, our research in the field vation Biology, 29 (3), 630–639. of geodiversity naturally leans towards the nomo- thetic space of geoecology. Internet sources This presentation also points to the need for a different and more comprehensive consideration of [1] URL 1, http://www.me.undp.org/content/montenegroBio geodiversity and geoheritage and their relationship diversity Strategy and Action Plan (BSAP) 2018. [2] URL 2, http://www.prirodainfo.me/Izvjestaji/PoVrstiZas with biodiversity in Montenegro; and the need for ticenogPodrucja Database of Protected Areas in Monte- them to be conceptually based on geoecology. In negro, Agency for the Protection of the Environment of this study we ascertain need of further studies and Montenegro, Sector for Nature Protection, Monitoring, ways of using the modern research technologies. Analysis and Reporting, Podgorica 2018.

82 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities

Travertine Spring Towers as rare depositional morphologies in geothermal fields: the example of the Hisaralan Geothermal Field in NW Turkey

Mehmet Özkul1, Ali Gökgöz1, Ali Kamil Yüksel2

1 Pamukkale University, Engineering Faculty, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Kınıklı Campus, 20070 Denizli, Turkey; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Balıkesir University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering, Çağışlı Campus, 10145 Balıkesir, Turkey; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geothermal field, travertine, hazards, aspiring geopark

Location and lithology: Travertine spring towers Conclusions: Thermal waters have been used are one of the rarest and most spectacular deposi- inappropriately by local people, e.g. for green- tional morphologies in some geothermal fields, as house and domestic heating. Consequently, the it is the case of China and the Yellowstone Park in Hisaralan Geothermal Field needs protection and the USA (Hutchinson et al. 1992; Liu et al. 2012; a proper management. During a workshop held Jones, Peng 2017). This work was developed in the in May 2017, the Hisaralan Geothermal Field was Hisaralan Geothermal Field, located 25 km NE of proposed a potential geopark to be established in the Sındırgı town, Balıkesir, in NW Turkey, at an NW Turkey. altitude of 300–450 m a.s.l, on a SW slope. The old- est rock units in this area are ophiolitic rocks and limestone blocks of the İzmir-Ankara Flysch Zone. References They are superimposes by the Miocene volcanic Hutchinson, R.A., Thompson, J.M. 1992. The Travertine rocks such as dacite – rhyodacite. Spring towers Totem Forest of Yellowstone National Park, USA – and associated travertine morphologies have pre- geologic controls and geochemistry. In: Y.K. Kharaka, th cipitated directly on these Miocene volcanic rocks. A.S. Maest (Eds), 7 International Symposium on Wa- ter-Rock Interaction, Park City, Utah, USA, 13–18 July Thermal springs features: The temperature of the 1992, p. 1419–1421. International Association of Geo- thermal springs range from 55 to 99°C. There are chemists and Cosmochemists; Park City, Utah, U.S.A. more than 60 travertine spring towers recognised Liu, Y., Zhou, X., Fang, B., Zhou, H., Yamanaka, T. 2012. A preliminary analysis of the formation of travertine and in the study area, some of them up to 5 m high. travertine cones in the Jifei hot spring, Yunnan, China. Presently, most of the towers are inactive; only a Environmental Earth Sciences, 66, 1887–1896. few of them are active along the Serin stream to the Jones, B., Peng, X. 2017. Growth and development of west of the study area. The latter ones are formed spring towers at Shiqiang, Yunnan Province, China. by artesian thermal springs. Sedimentary Geology, 347, 183–209.

83 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Geoheritage in the Red Rock Region, Southern Luxembourg: towards an integrative view of natural diversity in a cultural landscape?

Robert Weis1, Andrea Di Cencio1,2

1 Musée national d’histoire naturelle de Luxembourg, section Paléontologie, 25 rue Münster, 2160 Luxembourg, Grand- duchy of Luxembourg; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Geology and Paleontology Technical Studio, via Fratelli Rosselli 4, 50026 San Casciano Val Di Pesa (FI), Italy; e-mails: [email protected]

Keywords: geodiversity, geoconservation, geosites, palaeontological collections, industrial heritage, educa- tion

Introduction: The Land of the Red Rocks is a quarries offer a high educational potential, intro- region of Luxembourg located in the south of the ducing students to fossils and various Jurassic ma- country. It owes its name to the color of the oo- rine palaeoenvironments. lithic ironstones, also known as ‘Minette’ (Early to (3) The black shales referred to as ‘Schistes Middle Jurassic). The extraction of the iron ore was bitumineux’ (Lower Jurassic: Toarcian) repre- at the base of the success of the steel industry in sent a lateral equivalent of the well-known ‛Posi- Luxembourg, back in the industrial era. Today, the donienschiefer’ of Holzmaden (South Ger many). former mining area has established a new identity They are particularly rich in well-preserved fossils, through combining ancient and new technologies. predominantly marine, but also of terrestrial origin, At the same time, the abandoned open cast mines justifying an attribution as a ‘Fossil-Lagerstätte’ have evolved into a cultural landscape comprising of international appeal. Palaeontological research biotopes with an outstanding value for biodiversity has been recently conducted on marine reptiles and natural heritage conservation. (Vincent et al. 2017) and bony fish (Taverne, Steurbaut 2017), but also insects (Nel, Weis 2017). Geological background: The Red Rock region comprises three characteristic geological forma- Recognition and protection of geoheritage: The tions: concept of geoheritage has not been in the focus (1) The ‘Minette’ ironstone formation (Lower– of local and national nature conservation agencies Middle Jurassic: upper Toarcian to Aalenian) until very recently. Nevertheless, a legal protection represents the most iconic geological feature of of geological sites is in many cases implicitly pro- southern Luxembourg, ‘Minette-type’ ironstones vided as geological sites often coincide with bio- being known worldwide (Siehl, Thein 1989). The diversity hotspots. Specifically, some former open deposits are characterized by a thick succession cast mining sites are nowadays protected under of limestones and siltstones rich in iron oolites, the status of national nature reserves. Additionally, extracted in open cast and underground mines be- the geological trail ‘Giele Botter’ near Differdange tween ca. 1850 and 1981. Numerous invertebrate and the former underground mines linked with the fossils, especially ammonites, have been collected National Mining Museum in Rumelange, are listed by miners and private collectors since the 19th cen- as national industrial heritage. However, implicit tury (Benecke 1905). recognition of the geological heritage of these sites (2) The bioclastic limestone ‘Calcaire de is not yet given, and geoconservation measures Rumelange’ (Middle Jurassic: lower Bajocian) is yet to be developed. The region is also a source of a regionally important source for construction ma- important fossil, mineral and rock collections. The terial, extracted in large quarries in the area of public collections curated by the Musée national Rumelange. Noteworthy geological features are d’histoire naturelle de Luxembourg (MNHNL) the presence of large coral patch-reefs (Hary 1970), display a varied scientific, but also cultural and the diversity of marine fossils (Fayard et al. 2005) historical value. Data on ca. 6,000 fossil (including and also the first dinosaur remains form southern 42 type specimens) and 1,000 mineral and rocks Luxembourg (Delsate et al. 2018); the limestone samples are available via the national information

84 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities system on bio- and geodiversity managed by the 2018. First thyreophoran dinosaur from the Middle Ju- MNHNL (Walisch et al. 2007). rassic (Bajocian) of Luxembourg. Geologica Belgica 21 (1–2), 19–26. https://popups.uliege.be:443/1374-8505/ Conclusion and outlook: The geoheritage in the index.php?id=5853. Red Rock region, a cultural landscape in southern Fayard, J.-P., Gross, N., Lajournade, B., Lathuilière, B., Luxembourg, is largely the result of former mining Vailly, G., Weis, R. 2005. Fossiles et minéraux de la car- activities, and includes geosites and geomorpho- rière d’Ottange-Rumelange, pp. 1–152. Géolor/AGMP; Thionville/Dudelange. sites as well as geological collections of interna- Hary, A. 1970. Récifs de coraux du Bajocien Moyen aux tional significance. The identity of the Red Rock environs de Rumelange. Archives de l’Institut Grand- region, and especially its cultural and industrial Ducal de Luxembourg, Section Sciences Naturelles, heritage, is intrinsically linked with the area’s geo- Physique et Mathématiques, 34, 431–455. diversity. Recognition of the importance of geo- Nel, A., Weis, R. 2017. A new Early Jurassic damselfly from heritage and its potential for scientific, educational the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Odonata: Camptero- activities and the development of ‘slow tourism’ phlebiidae). Alcheringa, 41 (3), 378–382. seems especially rewarding in case of the former Siehl, A., Thein, J. 1989. Minette-type ironstones. In: T.P. Young, W.E. Gordon Taylor (Eds), Phanerozoic iron- mining sites. An inventory of geosites, with a focus stones. Geological Society, London, Special Publica- on sites representative of the area’s geodiversity tions, 46, 175–193. could be a first step. Reinforcing the work capacity Taverne, L., Steurbaut, E. 2017. Osteology and relation- of nature conservation agencies and inclusion of ships of Luxembourgichthys (‘Pholidophorus’) frie- geoconservation strategies in the management of deni gen. nov. (Teleostei, ‘Pholidophoriformes’) from protected areas would greatly contribute to valo- the Lower Jurassic of Belgium and the Grand Duchy rize geoheritage as the ‘natural link’ between nat- of Luxembourg. Geologica Belgica, 20 (1–2), 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20341/gb.2017.003 ural heritage and cultural/industrial heritage. Vincent, P., Weis, R., Kronz, G. Delsate, D. 2017. Microclei- dus melusinae, a new plesiosaurian (Reptilia, Plesiosau- References ria) from the Toarcian of Luxembourg. Geological Maga- Benecke, E.W. 1905. Die Versteinerungen der Eisenerzfor- zine, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756817000814 mation Deutsch-Lothringens und Luxemburgs. Abhan- Walisch, T. (Ed.) 2007. Proceedings of the first international dlungen zur Geologischen Spezialkarte von Elsaß-Lo- Recorder conference. Ferrantia – Travaux scientifiques thringen, neue Folge, 6, 1–598. du Musée national d’histoire naturelle, Luxembourg, 51, Delsate, D., Pereda-Suberbiola, X., Felten R., Felten, G. pp. 1–151.

85 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Mangistau Aspiring Geopark (Kazakhstan)

Dilyara Woodward1, Natalуa Ivanova2, Kamshat Yegemberdieva3, Farida Akiyanova4, Il’ya Fishman5

1 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av. 71, 050040, Almaty, Kazakhstan; e-mail: [email protected] 2 LLP ‘Areal’, Institute of Geology, Kabanbai Batyr 69, 050010 Almaty, Kazakhstan; e-mail: [email protected] 3 LLP Institute of Geography, Kabanbai Batyr 67, 050010 Almaty, Kazakhstan; e-mail:[email protected] 4 International Science Complex ‛Astana’, Kabanbai Batyr 8, of. 313 Astana, Kazakhstan; e-mail: [email protected] 5 LLP KazZarubezhGeology, Samal-2, block-A,12th floor, 58, Almaty, Kazakhstan; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Kazakhstan, Mangistau, geoparks, fossils, sand соncretions, key geological section, iridium hori- zon, landscapes, Red Data Book, geotourism

Physical and human geography: Mangistau pronounced erosional and aeolian processes. The Aspiring Geopark is situated in the west of the relief includes mountains (with maximum elevation Republic of Kazakhstan in an arid zone and occu- of 532 m above sea level), plains and depressions. pies the territory on the shore of the Caspian sea. Ridges and cuesta forms of Karatau Mountains are It embraces part of the Mangystau Peninsula and of low relief. In addition, ravines and isolated hills Tupkaragan Peninsula. The Shetpe village is the occur, armored by limestones of Neogene age. administrative center of the geopark and is situated Large settlements include Fort-Shevchenko 158 km from the Aktau city with the international city, Bautino and Shetpe villages. Economic ac- airport and developed tourism infrastructure. The tivity includes: livestock farming, mining industry climat is extreme continental here. It results in the and fishery. Agricultural lands are used as grazing formation of a typical desert relief, with markedly lands. The development of Fort-Shevchenko city –

Fig. 1. Torysh Valley in Mangistau Aspiring Geopark. Photograph by K. Plakhov.

86 SESSION B: Geoheritage and cultural heritage: mines, quarries, science and communities which is regarded as a promising industrial and ser- the astroblame. This geological structure is related vice centre with specializations in transportation to a cosmic catastrophe which occurred at the K/ and servicing, the construction industry, fisheries Pg boundary (66 million years ago) in the area of and agro-industry – is stipulated in the strategic Gulf of Mexico. There in this area a large asteroid plan for the region’s development. Infrastructure collided with the Earth. The consequences of this includes roads of national importance, ethnic vil- collision are well represented in many marine sed- lages, hotels and guest houses in Shetpe village. iments around the globe, including some sections of Mangistau and Usturt. This extraterrestrial ca- Geological features: Geological structure of the tastrophe caused some global ecological changes Geopark contains rocks which vary in age from which were disastrous for many organisms, di- Permian (Palaeozoic Epoch) through Triassic, nosaurs included. In the Mangistau area, where Jurassic, and Cretaceous (Mesozoic Epoch) up to Cretaceous dinosaurs apparently did not live, the Paleogene, Neogene, Pleistocene and Holocene main witness of the asteroid impact is the irid- (Cenozoic Epoch). All rocks represent sedimentary ium horizon. It is well represented on the Axiyrtau formations, including coal-bearing ones. Mount (to the northeast from Shetpe village). The Permian and Triassic rocks are exposed within the ranges of the Western and Eastern Conclusions: The most interesting geologi- Karatau and Karataushyk. There they form the cal objects in Mangistau Aspiring Geopark are: central part of the anticlinal folds. Sediments of Zhygylgan pit located in the northern part of the Lower to Upper Cretaceous form the extended de- Tubkaragan Peninsula, a number of picturesque pressions around these mountain bridges. gorges, Axiyrtau Mount with iridium horizon and some sacred places – Sultan Epe and Shakpak ata Palaeontological highlights: Sections are fosil- cave mosques. ifeorus. All stratigraphic units are characterized to some extent by fossils, for example: large ammo- References nites, belemnites, bivalves, echinoid, pelecypods, Bekzhanov, G.R., Koshkin, V.Ya. 2000. Geological struc- oysters, fishes, teeth of sharks, microfauna, etc. ture of Kazakhstan, pp. 1–396. Academy of mineral re- At the foot of the North and South Ak-Tau in sources of Republic Kazakhstan; Almaty. valleys is tracing the ravine-catoctin relief, which Fang, Y., Yin, J. 2015. National Assessment of Climate form stunning landscapes for the sake of which Resources for Tourism Seasonality in China Using the tourists from all over the world come to Kazakhstan Tourism Climate Index. Switzerland, Atmosphere, 6, to enjoy the splendor and charm of these views. 183–194. Map ‛Mangistay oblast’ scale 1:1 000 000. 2012. National Gigantic sandstone соncretions: The area where cartographo-geodetic fund. Agency of Republic Kazah- the gigantic (6.5 m in diameters) concretions appear stan on land resources management; Almaty. Visloguzova, A.V., Vladimirov, N.M., Medeyov, A. 1991. extends from Karataushyk mountain to Western Relief of Kazakhstan (Explanatory note to geomorpho- Cliff of Ustyrt. The concretions are a great geo- logical map of Kazakhstan scale 1: 1 500 000), 1. Sapaev logic attraction of this area. Moreover, this region K.I. Institute of Geology, Academy of Sciencies of Re- is known for another unique geological event – public Kazakhstan; Almaty.

87 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

SESSION C Moveable geoheritage and science

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

Mucur tachylites: an ‘astrobleme category’ geosite in the inventory list of Turkey

Nizamettin Kazancı1,2

1 Ankara University, Geological Engineering Department, 06830 Gölbaşı, Ankara, Turkey 2 JEMİRKO The Turkish Association for Conservation of Geological Heritage, 06-570 Ankara, Turkey; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: astrobleme, tachylite, JEMİRKO, Mucur geosite, central Anatolia

Geological and geographical settings: Some ex- Miocene age. Younger and older formations in the tremely heavy, dark in colour and rounded clasts succession are continental deposits, and they differ from the Late Miocene deposits of central Anatolia, from each other by their red and grey colours. It is which vary in size from fine pebbles to boulders noteworthy that the Palaeozoic basement (Kırşehir (maximum 90 cm in diameter) have been deter- Massif) was exposed in the area since Late Eocene. mined as tachylites, both in hand specimen exam- Local and regional paleontological records indicate ination and in microscopy (Kazancı et al. 2011). that there is a sharp change of both marine and Tachylite is well known a kind of metamorphic terrestrial fauna between the Late Paleogene and rock which can be created under conditions of sud- Neogene beds (Karadenizli 2011). Not only in cen- den and extra high pressure, i.e. generated by im- tral, but also in eastern Anatolia and in the Middle pact of an asteroid (Dietz 1961). Hence, such rocks East, the disappearance of many species at the end are called also ‘impactites’. They occur in walls of of Oligocene time coincides in time with the ap- impact craters. Such clasts are not common both in pearance of the tachylite clasts. the stratigraphic record and on the Earth surface. Conclusion: We interpreted that a moderate size Aims: The aim of this study is to present the geosite asteroid impacted to central Anatolia at the end of ‘Mucur tachylites’ and its possible evidence for the Oligocene time, and it caused some drastic changes geological evolution of the eastern Mediterranean (mass extinction) both in marine and continental and surrounding regions. environments. The locality near the town Mucur in Kırşehir Province, where tachylite clasts were Lithology and stratigraphy: The host deposits of found, have been assigned to as an ‘astrobleme tachylites consist of alternations of weakly com- category’ geosite in the inventory list of Turkey pacted conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone by JEMİRKO (the Turkish Association for the beds, which represent continental sequence of the Conservation of Geological Heritage). Late Miocene age. These deposits are ca. 275 m thick; yellowish to red coloured, and they were de- References posited in an alluvial fan environment. Tachylites Dietz, R.S. 1961. Astroblemes. Scientific American, 205, 50–58. form ca. 2–5% of clasts in these sediments. Other Karadenizli, L. 2011. Oligocene to Pliocene paleogeographic components of these deposits are composed of evolution of the Çankırı-Çorum Basin, central Anatolia, limestone and metamorphic rock fragments origi- Turkey. Sedimentary Geology, 237, 1–29. Kazancı, N., Kibar, M., Kadıoğlu, Y.K. 2011. Findings of nating from the Eocene and Palaeozoic formations, an asteroid impact crater within the Late Neogene de- respectively. The tachylite-bearing continental se- posits in central Anatolia, Turkey. Geological Bulletin quence rests unconformably on the evaporite-bear- of Turkey, 54 (3), 93–107. (In Turkish with an extended ing muddy formation of Late Oligocene to Early English summary).

88 SESSION C: Moveable geoheritage and science

POSTERS

Use of ‘rose-like’ calcite for determination of age and origin of the calcite minerals in the Holy Cross Mountains (Southern Poland)

Anna Fijałkowska-Mader

Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Świętokrzyski Branch, Zgoda 21, 25-953 Kielce, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: museum collection, ‘rose-like’ calcite, ‘Zelejowa Marble’, age determination

The ‘rose-like’ calcite is one of the most beautiful the ‘rose-like’ calcite was originally bond with decorative carbonate rocks (called ‘The Holy Cross the Variscan (C1(Visean)/C2(Namurian)) orogeny Marbles’) in the Góry Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross (Rubinowski 1967, 1971, 1994), but further studies Mountains) region in southern Poland. Due to proved that there was several generation of calcite white-rosa and white-red colour as well as unique mineralization in the Holy Cross Mountains. To eye-shaped, banded and brecciated textures giv- answer the question how many phases of mineral- ing a pattern of small red roses or bows, it was ization in fact there was, Migaszewski and others especially valuable and saleable material by stone- (Migaszewski et al. 1994, 1995, 1996) performed masons in the late renaissance, mannerizm and ba- lithologic, petrographic, isotopic and chemical roque (Wardzyński 2014). Blocks of this stone were investigations of calcites, using, among others, extracted since end of 16th century till 1954 in a few samples taken from the ‘Zelejowa Marble’ slabs quarries from which the Zelejowa was the most fa- covering pillars in the Geological Museum of mous (Czarnocki 1932, 1952, 1958; Fijałkowska, the Polish National Geological Institute National Fijałkowski 1973). Therefore it is known under the Research Institute, Świętokrzyski Branch in Kielce technical name ‘Zelejowa Marble’. (Fig. 1). Material for these slabs, being a part of the The ‘rose-like’ calcite occurs in form of breccia- ‘Holy Cross Marbles’ collection, comes from the hydrothermal veins (Rubinowski 1967, 1971, 1994, Zelejowa quarry. 1995) cutting the Devonian limestones. Origin of Based on changes in the isotopic composition of

Fig. 1. Various generation of ‘rose-like’ calcite on the ‘Zelejowa Marble’ slabs with the remarked position and numbers of isotopic samples. Museum of the Świętokrzyski Branch in Kielce of the Polish Geological Institute National Research Institute.

89 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 the δ13C and δ18O values, four main phases of cal- Fijałkowska, E., Fijałkowski, J. 1973. Historia eksploatacji cite mineralization has been determined: Variscan, marmurów w Górach Świętokrzyskich. Zeszyty Przyrod- older post-variscan, younger post-variscan and nicze, 1, 63–141. Muzeum Świętokrzyskie; Kielce. (In Cimmerian–Alpine phase. The ‘rose-like’ calcite Polish with English summary). 13 18 Migaszewski, Z.M., Hałas, S., Durakiewicz, T. 1994. Pre- from Zelejowa ( C: -0.85 – 0.18‰, O: -7.47 – liminary petrographic and isotopc investigations of the -1.14‰) represents the younger post-variscan ‘Różnka’ calcite from the Holy Cross Mts., Poland. In: (Permian/Triassic) phase. It can be divided into O. Jędrysek (Ed.), Isotope Workshop 2, Książ Castle, older and younger ‘rose-like’ calcite. The older one Poland, May 25–27, 1994. Extended Abstracts, 100– is composed of two generation: laminated calcite 104. University of Wrocław. and palisade calcite, while the younger ‘rose-like’ Migaszewski, Z.M., Hałas, S., Durakiewicz, T. 1995. Paleo- calcite consists of five calcite generation: (1) Fer- temperatury minerałów węglanowych i barytów na przy- kładzie Gór Świętokrzyskich. Przegląd Geologiczny, 43, ruginous I generation; (2) Ferrougineous II gener- 1011–1016. (In Polish with English summary). ation; (3) Wavy generation; (4) Eye-shaped-banded Migaszewski, Z.M., Hałas, S., Durakiewicz, T. 1996. The generation, and (5) Block-palisade generation age and origin of the calcite mineralization in the Holy (Fig. 1; Migaszewski et al. 1994, 1996). Strongly Cross Mts based on lithologic-petrographic and isotopic variable isotopic compositions (C, O and Sr) in evidence. Przegląd Geologiczny, 44, 275–281. (In Pol- the ‘rose-like’ calcite indicates the complex con- ish with English summary). tinental origin, where precipitation of calcite with Rubinowski, Z. 1967. Pozycja żył kalcytowych typu ‘różan- ka’ w regionalnej metalogenezie Gór Świętokrzyskich. simultaneous karstification and active tectonic Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 11, 962–963. brought about a peculiar mineral hybrid composed Rubinowski, Z. 1994. Różanka – żyłowo-brekcjowa odmi- of varied temperature hydrothermal calcites, iron ana marmurów świętokrzyskich i perspektywy wznowie- 18 oxides and hydroxides. The mean δ OSMOW 1‰, nia jej eksploatacji. In: J. Szajn, Z. Rubinowski, J. Gągol determined in calcites, is similar to that stated in (Eds), Surowce kamienne regionu świętokrzyskiego Tra- mid-ocean hydrothermal fluids (Migaszewski et dycje, możliwości i perspektywy wykorzystania, Kielce, th al. 1996). Thus result of isotopic studies confirm 17–19 October, 1994, p. 58–60. Urząd Wojewódzki, the former stated epithermal character of mineral- Kielce. Rubinowski, Z. 1995. Geologia, minerały i górnictwo złóż izing solutions (Rubinowski 1971). kruszców ołowiu typu karczówkowskiego w okolicach Kielc. In: J.L. Olszewski (Ed.), Karczówka, 93104. Kie- References leckie Towarzystwo Naukowe; Kielce. Czarnocki, J. 1932. Marmury kieleckie. Przegląd Budow- Wardzyński, M. 2014. ‘Marmury’ świętokrzyskie i ośrodek lany, 4 (10), 236–237. kamieniarsko-rzeźbiarski w Chęcinach w XVI–XIX Czarnocki, J. 1952. Marmury świętokrzyskie. Biuletyn Pań- wieku. Spotkania z Zabytkami, 7–8, Dodatek specjalny stwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 80, 27–51. ‘Aedifico et Conservo. Eskalacja jakości kształcenia za- Czarnocki, J. 1958. Marmury świętokrzyskie. Prace Insty- wodowego w Polsce’, 3, pp. 1–40. Fundacja Hereditas; tutu Geologicznego, 21 (5), 100–117. Warszawa.

90 SESSION C: Moveable geoheritage and science

Local fossil sites: a new proposal to be included in the national geological frameworks of Turkey

Nazire Özgen Erdem1, Nizamettin Kazancı2,3

1 Cumhuriyet University Department of Geological Engineering 58140 Sivas, Turkey; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Ankara University Department of Geological Engineering, 06830 Gölbaşı, Ankara, Turkey; email: [email protected] 3 JEMİRKO, Turkish Association for Conservation of Geological Heritage, 06570, Maltepe, Ankara, Turkey; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: framework list, fossils, geosites list, Turkey

Turkish geological framework list: The geolog- aesthetic values. They supply geological infor- ical framework list of Turkey’s geosites has been mation as well as they posses status of neotypes. recently published (Kazancı et al. 2015; Kazancı, They provide insight to the evolutionary history Gürbüz 2016). It is highly similar to the Balkan of the region. Therefore, it is very important to Framework List (Theodosiou-Drandaki et al. 2004) conserve them. as it is expected due to the fact that both share the Conclusions: Our proposal intends to call atten- same general geological setting. However, there tion to the Anatolia’s fossil richness, to create a are differences and redundancies in the Turkish fossil site inventory and to show the importance of list that should not be negligible, based on local the local fossil sites for palaeontological studies, as diversities. The Turkish geological framework well as to highlight the importance of geosciences. list includes 87 titles classified in ten categories. Fossils are assigned to the ‛Palaeoenvironment’ References category in accordance with the suggestion of ProGEO made in 1998. This category contains the Kazancı, N., Şaroğlu, F., Suludere, Y. 2015. Geological heritage and framework list of the geosites in Turkey. following items: Trace fossils; Palaeokarsts; Foot Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 151, prints; Mammalia beds with hominoid and hand- 261–270. crafts; Fish and leaf fossils; Neogene palaeosols; Kazancı, N., Gürbüz, E. 2016. The framework list of geo- Neogene siliceous trees; Miocene bivalves; Larger sites in Turkey. ProGEO Newsletter, 1, 8–9. Tertiary foraminifera; Bouma turbidite sequences; Theodossiou-Drandaki, I, R., Nakov, W.A.P., Wimbledon, Incised valleys; Cretaceous ammonites; Devonian W.A.P., Serjani, A., Neziraj, A., Hallaci, Sijaric, G., Be- fishes; Euxinic environments of Early Silurian; govic, P., Todorov, T., Tchoumatchenco, Pl., Diakantoni, Ordovician and Silurian Graptolites. A., Fassoulas, Ch., Kazanci, N., Saroglu, F., Dogan, A., Dimitrijevic, M., Gavrilovic D., Krstic, B., Mijovic, D. A new proposal: We do not agree that this list 2004. IUGS Geosites project progress – a first attempt does not contain the fossils found in Turkey, even at a common framework list for south eastern Europe- an countries. In: M. Parkes (Ed.), Natural and Cultural if they are used widely for international strati- Landscapes – the Geological Foundation. Proceedings graphic descriptions. Thus, we would like to pro- of a Conference, 9–11th September 2002, p. 81–90. pose to include in this list ‘Local Fossil Sites’. A Dublin Castle, Ireland, Royal Irish Academy; Dublin. reasonable number of genera and/or species (more ProGEO Group, 1998. A first attempt at a geosites frame- than 300 new taxa) have been first described work for Europe – an IUGS initiative to support rec- based on fossils found in Turkey. Type localities ognition of World Heritage and European Geodiversity. of these taxa have scientific, educational and even Geologica Balcanica, 28, 5–32.

91 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

SESSION D Geoconservation in protected areas and nature conservation strategies

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

Selecting important geoheritage for a conservation strategy plan in Iceland

Lovísa Ásbjörnsdóttir1, Guðríður Þorvarðardóttir2

1 Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Urriðaholtsstræti 6-8, 210 Garðabær, Iceland; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources, Skuggasund 1, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geoheritage, geoconservation, strategy plan, inventory, assessment

New Nature Conservation Act (no. 60/2013) in scape, as well as conserve systematically the con- Iceland came into force in 2015, completely re- tinuum of geological processes and formations that newing an older law from 1999. In connection with give continuous review of the country’s geological this work a white paper was written on legisla- history. In the act, increased emphasis is also on tion regarding the protection of Iceland’s natural specific geoheritage phenomenons that are under heritage and for the very first time this approach special protection. According to the legislation for was used. With the Nature Conservation Act geo- special protection geoheritage phenomenon are heritage got more weight than before in Iceland’s identified as follows: volcanic craters, lava fields, nature conservation. The aim for geoconservation lava caves, rootless vents (pseudocraters) from in Iceland is to protect the geodiversity and land- Holocene, hot springs and other thermal sources,

Fig. 1. The Lake Veiðivötn in the central highlands of Iceland is one of the important geoheritage areas on the conservation strategy plan 2018. Photograph by Lovísa Ásbjörnsdóttir.

92 SESSION D: Geoconservation in protected areas and nature conservation strategies as well as surficial geothermal deposits (sinter and The Lake Veiðivötn in the central highlands of travertine), lakes and ponds (larger than 1.000 m2) Iceland is one of the important geoheritage areas and waterfalls. These geological phenomena are selected on the conservation strategy plan 2018 shown in a web viewer online, an easy access and (Fig. 1). It is a part of a volcanic fissure swarm that overview for government and planning authorities stretches about 100 km from the Bárðarbunga cen- before making decision on projects that might have tral volcano towards the southwest and intersects an impact on the conservation value. with the Torfajökull central volcano. Two known The Nature Conservation Act requires the min- fissure eruptions in this area in AD 871 and AD istry to publish a Nature Conservation Register 1477 where of phreatomagmatic activity and pro- every five years. This year it will be published duced large volume of tephra that can be traced for the first time according to the new law. The over the country (Elmarsdóttir et al. 2010). register is divided into following three sections: The IINH has begun an approach in select- (1) Register of protected areas; (2) A strategy plan ing geoheritage, a classification and criteria are for protection of new areas; (3) A list of natural promoted in order to evaluate the need for con- heritage applicable for conservation. The Icelandic servation. The Nature Conservation Act empha- Institute of Natural History (IINH) has overview sises a conservation network that should ensure of the strategy plan and the list of natural heritage. minimum protection for the future, both regarding A geoheritage inventory is an important part bio- and geodiversity, the elements that make up of making an organised overview of geoheri- the Icelandic natural heritage. An approach was tage in Iceland, evaluate their conservation value made to choose geoheritage that reflects the geo- and encourage systematic conservation. The in- diversity of Iceland and a suggestion made on a ventory is also necessary in assessing sugges- conservation network for geoheritage, an ideology tions for areas on the strategy plan of the Nature based on the Natura 2000 network. This conser- Conservation Register. The geoheritage inventory vation network is a new approach for geoconser- is still in its early stages and an overview of the vation in Iceland, an approach that needs further geoheritage is still unavailable, making the com- development with monitoring and revaluating in parison of geoheritage sites country-wide diffi- the near future. cult. Despite this, the IINH proposed important geoheritage areas in need of conservation that References are prioritised according to the following main classification and criteria: (1) Vast professional Elmarsdóttir, A., Skarphéðinsson, K.H., Jónasson, K., Einars- knowledge and geoheritage with high scientific son, S. 2010: Náttúrufar í Friðlandi að Fjallabaki. In: Ó.Ö. Haraldsson (Ed.), Friðland að Fjallabaki. Ferðafélag value; (2) Internationally important geoheritage; Íslands, p. 14–43. Reykjavík. (3) Work based on older conservation strategies; Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources: The (4) Geoheritage in immediate danger. Nature Conservation Act no. 60/2013.

93 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

European National Parks with karst landscapes

László Mari1, Tamás Telbisz1

1 Department of Physical Geography, Eötvös University, 1117 Pázmány Péter 1/C, Budapest, Hungary; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: national park, karst, landscape, Europe, geotourism

Introduction: Karst landscapes are generally rich be also important due to activities such as canyon- in spectacular geomorphological and speleologi- ing, canoeing or caving. Moreover, geotourism is cal phenomena. On the other hand, karst terrains also a new possibility that may increase the aware- are less suitable for traditional, agricultural land ness of tourists also in relation with karst terrains. use. Historically, these settings meant mostly dis- However, not only the viewpoints of tourism, but advantages, hence karst landscapes remained less the relative intactness of karst landscapes is also densely inhabited and poor regions relatively to a significant factor, which made it possible to des- their neighboring areas (Telbisz et al. 2014, 2015, ignate nature protection areas on karsts. Among 2016). However, due to the extreme increase of IUCN categories, probably the ‘national park’ is tourism especially after the World War II, the situ- the most respected and the best known category. ation changed as some karst phenomena like caves Firstly, it is an interesting question to what extent or gorges became popular tourist targets. Although karst landscapes are represented in this category. many karst terrains were known for tourists since Secondly, whether these karstic or partly karstic long ago, new trends like adventure tourism can national parks are able to maintain the local popu-

Fig. 1. Different karst national parks: a crowded (Krka), an old (Ordesa), a less visited (Burren), and one with strong cultural identity (Cevennes).

94 SESSION D: Geoconservation in protected areas and nature conservation strategies lation and help them getting better life conditions. European countries, many of them including karst The third question is, where mass tourism reaches terrains. There are large differences among karst karst areas, is the natural heritage violated in some national parks in foundation year, area, surface way or not. In the present study, these issues are karst type, number and extension of caves, visi- examined in a European context. tors numbers, etc. The foundation of some national parks is certainly motivated by political factors Spectacular karst phenomena: Karst is found on as well, but most of them were created for na- soluble rocks, especially limestone, marble, and ture protection and for tourism reasons. Just to dolomite (carbonate rocks), but is also developed mention a few examples, there are national parks on gypsum and rock salt (evaporite rocks). Karst with crowds of visitors, for example the Picos de landscapes are characterized by sinking streams, Europa National Park attracts 1.8 million visitors/ caves, enclosed depressions, dry valleys, gorges, year, the Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia) natural bridges, fluted rock outcrops and large receives 1.3–1.5 million visitors/year. Although springs. Karst landforms are produced by rain- Postojna Cave (Slovenia) is not part of a national water dissolving rock, but other natural processes park, it hallmarks the strength of cave tourism, be- often intervene, such as river erosion and glacia- cause since its opening to the public in 1819 more tion, which modify the karst forms and produce than 38 million people have visited it. In some intermediate landscape styles such as ‘fluviokarst’, places, the national park administration already ‘glaciokarst’, etc. Most caves form by dissolution had to limit the number of visitors, for example, the by normal meteoric waters, although some are dis- number of tourists is restricted to 10,000 persons solved by thermal waters enriched by CO and oc- 2 at a time at Skradinski Buk waterfall (Fig. 1) in casionally acidified by oxidized H S. Other caves 2 the Krka National Park (Croatia) due to concerns form by dissolution at the interface of fresh and over safety and damage to the landscape. On the salt water along the coast (Williams 2008). This other hand, there are much less visited national variety of karst landforms and processes are also parks (e.g. Burren in Ireland: 75,000 visitors/year, reflected in the diverse European karstic national Fig. 1), where national park managers make great parks. efforts to increase the number of tourists. Finally, Methods: Based on scientific literature, internet there are karst national parks, which are seemingly resources and field experiences we have collected unknown for the large public. a list of European national parks with karstic re- The project has been supported by the research gions has been collected. Their geomorphological project No. 124497 of the National Research, De- and geological values and monuments are com- ve lopment and Innovation Office, Hungary. pared, and their statistical characteristics and spa- tial distribution within Europe are analysed. Based References on some selected examples, their role and potential Telbisz, T., Bottlik, Zs., Mari, L., Kőszegi, M. 2014. The in the tourism of national parks, and in the regional impact of topography on social factors, a case study development in general are characterized. of montenegro. Journal of Mountain Science, 11 (1), 131–141. Notable karst national parks in Europe: The Telbisz, T., Bottlik, Zs., Mari, L., Petrvalská, A. 2015. Ex- first national parks in Europe were established in ploring Relationships Between Karst Terrains and Social Sweden in 1909, in Switzerland in 1914 and in Features by the Example of Gömör-Torna Karst (Hunga- Spain in 1918. Spain is notable in our case, because ry – Slovakia). Acta Carsologica, 44 (1), 121–137. both the Ordesa y Monte Perdido (Fig. 1) and the Telbisz, T., Imecs, Z., Mari, L., Bottlik, Zs. 2016. Changing Picos de Europa national parks founded in 1918 are Human-Environment Interactions in Medium Moun- tains, the Apuseni Mts (Romania) as a Case Study. Jour- at least partially on karst terrains, more precisely nal of Mountain Science, 13 (9), 1675–1687. on glaciokarst terrains, thus they are the oldest Williams, P. 2008. World Heritage Caves and Karst, pp. karst national parks in Europe. Since that time, 1–57. International Union for Conservation of Nature; more than 400 national parks were designated in Gland.

95 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Exogeoconservation: Protecting Geological Heritage on Celestial Bodies

Jack J. Matthews1,2, Sean McMahon3

1 Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PW, UK 3 UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, UK; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: exogeoconservation, space law, planetary protection, space exploration

Geoconservation is an increasingly widely ad- for protecting the geological heritage of these opted theoretical, practical and administrative celestial bodies, and introduce the term ‘exog- approach to the protection of geological and eoconservation’ and other associated terms for geomorphological features of special scientific, this purpose. We argue that exogeoconservation functional, historic, aesthetic, or ecological value. is acutely necessary for the scientific exploration Protected sites on Earth include natural rocky and responsible stewardship of celestial bodies, outcrops, shorelines, river banks, and landscapes, and suggest how this might be achieved and man- as well as human-made structures such as road aged by means of international protocols. We cuts and quarries exposing geological phenom- stress that such protocols must be sensitive to the ena. However, geoconservation has rarely been needs of scientific, industrial, and other human discussed in the context of other rocky and icy activities, and not unduly prohibitive. However, planets, rings, moons, dwarf planets, asteroids, with space exploration and exploitation likely to or comets, which present extraordinarily diverse, accelerate in coming decades, it is increasingly beautiful, and culturally, historically and scien- important that an internationally agreed, holistic tifically important geological phenomena. Here framework be developed for the protection of our we propose to adapt geoconservation strategies common ‘exogeoheritage’.

96 SESSION D: Geoconservation in protected areas and nature conservation strategies

Spanish achievements and initiatives towards geoconservation: 2018 update

Manu Monge-Ganuzas1,10, Ángel Salazar2,10, Nadia Herrero3,10, Francisco Guillén-Mondéjar4,10, Asier Hilario5,10, Javier Lorente6,10, Josep María Mata-Perelló7,10, Juan Carlos Utiel8,10, Enrique Díaz-Martínez9,10

1 Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve’s Service, Environment, Territorial Planning and Housing Department, Basque government, Madariaga Dorretxea, San Bartolome auzoa 34-36, 48350 Busturia, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), La Calera 1, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Dirección general de Medio natural y Biodiversidad. Departamento de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Natural, Generalitat de Catalunya, Doctor Roux 80, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 4 Grupo de Investigación de Geología, Dpto. Química Agricola, Geología y Edafología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 5 Basque Coast Unesco Global Geopark, Ifar Kalea 4, 20820 Deba, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 6 Qeteo Cultural and Natural heritage, Coso 67-75, 50001 Zaragoza, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 7 Departamento de Ingeniería geológica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de minas de Madrid, Universidad Politéc- nica de Madrid, Rios Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 8 Ayuntamiento de Lerma. Audiencia 6, 09340 Burgos, Spain; e-mail:[email protected] 9 Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 10 Commission on Geological Heritage, Geological Society of Spain.

Keywords: geoconservation, Spain, legislation, geoparks

Introduction: During the last 8 years since the up- together with the new pro-geoconservation mem- date that we provided at ProGEO’s 6th International bers of IUCN: ProGEO and Sociedad Española Symposium in 2010, there have been significant para la Defensa del Patrimonio Geológico y Minero advances towards geoconservation in Spain. We (SEDPyM). The motions were voted and adopted herein summarize the main achievements, initia- as new resolutions by the IUCN General Assembly. tives underway, and the needs and perspectives for The future implications of these resolutions will de- the future, again hoping to contribute towards the pend on how much effort IUCN and ProGEO mem- common goals of ProGEO at national and interna- bers are willing to put into them. tional levels. The members of the Commission on Global Geosites Program[3]: Spain revised its Geological Heritage of the Geological Society of contribution and we currently have 21 geological Spain (CPG-SGE) keep active working on geocon- frameworks of international relevance since 2015. servation in Spain from their universities, research A total of 20 were originally published in 2001. The centers, government organizations and NGOs. We corresponding sites of geological interest (geosites) are grateful to their enthusiasm and support, and best representing them has also increased. The se- count on them for the future, because much still lection was coordinated by IGME, with the collab- remains to be done. oration of specialists from Spanish institutions. An English version of the compiling book was pub- International initiatives: International Union for lished in 2011. Although IUGS and UNESCO have Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Resolutions: After currently discontinued their support to the Geosites the approval of WCC 2008-Res 040 Con servation Program, its original objective is still valid and of geodiversity and geological heritage in 2008, two much needed, and ProGEO members must continue resolutions were promoted from SGE during the the efforts to gradually fulfill inventory and pro- last years: World Conservation Congress (WCC)- tection. Much remains to be done: once identified, 2012-Res-048 Valuing and conserving geoheritage valued and mapped, geosites must be integrated within the IUCN Programme 2013–2016 and WCC- into legislation and territorial planning. 2016-Res-083 Conservation of moveable geological UNESCO Global Geoparks[8] (UGG): There heritage[4]. The CPG-SGE has remained active in are currently 12 UGG in Spain. Two more areas are drafting and submitting the motions, proposing and applying in 2018, and more territories are on their defending them at the General Assembly of IUCN way. The idea has become a popular alternative for

97 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 sustainable development. Since the adoption of the Country, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon, and Global Geoparks programme by UNESCO in 2015, Murcia. the Spanish National Committee on Geoparks was Local initiatives: Geological itineraries and established and started its tasks under the coordi- georoutes are now frequent alternatives for nation (presidency and technical secretariat) of the geotourism, as well as geological gardens, geolog- Spanish Geological Survey (IGME). ical and mining parks, museums, etc. Formal and National initiatives: Natural Heritage: Law informal courses on geological heritage and geodi- 42/2007[6] included many articles on the conser- versity are getting increased demand and are being vation and management of geo-heritage and geo- organized by IGME, universities and geoparks. diversity, as well as a list of the geological frame- The ‘geol-o-day’, known in Spanish as geolodía, works identified for Spain under the Geosites consists on guided fieldtrips to educate on geol- Program. This law was slightly modified[7], in- ogy and geoconservation[2]. It is organized locally cluding the new geological framework mentioned since 2006, increasing its size and expanding to its above for the Global Geosites project development current success, exceeding 10,000 participants in in Spain. In 2011, two de Royal Decrees were all 53 provinces and the autonomous cities of Ceuta approved developing the Natural Heritage Law: and Melilla. National Strategic Plan for Natural Heritage, and Future perspectives are interesting and hopeful, the National Inventory of Natural Heritage. Both but much more effort and support are needed from include direct reference to geoheritage, geodiver- colleagues at all levels and in all settings. sity and geoconservation. Internet sources Regional initiatives: Strategies towards geocon- [1] Basque Government, 2018. http://www.euskadi.eus/ servation: Andalusia established, approved and is plan_programa_proyecto/estrategia-de-geodiversi- currently developing a regional ‘Strategy towards dad-de-la-comunidad-autonoma-del-pais-vasco-2020/ geodiversity’[5] (sic), and the Basque Country is web01-a2ingdib/es/ [2] currently setting its strategy[1], but much remains Geological Society of Spain, 2018. http://www.sociedad- geologica.es/divulgacion_geolodia.html to be done at all levels of administration. [3] Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME), 2018. Inventories of geological heritage: Andalusia, http://www.igme.es/patrimonio/GlobalGeosites.htm Aragon, Catalonia, Murcia and Basque Country [4] IUCN, 2018. https://portals.iucn.org/library/ have finished and even revised their inventory of [5] Junta de Andalucía, 2018. http://www.juntadeandalucia. regional geosites. Baleares, Castilla y León, Cas- es/medioambiente/ tilla-La Mancha, Extremadura, La Rioja and Na- [6] Law 42/2007, December, 13, of Natural Heritage and Bio- varra have partially fulfilled it. Other regions diversity. https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A- 2007-21490 lay way behind, but they will have to do it (Law [7 Law 33/2015, September, 21, of modification of Law [7] 33/2015 ). 42/2007 of Natural Heritage and Biodiversity. https:// Legislation: Several regions now have a law spe- www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10142 [8] UNESCO, 2018. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural- cifically considering geological heritage and the sciences/environment/earth-sciences/unesco-global-geo- legal declaration of Geosites: Aragon, Basque parks/list-of-unesco-global-geoparks/

98 SESSION D: Geoconservation in protected areas and nature conservation strategies

The inclusion of the geodiversity and geoheritage in the Ordesa-Viñamala Action Plan 2017–2025 for the Spanish Network of Biosphere Reserves (SNBR)

Manu Monge-Ganuzas1,10, Ángel Salazar2,10, Nadia Herrero3,10, Francisco Guillén-Mondéjar4,10, Asier Hilario5,10, Javier Lorente6,10, Josep María Mata-Perelló7,10, Juan Carlos Utiel8,10, Enrique Díaz-Martínez9,10

1 Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve’s Service, Environment, Territorial Planning and Housing Department, Basque government, Madariaga Dorretxea, San Bartolome auzoa 34-36, 48350 Busturia, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), La Calera 1, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Dirección general de Medio natural y Biodiversidad. Departamento de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Natural, Generalitat de Catalunya, Doctor Roux 80, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 4 Grupo de Investigación de Geología, Dpto. Química Agricola, Geología y Edafología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 5 Basque Coast Unesco Global Geopark, Ifar Kalea 4, 20820 Deba, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 6 Qeteo Cultural and Natural heritage, Coso 67-75, 50001 Zaragoza, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 7 Departamento de Ingeniería geológica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de minas de Madrid, Universidad Politéc- nica de Madrid, Rios Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 8 Ayuntamiento de Lerma. Audiencia 6, 09340 Burgos, Spain; e-mail:[email protected] 9 Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 10 Commission on Geological Heritage, Geological Society of Spain.

Keywords: biosphere reserves, geoheritage, geodiversity, Ordesa-Viñamala Action Plan

The need for a holistic approach in the design a decisive step in any Nature conservation strategy of a Nature conservation strategy: Natural di- (Henriques et al. 2011). versity includes biotic elements (biodiversity) and The World Network of Biosphere Reserves abiotic elements (geodiversity). Biodiversity can [1] be defined as ‘the variability among living organ- (WNBR): As UNESCO (2018) states, composed isms from all sources including, inter alia, ter- of almost 670 biosphere reserves, the WNBR of restrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the Man and Biosphere (MaB) Programme rep- the ecological complexes of which they are part; resents a unique tool for international co-operation this includes diversity within species, between spe- through sharing knowledge, exchanging experi- cies and of ecosystems’ (United Nations 1992[2]). ences, building capacity and promoting best prac- Geodiversity can be defined as ‘the natural range tices. Thus, it fosters the harmonious integration (diversity) of geological (rocks, minerals, fossils), of people and nature for sustainable development geomorphological (land form, processes) and soil through: (1) Participatory dialogue; (2) Knowledge features’ (Gray 2013). Both geodiversity and biodi- sharing; (3) Poverty reduction and human well- versity are the elements determining the possibil- being improvements, and (4) Respect for cultural ity of supporting Sustainable Development Goals values and society’s ability to cope with change. In (SDG) (Kozłowski 2004). It is fairly clear that there sum, WNBR is an international tool to implement are several links between both, as geodiversity the 17 SDG. supports the majority of the biological processes of The main aims of biosphere reserves are: (1) the Earth (Monge-Ganuzas 2017). Consequently, Achieving the three interconnected functions: both should be considered in any Nature conser- conservation, development and logistic support; vation strategy. Moreover, geoheritage refers to (2) Outpacing traditional confined conservation ‘(1) in situ occurrences of geodiversity elements zones, through appropriate zoning schemes; (3) with high value named geosites and (2) ex situ Focusing on a multi-stakeholder approach with geodiversity elements that maintain a high value’ emphasis on the involvement of local communities (Brilha 2016). The management of geosites is also in management; (4) Fostering dialogue for conflict

99 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 resolution; (5) Integrating cultural and natural di- Spanish biosphere reserves as places that contribute versity, especially the role of traditional knowledge to the implementation of the IUCN resolutions rela- in ecosystem management; (6) Demonstrating tive to geodiversity and geoheritage; (2) Implement sound sustainable development policies based on existing strategies at the regional level relative to research; (7) Acting as sites of excellence for ed- geoheritage and geodiversity; (3) Promoting part- ucation; (8) Participating in the World Network nerships for the conservation of the geoheritage and (Batisse 1982). for the benefit of the local population; (4) Promote research and monitoring in relation to climate New MAB Strategy (2015–2025) and Lima change and its impacts on geological processes; (5) Action Plan (2016–2025): MaB has adopted a new Promote the conservation of the geoheritage and Strategy 2015–2025 together with an associated the sustainable use of its economic value tourist, Lima Action Plan 2016–2025 to guide the WNBR. educational, recreational, or cultural. WNBR will work towards the SDG and contribute to implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Conclusions: The work of awareness-raising in Development. This will be done through imple- relation to the importance of the geodiversity and mentation of the MaB Strategy, which consists of geoheritage in the conservation of Nature at sev- vision and mission statements, a series of Strategic eral levels has given its fruit at least in Spain. This Objectives and Strategic Action Areas, and an as- is the case of the introduction of these issues in sociated Lima Action Plan. The Lima Action Plan the Ordesa-Viñamala Action Plan 2017–2025 as is presented as a matrix, structured according to the key-actions. Taking into account that the WNBR Strategic Action Areas of the MaB Strategy. It in- are laboratories of export of visions and experience cludes targeted outcomes, actions and outputs that disseminated along the Earth, let us hope that this will contribute to the implementation of the stra- pioneering initiative go spreading across the net- tegic objectives. It also specifies the entities with work over time. prime responsibility for implementation, together References with time range and performance indicators. Using the MaB Strategy and Lima Action Plan as the key Batisse, M. 1982. The Biosphere Reserve: A Tool for En- points of reference, MaB National Committees and vironmental Conservation and Management. Environ- mental Conservation, 9 (2), 101–111. MaB networks are strongly encouraged to prepare Brilha, J. 2016. Inventory and Quantitative Assessment of their own strategies and action plans. Geosites and Geodiversity Sites: a Review. Geoheri- tage, 8 (2), 119–134. Ordesa-Viñamala Action Plan 2017–2025: Spain Gray, J.M. 2013. Geodiversity: valuing and conserving abio- has 48 biosphere reserves. On 21 September 2017, tic nature. Chichester méthodologie et déroulement. Mé- the Spanish Committee of the MaB Programme of moires de la Société géologique de France, 165, 103–109. UNESCO approved the Ordesa-Viñamala Action Henriques, M.H., Pena dos Reis, R., Brilha, J., Mota, T.S. Plan to adapt the Lima Action Plan to the Spanish 2011. Geoconservation as an emerging geoscience. Geo- Network of Biosphere Reserves (SNBR). In a new heritage 3 (2), 117–128. Kozłowski, S. 2004. Geodiversity. The concept and scope of way and for the first time, Ordesa-Viñamala Action geodiversity. Przegląd Geologiczny, 52 (8/2), 833–837. Plan has adopted a holistic approach for Nature Monge-Ganuzas, M. 2017. Key-elements of the geodiver- conservation. This approach has been pushed by the sity that influence upon the biodiversity. A proposal awareness actions carried out by the Commission for the modification of the Habitats Directive (92/43/ on Geological Heritage of the Geological Society CEE). In: L. Carcavilla, J. Duque-Macias, J. Gimenez, of Spain, among other organizations, the exis- A. Hilario, M. Monge-Ganuzas, J. Vegas, A. Rodri- tence of International Union for Conservation of guez (Eds), Patrimonio geológico, gestionando la parte abiótica del patrimonio natural. Cuadernos del Museo Nature (IUCN) resolutions about geoheritage and Geominero, 21, 401–406. geodiversity, and strongly, the provisions about geodiversity and geoheritage of the Spanish Law Internet sources 42/2007, about natural heritage and biodiversity. [1] UNESCO, 2018. www.unesco.org Consequently, this Plan has incorporated the fol- [2] United Nations, 1992. Convention On Biological Diver- lowing key-actions relative to geodiversity and geo- sity, pp. 1–30. Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.cbd.int/doc/ heritage to be applied in the SNBR: (1) Promote the legal/cbd-en.pdf

100 SESSION D: Geoconservation in protected areas and nature conservation strategies

Preliminary assessment of ecosystem services provided by geodiversity in the coastal region of the state of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil

Maria da Glória Motta Garcia1, José Brilha2, Célia Regina de Gouveia Souza3, Eliane Aparecida Del Lama1

1 Centre for Research Support on Geological Heritage and Geotourism (GeoHereditas), Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, 05508-080, São Paulo, Brazil; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Earth Sciences Department, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Geological Institute-SMA/SP. Av. Miguel Stéfano, 3900. 04301-903, São Paulo, Brazil. Post-Graduation Programme, Geo- graphy Department, University of São Paulo, Brazil; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: abiotic ecosystem services, geodiversity, inventory, Serra do Mar

Abiotic ecosystem services are defined as the 2017). The preliminary inventory of how geo- functions provided by geodiversity elements, ei- diversity contributes for the ecosystem services ther directly or indirectly, for the benefit of the was carried out according to the following steps: society and future generations. These services are (1) Identification of ecosystems in the region; (2) grouped according to five functions: regulation, Identification of geodiversity elements occurring provision, support, cultural, and knowledge (Gray in each of the ecosystems; (3) Selection of the 2013). The coastal region of the state of São Paulo, main ecosystem services provided by geodiver- Brazil, is a traditional tourism destination known sity, based on the list defined by Gray (2013); and by landscapes that are the result of geological pro- (4) Recognition of the main threats that affect cesses acting mainly since Neoproterozoic. It also geodiversity elements. comprises important protected areas, including Both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems occur two UNESCO’s Biosphere Reserves related to the in the area and are related to the Serra do Mar Atlantic Forest and it is also home to important mountain range and to coastal and marine en- traditional communities and stone-and-lime ma- vironments. Geodiversity elements include the sonry buildings. All these natural systems play an geological materials (rocks, sediments and soils), important role in the provision of goods and ser- structures and landscapes, as well as geological vices to the population. But being the most popu- processes that are part of these ecosystems. A lated and industrialised state of Brazil, São Paulo’s synthesis of this survey is shown in Table 1. The coast is the focus of extreme property speculation main threats to geodiversity are extreme real es- and a tourism industry that lacks environmental tate speculation, constructions that modify natural concerns, putting in danger both quantity and coastal dynamics, unplanned exploitation of sand quality of these services. As a contribution to an and grit, deforestation, mass tourism, unplanned abiotic ecosystem approach, in this work we carry human occupation, pollution, coastal erosion and out a preliminary inventory of the contribution of other hazards. geodiversity for the ecosystem services in the re- The qualitative evaluation presented in this gion, both to guide future territorial planning and work has identified 29 ecosystem services distrib- to promote a smart use of geodiversity resources. uted by the five functions that overview the im- We also point out the main threats that affect geo- portance of geodiversity in the coastal region of diversity, which is essential to guide future prop- the state of São Paulo. The distinct ecosystems in ositions. the area are affected in different degrees by an- The region has been the focus of geoconser- thropic and natural threats that have been affecting vation works since 2011. These works include both quality and quantity of these services. This systematic inventories and evaluation of geolog- reinforces the necessity of a broad strategy that in- ical sites, as well as several initiatives to both volves nature conservation as a whole. The survey disseminate this knowledge and to raise aware- may also direct future management plans, includ- ness of geoheritage to the society (Garcia et al. ing payment for environmental services.

101 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Table 1. Goods and services provided by geodiversity in the coastal region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

REGULATION SUPPORT PROVISION CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE Global climate regula- Recreation and tourism Habitat provision for Food supply by habitats Scientific research on tion and carbon storage in coastal islands, rocky both animal and vegetal for consumable sea several branches of geo- by marine sediments and shores, beaches, trails, species species sciences paleolagoons waterfalls, etc. Soil formation con- Local climate regulation Educational values as field trolled mainly by the Fuel and gas provision Cultural heritage values by the Serra do Mar resources for geosciences underlying rocks and on Santos Basin reflected in legends mountain range students sediments Water supply by several Oceanic circulation main river basins with Sense of place and spiritual Places for anchorage by Research centres on coast- promoted by marine sources in the Serra do values specially for tradi- coves and bays al and marine topics landforms Mar and in the Atlantic tional communities Plateau Foundations for human Dissemination of geosci- Variety of soil types Rocks, saprolite and constructions, such as Health and well being pro- ences by interpretive pan- controls diversity of sands as ornamental and fortresses and colonial moted by scenic beauties els, didactic kits, courses habitats construction materials buildings and guided trails Participation on water Artistic inspiration for Natural hazard regula- Energy supply by hydro- cycling (ocean, rivers, paintings, music, sculp- tion by erosion control electric plants mangroves, etc.) tures, and general handcraft Water flow and flood Promotion of voluntary Water pathways for regulation by a number work on nature conserva- transportation by rivers of water catchments tion Protected areas controlled Shelters for ancient by the occurrence of the settlements Serra do Mar, estuaries, lagoons, and islands

References geológico, Gestionando la parte abiótica del patrimonio natural, 1, p. 131–136. Instituto Geológico e Minero de Garcia, M.G.M., Del Lama, E.A., Bourotte, C.L.M., Maz- España; Madrid. oca, C.E.M., Bacci, D.C., Santos, V.M.N. 2017. Geo- Gray, M. 2013. Geodiversity: Valuing and Conserving Abi- heritage inventories as means, not ends: example of the otic Nature (2nd Edition), pp. 1–508. Wiley Blackwell; coastal region of São Paulo State, Brazil. Patrimonio Chichester.

102 SESSION D: Geoconservation in protected areas and nature conservation strategies

Geoheritage in Slovenia – a short overview

Matevž Novak1, Martina Stupar2

1 Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature Conservation, Regional Unit Nova Gorica, Delpinova 16, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; e-mail: [email protected]

Key words: geological heritage, natural values, nature conservation, legislation

Geological heritage of Slovenia: There is prob- The sediments and sedimentary rocks of Slo- ably no pocket-sized country in the world besides venia hold an almost continuous record of 400 mil- Slovenia with such a great number of geological trea- lion years of geological history from the Silurian sures. The reason for so many different landscapes to the present while the oldest Slovenian metamor- and such a variety of natural phenomena lies in the phosed rocks of the Pohorje Mountains date back country’s geologic structure of which diversity is the more than three billion years. Slovenian rocks were result of a long geological history and its location formed from sediments deposited in widely vary- at the junction of the Eastern Alps, Southern Alps, ing environments, from deep oceans to shallow la- Dinarides (also known as the Dinaric Alps) and the goons, coral reefs, bays, river deltas, volcanoes, hot Pannonian Basin. Although today these geotec- and dry deserts, glaciers, lakes, marshes, alluvial tonic units are in contact, and even overlap in many fans and floodplains. Slovenia has fossils of almost places, they have very different histories. The rocks all groups of plants and animals, from dinosaurs to of all these units belong to the Adriatic Lithospheric sea horses, and some parts of Slovenia, for example Microplate, which detached from the African Plate Dovžan gorge (Fig. 1), are among the richest fossil during the Mesozoic Era and remained separated. sites in the world. The microplate travelled north and on its journey We also have exquisite and diverse mineral col- collided with the Eurasian Plate during the Neogene, lections and one of the oldest mines in Europe, causing the uplift of the Alps. This spectacular colli- namely the Idrija mercury mine. sion is still a major factor shaping the structure and Finds have included everything from the tiniest surface of Slovenia. diamonds to three meteorites. Slovenia is rich in

Fig. 1. Dovžanova soteska, a scenic gorge in the Southern Karavanke Mountains, one of the richest localities of Late Paleozoic fossils in the Southern Alps. Photograph by Matevž Novak.

103 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 natural resources including ores, oil, hydrocarbons gent protection for locations, which are considered and mineral and thermal waters. Several minerals geological natural values, and even more stringent and rocks are named after Slovenian localities or protection for exceptional or rare four minerals and important persons and the karst features of our nine different groups of fossils. Protection regimes classic Kras region have been studied in detail re- in protected areas are additionally regulated. Nearly sulting in Slovenian terms such as dolina and polje 588 sites are officially designated as geological nat- being widely used in international terminology. We ural values. The legislation governing the protec- have many exquisite caves among them Škocjan tion of minerals and fossils, the method of removing caves, listed as UNESCO’s World Heritage Site, from the nature, storage and transport, determines and one, the Postojna cave with some of the most outstanding and rare types of minerals and fossils beautiful and diverse speleothems in the world. and the status of geological natural values. The reg- Many of these features are so rare, valuable or ister of Slovenian natural heritage is maintained by unusual that they have been officially proclaimed IRSNC. Geological natural values are defined in the as part of our natural heritage and it is the role of legislation as those parts of nature which bear ex- the Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature traordinary, typical, complex, well-preserved, rare, Conservation to manage the list of our valuable scientifically important or testimonial importance natural assets and ensure that we preserve such from the perspective of the shape of the Earth’s crust treasures for our successors. We already have two and all processes in its interior or surface and from UNESCO Global Geoparks, Idrija and Karavanke/ the perspective of Earth’s history and evolution of Karawanken declared and a third at Kras/Carso in life. These phenomena are minerals or fossils and the process of application. their localities and also tectonic, stratigraphic, min- eralogical, petrological, paleontological, hydrogeo- Protection and conservation of geological logical or sedimentological natural forms. In addi- heritage: Geological image of Slovenia is so re- tion to this there are nearly 11,000 known caves and markable, diverse and recognizable that the pro- near 6,000 natural features that refer to various nat- tection and preservation of geological features is ural components, defined as surface geomorpholog- prescribed in the constitution of the Republic of ical, hydrological, botanical, zoological, ecosystem, Slovenia. Initiatives for the protection of the geo- dendrological and designed nature and landscape logical heritage in Slovenia go back in 19th century features (Berginc et al. 2006). There are also 21 and are intertwined with the initiatives for the pro- geosites, which are protected as natural monuments, tection of nature in general. As a landmark is re- many of them are parts of protected areas (national, garded the Memorandum, published in 1920, with regional or landscape parks). They are all listed in the initiative for the first protected alpine areas in the Nature Conservation Atlas of Slovenia[1]. Slovenia, which also included exceptional geologi- cal phenomena as reasons for protection. Between References 1957 and 1980 the basic national institutions were Berginc, M., Kremesec-Jevšenak, J., Vidic, J. 2007. Sistem set up and throughout the 1990s the organization of varstva narave v Sloveniji, pp. 1–128. Ministry of Envi- public services was upgraded. ronmental and Special Planning; Ljubljana. The protection of geological heritage in Slovenia Pleničar, M., Ogorelec, B., Novak, M. (Eds) 2009. Geologija has been developing with upgrading the system Slovenije – The Geology of Slovenia, pp. 1–612. Geološ- of nature protection profession at the Institute of ki zavod Slovenije; Ljubljana. the Republic of Slovenia for Nature Conservation Rman, N., Novak, M. (Eds) 2016. 70 Geological Wonders (IRSNC) and modernization of the nature protection of Slovenia, pp. 1–204. Geološki zavod Slovenije; Lju- bljana. legislation. Protection and conservation of geologi- cal features as parts of Slovenian natural heritage Internet sources has been covered by the Nature Conservation Act [1] Nature Conservation Atlas of Slovenia, 2018. www.nara- [2] since 1999 and amendment in 2014 . This act pro- vovarstveni-atlas.si/nvajavni/?culture=en-US vides general protection for all minerals and fossils [2] Slovenian Environment Agency, 2018. Slovenian Envi- so that they do not get damaged or destroyed, strin- ronment Agency. http://www.arso.gov.si/en/nature/

104 SESSION D: Geoconservation in protected areas and nature conservation strategies

Geosites in the area of Dobrogea, Romania, and the need for local geodiversity action plans

Antoneta Seghedi

National Institute of Marine Geology and Geoecology, Dimitrie Onciul 23-25, 024053 Bucharest, Romania; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geodiversity values, fossil site, nature reserve, promotion

Aims: Dobrogea is a highland area NW of the as geoconservation values of some of them (Aniţăi Black Sea, surrounded to the north and west by the 2013). A number of 36 geosites representing na- Danube River. This area includes the exposed parts ture monuments or nature reserves are included of two main geotectonic units: the North Dobrogea in the Natura 2000 network of biodiversity pro- Cimmerian orogen, superimposed on Variscan tection, but there are still a few important geosites structures and the East Moesian Platform, which in Dobrogea that do not have a protection status exposes both its Ediacaran basement and the plat- yet. Of these 36 nature reserves, only one is in form cover in two structurally distinct units. A new the custody of a team which includes a geologist. project proposal funded in 2018 by the Ministry of The remaining 35 sites are in the custody of the Research and Innovation is dedicated to analyze National Forestry Administration, EPAs or vari- the geodiversity values of the most representative ous NGOs, or in the administration of the Măcin geosites in the area of Dobrogea, and elaborate ad- Mountains National Park, all of them being inter- equate geoconservation measures. The goal of the ested almost exclusively in biodiversity protec- project is to integrate geodiversity into local devel- tion. Promotion of geodiversity was done through opment plans and strategies for Dobrogea, as well exhibitions, activities like Junior Ranger, events as to promote geosciences and increase awareness (Geoparks Week, Earth Science Week), geological of the general public on the importance of geology programs at museums, the educational program for the society. ‘The school differently’, as well as websites and Facebook pages (Saint Martin et al. 2010; Aniţăi Methods: Based on the existing inventory of the 2013; Saint Martin 2013; Menabit et al. 2017). geosites and information from published papers, Several thematic trails have been accomplished a data base of protected and unprotected geologi- lately in two sites, but all the explanatory panels cal and paleontological reserves in Dobrogea and have been already destroyed. The only exception in the Black Sea coastal area was accomplished, is the Natura 2000 site Aghighiol Hills, where with detailed descriptions of geoconservation val- each of the five panels emplaced to explain the ues for each of them. A number of 10 geosites was biodiversity of the site display on one side ex- selected for developing geodiversity action plans. planations related to the Agighiol fossil site with Fieldwork in each of the selected geosites was Triassic ammonoids. Due to their high scientific done in order to assess their conservation state. and educational values, the 45 geosites are used as Promotional materials and information boards field trip stops during various geological meetings were designed based on published and unpub- and for educational activities for universities and lished data. schools. Many of the sites show landscape values Results: Currently, 45 geosites reflect the com- and can be used for organizing geotourist trails. In plex geological history of Dobrogea, from the order to change the perception of custodians and Ediacaran, through Variscan and Cimmerian also of local communities and local authorities, orogenies, to the formation of the West Black Sea a partnership was formed between research in- Basin starting in the Middle Cretaceous. Several stitutions, universities, the Geological Society of papers present the geology and paleontological Romania, NGOs, custodians of Natura 2000 sites, content of these geosites (Iordan 1974; Oaie 1992; local Environmental Protection Agencies and the Grădinaru et al. 2007; Saint Martin 2013), as well National Agency for Natural Protected Areas. The

105 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 partnership will be extended in the future to in- References clude representatives of local administration and Aniţăi, N. 2013. Paleontological heritage in Dobrogea: local communities. protection, geoconservation, education and promotion. Geo-Eco-Marina, 19, 145–178. Conclusions: Due to a complex geological his- Grădinaru, E., Orchard, M.J., Nicora, A., Gallet, Y., Besse, J., tory of the area, geosites from Dobrogea have a Krystyn, L., Sobolev, E.S., Atudorei, N.-V., Ivanova, D. great scientific and educational value and many 2007. The global boundary stratotype section and Point of them have landscape value. Although the most (GSSP) for the base of the Anisian Stage: Desli Caira significant sites from a scientific point of view Hill, North Dobrogea, Romania. Albertiana, 36, 54–71. are protected as national geological sites or nature Iordan, M. 1974. Study of the Lower Devonian fauna from Bujoarele Hills (Măcin unit – North Dobrogea). Dări de monuments and reserves, these sites are subject Seamă Institutul Geologic, 33–70. (In Romanian). to various types of pressures (quarrying, wind Menabit, S., Mureşan, M., Begun, T., Pavel, B., Seghedi, A. parks, fossil collection), while geoconservation 2017. ‘The School differently’ learning about marine pro- measures are not at all adequate, due to lack of tected areas – a proactive educational approach towards knowledge and appreciation from local commu- implementation of measures of marine habitats conserva- nities and authorities, and even from their man- tion and protection. Geo-Eco-Marina, 23, 215–222. agement. Although past exhibitions, some web- Oaie, G. 1992. Traces of organic activity in the Greenschist sites and Facebook pages already exist, a larger Series of central Dobrogea (Romania). Studii şi Cerce- tări Geologice, 37, 77–81. effort of the geological community is necessary Saint Martin, J.-P. (Ed.) 2013. Recherche croisées en Do- for promoting these sites through publications, brogea, pp. 1–227. Amanda Edit; Bucharest. exhibitions and media. The project undertaken Saint Martin, J.-P., Saint Martin, S., Oaie, G., Seghedi, A., this year by GeoEcoMar has the goal to elaborate Grigorescu, D. (Eds) 2010. Des trésors du fond des local geodiversity action plans and work for their temps. Le patrimoine paléontologique. In: Le patri- integration into the local development plans and moine paléontologique. Des trésors du fond des temps, strategies. pp. 1–296. Institutul Naţional de Geologie şi Geoecolo- gie Marină; Bucureşti.

106 SESSION D: Geoconservation in protected areas and nature conservation strategies

The aspiring Hantangang Global Geopark in Korea: its international geological significance and justification for UNESCO Global Geopark

Kyung Sik Woo1, Young Kwan Sohn2, Youngwoo Kil3

1 Department of Geology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwondo 24341, Republic of Korea; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Geology and RINS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnamdo 52828, Republic of Korea; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geoheritage, Global Geopark, Hantangang, Korea, UNESCO

The Quaternary Hantangang River volcanic field paleo-channel bed. Fifteen geosites are included of the central Korean Peninsula hosts unique and in the geopark, and geological elements of sev- outstanding volcanic landforms associated with eral geosites are intimately associated with ecol- fluvial system. The interplate volcanic field by ogy, history, culture and archaeology. Comparative fissure eruption originated from Mt. Orisan and analysis with other volcanic landforms (World 680 m Peak in Democratic People’s Republic of Heritage sites and Global Geoparks) strongly sug- Korea (DPRK), consists of a series of the Late gests that the volcanic landform of the Hantangang Quaternary basaltic lava flows. The lava flows Geopark is truly a unique geological feature in filled the paleo-river channel, extending more than the world and includes invaluable geoheritage val- ca. 110 km to the terminus in the northern part of ues of international significance. The presence of Republic of Korea (ROK). Afterwards, the lava other types of Precambrian to Quaternary rocks flows were eroded by the antecedent river system, (high geodiversity) also provides good chance producing an array of precipitous exposures of co- of geotourism in this area. The location of the lumnar-jointed lava along the channel walls and geopark is near Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), thus other volcanic landforms. In addition to fantastic the site has been the area of very limited economic columnar joints along the river, special geological development. Therefore, geological as well as so- features such as pillow lavas and basalt flow lay- cioeconomic potential of this geopark can strongly ers overlying fluvial sediments are present along justify the qualification of this aspiring geopark as the river, implying that the lava flowed along the a UNESCO Global Geopark.

107 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

POSTERS

Natural and social aspects of the selection of the GSSP; the case of the Słupia Nadbrzeżna river cliff section (Central Poland), the candidate stratotype for the basal boundary of the Coniacian Stage (Upper Cretaceous)

Anna Grabarczyk1, Katarzyna Stróżyk1

1 University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Słupia Nadbrzeżna, Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), science and communities, geoconservation

The main task of the International Commission The GSSPs are reference sections and points, on Stratigraphy (ICS), which is the body of the which define the lower boundary of a stage. International Union of Geological Sciences, is to Requirements for sections-candidates (stratotypes) define and establish global standard chronostrati- are restrictive. Stratotypes need to have sufficient graphic chart[1]. The basic unit of the chart is the thickness, and should allow to carry out reproducible Stratigraphic Stage, for which the criteria and the research. A continuous stratigraphic record, without Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) should any sedimentary and erosional hiatuses, is import- be established and formally accepted. In order to ant. Sediments cannot be affected by subsequent choose the perfect place for ‘golden spike’, the ICS tectonic and diagenetic processes, which could in- set up Subcommissions, acting through a set of terfere the original information. Moreover, GSSPs Working Groups responsible for definition and es- as global stratotypes have to be easily accessible. tablishing of particular Stages. Outcrops should be located in areas with a well-de-

Fig. 1. The map showing the location of the Słupia Nadbrzeżna river cliff section and the view of the outcrop with the Turonian–Coniacian boundary interval. Photograph by Katarzyna Stróżyk.

108 SESSION D: Geoconservation in protected areas and nature conservation strategies veloped communication network and have to be eas- undertake actions towards its stabilization, without ily accessible for scientists and amateurs (Hedberg affecting natural environment; (3) The security of 1976). Candidate sections which do not fulfill the the river cliff, in which the section is located, in criteria are disqualified. Although the ICS project order to prevent a landslide. It seems that the best began nearly 45 years ago[1] not all stages have their idea is to ‘fortify’ the scarp. This step requires an boundary stratotype already established[2]. The base engineering consultation. of the Coniacian Stage also struggles with this prob- The contact with the Tarłów Community has lem[2]. Three sections are currently under the ICS been attempted but was not very successful. It Coniacian Working Group examination: the Słupia seems that there is no person dedicated especially Nadbrzeżna, Poland, together with the Salzgitter- to environmental issues in the Tarłów Commune Salder Quarry, Germany (as a composite candidate), Office. Even if the Słupia Nadbrzeżna section the Hot Spring section within the Big Bend National will not be selected as the basal Coniacian stra- Park, SW Texas[4], and the El Rosario section, in NE totype, we are sure that it should be protected, as Mexico (Ifrim et al. 2014). it is the best exposure of the Turonian–Coniacian In term of completeness of stratigraphic record boundary succession in extra-Carpathian Poland the best candidate is the Polish section of Słupia (Walaszczyk oral information). Having this in Nadrzebeżna (Walaszczyk et al. 2010). However, mind, we are going to continue our efforts to get it is not free from some flaws. The main disad- a support from local authorities to preserve the vantage of this section is its poor exposure. Słupia Słupia Nadbrzeżna section for science, because it Nadbrzeżna is a river cliff section, which during an would be the first Polish GSSP! elevated water level periods is flooded (Walaszczyk et al. 2010). Moreover, the section is located within References the Natura 2000 protection area. This precludes Harasimiuk, M., Domonik, A., Machalski, M., Pinińska, J., any activity necessary for a renovation of the site[5]. Warowna, J., Szymkowiak, A. 2011. Małopolski przełom The only remedy to improve the situation is to take Wisły – projekt geoparku. Przegląd Geologiczny, 59 (5), a dialogue between a research team, local authori- 405–416. ties, and the community. Undoubtedly, a mobiliza- Hedberg, H.D. (Ed.) 1976. International Stratigraphic Guide: A Guide to Stratigraphic Classification, Terminology and tion of financial resources would be necessary. The Procedure by the International Subcommission on Strati- Słupia Nadbrzeżna section has already been signed graphic Classification of IUGS Commission on Stratigra- up into the Central Register of Polish Geosites. The phy. xvii + 200 pp. Wiley Interscience Publication; New section was considered as one of the geosites in the York. Małopolska Gap of Vistula River Geopark project Ifrim, C., Wiese, F., Stinnesbeck, W. 2014. Inoceramids and (Harasimiuk et al. 2011). A weak touristic value biozonation across the Turonian–Coniacian boundary and a very poor exposure disqualify this site as a (Upper Cretaceous) at El Rosario, Coahuila, northeast- ern Mexico. Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 47, 211–246. part of this conception (unpublished information). Walaszczyk, I., Wood, C. J., Lees, J. A., Peryt, D., Voigt, The aim of our project is to recognize possi- S., Wiese, F. 2010. The Salzgitter-Salder quarry (Low- bilities which would allow to improve conditions er Saxony, Germany) and Słupia Nadbrzeżna river cliff of this location. We wish to help the Commission section (Central Poland): a proposed candidate compos- to ratify the basal Coniacian GSSP. The following ite global boundary stratotype section and point for the steps are planned to facilitate access to the out- Coniacian stage (Upper Cretaceous). Acta Geologica crop: (1) Clearing out the site from trees, that will Polonica, 60 (4), 445–477. allow a better exposure of the Turonian–Coniacian Internet sources boundary interval. The outcrop is located within the Natura 2000 area, what means that more inter- [1] www.stratigraphy.org [2] ference will not be possible; (2) Improvement of the www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-gssps [3] www.cretaceous.stratigraphy.org quality of the unbeaten access track. Currently, it is [4] www.cretaceous.stratigraphy.org/archives a narrow and not much used trail. We would like to [5] www.natura2000.gdos.gov.pl

109 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Discovery Aspiring Geopark: A candidate for UNESCO Global Geopark from the Bonavista Peninsula of Newfoundland

Jack J. Matthews1,2

1 Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PW, U.K.

Keywords: geoheritage, UNESCO Global Geopark, palaeontology, Ediacaran, geoconservation law

The Bonavista Peninsula of Newfoundland, Canada, This presentation outlines the outstanding and contains a diverse assemblage of geoheritage from internationally significant geological heritage the late Ediacaran and Cambrian. Of most note are found within the Discovery Aspiring Geopark, and the Ediacaran fossils of the Catalina Dome, com- outlines efforts that are underway to preserve, pro- prising exceptionally preserved examples of the mote, and develop these sites. The complexities Avalon biota – a group of organisms of enigmatic of geoconservation legislation within the Province biotic affinity. Following a recent discovery, the will be analysed, and measures proposed to im- area is also the site of the oldest known evidence prove protection. Geotourism has the potential to for muscular tissue, and possibly the oldest animal become an increasingly important section of the body fossil, in Haootia quadriformis. Building on economy, especially in this rural area formerly re- the Ediacaran palaeontology, alongside the stunning liant on fishing. Inscription as a Global Geopark coastal landscapes, and ~500 years of working with would not only improve scientific and educational the geology since European inhabitation, the local understanding of the region’s geology, but also as- communities of the region are coming together to sist in the necessary effort to diversify the local apply for UNESCO Global Geopark Status. economy.

110 SESSION D: Geoconservation in protected areas and nature conservation strategies

Land of Tetrapod and Petrified Dunes: geoheritage of proposed geopark in the western part of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Wiesław Trela1, Piotr Szrek 2, Sylwester Salwa1

1 Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Zgoda 21, 25-953 Kielce, Poland; e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Key words: geopark, Devonian, Triassic, tetrapod, dunes, Variscan unconformity

Geological setting: The Holy Cross Mountains They include paleosols levels, rich invertebrates (HCM) are hilly area in the SE Poland providing trace fossils and products of hydrothermal activity, access to the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic which are represented by iron-rich mineralization sedimentary rocks in numerous quarries and nat- (Niedźwiedzki et al. 2014; Narkiewicz, Retallack ural outcrops. The geological map of the HCM 2014; Narkiewicz et al. 2015); shows the Palaeozoic inlier surrounded by the (2) The sedimentary record of submarine grav- Permian–Mesozoic sedimentary rocks along the ity flows on the slope of the Devonian carbonate north-western, western and south-western bound- platform in the Mogiłki quarry as a response to ary, and the Cenozoic deposits along the southern local tectonic mobility and global sea-level rise and south-eastern margin. The Palaeozoic base- (Szulczewski 1995); ment reflects multi-stage geological history in- (3) The Variscan angular unconformity between cluding both the Caledonian and Variscan tectonic the Middle Devonian dolostones and the overlying and sedimentary evolution as well as its post-Cre- Permian to Lower Triassic red continental mud- taceous uplift (Kutek, Głazek 1972). The western stones and sandstones in the Zachełmie quarry; part of the HCM provides insight into the sed- (4) The unique petrified sand dunes document- imentary environment and palaeoecology of the ing the Early Triassic (or late Permian) desert envi- Devonian and uppermost Permian up to the Lower ronment on the Pangea supercontinent and related Triassic terrigenous and carbonate rocks repre- reptile foot prints and invertebrate trace fossils senting various continental and marine settings. (Gradziński et al. 1979; Gradziński, Uchman 1994; In addition, this area is also distinctive due to its Ptaszyński, Niedźwiedzki 2004). landscape and cultural values as well as remnants Conclusions: The above list of geological values of historical ore mining. gives ground for foundation of a new geopark in Geoheritage: Numerous geosites in this area have the HCM, which is the next after the proposed a large geotouristic and geoeducational potential, Kamienna Valey and Kielce-Chęciny geoparks, which includes such geological aspects as: and the existing Kielce Geopark. Moreover, they (1) The earliest known tetrapod trace fossils are a valuable source of geological data for the from the Middle Devonian (approximately 390 research, which should help the promotion of this million years old), about 10 million years older unique area. Therefore, we postulate the creation of than the oldest body fossils of the related group a new geopark under the name ‛Land of Tetrapod (Niedźwiedzki et al. 2010, Qwarnström et al. and Petrified Dunes’. 2018). Track-makers lived on the area of ephemeral References lakes close to the coast of the eastern margin of the Laurussia continent. The fossil record of those Gradziński, R., Gągol, J., Ślączka, A. 1979. The Tumlin Sandstone (Holy Cross Mts., Poland): Lower Triassic lakes with clearly non-marine biota are well visi- deposits of aeolian dunes and interdune areas. Acta ble in the Zachełmie quarry. Many other phenom- Geologica Polonica, 29, 151–175. ena are accompanying to tetrapod footprints and Gradziński, R., Uchman, A. 1994. Trace fossils from inter- are also accessible for observation in this quarry. dune deposits – an example from the Lower Triassic ae-

111 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

olian Tumlin Sandstone, central Poland. Palaeogeogra- marine carbonates of the Zachełmie tetrapod tracksite, phy, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 108, 121–138. Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Bulletin of Geoscien- Kutek, J., Głazek, J. 1972. The Holy Cross area, Central Po- ces, 89, 593–606. land, in the Alpine cycle. Acta Geologica Polonica, 22, Niedźwiedzki, G., Szrek, P., Narkiewicz, K., Narkiewicz, 603–652. M., Ahlberg, P. 2010. Tetrapod trackways from the early Narkiewicz, M., Retallack, G.J. 2014. Dolomitic paleosols Middle Devonian period of Poland. Nature, 463, 43–48. in the lagoonal tetrapod track bearing succession of the Ptaszyński, T., Niedźwiedzki, G. 2004. Late Permian ver- Holy Cross Mountains (Middle Devonian, Poland). tebrate tracks from the Tumlin sandstone, Holy Cross Sedimentary Geology, 299, 74–87. Mountains, Poland. Acta Geologica Polonica, 4, 289– Narkiewicz, M., Grabowski, J., Narkiewicz, K., Niedź- 320. wiedzki, G., Retallack, G.J., Szrek, P., De Vleeschou- Qvarnström, M., Szrek, P., Ahlberg, P., Niedźwiedzki, G. wer, D. 2015. Palaeonvironments of the Eifelian do- 2018. Non-marine palaeoenvironment associated to lomites with earliest tetrapod trackways (Holy Cross the earliest tetrapod tracks. Scientific Reports, 8, p. Mountains, Poland). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatol- 1074. ogy, Palaeoecology, 420, 173–192. Szulczewski M. 1995. Depositional evolution of the Holy Niedźwiedzki, G., Narkiewicz, M., Szrek, P. 2014. Middle Cross Mts. (Poland) in the Devonian and Carboniferous Devonian invertebrate trace fossils from the marginal – a review. Geological Quarterly, 39, 471–488.

112 SESSION D: Geoconservation in protected areas and nature conservation strategies

Outstanding Universal Values of the Korean Archipelago Getbol: Its potential for World Heritage Nomination

Kyung Sik Woo1, Seung Soo Chun2, Kyong O Moon3

1 Department of Geology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwondo 24341, Republic of Korea; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Geology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea; e-mail: [email protected] 3 World Heritage Promotion Team of Korean Tidal Flats, 4F, Jeonnam Economy Promotion Agency, 2 Oryong-3gil, Samhyang-eup, Muan-gun, Jeonnam, 58564, Republic of Korea; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geoheritage, Getbol, Outstanding Universal Value, World Heritage, Korea, UNESCO

The ‘Korean Archipelago Getbol’ (KAG; Getbol for the tidal flat formation around numerous is- means tidal flat deposits in Korean) in southwesterb lands. As a result, it displays the most dynamic Yellow Sea has developed due to the increasing ac- and complicated coastal depositional system in the commodation space during the Holocene sea-level world. Complicated island-topography also pro- rise on the broad epicontinental shelf in the south- duced the deepest tidal channels. eastern part of the Yellow Sea. Sedimentation and (2) Even though the property has been constantly evolution show a variety of quite distinctive tidal influenced by strong macrotidal currents combined flat patterns with intertidal and subtidal drain- with East Asian Monsoon climate (winter erosion age systems depending upon the distribution and and summer deposition) with occasional typhoons orientation of islands with rocky shores. It is the during summer, Getbol has maintained its stable unique Recent sedimentary environment with on- depositional system and tidal flat sediments have going coastal processes which has been formed been accumulated during the Late Pleistocene and by exceptional geological – oceanographic – cli- Holocene. Sufficient supply of suspended load matic setting in the world. The following KAG’s through Geumgang River provides sustainable dep- Outstanding Universal Values are suggested to ositional system within the property. As a result, the support the World Heritage (WH) nomination: KAG shows the thickest tidal flat sediments pro- (1) It is the only place in the world where tected by numerous islands in the world. Numerous tide-controlled sedimentation processes have pro- former islands of relatively elevated areas have been duced broad tidal flats surrounding numerous vanished and hidden due to burial by aggrading rocky islands on a broad epicontinental shelf near tidal flat sediments. In addition, the KAG shows convergent tectonic boundary. Only in the eastern a complete story of geological, ecological and con- part of the Yellow Sea tectonic influence produced servational integrity (the wholeness and intactness). numerous high-relief areas which became islands Thus, we strongly believe that the KAG has great due to transgression on the very shallow continen- potential to be inscribed on a World Heritage List tal shelf (< 50 m a.s.l.) due to deglaciation after for the criterion (viii)[1]. Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Macrotidal cur- rents combined with waves and typhoons in this Internet sources semi-closed oceanographic setting have provided [1] unique geological and oceanographic conditions https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/

113 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

SESSION E Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

‘Geogymkhana’: an outreach activity to bring closer the geoheritage to high schools

Hugo Corbí1, Pedro Alfaro1, José Miguel Andreu1, José Francisco Baeza1, David Benavente1, Idael F. Blanco-Quintero1, Juan Carlos Cañaveras1, Jaime Cuevas1, José Delgado1, Davinia Díez-Canseco1, Alice Giannetti1, Ivan Martín-Rojas1, Javier Martínez-Martínez2, Ivan Medina-Cascales1, Juan Peral1, Sergio Rosa-Cintas3

1 Department of Earth Science and the Environment, University of Alicante, Apdo. Correos 99, 03080 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Department general and specific didactics, University of Alicante, Apdo. Correos 99, 03080 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; e-mail: [email protected].

Keywords: geoheritage, outreach strategies, education, didactics

Introduction: The dissemination of geoheritage and scientific values, both at regional and interna- has experienced a great progress in Spain in re- tional scale. Currently, three of the total number cent few years, both at legislative and outreach of twenty geological contexts of international rel- levels. For several years, the Department of Earth evance defined in Spain, are located in Alicante Sciences and Environment from the University of Province: (1) Mesozoic rock formations of the Betic Alicante (DESE – UA) has carried out numerous and Iberian chains, (2) The Stratigraphical succes- initiatives to promote and enhance the geoheritage sion across the Cretaceous/Palaeogene boundary, of the Alicante Province (SE Spain) through some and (3) The Messinian evaporitic sequence corre- disseminations and teaching strategies. Among sponding to the Mediterranean Salinity Crisis. them, there have been two leading field activities This geoheritage can be better known thanks carried on: Geogymkhana (Geoyincana Alicante) to two books presenting twenty main sites of geo- and Geoloday (Geolodía). We focus herein on the logical interest. These are the books ‘Geology Geogymkhana – an outreach activity devoted to of Alicante’ (Alfaro et al. 2004) – compilation high-school students and teachers. This activ- of thirty one geosites and ‛Geological walks’ – a ity effectively favours the promotion of Alicante guide of Geological Interest Sites of the Province Geoheritage. of Alicante (Alfaro et al. 2010). The geoheritage from Alicante Province (SE Geogymkhana-Alicante: Since 2012, the Depart- Spain): The complex geological history of the ment of Earth Science and Environment – University Alicante Province goes hand in hand with excep- of Alicante organizes the activity ‘Geoyincana tional geological outcrops, which can be appre- Alicante’ addressed to high-school students and ciated in the steep mountain slopes, spectacular teachers (Fuertes-Gutiérrez et al. 2014). Since abrupt cliffs, and in many other placers due to thin that time the activity has became more and more vegetation cover. There, in this province one can popular and presently it exceeds every year thou- find exceptional outcrops with high educational sand of participants from Alicante Province. The

114 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

Fig. 1. Different images of the last edition of ‘Run through the Geological time’, ‘Human stratigraphic Superposition’ and ‘Find the fossils’ geogames. Photographs by Rafa Durá.

Geogymkhana consists of a 3 km long guided tour, which covers both the most general topics of Earth along the coastline, in the vicinity of Alicante city. Sciences and the specific aspects related to the This trail is well accessible; and it is of great educa- geological heritage. It encourages secondary edu- tional value, showing local geodiversity. There are cation teachers about the importance of practical 10 stands along this trail, offering various activities geological activities, providing them didactic ma- and explanations of geological phenomena. All this terials and complementary resources. information is summarized in a workbook of activ- ities (Fig. 1; Alfaro et al. 2018;). References In the design of the educational activity differ- Alfaro, P., Andreu, J.M., Estévez, A., Tent-Manclús, J.E., ent educational strategies (e.g. workshops, games Yébenes, A. 2004. El patrimonio geológico de Alicante. and direct explanations) have been combined in In: Alfaro, P, Andreu, J.M., Estévez, A., Tent-Manclús, order to create a fun and informative guided tour, J.E., Yé benes, A. (Eds), Geología de Alicante, 51–62. but without losing scientific rigor. The activity is Universidad de Alicante. Alfaro, P., Andreu, J.M., Baeza, J.F., Cañaveras, J.C., Cas- support by academicians, laboratory technicians tro, J.M., Corbí, H., Cuevas, J., Estévez, A., García del and geology students, who form a group of 40 to 50 Cura, M.A., Martínez, J., Lancis, C., López, M., Martín, supervisors Basically, the activity can be divided I., Pina, J.A., Romero, J., Soria, J.M., Tent-Manclús, in 10 stands, 5 with direct explanations (sand of the J.E., Tomás, R., Yébenes, A. 2010. Patrimonio Geológi- beach, diagenesis of the calcarenites, geological co de la provincia de Alicante. In: P. Alfaro and co-au- history of the La Huerta Cape, fossils of the Upper thors (Eds), Senderos Geológicos, p. 53–75. Diputación Miocene calcarenites and Thyrrenian fossil beach, provincial de Alicante. Alfaro, P., Andreu, J.M., Baeza, J.F., Benavente, D., Blanco, geomorphology of the La Huerta cape), and 5 stands I.F., Cañaveras, J.C., Castro, J., Corbí, H., Cuevas, J., with games and workshops: (1) ‛Run through geo- Delgado, J., Díez-Canseco, D., Estévez, A., Giannetti, logical time’, (2) ‛Human Stratigraphic superposi- A., Martí n Rojas, I., Martí nezMartí nez, J., Medina, I., tion’, (3) ‛Find the fossils’, (4) ‛Geowhatsapp and Megías, C., Moruno, J., Ordó ñ ez, S., Peral, J., Pé rez, F., geoselfie’ and (5) ‛Geomimic and geological his- Pina, J.A., Pla, C., Rosa, S., Terradas, M. (Eds) 2018. tory of La Huerta Cape’. Geoyincana, pp. 1–24. Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio Ambiente de la Universidad de Al- Conclusions: Since 2012, the outreach Geo- icante. https://dctma.ua.es/es/documentos/geoyincana/ gymkhana activity allows to communicate and folleto-geoyincana.pdf popularize the geodiversity of Alicante Province Fuertes-Gutiérrez, I., Pérez Arlucea, M., González-Villan- among the high-school students and teachers. This ueva, R., Arias, F., Hernández Paredes, R., de Miguel Ximénez de Embún, C., Escorihuela, J., Cuevas, J., activity uses field trails to highlight participants García Aguilar, J.M. 2014. El valordidáctico del patri- need to protect the geoheritage. The ‘Geoyincana monio geológico y el valor patrimonial de los recursos Alicante’ offers to high-school students comple- didácticos. Enseñanza de las Ciencias de la Tierra, 22 (1), mentary geological contents based on fieldwork, 69–80.

115 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Diversified approach to dynamic fluvial geoheritage of Western Outer Carpathians – selected problems of conservation and use

Wiktor Głowacki

Krajowy Instytut Polityki Przestrzennej i Mieszkalnictwa, ul. Cieszyńska 2, 30-015 Kraków, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: fluvial geoheritage, Outer Carpathians, conservation, educational use

Goals: Natural outcrops of background rocks ap- attempts to preserve them and to use them for edu- pear relatively rarely in Outer Carpathians where cational or entertainment purposes. The four cases mountains are usually forested and their foothills are as follows: are fertile enough to be cultivated. Small single (1) Olza/Olša river in Marklowice – it is a place rocks resistant to the erosion and fresh landslides where a group of rocky islands appeared due to give only very fragmentary insights into under- bottom erosion downstream from a dam. Natural ground structures whereas riversides and river- outcrops of shale, limestone and teschenite can be beds enable continuous observation of lithology seen on a short distance of the river. However it is and tectonics on longer distances. No wonder then located exactly on the state border between Czech that they attracted attention of pioneers of geology Republic and Poland. Moreover the river flows (Szajnocha 1925) as well as pioneers of tourism in between a junkyard and sewage plant on Polish Beskidy Mountains (Sosnowski 1931). The com- side and industrial area on Czech side. Therefore prehensive geological guidebook to Polish Flysh the geodiversity of this place seems to be ignored Carpathians between Olza and Dunajec (Unrug by inhabitants of both parts of Cieszyn/Tešin city. 1979) contains detailed description of 23 geological Does it mean that the very unfortunate location is tourist routes out of which 14 run in significant enough to protect this geosite? parts along streams or rivers. (2) Wieprzówka gorge – the picturesque gorge of The fluvial erosion in flysh Carpathian riv- Wieprzówka stream carved in black Wierzowskie erbeds shows great dynamics due to irregular Shales as a result of subsequent floods since 1980s. hydrologic regime of streams i.e. violent flush- Earlier it did not exist. First described in 2002. floods interposed with relatively long dry periods (Bilan, Płużan 2002). Located in the vicinity of with small volume. Several big floods that took Andrychów city it became a popular recreational place there since 1997 have made this dynamics area for its inhabitants as well as a tourist destination particularly visible. As a result, the geoheritage for people from more distant localities. Formally of Polish Outer Carpathians, although generally protected as geosite since 2003. Environmental recognized, cannot be fully mapped, catalogued NGO ‘Gaja’ announced it the river of the year in and classified. Apart from a few well known riv- 2013. However little was done to provide geological erside outcrops like ‘Stone City’ in Ciężkowice information on site. in the valley of Biała or ‘Ściana Olzy’ in Wisłok (3) Black River gorge in Słopnice in Beskid Valley many parts of river valleys of outstanding Wyspowy Mountains together with ‘Zaświercze’ geo-educational and geo-touristic value appear in educational path constitutes an interesting attempt different places. Consequently human approach to to use geoheritage for educational purposes. The their appearance differs significantly depending educational path is 3.5 km long and it has 14 ed- on local context. ucational sites out of which 4 are dedicated to ge- ology and geomorphology. Detailed information Methods: My presentation is predominantly based is provided on tables on each site as well as it is on personal on site observations and on supple- available on internet. However in the Black River mentary studies of literature and internet sources. valley the path with tables goes along an asphalt I would like to show four cases of fluvial geoheri- road from where the very gorge is not visible. The tage. Some of them are accompanied with human table includes information about the possibility to

116 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism go through the gorge and warning against walking balance between education and entertainment; the on wet slide stones over deep water. place of exotic interests among local values. (4) Tropsztyn upon Dunajec – a controversial project of the reconstruction of a castle without References respect for its original character. The project in- Bilan, W., Płużan, P. 2002. Przełom potoku Wieprzówka w cludes the arrangement of ‘Indian Rocky Path’ geologicznych warstwach wierzowskich (The ravine among natural outcrops of sandstone on the bank of Wieprzówka stream in Wierzowskie beds). Aura, 1, of Czchów water reservoir. 24–25. Sosnowski, K. 1931. O Śląskim Beskidzie Słowo Wstępne Conclusions: Conclusions of my presentation (Foreword about Silesian Beskid). Wierchy, 9, 1–5. would be based on above listed cases. The inter- Szajnocha, W. 1925. Budowa geologiczna źródłowisk Olzy est of local stakeholders in the use of fluvial geo- koło Istebny na Śląsku Cieszyńskim (The Geological heritage is generally positive phenomena and it is Structure of Olza Source Area in Cieszyn Silesia), pp. 1–33. Polskie Towarzystwo Geologiczne; Kraków. worthy of support. However there is a need to find Unrug, R. (Ed.) 1979. Karpaty Fliszowe między Olzą a Dun a healthy balance in a few aspects of the use of ajcem, Przewodnik Geologiczny (Flysh Carpathians be- dynamic geoheritage, for example: the balance be- tween Olza and Dunajec a Geological Guidebook), pp. tween accessibility, safety and land ownership; the 1–273. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne; Warszawa.

117 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Geosites and protected areas in thwestern termination of the Büyük Menderes Graben and their importance of science education and tourism

Hülya İnaner1,2, Ökmen Sümer1, Mehmet Akbulut1

1 Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geological Engineering, 35160 Buca, İzmir, Turkey; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 JEMİRKO – The Turkish Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage, 06570, Ankara, Turkey

Keywords: West Anatolian Extensional Province (WAEP), volcanic rock suits, normal fault, geosite

The Anatolian Peninsula, also called Asia Minor, The Büyük Menderes Graben (BMG) is one of is one of the best known areas of the world because the best known and the largest geological structure of its geographical location, which is climatically of the WAEP. There are two nature conservation suitable for human settlement and cultural signif- parks and twelve cultural heritage sites within and icance (Sümer 2015). West part of the Anatolia in the vicinity of the BMG which are important is represented by the West Anatolian Extensional assets for the geoconservation for science, educa- Province (WAEP), one of the most seismically ac- tion and tourism. Also, several geologically dis- tive and rapidly extending regions in the world tinct locations/features within the BMG and sur- (Taymaz et al. 1991). The region is being shaped by roundings has previously been enlisted as possible an approximately N-S trending continental exten- Geoheritage/Geosite candidates in the Geological sion since Miocene era. This extension is subjected Heritage Inventory of Turkey compiled in 2002 by to differential uplift and subsidence (graben and the Turkish Association for the Conservation of horst structure), as a result of westward escape the Geological Heritage (Jeolojik Mirası Koruma of the Anatolian block along the North Anatolian Derneği – JEMİRKO). The studies on renewal of Fault Zone to the north, and the slab processes at this inventory is still ongoing, however the given the northern edge of north wards subduction of the local to regional features/structures of the BMG African slab along the Aegean–Cyprian trench to in this current list may be summarized as: (1) The the south (Biryol et al. 2011). horst and graben structure of the Büyük Menderes

Fig. 1. 3D relief map of the BMG and surrounds illustrating conservation assets (compiled from Sümer 2013).

118 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism region itself; (2) The tafoni from the augen-gneiss Our last suggestion is the Karina marine alluvial from the southern part of the Menderes Massif fan complex located at the south-eastern border of (east of Bafa Lake; cf. Alkanoğlu 1984); (3) The the Dilek Peninsula National Park. This complex is ‘zultanite’ (Anatolian diaspore) crystals from the composed of several coalesced alluvial fans, which Küçükçamlık-Kurudere-Selimiye region (north- prograded into the Aegean Sea. This isolated fan east of İlbirdağı) confined within the fracture zones complex is controlled by a normal fault along the cross-cutting the İlbirdağı diasporic metabauxite contact with marble sequences at the southern mar- horizon located along the contacts between the gin of the Samsun Mountain. Sedimentological three different massive marble units (cf. Hatipoğlu properties and geological evolution of this Plio- 2010); (4) The tourmaline (dravite) crystals from Quaternary deposits was given Sümer (2013) in the Camızağılı-Çine (Fig. 1). In this study we are more detail. This fan complex is the largest one in proposing four Geosites at the western termination the Western Anatolian scale and has remarkable of the BMG with three different main geological paragon outcrops up to 20 metres high between subjects. The first one is the Yavansu Fault, which Doğanbey and Karina Lagoon (Fig. 1, geosite 4). has a clearly exposed unique fault surface 2 km south of the Kuşadası village. The fault was first References named and defined by Hancock and Barka (1987). Alkanoğlu, E. 1984. Menderes masifindeki tafoniler. Yeryu- The Yavansu Fault is an approximately 15 km long, varı ve İnsan, 8 (4), 11–13. W-E trending and south-facing range front normal Biryol, C.B., Beck, S.L., Zandt, G., Özacar, A.A. 2011. fault (Sümer et al. 2013). Several kinematic indica- Segmented African lithosphere beneath the Anatolian tors and fault structures such as corrugations and region inferred from teleseismic P-wave tomography. Geophysical Journal International, 184 (3), 1037–1057. slickenlines, chatter marks, extensional cracks, and Ercan, T., Akat, U., Günay, E., Savaşçın, Y. 1986. Söke- fault breccia have been observed at this Geosite Selçuk-Kuşadası dolaylarının jeolojisi ve volkanik kaya- point (Fig. 1, geosite 1). These structural indica- çların petrokimyasal özellikleri. Maden Tetkik ve Arama tors are one of the best examples for the WAEP in Dergisi, 105/106, 15–38. respect to normal faulting events. The second and JEMİRKO, 2002. Inventory of Turkish Geoheritage ele- third ones are located in the Hisartepe Volcanics. ments, pp. 1–159. Ankara. http://www.jemirko.org.tr/ This volcanic rock assemblage is exposed between turkiye-jeolojik-miras-envanteri/ Hancock, P.L., Barka, A.A. 1987. Kinematic indicators on Kuşadası and Söke at the western termination and active normal faults in western Turkey. Journal of Struc- northern uplifted horst of the BMG. The volcanic tural Geology, 9 (5–6), 573–584. rocks in detail was first identified and named by Hatipoğlu, M., 2010. Gem-Quality Diaspore Crystals as an Ercan et al. (1986). The unit is mainly composed of Important Element of the Geoheritage of Turkey. Geo- dark-coloured basaltic andesite, trachyandesite and heritage, 2, 1–13. dacite with lavas, dyke and dome facies. Sümer et Sümer, Ö. 2013. Evolution of the Plio-Quaternary Söke- al. (2013) reported the Hisartepe Volcanics intruded Milet Basin, PhD Thesis, pp. 1–249. The Graduate the Middle–Upper Miocene clastic and carbonate School of Naturel and Applied Sciences; Dokuz Eylül University. sequences with peperitic contacts and reveal a wet Sümer, Ö. 2015. Evidence for the reactivation of a pre-ex- sediment – hot lava interaction. The volcanic rocks isting zone of weakness and its contributions to the evo- are radiometrically dated by Sümer et al. (2013) in lution of the Küçük Menderes Graben: a study on the yields 12.31 ± 0.09 Ma Ar/Ar ages. The proposed Ephesus Fault, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Geodinamica Geosites in these volcanic rocks are located: (a) Acta, 27 (2–3), 130–154. At the north-western flank of the Hisartepe Hill Sümer, Ö., İnci, U., Sözbilir, H. 2013. Tectonic evolution – with remarkable prismatic cracking of cooling of the Söke Basin: Extension-dominated transtensional basin formation in western part of the Büyük Menderes basaltic lava flows up to 5 m high (Fig. 1, geosite Graben, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Geody- 2), and (b) At the west of Davutlar village as a namics, 65, 148–175. gorgeous feeder dome reaching up to 150 meters Taymaz, T., Jackson, J., McKenzie, D. 1991. Active tecton- height presenting prismatic cooling cracks radius ics of the north and central Aegean Sea. Geophysical dimeters are exceeding 2 meters (Fig. 1, geosite 3). Journal International, 106 (2), 433–490.

119 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Geoconservation for education – from classroom to reality

Tapio Kananoja

Geological Survey of Finland, P.O.Box 69, 02151 Espoo, Finland; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geoeducation, out of the classroom learning, museums, geoparks, Finland

Geology and geoconservation in Finnish school able and exciting knowledge for everybody. Geo- curriculum: Geoconservation and geodiversity parks can make a major contribution to education are unknown words in the Finnish school curric- by sharing their knowledge and serve as out- ulum. This is largely the case among the wider door laboratories for traditional education[2]. So public as well. The correlation between geodiver- geoparks provide ideal destinations for school and sity and biodiversity has been widely adduced only university courses requiring experiences in field in recent years. To realise this correlation it is es- work. An important task for geoparks is also to sential to know how the diversity of nature and introduce local people to the importance of the the human life depends on geological phenomena heritage of their own area. and vice versa, how human activities change our The aspiring Salpausselkä Geopark is situ- geological nature. The situation could be clearer, ated in Lahti region, in southern Finland. Its main if geology would be included as an own subject in themes are Salpausselkä ice-marginal formations the school curriculum. There is another grievance: and the groundwater. Salpausselkä formations geoconservation is not included in the teaching of represent the best-known geological feature in geology in the universities. Therefore geoconser- Finland. These Quarternary formations lie on the vation is poorly known even among Finnish geol- Precambrian bedrock. At the end of the last ice age, ogists. about 12 800 years ago, during the deglaciation Teaching outside the classroom: Many research stage of the continental ice sheet, the climate got studies have evidenced that teaching outside the suddenly colder, and the retreat of the ice sheet classroom is successful (Jacobi-Vessels 2013). margin stopped. The cold period, known as the Learning out of school provides the opportunity to Younger Dryas period, lasted for approximately 1 learn in different frameworks (Andrăşanu 2012). 200 years. During this period, gravel and sand was Geology museums, geoparks and guiding centres deposited at the margin of the continental ice sheet have a lot to offer for out of the classroom ac- forming the spectacular Salpausselkä formations tivities. The theory may become a reality there. (Donner 2010). Especially visiting a real geosite in nature could be Salpausselkä formations and eskers with thick an awesome experience. sand and gravel layers provide the city of Lahti Geological Survey of Finland has a spectacular and other municipalities of the region with good geoexhibition and geological museum in the head quality groundwater. Groundwater is an import- office in Espoo. The target of the exhibition is to ant natural resource in the Lahti region e.g. for clarify the origin and evolution of the Planet Earth the region’s strong brewing and food industries. and the geological processes that sculpture the Water consumption in the region is on a sustain- surface of the Earth. Tectonic plates, volcanoes, able level – only one third of the groundwater is earthquakes, ice age and sustainable use of geolog- used. Protection of groundwater is very important ical resources are exhibited among other things. To to Lahti region, especially in the city of Lahti, school children the exhibition supplements the the- where almost 70% of the population live above ory from the books. Although the exhibition does groundwater bodies. This is a good example of the not deal with geoconservation so much it increases need for groundwater protection and its sustain- the common knowledge of geology. able use[1]. A next step from the geological museum could The Geopark theme has already been adopted be a visit in a geopark. Geoparks can transform in the programme in many schools in Lahti re- complicated geological phenomena to understand- gion. For example students in Lahti University

120 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism of Applied Sciences are developing an interac- References tive map of geosites in the aspiring geopark area. Andrăşanu, A. 2012. Learning Earth Science outside the Workshops with local companies interested in the classroom. In: M. Bentivenga, F. Geramia (Eds), Geo- geopark have been arranged also. There has also heritage: Protecting and Sharing. 7th International been some geology training organised for primary Symposium ProGEO on Conservation of the Geolog- and preschool teachers in the area. ical Heritage. Geologia dell’ Ambiente, Suplemento, 3/2012, 193–194. Conclusions: As a conclusion, primary schools Brilha, J., Pereira, D., Pereira, P. 2012. Geoconservation need new courses which combine geology, geog- education research and outreach: the experience of the raphy and biology. For example, in Portugal ge- University of Minho (Portugal). In: M. Bentivenga, F. Geramia (Eds), Geoheritage: Protecting and Sharing. ology and biology have the same importance in 7th International Symposium ProGEO on Conservation the secondary school curricula (Brilha et al. 2012). of the Geological Heritage. Geologia dell’ Ambiente, This kind of understanding of nature processes Suplemento, 3/2012, 191–192. should be included also in the teachers training Donner, J. 2010. The Younger Dryas age of the Salpausselkä in universities. It would increase the positive at- moraines in Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society titude to geodiversity and geoconservation. And of Finland, 82, 69–80. geoconservation should be incorporated into geol- Jacobi-Vessel, J. 2013. Discovering Nature: The Benefits ogy teaching in universities. In that way students of Teaching Outside of the Classroom. Dimensions of Early Childhood, 41 (3), 4–10. could understand better the interactions between geodiversity, biodiversity and human activities. Internet sources Experts outside of school, for example staff from [1] Lahden kaupunki, 2018. Water. European Green Capital museums or research centres, could lead some ge- 2020 Application. http://lahdenvuosi.fi/european- green- ology courses and field trips which are essential for capital-2020-application/9.-water. understanding the natural world. They would bring [2] UNESCO, 2016. UNESCO Global Geoparks. Cele- the theory in to the real world. breting Earth Heritage, Sustaining local Communities, pp. 1–20. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul- tural Organization; Paris, France. http://unesdoc.unesco. org/images/0024/002436/243650e.pdf

121 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Geotourism potential of small river valleys of the Holy Cross Mountains (Central Poland)

Małgorzata Ludwikowska-Kędzia1, Małgorzata Wiatrak2

1 Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Geography, Świętokrzyska 15, 25-435 Kielce, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geotourism, geodiversity, fluvial valley, Holy Cross Mountains

Goals: Based on the geodiversity of the Holy Cross need for preservation and protection of the geodi- Mountains in geological-anthropogenic context, versity of these valleys. It is necessary to discuss which includes the evidence of former and pres- many issues concerning functional resources (eco- ent-day environments and geoecosystems in the nomic, demographic, psychological, technological, history of the Earth[1] (Zwoliński 2004; Najwer, ecological and political) of (geo)tourism potential. Zwoliński 2014), and taking into account anthropo- genic influence (Kozłowski et al. 2004; Kozłowski References 2004), an attempt was made to analyse the geotour- Dmytrowski, P., Kicińska, A. 2011. Waloryzacja geotury- ism potential of small river valleys in the central styczna obiektów przyrody nieożywionej i jej znacze- part of the Holy Cross Mountains. As geotourism nie w perspektywie rozwoju geoparków. Problemy is considered to be an integral part of tourism po- Ekologii Krajobrazu, 29, 11–20. Kozłowski, S. 2004. Geodiversity. The concept and scope tential of a given area (Meyer 2010), the research of geodiversity. Przegląd Geologiczny, 52, 833–837. covered the structural resources of the (geo)tour- Kozłowski, S., Migaszewski, Z.M., Gałuszka, A. 2004. ism potential of the studied valleys, i.e. the rank of Geodiversity conservation – conserving our geological geotourist values (geodiversity resources: objects heritage. Polish Geological Institute, Special Papers, 13, and phenomena – substantive, cultural and educa- 13–20. tional values), the degree of geotourist accessibility Ludwikowska-Kędzia, M., Wiatrak, M. 2013. Geotouristic (communication and topographic – location value), attractiveness of the Upper Łagowica Valley. Proposal of geotourist route), pp. 1–112. Instytut Geografii, Uni- and elements of geotourist development (geotour- wersytet Jana Kochanowskiego; Kielce. ist facilities – infrastructure value) (Ludwikowska- Meyer, B. 2010. Aktywność samorządu lokalnego jako Kędzia, Wiatrak 2012). element potencjału turystycznego na przykładzie wy- branych gmin województwa zachodniopomorskiego. Methods: The components of geotourism potential Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego, 590, were evaluated using the point grading method, Ekonomiczne Problemy Usług, 52, 23–32. which is functional in the case of evaluation of Najwer, A., Zwoliński, Z. 2014. Semantics and geodiversi- geotourist objects (Dmytrowski, Kicińska 2011). ty assessment methods – review and research proposal. Landform Analysis, 26, 115–127. Conclusions: The research conclusion shows that Zwoliński, Z. 2004. Geodiversity. In: A.S. Goudie (Ed.), the uniqueness of small river valleys in the Holy Encyclopedia of Geomorphology, 1, p. 417–418. Rout- Cross Mountains consists of the existence of attrac- ledge; New York. tive, small-scale complexes of geological and mor- phological objects and traces of mining and metal- Internet sources lurgical human activity. This fact determines their [1] Australian Heritage Commission, 2002. Australian Nat- high geotourism potential[1]. Therefore, the river ural Heritage Charter for the Conservation of Places of valleys in the Holy Cross Mountains are especially Natural Heritage Significance. Australian Heritage Com- mission in association with Australian Committee for suited to mark out geotourist routes in their zones IUCN. Sydney. (last access: 31/03/2018) https://www. (Fig. 1) (Ludwikowska-Kędzia, Wiatrak 2012). The iucn.org/content/australian-natural-heritage-charter-stan- existence of such routes will contribute to activa- dards-and-principles-conservation-places-natural-heri- tion of local communities and draw attention to the tage-significance.

122 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

Fig. 1. Location of Łagów in Poland (A) and geotourist route in the upper Łagowica River valley (Ludwikowska- Kędzia, Wiatrak 2012, changed) (B). Explanations of points: i. geological structure and relief of the upper Łagowica River valley; history of settlement and mining; 1. Nawrocki shaft in Łagów; 2. Traces of galena mining in Płucki; 3. Exposure of Frasnian/Famennian limestones in Płucki; 4. Dule karst gully in Łagów; 5. Exposure of Famennian deposits with cephalopod fauna in the Dule gully; 6. Zbójecka Cave in the Dule gully; W-1. Viewpoint – panorama of the main range of the Holy Cross Mountains; 7. Karst ravine of the Łagowica River; 8a-c. Exposure of Middle and Upper Devonian carbonate series; 9. Lisia Dziura Cave in the scarp of the karst ravine of the Łagowica River, 10. Karst spring in w Masłowiec, W-2. Viewpoint – zone of anthropogenically transformed landscape near Łagów; W-3. Viewpoint – change in the type of the Łagowica River valley: ravine – flat bottomed valley; K. Wzgórze Zamczysko – medieval settlement in Nowy Staw; 11. Exposure of Quaternary deposits in Masłowiec.

123 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Creation of a geotouritstic underground route in the Ruskeala Mining Park (the Republic of Karelia, Russian Federation)

Yury Lyakhnitsky1, Tatiana Ivanova1

1 A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny prospect 74, 199106 St. Petersburg, Russia; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Ruskeala Mining Park, marble, geotouritstic underground route

History of mining: The Ruskeala Mining Park[1] the Sortavala Series of Early Proterozoic age. The has been created on the basis of the ancient marble thickness of the productive horizon reaches 600 m. quarry. The Ruskeala field of marble is situated in An excavation route around this ancient pit was the northern coast of Lake Ladoga in Karelia. It is established some years ago and in 2009, the geol- one of the oldest mines in Russia, which dates back ogist I.V. Borisov, one of Ruskeala Natural Park to the 17th century, when Swedish operators began organisers, was already showing visitors ‘Ruskeala to investigate the marble there. In 1764, Ekaterina Depression’, a ver large underground hall which the Second issued decree ‘About new audit in is partially flooded. During winter when the un- Finland’ and in 1766 test mineral exploration of derground lake was frozen, we (members of the marble blocks began in Ruskeala. Russian Geographical Society and geologists from the Russian Geological Research Institute, Geological settings: The Ruskeala field is part of VSEGEI) examined the hall. We inderstood that large isoclinal folds consisting of amfibolite and bi- it is possible to equip an underground excursion otite-amfibolite shists with interlayers of marble of route, to unit all the park’s attractions on the sur-

Fig. 1. The Big Hall. A track of an underground route. Photograph by Olga Lebedeva.

124 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism fuce and to create a very interesting tourist com- in the adits and the Big Hall. Microclimatic obser- plex. We have conducted research on underground vations have shown there are also no contra-indi- development in this field, including: Theodolite cators for holding excursions. Large ice seasonal recording of mine workings, and their condition: sinters were investigated and mapped as well. Art a hydrological, hydrochemical and geo-ecologica photo of the object for illustration in the report on assessment, and many other studies. the research stage of works have been taken as well as advertiseibg. Details of Ruskeala mine structure: The main Following these studies, the design stage of an feature of the site is existence of a large tectonic excursion route has been carried out. Work on the structure cutting the first adit near the southern design of an engineering project have also been wall of the Big Hall (Fig. 1). carried out, including for a special design of adit Here the marble is broken by several systems concrete tops and also for an excursion track on of cracks and has been turned into a tectonic brec- pontoons in the flooded Big Hall. Then arrange- cia and clay gouge. The long development of the ment of the route has now begun and cave ex- Ruskeala field has led to the formation of an exten- plorers of the Russian Geographical Society have sive network of underground mine workings for the carried out the removal of debris from the Big Hall extraction of marble. Two vertical and one inclined and a special concrete capping at an entrance to series of workings and many adits have been passed the Big Hall has been equipped for our project by a and several large ‛cameras’ (halls) have been cre- group of builders. According to our recommenda- ated. The pits and underground mine workings are tions for minimization of risk of a collapse during situated at four levels with the lower horizons of the an arrangement of the route, excavation of a block- field are being flooded to the level of 92.6 m. age and concreting of adit top were carried out for We have proposed an underground excursion no more than 1–1.5 m at a time. Special construc- route to the Big Hall and two adits adjoining it. tions connecting to the surface to ensure the safety Theodolite recording of the adits, the Depression of tourists have been built at an exit of Adit 2. The and Pit have been carried out in order to keep a German company, ‘Cave Lighting’ has installed record of data on the current of coordination of the lighting in the Big Hall and adits.. underground mine workings and elements of sur- fuce relief. During the inspection of the southern Conclusions: In March, 2017, the underground blockage of the adit, the size of the blockage and its route began to work regularly and now attracts a depth have been defined and a trial dismantling of great interest amongst visitors. At an ecological the blockage has in a sag on a surface above where forum in Kazan the site was nominated for the it wad carried out. Grand Prix. The route has fine aesthetic quali- During research on the hydrology of the site ties and allows the observation of the geological it has became clear that the Pit is connected to characteristics of the well-known Ruskeala striate the Depression by large underground cavities gray marble. In conclusion, the Ruskeala moun- and unloading of these reservoirs is carried out tain park has a very interesting and long history through the second adit and a blockage on a sur- of mining and research and after creation of this fuce. Water chemical structure is hydrocarbonate underground route, the Ruskeala mountain park calcium-magnesium; potable, and raised content of has became one of the most interesting natural harmful substances is not revealed. museums in Europe. Measurement of gamma-radiation background of cavities of the Ruskeala field has shown that it Internet sources is normal. There is no radiation hazard to people [1] http://www.ruskeala.info/en

125 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Cooking, Culture and Concretions: The Three Cs for compulsive, creative communication in Buzau Land Aspiring Geopark (Romania).

John Macadam1,2, Răzvan-Gabriel Popa3,4, Cristina Toma3,5, Stefan George Kudor3,6, Diana-Alice Popa3,5

1 Earthwords, Little Kirland, Bodmin, PL30 5BJ, UK; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, TR10 9FE, UK 3 Buzau Land NGO Aspiring Geopark, Beslii 20, Minzalesti, Buzau County, Romania; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 4 Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Clausiusstrasse 25, Zurich, Switzerland 5 University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Nicolae Bălcescu Blvd, no. 1, 010041, Bucharest, Romania; e-mail: [email protected] 6 University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography, Nicolae Bălcescu Blvd, no. 1, 010041, Bucharest, Romania; e-mail:[email protected]

Keywords: geopark, interpretation, sustainable development

Introduction: Buzau Land Aspiring Geopark are sandstone concretions and thus hardly rare in Romania has some inspiring sites (Melinte- in the geological record, but diagenesis needs to Dobrinescu et al. 2017). Salt deposits, strange an- be explained to non-geologists. They are called thropomorphic concretions, amber, fossiliferous ‘Babele’ (‘old ladies’) because of the anthropo- horizons, tuffs, mud volcanoes …and wonderful morphic shapes of some of the concretions. But scenery where many old traditions survive and do they grow – as local people claim? Are they butterflies fill herb-rich meadows. The cultural living? So local folk-tales could be incorporated. traditions include folk explanations for the geolog- Going further there are easily seen links between ical oddities: are the burping, belching mud vol- the geodiversity and biodiversity – with different canoes respiring dragons or other mythical beasts plants growing on the sandstone and shales inter- deep underground, or maybe they are just belching beds. And then from the top of the hill there is after ingesting swallowed cows? Are the brownish an extensive view over the landscape – another rocks forming the skyline ‘living stones’ – the ‘Old topic for interpretation? And soaring over the Ladies of Ulmet’? landscape are eagles – a common enough sight for local people but potentially of great interest Developing the geopark: So far four innovative to international visitors. The geopark will hope to museums have been opened, as well as booklets attract a wide range of visitors, both from within produced, TV programmes made by a national Romania and from across the world to help it station, plus a website, YouTube channel and develop sustainably. Meanwhile the exposure of an active Facebook and Instagram pages set up. a salt diapir at surface has led local people to Discussions have taken place about on-site in- pickle food in brine rather than using vinegar to terpretation for some of the areas of geological preserve it. interest. It is firmly the intention that this ma- terial will follow best practice, following Tilden Conclusion: There needs to be an audit of all the who developed his ideas as an employee of the resources (sites, artefacts, intangible resources, US National Park Service (Tilden 1957) and ideas etc.) and an interpretation strategy needs to be presented by the first author (Macadam 2017). written and then a plan made. What seems certain Despite what some authors present as a simple is that the decentralised model of facilities for vis- template for ‘good’ interpretation there is no itors developed in the successful Hateg UNESCO facile way – and no unique ‘good’ solution. For Global Geopark also in Romania will be used example, the authors visited the ‘Old Ladies of for Buzau Land to spread the benefit. And, as in Ulmet’ and discussion produced several potential Hateg, local people are involved in discussions attractive options for interpretation. Clearly these and all decisions (Popa et al. 2017): the work is

126 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism bottom-up, not top-down. And, finally, there is no R., Ion, G., Ion, E., Popa, A., Stănescu, I., Briceag, A. magic ‘Three Cs’ – or even an ‘A, B and C’ – for 2017. The Geological and Palaeontological Heritage of effective interpretation, either in Buzau Land or the Buzău Land Geopark (Carpathians, Romania). Geo- elsewhere. heritage, 9, 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371- 016-0202-3 Popa, R., Popa, D., Andrăşanu, A. 2017. The SEA and Big-S References Models for Managing Geosites as Resources for Local Macadam, J. 2017. Geoheritage: Getting the Message Communities in the Context of Rural Geoparks. Geo- Across. What Message and to Whom? In: E. Reynard, J. heritage, 9, 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371- Brilha (Eds), Geoheritage Assessment, Protection, and 016-0192-1 Management, p. 267–288. Elsevier; Amsterdam. Tilden, J. 1957. Interpreting our Heritage, pp. 1–110. Uni- Melinte-Dobrinescu, M.C., Brustur, T., Jipa, D., Macalet, versity of North Carolina Press; Chapel Hill.

127 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Panoramic 360° images and 3D models as tools to promote cultural and geological heritage: the example of Bertioga, central coast of São Paulo State, Brazil

Carlos Eduardo Manjon Mazoca1, Vanessa Costa Mucivuna1, Maria da Glória Motta Garcia1, Renato Henriques2, Eliane Aparecida Del Lama1, Christine Bourotte1

1 Centre for Research Support on Geological Heritage and Geotourism, Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Earth Sciences Department, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; e-mail: [email protected].

Keywords: geospatial technologies, geoheritage, built heritage, Bertioga, Brazil

Goal: This work presents a case study aimed in Bertioga channel and São João Fort; (2) Meanders geological sites protection and dissemination of of the Itapanhaú River; and (3) Marine terraces of geoscientific knowledge – some of the pillars in Itaguaré Beach. Image acquisition was carried out which geoconservation is based upon (Brilha 2016; with a DJI Phantom 4 Pro Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Weber et al. 2017) – through the use of geospatial (UAV) according to the interpretation products. technologies (Cayla 2014; Martin 2014). Hence, 360° aerial images served as input for pan- oramic montages for each site, and oblique photos Methods: Several geological points illustrate taken from different heights were used in the con- the importance of Bertioga municipality in such struction of 3D models for points 1 and 3 through a project. The municipality comprises one of the Structure from Motion algorithms. Additionally, largest coastal plains of the region, in which there aerial footage was produced during the field trip. are registered most of the depositional systems Obtained data was treated in specialized image observed along the Brazilian coast (Souza 2015), processing software, i.e. Agisoft Photoscan Pro, with the escarpments of Serra do Mar at the back- Autopano Giga, Panotour Pro and Adobe Photoshop. ground. It possesses a large number of protected areas (72% of its territory) and the oldest colo- Results: The developed resources fit in both ed- nial fortification of the country. These facts, and ucational and tourism projects. Consequently, the the use of a geo-technological approach, allow the resources may be used in interpretive activities development of interpretive resources useful for by teachers at various school grades, as well as educational purposes. by tourism offices. The main contents and inter- Previous surveys of geological sites and his- pretive elements to be used are shown in Table 1. torical fortifications enabled the selection of three These geoscientific themes can be added to the geological sites suitable for the aims of the project topics already explored by school trips and touris- (Mucivuna et al. 2016; Mucivuna et al. 2017): (1) tic routes.

Table 1. Interests and interpretive contents of the selected sites in Bertioga. Main geological inter- ests based on the GEOSSIT Platform, of the Geological Survey of Brazil (Rocha et al. 2016)

Bertioga Channel and São João Meanders of the Itapanhaú River Marine terraces at Itaguaré Beach Fort Main geological Palaeoenvironmental; Sedimentary; Geomorphological; Sedimentary Geomorphological interests Palaeontological Building material used in the fort Formation of the Bertioga Coastal Ichnofossils; Marine terraces, Potential interpretive and historical aspects of military Plain; Sea-level variation, Coastal dynam- contents fortifications Alluvial landforms ics; Alluvial landforms Historical and geographical Urban occupation at legally Ecological aspects related to the Other interests aspects related to the fort restricted areas protected area

128 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

The products are available online in the form if the interpretive products could be included in the of an interactive platform starting from 360° im- existing activities, thus collaborating for an inte- ages to simulate a virtual tour. These images are grated view of both biotic and abiotic aspects. endowed with ‛hotspots’, hyperlinks calling atten- tion to the locations for which the 3D models were References created. Every interactive product is presented Brilha, J.B. 2016. Inventory and quantitative assessment of with graphical elements and texts with geologi- geosites and geodiversity sites: a Review. Geoheritage, cal interpretation, as well as hyperlinks pointing 8 (2), 119–134. to additional web-pages for supplementary infor- Cayla, N. 2014. An overview of new technologies applied mation. Talks are being conducted with the fort to the management of geoheritage. Geoheritage, 6 (2), management to include an interactive application 91–102. in the premises, which consists of a 3D model of Martin, S. 2014. Interactive Visual Media for Geomorpho- logical Heritage Interpretation. Theoretical Approach the building with geoscientific interpretation for and Examples. Geoheritage, 6 (2), 149–157. the use of visitors. The description presented in Mucivuna, V.C., Del Lama, E.A., Garcia, M.G.M. 2016. For- each product has respected elements used in inter- tificações do litoral paulista: geologia de suas pedras e o pretation principles (Tilden 1957). For this reason, estado de conservação. Revista do Instituto Geológico, textual information makes use of an accessible lan- 37 (1), 29–48. guage with few technical or specific terms from Mucivuna, V.C., Garcia, M.G.M., Del Lama, E.A. 2017. Geosciences, as well as provocative sentences Inventário e avaliação quantitativa do patrimônio geológico do município de Bertioga, SP. Pesquisas em that evoke interaction between people’s personal Geociências (UFRGS), 44 (2), 293–321. knowledge and physical environment. Rocha, A.J.D., Lima, E., Schobbenhaus, C. 2016. Geossit Final remarks: Some advantages of using a application: New Version. In: 48 Brazilian Congress of Geology. http://sbg.sitepessoal.com/anais48cbg/st22/ non-personal media, based on data produced by ID6389_111446_52_Aplicativo_Geossit.pdf. Accessed UAV’s to promote geosciences include the facili- 22 oct. 2016. tated visualization of features or processes not eas- Souza, C.R.G. 2015. The Bertioga Coastal Plain: An Exam- ily accessed in the field. It also allows easy content ple of Morphotectonic Evolution. In: B.C. Vieira, L.J.C. access, as many times the person wants. As these Santos, A.A.R. Salgado (Eds), Landscapes and Land- products will be included in the website, enabling forms of Brazil, p. 115–134. Springer; Netherlands. easy access, it will include possibilities for persons Tilden, F. 1957. Interpreting our heritage, pp. 1–212. North Carolina Press; Chapel Hill. (4th edition). with disabilities, elders and infants. Furthermore, Weber, P.D., Baudin, F., Pereira, D., Cornée, A., Egoroff, G., some environmental education activities are already Page, K. 2017. The Importance of geosites and heritage carried out in the region. These could be improved stones in cities, a Review. Geoheritage, 9 (4), 561–575.

129 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Threats to Geoheritage at the Mistaken Point World Heritage Site: Identification, Monitoring, and Management

Jack J. Matthews1,2

1 Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PW, UK

Keywords: geoconservation, Ediacaran, fossils, UNESCO World Heritage Site, monitoring, geotourism

The late Ediacaran rocks of the Mistaken Point cesses. To better understand this complex mix, Ecological Reserve, Newfoundland, record the a monitoring regime has been set up including oldest known assemblage of large, complex fossils in-situ cameras, annual LiDAR surveys, and anywhere. These fossils represent the transition in periodic field observations. Results show a sig- the history of life on earth to large, architecturally nificant threat to the fossil surfaces comes from complex organisms, following nearly three billion slope failure of the overlying glacial gravels and years of a microbially-dominated world. In July boulders. In addition to monitoring observation, 2016, the Reserve was inscribed on World Heritage experimental work has been undertaken to de- List. Inscription has led to increased geotourism termine the future risk posed by visitors to the demands on the locality, a consequence welcomed site, especially through footwear erosion. The by the local community who wish to develop the data suggest the materials used in the current pro- economy. This is potentially at odds with the in- tective footwear may be suboptimal in curbing terests of Government and Researchers whose in- footwear erosion at the site. Overall the results clination is often to prohibit all activity that may confirm the importance of monitoring at a range adversely impact a site. of temporal and spatial resolutions, and the ben- The total risk associated with a geosite is a efits of lab-based experimental work to inform product of both natural and anthropogenic pro- active site management procedures.

130 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

Tracing landform evolution through time along a thematic trail in Elbsandsteingebirge (Germany) – application of ergodic principle in interpreting geoheritage

Piotr Migoń1, Filip Duszyński1, Milena Różycka1, Kacper Jancewicz1

1 Institute of Geography and Regional Development, University of Wrocław, Pl. Uniwersytecki 1, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: sandstone geomorphology, geomorphological heritage, geo-interpretation, thematic trails

Approaches to interpreting geoheritage: Recent ments, with the upper slope rock cliffs locally up to developments in interpreting geoheritage seem to 60 m high. The part of the area south of the Elbe focus on technological innovations and how these river is dominated by isolated tabular hills – mesas can be applied most efficiently (Cayla, Martin and buttes (Rast 1959). They vary in aeral extent of 2018). However, the key issue remains what should the planar top surface, from more than 1 km long be the interpretation content provided at geosites and 0.5 km wide (Grosser Zschirnstein) to less (Hose 2005). Storytelling which enlivens the rock than 50 m across (Zirkelstein), and in the degree record and the physical landscape is preferred over of fragmentation by clefts and minor canyons. The simple factual information but such an approach outstanding geoheritage values of the region even usually requires more words and images than can prompted a feasibility study focused on possible be accommodated on a singular information panel UNESCO World Heritage nomination in the early (Macadam 2018). Therefore, thematic trails are an 2000s. option worth exploring but they should ideally fol- Concept of trail: The concept of a thematic ‘mesa low one theme and develop the story (e.g. Migoń, trail’ utilizes the ergodic principle in the follow- Pijet-Migoń 2017). Here we argue that for certain ing way: It is assumed that geomorphic evolution types of geomorphological heritage the ergodic of tablelands with prominent caprock proceeds principle provides a useful background. Ergodic through ongoing dissection of an original plateau principle, borrowed from physics and understood and its fragmentation, whereas bounding escarp- as ‘space-for-time substitution’, is based on an ments retreat over time and they do so non-uni- assumption that different geomorphic features formly in space. Therefore, whereas the plateau is co-existing in space may be considered as differ- generally reduced in extent, tabular hills may be ent stages of a directional evolutionary process. isolated in front of the main receding escarpment. For example, one can look at volcanic edifices They, in turn, reduce in extent too through the of various ages, each one re-shaped to some ex- concurrent action of joint-guided weathering and tent by erosional processes, and virtually re-create erosion within the mesas and escarpment retreat the process of volcanic cone degradation through at the perimeter of the mesas. Consequently, they time. Here we apply the concept of ergodicity may be separated into minor compartments or be- to geoheritage interpretation in the spectacular come buttes. In the penultimate stage only residual sandstone terrain of Elbsandsteingebirge in East caprock blocks are left and they may persist in the Germany. landscape long after other evidence of existence Study area: The study area is located in the east- of a hill disappears. In the study area seven mesas ern part of Germany, ca. 40 km south-east of the were selected to illustrate the evolution of tabu- city of Dresden. Geologically, it is dominated lar hills, from a large and undissected plateau to by flat-lying Cretaceous sedimentary rocks into the penultimate stage where caprock is reduced which the canyon of the Elbe river is incised. The to a group of disjointed blocks. Easy access to the scenery consists mainly of planar surfaces of pla- mesas allows one to see the evidence of processes teaus, structural benches, plains and mesa tops. involved in cliff retreat and disintegration: open These level surfaces are separated by steep escarp- clefts, labyrinthine canyons, cliff overhangs, crev-

131 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 ice and talus caves, boulder accumulations etc. where ‘one picture is worth a thousand words’. Many of these localities can be considered geosites Second, the sequence – wherever proposed – can in their own right, but here they are connected to be complemented by further examples, split into illustrate an evolutionary sequence. pathways, enlarged at both ends etc. Third, it con- veys the message that the Earth is dynamic, even if Evaluation: The ergodic assumption as applied the current impression is one of prolonged stability. to geomorphology has been criticized on several We also argue that the concept of ergodic principle grounds and these problematic issues emerge in the is easily transferrable to other geomorphological context of the ‘Mesa Trail’ too. First, the sequence settings where landforms of certain type and ori- presented here may not be the faithful reflection gin evidently change through time. of the actual evolution of erosional landscape in Elbsandsteingebirge which remains poorly con- References strained. Second, mesas and buttes are presented in certain sequence, implying that one form evolves Cayla, N., Martin, S. 2018. Digital geovisualisation technolo- from another whereas in reality parallel pathways gies applied to geoheritage management. In: E. Reynard, J. Brilha (Eds), Geoheritage. Assessment, Protection and may be possible. Third, the scheme largely ignores Management, p. 289–300. Elsevier; Amsterdam. minor lithological differences which may be lo- Hose, T.A. 2005. Geotourism and interpretation. In: R.K. cally important and fourth, it does not consider Dowling, D. Newsome (Eds), Geotourism, p. 221–241. rates of processes and the temporal context of mesa Butterworth Heinemann; Oxford. evolution, although this is largely unknown any- Macadam, J. 2018. Geoheritage: Getting the message way. Nevertheless, the proposed approach has its across. What message and to whom? In: E. Reynard, J. values too, especially remembering that geo-inter- Brilha (Eds), Geoheritage. Assessment, Protection and Management, p. 267–288. Elsevier; Amsterdam. pretation by necessity involves translation of spe- Migoń, P., Pijet-Migoń, E. 2017. Geo-interpretation at New cialist knowledge into simplified format. The three Zealand’s geothermal tourist sites – Systematic expla- principal advantages of using ergodic assumption nation versus storytelling. Geoheritage, 9, 83–95. are the following: First, the sequence is easy to Rast, H. 1959. Geologischer Führer durch das Elbsand- visualize and to show on panels, in guidebooks steingebirge, pp. 1–226. VEB Deutscher Verlag der etc., which is of key importance in geo-education Wissenschaften; Berlin.

132 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

The International Commission on Geoheritage (ICG): A new partner for developing global geoconservation policy and practice

Kevin Page1, Lola Pereira2, Björn Schouenborg3, Patrick de Wever4

1 Secretary General of the IGC; Secretary of the Heritage Sites and Collections Subcommission (HSCS), School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Secretary HSS, Departamento de Geología, Plaza de la Merced s/n, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Chair ICG, CBI Betonginstitutet, Box 857, 501 15, Borås, Sweden; e-mail: [email protected] 4 Chair, HSCS, Géologie, Muséum National Histoire Naturelle, 43 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France; e-mail: [email protected]

Key words: International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), geoheritage, geodiversity, commission

The International Commission on Geoheritage for instance to museums or used as building stones (ICG) was formally established at the 35th ICG or in jewelry (ICG Terms of Reference, 2018[1]). held in Cape Town, South Africa, in August 2016 Over its first 18 months, the ICG has focussed by combining two pre-existing Task Groups, on consolidating its role and position within IUGS, focussed on Geoheritage and Heritage Stones, including establishing comprehensive Terms of which became, respectively, the Heritage Sites Reference to define and manage its activities, as and Collections Subcommission (HSCS)[1] and well as a panel of appropriate qualified Voting the Heritage Stones Subcommission (HSS)[2]. The Members to oversee its activities. Over this period ICG’s objectives includes the development and the HSS has been very active in promoting Global dissemination of guidelines for good practice in Heritage Stone Resources (GHSR), as a way of rais- the selection and management of geoheritage sites, ing awareness of the cultural and historical value institutional collections and culturally significant of natural stones as a resource for society, leading geological resources. The intention is to actively to seven designed stone types. The HSS will also collaborate with and seek partnerships with other hold a meeting on Heritage Stones in Salamanca, commissions, organisations and networks at all Spain, in October 2018. Meanwhile, the HSCS has scales, from local to regional to international, developed a working structure involving Thematic which are active within the field of geoheritage Working Groups, the first established dedicated and related disciplines and promote and co-ordi- to establishing criteria to inform the scientific as- nate activities through workshops, conferences, sessment of proposals for new UNESCO Global training and other educational activities, as well Geoparks (UGG). Several other Working Groups as through research and publications. The very under discussion, including on Global Geosites, broad scope of activities envisaged for the ICG are Palaeontological Heritage, Volcanic Geoheritage best expressed through the adopted definition of and Geomorphosites, including as partnerships Geodiversity: with other organisations. The challenge is to en- The term ‘geodiversity’ encompasses all aspects sure that we really can begin to influence policy of the natural non-living materials and processes and practice at a global scale through our new that formed our planet and continue to shape both discipline of geoheritage, one which provides the its interior and surface today. This broad definition strongest of connections between society and the not only includes geological materials (such as geosciences. modern sediments, rocks, minerals, meteorites and fossils), the processes that formed them (including Internet sources by rivers and volcanic activity) and the landforms [1] IUGS – Heritage Sites and Collection Subcommission, created by such processes (for example cliffs and http://geoheritage-iugs.mnhn.fr glacier-cut valleys), it also includes Earth materi- [2 IUCS Subcommission – Heritage Stones, http://globalheri- als removed from a natural to a cultural context, tagestone.com/

133 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Assessment of tourism value in geological heritage: why, what and how

Paulo Pereira1, Diamantino Insua Pereira1, Bruno Gonçalves1, Carla Viveiros1, Andreia Afonso1

1 Institute of Earth Sciences, Pole of the University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: geological heritage, tourism value, objectives, methods, assessment, criteria

Nature tourism has been a subject related with geo- geoconservation and geotourism strategies in ter- logical heritage and geoconservation during the ritories where geotourism plays a substantial role. years, moreover with the increasing of geotour- In that sense, similar assessment methodologies ism strategies and geoparks programs. Even if only are being applied in Peneda-Gerês National Park a part of geological heritage has high scientific in Portugal, a protected area with high standards value, there are also other sites that should be con- in nature conservation but also with high tourism sidered in geoconservation strategies because of attractiveness (Afonso, Pereira 2018). their cultural, ecological or tourism values (Brilha 2016). The use of geological heritage as tour- References ism attractions constitutes one of the subjects in Afonso, A., Pereira, P. 2018. Assessment of the geological methodological proposals for geosite assessment. heritage tourism value in the Peneda-Gerês National Whereas the majority of the methodological pro- Park (Portugal). (In this volume). posals include touristic criteria to assess the values Brilha, J. 2016. Inventory and quantitative assessment of geo- of geological heritage (Pereira, Pereira 2010), more sites and geodiversity sites: a review. Geoheritage, 8 (2), 119–134. recent studies emphasize the assessment of spe- Doktor, M., Miśkiewicz, K., Welc, E., Mayer, W. 2015. Cri- cific criteria such as accessibility, visibility, safety, teria of geotourism valorization specified for various signage, cleanliness, logistics, or the touristic use recipients. Geotourism, 3–4 (42–43), 25–38. of the sites (Rybá r 2010; Š trba, Rybá r 2015; Doktor Gonçalves, B. 2014. Avaliaç ã o do valor turí stico dos geo- et al. 2015; Valjarević et al. 2017). ssí tios do Geoparque Terras de Cavaleiros. Master The- In this work, a general framework of this topic sis in Geological Heritage and Geoconservation, pp. is presented, with a discussion on the objectives 1–122. University of Minho. Pereira, P., Pereira, D.I. 2010. Methodological guidelines (why), the objects (what) and the methods (how) for geomorphosite assessment. Géomorphologie: Re- regarding the assessment of the tourism value in lief, Processus, Environnement, 2, 215–222. geological heritage. Why is related with the need Pereira, P., Pereira, D.I. 2012. Assessment of geosites tour- to identify the sites with highest potential touristic ism value in geoparks: the example of Arouca Geopark use, the ones more prone to degradation with tour- (Portugal). In: A. Sá, D. Rocha, A. Paz, V. Correia, V. istic use, and the procedures to enhance the visit (Eds), Proceedings of the 11th European Geoparks Con- conditions and tourism attractiveness. What can ference, Arouca, Portugal, September 19–21, p. 231– be connected with the geological heritage features 232. Associaç ã o Geoparque Arouca; Arouca. Rybár, P. 2010. Assessment of attractiveness (value) of to be assessed, implying the selection of sites and geotouristic objects. Acta Geoturistica, 1 (2), 13–21. the procedures related with the dimension of geo- Štrba, L., Rybár, P. 2015. Revision of the ‘Assessment of at- sites (single spots, large areas, viewpoints). How tractiveness (value) of geotouristic objects’. Acta Geo- respects with the methods to assess the tourism turistica, 6 (1), 30–40. value, that can comprise qualitative or more quan- Valjarević , A., Vukoič i ć , D., Valjarević , D. 2017. Evalua- titative procedures and different criteria regarding tion of the tourist potential and natural attractivity of the touristic use of the sites. the Lukovska Spa. Tourism Management Perspectives, 22, 7–16. Recent studies in geoparks, supported in this Viveiros, C. 2016. Geotourism value of the Golden Geopark ‘why, what and how’ approach (Pereira, Pereira of Lapland (Finland) sites: assessment and promotion. 2012; Gonçalves 2013; Viveiros 2016), have re- Master Thesis in Geosciences, pp. 1–196. University of vealed that the data obtained are essential tools to Minho.

134 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

Between geoconservation, tourism, education and local community involvement – the past, present and future of volcanic geosites in the Land of Extinct Volcanoes (Pogórze Kaczawskie, SW Poland)

Edyta Pijet-Migoń1, Piotr Migoń2, Ewelina Rozpędowska3

1 Institute of Tourism, Wrocław School of Banking, Fabryczna 29-31, 53-609 Wrocław, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 2 University of Wrocław, Institute of Geography and Regional Development, Pl. Uniwersytecki 1, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Stowarzyszenie Kaczawskie, Sudecka Zagroda Edukacyjna, Dobków 66, 59-540 Świerzawa, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geosites, volcanic heritage, geotourism, geoeducation

Setting and outline of volcanic history: The re- which is a category of protected areas in Poland, gion of Pogórze Kaczawskie (Kaczawskie Upland) but the main focus was on biotic components of in south-west Poland, along with adjacent areas, is nature and ecological education. Nonetheless, host to outcrops of volcanic rocks from different geo-guidebooks and geotourist maps for general geological periods which are witnesses of various public were produced. Activities intensified in types of volcanic activity. The oldest volcanic rocks 2000s, with more active role played by represen- are those from the early Palaeozoic and testify to tatives of local communities and NGOs, and the submarine volcanism in rift setting, whereas the phrase ‘Land of Extinct Volcanoes’ was selected youngest ones are Cenozoic basalts and related py- as a brand name and promotional tool of the re- roclastic deposits (Birkenmajer 1967; Grocholski gion. and Jerzmański 1975). Numerous quarries, mainly Current activities: Contemporary activities ex- in basalt, expose internal structures of lava plugs plore several complementary approaches to show and flows, including fine examples of columnar geoheritage to the general public, as highlighted jointing. In addition, many volcanic outcrops are by Hose (2012). First, geotourism is promoted associated with distinctive geomorphological fea- through publications, advertisement, social me- tures at various scales, from kilometre-long ridges dia etc. whereas on-site action includes marking on early Palaeozoic greenschists through rhyolite of new hiking trails and erection of interpreta- domes, basaltic cones and cupolas, fluvial gorges tion panels at both ‘classic’ and viewpoint geo- cut into pillow lava greenschist to rock cliffs and sites. Tourists can sign up for specialist guided periglacial basalt block fields (Migoń, Pijet-Migoń tours and workshops, typically focused on rocks 2016). This clustering and visual dimension of vol- and minerals. Second, geoeducation is developed canic rocks and structure makes the region excep- (Pijet-Migoń 2016). The solid basis is provided tional in Poland. by a new (opened in 2015) geoeducational cen- Towards appreciation of volcanic heritage: The tre in the village of Dobków, in an old farmstead value of volcanic legacy, for both science and gen- converted for this purpose. Volcanism is at the eral public, was first brought to attention in the core of educational programmes offered by the 1960s (Birkenmajer 1967), although it remained centre. Third, geoconservation is implemented appreciated in rather restricted circles of geosci- although this is most difficult to follow due to entists. The first efforts to use them as tourist as- involvement of various parties, land use and land sets date back to the 1980s when a thematic ‘Trail ownership issues, actual and potential conflicts of Extinct Volcanoes’ was marked. However, this with nature conservation and forestry practices initiative was not matched by any developments of etc. Nevertheless, notable developments of the last interpretation facilities, apart from brief remarks few years include vegetation removal from a few in tourist guidebooks. In 1992 a part of the region key exposures of columnar jointing in basalt, work was included into the Landscape Park ‘Chełmy’, towards inventory of all volcanic geosites and an

135 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 establishment of new protected area which elimi- References nates the potential threat of quarrying resumption. Birkenmajer, K. 1967. Bazalty dolnośląskie jako zabytki A long-term goal is to fulfil criteria for member- przyrody nieożywionej (Lower Silesian basalts as mon- ship in the UNESCO Global Geopark network and uments of inanimate nature). Ochrona Przyrody, 32, apply for this status. 225–276. (In Polish with English summary). Grocholski, A., Jerzmański, J. 1975. Zabytki paleowul- Conclusions: The ‘Land of Extinct Volcanoes’ kanizmu na Dolnym Śląsku w świetle ochrony przy- is an example of an area where the bottom-up rody (Paleovolcanic occurrence in the Lower Silesia in approach to geoconservation, geoeducation and the light of nature protection). Ochrona Przyrody, 40, geotourism is consistently followed for over a de- 291–340. (In Polish with English summary). Hose, T.A. 2012. 3G’s for modern geotourism. Geoheritage, cade. Volcanic geosites are the principal assets of 4, 7–24. the region and future efforts should be focused Migoń, P., Pijet-Migoń, E. 2016. Overlooked geomorpho- on their proper documentation and development logical component of volcanic geoheritage – diversity for tourism purposes, without jeopardizing their and perspectives for tourism industry, Pogórze Kacza- geoheritage values. The current experience shows wskie region, SW Poland. Geoheritage, 8, 333–350. that two main issues to resolve are providing easy Pijet-Migoń, E. 2016. Geoturystyka – nowe możliwości wy- and safe access and to combat uncontrolled veg- korzystania dziedzictwa Ziemi w turystyce. Studium etation growth which in the humid temperate en- przypadku Krainy Wygasłych Wulkanów w Sudetach Zachodnich (Geotourism – new opportunities to use geo- vironment of Poland can quickly hide valuable heritage for tourism development. Case study of Land of natural features. Extinct Volcanoes in the West Sudetes). Ekonomiczne Problemy Turystyki, 1 (33), 301–312. (In Polish with En- glish summary).

136 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

Brymbo: Derelict former steelworks to internationally important geoconservation and geotourism site

Raymond Roberts

Natural Resources Wales, Chester Road, Buckley, CH7 3AJ, UK; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: fossil forest, geoconservation, geotourism

Introduction: Brymbo Fossil Forest is a relatively cation by local geologists, the developers stopped small area of Duckmantian age (Carboniferous) excavating this area and agreed to safeguard the deposits near Wrexham, North Wales, which has fossil forest as part of the wider Heritage Area. The been safeguarded by Natural Resources Wales un- Heritage Area also comprises a suite of industrial der UK legislation as a Site of Special Scientific buildings recording more than 200 years of min- Interest (SSSI). During reclamation of the vast for- eral exploitation, including a blast furnace from the mer steelworks in 2005 excavations revealed a rich 1790s, a foundry, pattern shop and coal mine. area of exceptionally preserved fossil plants. The flora included Calamites, Stigmaria and lycophytes Conservation challenges: Since its discovery the in growth position, together with a varied com- main challenges have been not only how to protect pression flora of ferns, cones, fruiting bodies and this fragile fossil resource but also how to make the leaves (Appleton et al. 2011). Planning permission site accessible for researchers and visitors. Threats had been granted to completely excavate the site to include the weather. Coal Measure deposits are provide clean overburden to cap the contaminated particularly susceptible to weathering (Thomas areas of the site. However, following the discovery 2016), illicit collecting and vandalism. Parts of the of numerous large lycophytes and their identifi- site were covered by geotextile and sand in 2006,

Fig. 1. Lepidodendron and Stigmaria of a giant clubmoss revealed during excavations at the Brymbo Steelworks in 2005 where a section of the ‘trunk’ has already been removed. The complete fossil was removed to a secure location to protect from vandals and the weather, and allow conservation work prevent further deterioration of the specimen. This specimen was the highlight of an exhibition in the local museum and will form the centrepiece of on-site interpretation when the project develops. Photograph by Peter Appleton.

137 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 but it was prohibitively expensive to cover the pound funding to develop the concept of a world whole site and further protection measures were class visitor attraction to interpret the 300 mil- needed. The importance of the fossils was rec- lion year old story of the Carboniferous plants and ognised almost immediately, and the site was reg- industrial heritage at Brymbo. The development istered as a Regionally Important Geodiversity Site of the site as a financially viable and sustainable soon after its discovery, included in the Geological visitor attraction is now in sight. Recent funding Conservation Review (GCR) in 2013 (Cleal, has allowed the employment of staff who will lead Thomas 1995) and notified as a SSSI in 2015, con- on the development of the fossil forest, including firming its national importance and providing pro- the construction of a building over part of the site, tection under UK legislation. There have already a collecting strategy and the development of edu- been significant discoveries at the site (Thomas cational resources. 2013; Thomas, Seyfullah 2015), but following noti- References fication of the site it was decided that there would be no further excavation until a permanent solu- Cleal, C.J., Thomas, B.A. 1995. Palaeozoic palaeobotany of Great Britain. The Geological Conservation Review tion was found to cover the site. Material already Series, 9, pp. 1–295. Chapman and Hall; London. collected and rescued from the site (see Fig. 1) was Appleton, P., Malpas, J., Thomas, B.A., Cleal, C.J. 2011. The moved to the National Museum Wales (NMW) for Brymbo Fossil Forest. Geology Today, 27, 109–113. specialist conservation work (Appleton et al. 2015; Thomas, B.A. 2013. In situ stems: preservation states and Roberts et al. 2016). Other protective measures growth habits of the Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) included security fencing which was paid for by calamitaleans based upon new studies of Calamites Natural Resources Wales (NRW) through a SSSI Sternberg, 1820 in the Duckmantian at Brymbo, North management agreement with the landowner. Wales, UK. Palaeontology, 57, 21–36. Appleton, P., Buttler, C., Roberts, R. 2015 Making the most World-class visitor attraction: A key part of of Brymbo’s plant fossils. Earth Heritage Magazine, 43, protecting the fossil resource at Brymbo has been 7–9. Thomas, B. 2015. Stigmaria Brongniart: a new specimen the strong community engagement, support by na- from Duckmantian (Lower Pennsylvanian) Brymbo tional agencies such as NRW, NMW, Wrexham (Wrexham, North Wales) together with a review of County Borough Council and the involvement known casts and how they are preserved. Geological of key academics. All parties, including major Magazine, 152, 871–901 funders such as the Heritage Lottery Fund, rec- Roberts, R., Appleton, P., Buttler, C. 2016. Root and branch ognise that the fossil forest is the unique selling reform for Brymbo fossil. Earth Heritage Magazine, 45, point of the Heritage Area and the importance of 7–9. Thomas, B.A. 2016. A Carboniferous Fossil Forest in North covering the site to allow safe and protected exca- Wales: Problems and Potentials Associated with Devel- vation of the finite resource. It is this partnership oping and Conserving a ‘Soft-Rock’ Site. Geoheritage, and a clear vision that has secured multi-million 8 (4), 401–406.

138 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

Geological context of geosites

Afat Serjani

ProGEO, Albania; e-mail: [email protected]

Key words: Albania, geosites, geological context

In this presentation I will be concentrating in geo- General features of the geology of Albania are logical context of geological sites in Albania, during conditioned by the evolution during the past geo- all past geological periods. General features of the logical periods, together with neighboring coun- geology of Albania are conditioned by the history of tries, with which it has shared the continuation the evolution together with neighboring countries. of tectogenesis, magmatic, geological structures, The geodiversity concept includes geological paleogeography, sedimentary sequences, and met- and geomorphologic aspect of the natural heritage, amorphic processes. while geological sites represent rare, unique, and The oldest geosites in Albania were formed pattern unrepeatable phenomena, reflecting during during Silurian–Ordovician, when Albanian ter- a separate geological period, in a separate territory, ritory was part of Gondwana. Traces of Hercynian the history of the Earth Crust. Geological sites tectogenesis during late Paleozoic are found in can be grouped according their values in global, Korabi (Pelagonian) and Gashi zones, represented continental, regional, national and local ones. by Permian sequences of reddish conglomerates Geomorphologic geosites and landforms constitute known as ‘Verucano Serie’ in Northern Italy. the largest group, may be in every country, and That period coincides in time with the division of they are used for tourism and geotourism, because Pangea by Hercynian Appalachian System. they first of all reflect aesthetic view (Serjani et During Triassic–Lower Jurassic period in all al. 2003). Geological and geomorphologic context over nowadays Mediterranean territories, were of every geosite, in most cases it is not known, or formed carbonate rocks. Albanian territory was not discovered. That is why we think, that it is the located at the division contact of Pangea, between time to put an innovative approach of concepts of two orogenic belts. To this period belong Triassic geoheritage and geotourism. Last years, for the the first findings of ammonites in Kcira, Puka re- first time in Albania, the concept of geo-eco-sys- gion (Nopsca 1911). Albanian territory was in an tems was appeared (Serjani 2011). According to extension stage, and some underwater break in this concept the special areas, where are located sedimentation, ‘Hard Ground’ type geosites were together, geodiversity and biodiversity can be de- formed, in Ionian, and in Albanian Alps zones. fined and named as geo-eco-systems. The promo- In Albania there are found traces of the tion of the new concepts linked with geodiversity Hercinian tectogenesis, while the Alpine tectogen- within ProGEO members and commonly in soci- esis, during which were formed the most part of ety we consider a current duty. geological sites, is expressed in full its form. Albania, due to its geographical and geologi- During Cimmerian Orogeny, were formed cal position in Eastern Alpine Mediterranean Belt, Mirdita ophiolites, representing a laboratory for and due to its young mountainous relief, it is rich study of magmatic and volcanic rocks. In Mirdita in special geological phenomena, which constitute ophiolite zone there are found and documented geological sites. They not can be repeated. They many geological sites of the regional importance. must be discovered, documented in scientific man- Mirdita ophiolites are of classical stratification. ner, used and protected. The first impression when Mantel harzburgite-dunite of the Eastern Belt is we are watching a geological site it is to imagine rich in chromite ore, where is prospected and ex- his history of the past, his back ground. ploring Bulqiza chromite deposit, a unique geosite, On 2014 I have done new list of geosites in concerning the morphology of folded ore body. In Albania (Serjani 2014). There are in total 582 geo- Mirdita zone there are located regional geosites: logical sites, from which were selected 60 geologi- Gzhiq-Shenmeri oceanic spreading, represented cal sites of regional importance. by volcanic rocks with pillow lavas, Gjegjan-

139 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Kalimash-Runa petrologic sequences of ultra basic large White Mountain and Bellova salt domes of and basic rocks, one of best sections amongst the regular isometric form, rounded by flysch forma- Mediterranean and Alpine chains from Pyreneans tion, while, in Ionian zone, the evaporate eruption to Pamir and Himalayan (Serjani 1967), Bregu (pier cement) happened mainly along with longitu- Bibes as a typically genetic association of PGE and dinal faults, into their crossing knots with regional Fe-Ni-Cu-Cr, Kaçinar-Munella-Domgjon sheeted transverse ones. Just in tectonic knots were formed dyke complex, Derveni eglogites, which can be salt diapirs in Ionian zone, and volcanic and meta- compared with outcrops in Algeria and Morocco, morphic rocks, representing single example all over Gziqi-Shenpal radiolarite beds of oceanic crust, Ionian zone in Albania and Greece. representing the top of magmatic activity in The most part of geomorphologic sites and Mirdita zone (Serjani, Neziraj 2000). landscapes in Albania were formed during late Alpine tectogenesis, beginning since the Early tectonic and new tectonic stage, which have Neogen, it is represented and documentated widely played main role in uplifting and relief formation in all territory of Albania. Molases of Pre Adriatic Geological-geomorphologic sites, which constitute Depression (PAD) and inner depressions in Mirdita the biggest group, there were formed during four zone, are a rare example all over Mediterranean. main geomorphologic cycles, given in details in Dinaride-Albaniade-Hellenice folded Belt, was this presentation. compressed between Balkanides east and Apulian microplate west. Submeridional geological struc- References tures there are crossed by the Shkoder-Peja (Scutari- Nopcsa, F. 1929. Geographie und Geologie Nordalbanien. Pec) transversal fault, which divided Dinarides Geologica Hungarica, Series Geologica, 3, 1–704. north from Albanides-Helenides south. Shkoder- Serjani, A. 1967. Stratification of Kukesi ultrabasic massif. Peja fault it is thought to have been formed since Buletini Universitetit Shteteror Tirane, serie Shkencat the Kimmerigian phase of folding. By the influence Natyrore, 4, 60–71. of compression, on both sides of the Shkoder-Peja Serjani, A., Neziraj, A. 2000. The First Inventory of Geo- fault, huge foldings in Cukali Zone, north (Komani logical Sites of Albania, Abstract Book, p. 1–2. Edited by Peter Budil; Prague. tectonically-structural geosite), and in Kabashi ul- Serjani, A., Neziraj, A., Wimbledon, W.A.P., Onuzi, K., tramafic massif (Kabashi structural geosite), were Hallaci, H., Bushati, S. 2003. Geological Heritage Con- originated. servation and Geotourism in Albania, pp. 1–133. Marin The front of African foreland outcrops just in Barleti; Tirana. Llogara, where is the contact between African Plate Serjani, A. 2011. Limestone Aquifers and Karst Geo-Eco- (Adria Microplate) and Orogen, while in central and Systems in Albania. Proceedings of the 9th Conference on northern Albania there are documentated some re- Limestone Hydrogeology, Besançon, France, September 1–3, 2011, p. 443–446. gional overthrust tectonics of inner structures east Serjani, A. 2014. Regional Geological Sites of Albania. In: on the external structures west. The most part of Congress of Carpathian Balkan Geological Association them constitute geosites. In Korabi zone, evaporate Congress, Tirana, Albania, 24–26 September 2014, sheet tapers gently upward to the surface, forming p. 303–306.

140 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

‘Watch over a rock’, a Spanish programme towards geosite stewardship

Juana Vegas1, Ana Cabrera1, Ángel Prieto1, Andres Díez-Herrero1, Ángel García-Cortés1, Enrique Díaz-Martínez1, Luis Carcavilla1, Ángel Salazar1

1 Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: geoconservation, education, public, geosite, stewardship

Introduction: A public stewardship programme: to a regional coordinator (if already established) ‘Watch over a rock’ or ‘Adopt a rock’ is a national indicating the name of the volunteer and the iden- volunteering programme[1] established in 2017 by tification of the LIG; as soon as possible, the per- the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME) to promote son is contacted and requested to report on the the conservation of Spanish geoheritage through details of the incident through a form enabled for a follow-up stewardship system. The original that purpose; (3) To visit, at least once annually, idea was launched in 2011 at a local level by the the geological site of interest that is the object Geology Association of Segovia to promote the of the stewardship. IGME will ask all volunteers stewardship of geosites in this province (Vegas et once a year, between 1st of October and 30th of al. 2012; Díez-Herrero et al. 2012; Gutiérrez-Pérez November, their opinion on the state of conserva- et al. 2015), and now, under this new national pro- tion and the observation conditions regarding the gramme, it extends to all the Geological Sites of geosites they have adopted. Interest (LIG) in Spain undertaken by the institu- At the same time, in return for the volunteers, tion in charge of geoconservation at the national there are several benefits: (1) Technical advice level. Through a simple registration system, any for the presentation of allegations (legal charges) person may watch over a place of geological inter- against possible threats or incidents that volunteers est that, for its scientific, educational or touristic may have observed during their stewardship; (2) value, that person thinks it is worthwhile to be pre- Periodic information on talks, courses and meet- served. Their motivation to watch over it does not ings for the exchange of experiences, which will be matter: because it is close to their town or where organized for godparents, and last but not least (3) they spend vacations and go there frequently, be- The best reward that volunteers receive is knowing cause they have studied it, or simply because they that they are an active part of nature conserva- like it. Any reason is good to encourage them to tion and that their task and efforts are recognized do so. Once they accept being a ‘godfather or god- and acknowledged in the National Inventory of mother of a rock’ (strict translation of the Spanish Geological Sites of Interest (IELIG). motto ‘Apadrina una roca’), they accept a min- Organization and national coordination: To sign imum commitment with the LIG, which greatly up for the program, volunteers only have to search helps its conservation: they must watch over the in the geosite (LIG) database of IGME, select on site and care for it. the map the LIG they want to protect, and click on A personal compromise towards geoconserva- the ‘Apadrina’ button. This takes them to a simple tion: Each person accepting to watch over a geo- registration form, in which they only have to pro- site contributes to ensure its conservation with vide some basic data. The program is applicable to the following compromises: (1) To accept the reg- most geosites but not all of them, as some LIG are ulation of norms and obligations that imply to be confidential and information on their location is registered as a volunteer in the programme; (2) not readily available to the public. To inform IGME of any threat or incident that The coordination of the program is carried out may occur at the site; if any anomaly is detected, from the Department of Geological Heritage and such as e.g. destruction or plundering of miner- Mining Heritage of the Geological Survey of Spain als or fossils, the volunteer should write to an (IGME) in a generic way for the national territory, e-mail address ([email protected]) and and by the regional authorities in those regions

141 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

(autonomous communities) that have adhered to it. References At the moment, out of the four regions that have Díez-Herrero, A., Gutiérrez-Pérez, I., Vegas Salamanca, J. an official inventory incorporated into the IELIG 2012. ‘Apadrina una roca’, una iniciativa de voluntariado (Catalonia, Andalusia, the Basque Country, and popular para la conservación del patrimonio geológico. Aragon), the LIG located in the autonomous com- Geo-Temas, 13 (1–4), p. 388. munities of Andalusia and the Basque Country can Gutiérrez-Pérez, I., Díez-Herrero, A., Vegas, J. 2015. En- already be adopted. In the remaining 13 Spanish señanzas de los tres primeros años de funcionamien- to de la iniciativa de geoconservación ‘Apadrina una autonomous communities, and Ceuta and Melilla, roca’. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, 18, 251–256. it will also soon be possible to adopt LIG, but in Vegas, J., Gutiérrez Pérez, I., Díez-Herrero, A. 2012. ‘Apa- these cases the management belongs to IGME. In drina una roca’, una iniciativa de voluntariado popular those cases in which the autonomous community para la conservación del patrimonio geológico. 11o Con- of the LIG to adopt has its own incident manage- greso Nacional de Medio Ambiente (CONAMA 2012), ment system, the volunteer person is redirected to Madrid, p. 16. their web page through a link, and the alerts and Internet sources follow-up reports are managed directly by the re- [1] Patrimonio Geológico y Minero, http://www.igme.es/pa- gional administration. trimonio/ApadrinaUnaRoca.htm

142 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

POSTERS

Assessment of the geological heritage tourism value in the Peneda-Gerês National Park (Northern Portugal): a site selection

Andreia Afonso, Paulo Pereira

Earth Sciences Institute, Pole of the University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: geological heritage, geodiversity, geosites, tourism value, assessment, Peneda-Gerês National Park, Portugal

Geological and geomorphological settings: million years, influenced by the nearby Atlantic Peneda-Gerês National Park (PGNP) is the only Ocean humidity. national park of the highest status for protected The geodiversity is also the basis of the rich bio- areas in Portugal. It was classified and established diversity in the region. Several endemic plant and in 1971, on the area of 70,920 ha, where remark- animal species and the landscape related with the able geological, biological, and cultural features geodiversity features make the PGNP area worth appear. The park extend through Peneda, Amarela the status of national park and a reference in nature and Gerês mountains and through five municipal- tourism attractiveness scale, both at national and ities, namely Melgaço, Arcos de Valdevez, Ponte international level. da Barca, Terras de Bouro and Montalegre. The Aims: Organizing and regulating the increasing highest point is in the Gerês Mountain and reaches nature tourism activities in PGNP are therefore 1,545 m a.s.l. Granitic rocks formed during the relevant management tasks. The need to preserve Variscan Orogeny (290–296 Ma ago) predomi- the most valuable geoheritage features requires nate in the geology of the park. Within that, the to focus tourism activities in places where po- Peneda-Gerê s is the most representative granitic tential damages can be contained or minimized. pluton there in the park. The massif is poorly cov- Therefore, the tourism value of PGNP geological ered by vegetation and it is chacterised by vigor- heritage is being assessed and this work presents ous landforms. Some intrusive rocks (for example the first results of this assessment, namely the se- pegmatites) occur in narrow areas of the granite lection of geosites with the highest potential tour- massifs, as dykes and sills, crosscutting the over- ism value. lying rocks. In the past, mining exploration of tin, tungsten, molybdenum and gold was undertaken Discussion: The scarce number of works regard- in these dykes leading to the destruction of a sig- ing the tourism value assessment may reflect a nificant part of the mineralogical heritage of the little attention given to this subject in geoconser- park. An intense network of fractures and weath- vation or geotourism topics. Our approach follows ering of granite rocks forms various landforms these proposals with emphasis on some specific of different size and shape (tors, gnammas, cas- criteria for geosites evaluation in terms of tour- tle-kopje, bornhardts). The main faults and frac- istic use (i.e. accessibility, visibility, safety, sig- ture systems are also related with the occurrence nage, cleanliness, logistics, current use) (Pereira, of hot springs inside the PGNP area. Typical gla- Pereira 2012; Gonçalves 2014; Viveiros 2016). A cial landforms occur as cirques (e.g. Coucelinho), comprehensive inventory of the PGNP geologi- U-shaped valleys (e.g. Homem, Alto Vez, Ribeira cal heritage doesn’t exist. There exist inventories das Negras), polished and striated granite surfaces carried on previously in the PGNP that refer only and several moraines. These are evidences of the to a part of the territory, or only to a certain type low altitude glaciations that occurred in the north- of geological heritage, such as geomorphosites. west of the Iberian Peninsula during the last 1.8 Therefore, a list of 170 sites was selected, based on

143 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 these inventories and a quantitative assessment for tative assessment will be carried on in a future, each site has been made. to determine possible valorisation procedures and geoconservation strategies. Results: Five criteria have been then applied, namely: (1) Presence of visitors during summer- References time or in footpath activities; (2) Promotion on institutional or tourism webpages and blogs; (3) Gonçalves, B. 2014. Avaliaç ã o do valor turí stico dos geo- References and promotion in publications such as ssí tios do Geoparque Terras de Cavaleiros, Master The- sis in Geological Heritage and Geoconservation, pp. leaflets, brochures, tourism guides and books; (4) 1–122. University of Minho. (In Portuguese). Promotion in PGNP and municipality interpretative Pereira, P., Pereira, D.I. 2012. Assessment of geosites tour- centers; (5) Aesthetics of the site. The latter one, be- ism value in geoparks: the example of Arouca Geopark ing a very subjective criterion, is considered essen- (Portugal). In: A. Sá, D. Rocha, A. Paz, V. Correia (Eds), tially for the landscape and photographic potential Proceedings of the 11th European Geoparks Conference, of the sites. Each criterion was assessed and scored Arouca, Portugal, September 19–21, 2012, p. 231–232. with 0 to 5 points with a maximum of 25 points per Associaç ã o Geoparque Arouca; Arouca. site. A number of 19 sites obtained a score of 15 Viveiros, C. 2016. Geotourism value of the Golden Geopark of Lapland (Finland) sites: assessment and promotion, or more points, being selected due to their highest Master Thesis in Geosciences, pp. 1–196. University of potential tourism value. A more detailed quanti- Minho.

144 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

Conservation and sustainable recreational use of unique ecosystems of the Burabay State National Nature Park (Northern Kazakhstan)

Farida Akiyanova1, Fariza Adilbekova1, Aksholpan Atalikhova1, Zulfira Jussupova1, Aliya Simbatova1, Maxim Dolbeshkin1, Nurzhan Akishev1

1 International Science Complex ‘Astana’, Kabanbay Batyr av. 8, of. 404, Z05HOT3 Astana, Kazakhstan; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Natural Park, forest ecosystems, tourism, sustainable development

Current situation: One of the International Union the mountain forest ecosystems of - for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) guidelines for Borovoye Resort Area as shown by the moni- the management of protected areas is a necessity toring results of the Republican State Enterprise of preservation their landscape features, geology ‛Kazhydromet’ (2017)[2]. Several ecological risks and geomorphology. The Burabay National Park have been detected in this area. They are the fol- (, Northern Kazakhstan) opened lowing ones: in 2000, directly meets these principles. It is un- Air, water and soil pollution. Despite of the usual geological and geomorphological area in fact that the air pollution is on a low level, an ex- the steppe zone which includes Middle Paleozoic cess of the maximum permissible concentration granite massif with a system of freshwater and (MPC) for individual elements has been observed. saltwater lakes and relict mountain forest ecosys- Observations of water quality of ten Shchuchinsk- tems with a high biological diversity (Akiyanova Borovoye Resort Area lakes have revealed in them 1998). The recreational and therapeutic potential an excess of the MPC, ranging from a moderate to of the territory has been noticed in the last century, extremely high pollution level. Additionally, some but increase of tourist and recreational use, accom- disturbances of lakes hydrological regime have panied by uncontrolled exploitation and excessive been observed. Soils studies have shown an excess anthropogenic pressure on natural ecosystems, has of the MPC of heavy metal pollution in Borovoye been observed during the last 20–25 years. For and Shchuchinsk lakes shores in the spring and purposes of unique ecosystems sustainable man- autumn seasons. agement, the Shchuchinsk-Borovoye Resort Area The relict mountain forests degradation prob- with a total area of 159.9 thousand hectares was lem. The decrease in forest area had been driven established in 2005. Since that time the number by the human activities such as forest felling, fires, of visitors has been increasing by 10–15% per grazing and recreation, resulting in forest areas [1] year, and in 2016–2017 it has risen up to 25% . significant decrease and turning into the sparse Visitors, who did not use the official placements woods or even disappearance. Relict and unique services, are not included in this statistics. In ac- forest ecosystems restoration is a complex and cordance with the Shchuchinsk-Borovoye Resort time-consuming process. For example, it took 500 Area development plan for 2020, it is planned to years to restore relict boxwood forests in Russia. develop intensively a tourist infrastructure in aim Biodiversity conservation problem. A num- to increase the flow of tourists. This will lead to ber of 840 species of embryophytes grow on the undesired ecological pressure. Considering the fact territory of Burabay National Park, about 100 of that the ecosystems involved in the tourist – recre- them require protection and 11 are listed in the ational process vary in resistance to anthropogenic Red Book of Kazakhstan. There are 279 species of impact, it is necessary to calculate recreational ca- vertebrates growing in Burabay National Park, of pacity of the Shchuchinsk-Borovoye Resort Area which 15 species need special protection, including in order to ensure its adequate use for years. 11 ‘Red Book’ species. Ecological risks: The intense development of tour- Impact of climate change. Global climate change ist infrastructure has had a negative influence on affects the environment and ecosystems of the

145 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 territory of Shchuchinsk-Borovoye Resort Area. mendations for sustainable nature management Observations of the climatic conditions show an with a focus on the development of recreation increasing trend of average annual ground air tem- and tourism will be formulated for Shchuchinsk- perature, from October to July. In addition, forest Borovoye Resort Area by the research group. The felling caused by storm force winds, has become recommendations will be introduced in Burabay more frequent. National Park and regional government bod- ies. The geoportal ‘Ecosystems of Shchuchinsk- Sustainable nature management recommen- Borovoye Resort Area: monitoring, conservation, dations: Shchuchinsk-Borovoye Resort Area is tourist and recreational use’ will be created by the a unique sanatorium, resort and recreational area research group as a digital information resource for with well-preserved landscapes of the past. It is the development of tourism. an invaluable ecosystem capital and has a high investment potential. To solve aforementioned en- vironmental risks, the scientific research is carried References out in aim to: (1) Assess the current state of eco- Akiyanova, F. 1998. Modern geomorphogenesis and relief- systems; (2) Assess the level of current ecological forming processes of Borovsky Massif of . In: loads and the degree of anthropogenic disturbance I. Severskiy (Ed.), Geographical bases of sustainable de- of ecosystems; (3) Determine their ecological and velopment of the Republic of Kazakhstan, p. 333–338. Gylym; Almaty. recreational capacity, and the optimal tourist load; and (4) Preserve and protect the ecosystems. Internet sources The research uses a complex ecosystem ap- [1] proach that allows to consider interrelation and Committee on Statistics of the Ministry of National Econ- omy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2017. Information interaction between some components of the bulletin on the activities of placements in the Republic of Shchuchinsk-Borovoye Resort Area natural envi- Kazakhstan for January–September 2017, pp. 1–26. http:// ronment. The proposed ecosystem approach allows stat.gov.kz/faces/wcnav_externalId/homeNumbersTour- to preserve and reasonably use the unique ecosys- ism?lang=ru&_afrLoop=9212926803601036#%40%3F_ tems of the Shchuchinsk-Borovoye Resort Area at afrLoop%3D9212926803601036%26lang%3Dru%26_ present and in the future. Analysis of the distribu- adf.ctrl-state%3D121pq8m7aw_111. [2] tion of ecological and recreational loads in different Republican State Enterprise ‛Kazhydromet’ of the Min- istry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2017. In- seasons in relation to climate changes, will allow to formation bulletin on the state of the environment of the normalize the tourist pressure during the year. Shchuchinsk-Borovoye resort area, 6, pp. 1–176. https:// Based on the research results, a set of recom- kazhydromet.kz/en/bulleten/okrsreda?year=2017.

146 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

Geosites of the Sakhalin and Moneron: geotourism development

Аntonina А. Alenicheva1, Ljudmila R. Semenova1

1 A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny prospect 74, St. Petersburg, Russia; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Sakhalin, Moneron, Russia, volcanic landscapes, geotourism

Introduction: The paper presents the geological as tectonic and hydrogeological geosite. It is a flat heritage sites of Sakhalin and Moneron islands as a cone of methane and carbon dioxide ejection. Mud basis for promoting scientific and educational pro- volcano is composed of mudstones, siltstones and grams and geotourism development. Sakhalin is a sandstones containing fragments of the Upper large Russian island in the North Pacific Ocean. It Cretaceous ammonite shells. There are several gas is located in the Far East of Russia between 45°50’ conduction cones with griffins in the central part and 54°24’ N. Various natural objects: mud volca- of the volcanic construction. ‘Breathing’ craters noes, thermal springs, waterfalls and quaint rocks rise above the ground only 20–40 cm. The tem- on Sakhalin are recognized as objects of geologi- perature of the mud mass is not higher than the cal heritage (geosites) and have a protected status temperature of the surrounding soil. The last vol- (Karpunin et al. 1998). The most significant of cano eruption was recorded relatively recently – in them were officially registered by a Sakhalin re- June 2011. gional government of the Russian Federation as Moneron geosites: Moneron Island is Russia’s first regional nature monuments. Moneron Island is a marine natural park that received a protected sta- small island located in the Tartar Strait. Moneron tus in 1995. This natural park is an environmental (7.2 km long and 5.6 km wide) is about 44 km west and scientific research site, which is regulated by from the nearest coast of Sakhalin. the Federal Law ‘On Specially Protected Natural Sakhalin geosites: Yuzhno-Sakhalin mud volcano Territories’. The Moneron Island biological diversity has special educational and scientific importance represented by marine fauna is of particular value.

Fig. 1. Extrusion basalt columnar jointing of the Moneron Island. Photograph by Antonina A. Aleni cheva.

147 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Objects of geological heritage of thr Moneron Island any viewing platforms nor on-site interpretive pan- are not less valuable and need conservation. Miocene els for explains the nature of geology. Volcanic ar- and Pliocene volcanic rocks are involved in the geo- eas with unique landscapes are available for study logical structure of the Moneron Island. During the and observation mainly to a small circle of experts: Moneron Expedition carried out in 2016 by Russian geologists, scientists and rare tourists. The devel- Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI[1]), the au- opment of geological tourism requires support at thor and her colleagues performed a geological route the federal level. across the island. They examined volcanic bedrock and made sampling for the analytical investigation. References The geological sites of the Moneron Island represent Karpunin, A.M., Mamonov, C.V., Mironenko, O.A., Sokolov, various geomorphological types. There is a variety A.R. 1998. In: V.P. Orlov (Ed.), Geological Nature Monu- of volcanic landforms on the island: basalt dikes and ments of Russia. Natural heritage of Russia, pp. 1–295. extrusions, and the basalt columnar jointing (Fig. 1). Lorien Publisher; Saint Petersburg. (In Russian). There are beach placers of agates on the Sivych Zharov, A.E. 2001. Russian Federation State Geological Map Cape, products of the Neogene hydrothermal activ- at a scale of 1:200,000. Nomenclature Sheets L-54-X– ity (Zharov 2001). XII, XVI–XVIII, XXII, XXIII. Explanatory Notes. St. Petersburg. Conclusions: Tourist complex was opened on the Moneron Island in 2008, yet at present, geotourism Internet sources is not well developed. Geosites are not equipped of [1] www.vsegei.ru

148 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

The establishment of geoconservation standards: the ProGEO glossary of geoconservation terms

José Brilha

University of Minho, Earth Sciences Department, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geoconservation, terminology, standards, geoheritage

The recent comprehensive book about geoheritage and in 2017 the leaflet ‘Geodiversity, geoheritage edited by Reynard and Brilha (2018) presents a and geoconservation: the ProGEO simple guide’ compilation of chapters written by geoconserva- (available in the same website in English, French, tionists from all over the world. Some of the chap- and Spanish versions). Both documents present ters clearly show that the scientific terminology some of the main concepts used in geoconserva- used by this community is still not uniform. It is tion and that could be accepted by the international possible to get the same perception in international community. meetings, such as the International Geological In order to expand this work, the Executive Congress (IUGS), the General Assembly of the Committee of ProGEO has started the preparation European Geosciences Union, or the International of a glossary of geoconservation terms in April Conferences on UNESCO Global Geoparks. This 2016. Since that time, members of this committee situation is due to the fact that geoconservation is have been participating actively in e-mail discus- still a young branch of geosciences, with a small sions, not only to select which terms should be scientific community and with a low number of included in the glossary, but also to write the most scientific organisations dealing with this topic appropriate definitions. Rapidly it was revealed (Henriques, Brilha 2011). that, even inside this committee, there were di- The European Association for the Conservation vergent views about certain definitions. This was of Geological Heritage (ProGEO) is one of the few a clear sign that such a glossary is really needed, organisations in the world dedicated to geocon- not only for the international community but also servation. In spite being a European NGO, today to set a common language inside ProGEO. Before ProGEO is recognised worldwide. The vast ex- publish a final version, a draft of this glossary will perience of ProGEO and of its members can be be distributed to the association’s membership in used to contribute to the establishment of a com- order to receive eventual improvements. mon terminology of geoconservation terms. Such a The celebration in 2018 of the 25th anniversary glossary in English language (later translated into of the formal foundation of ProGEO could be a other languages) can be an effective contribution great opportunity for this NGO to offer a gift to the for the setup of international geoconservation stan- international geoconservation community. dards, to be adopted in the future by all relevant organisations that are active on geoconservation. References A preliminary work has already started in Henriques, M.H., Brilha, J. 2017. UNESCO Global Geo- ProGEO. In 2011, ProGEO has published the doc- parks: a strategy towards global understanding and sus- ument ‘Conserving our shared geoheritage – a tainability. Episodes, 40 (4), 349–355. protocol on geoconservation principles, sustain- Reynard, E., Brilha, J. (Eds) 2018. Geoheritage: assessment, able site use, management, fieldwork, fossil and protection and management, pp. 1–450. Elsevier; Am- mineral collecting’ (available at www.progeo.ngo) sterdam.

149 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

3D geological models for promoting geoheritage: the Messinian atoll reef of Santa Pola (SE Spain)

Hugo Corbí1, Francisco Asensio-Montesinos2, Antonio Abellán3, Vicent Pardo4, Javier Martínez-Martínez5

1 Department of Earth Sciences and the Environment, University of Alicante, Apdo. Correos 99, 03080 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Cádiz University, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 3 School of Earth and Environment, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, UK; e-mail: [email protected] 4 Department of Marine Science and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Apdo. Correos 99, 03080 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 5 Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geoheritage, 3D Geomodel, outreach, coral reef, Mediterranean area

Introduction: The Messinian coral reef (atoll type) packstones developed in front of the channels; (2) of Santa Pola cape (province of Alicante, SE Spain, The reef slope – which spreads from the reef front western Mediterranean area) is one of the most rele- to the ancient open platform; it coincides with the vant geosites from the Neogene record of southeast- current slope, and thus the deposits are partially ern Spain (Corbí, Yébenes 2012; Corbí et al. 2018). covered by rocks fallen in more recent times in Its scientific and didactic value has been reported subaerial conditions; and (3) Lagoon or back reef in various geosites inventories and catalogues: (1) zone – formed mostly by reef patches and calcaren- Geosite (Spanish Geosite Inventory (LIG) car- ites with Halimeda and bivalves. ried out by the Geological and Mining Institute of 3D geological models: In this contribution differ- Spain), and (2) Palaeontological catalogue of the ent 3D Geomodels have been developed in order Community of Valencia. The implemented quanti- to promote and disseminate to general public the tatively assessment methodologies recently carried significant geoscientific and didactic value of the out by Corbí et al. (2018) evidence that this excep- geosite. The implemented 3D Geomodels repre- tionally relevant scientific geosite also has a high sent the atoll coral reef at different scales (the best didactic and tourism-recreational potential. representative outcrop of the geosite and entire Geological context: The Santa Pola Messinian atoll structure); therefore different methodologies coral reef is located in the northern Bajo Segura have been carried out. For the first 3D Geomodel, basin, a western Mediterranean Neogene basin the combined analysis of the digital elevation of the eastern Betic Cordillera. The current relief model (MDT, 1 meter, LIDAR 2009, Generalitat shows the original morphology of the atoll, provid- Valenciana; Fig. 1A), the hydrographic network ing excellent outcrops where the three-dimensional through software Grass type tools, and directly geometry of the different parts of the coral reef can observational field data have been allowed to de- be recognized. In the reef complex, three sedimen- terminate the most interesting outcrop with more tary environments can be distinguished: (1) The use and outreach potential (Fig. 1B). In this outcrop reef front (semi-circular ledge defining Santa Pola a high-resolution 3D model has been implemented mountain) – has notable regularly spaced channels with the Structure from Motion (SFM) photogram- as well as regularly distributed buttresses along metric technique (Westboy et al. 2012); the data the entire reef crest; it is almost exclusively domi- have been processed with the Agisoft Photoscan nated by Porites genera, which assemblages show Professional program. The acquisition of high-reso- clear morphological zoning (dishes or plate-like lution images have been carried out with Remotely zone, branching zone of finger-like morphologies Piloted Aircraft Systems (Drone Phantom DJI 3 more or less branched, and massive coral zone); it Advanced). Respect the entire atoll structure, scale is especially noticeable that fan-shaped Halimeda 3D Geomodels artistically recreated has been de-

150 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

Fig. 1. A: Digital Elevation Model of the Santa Pola coral reef. In the upper part artistic recreation of the atoll. B: High resolution 3D model implemented with the Structure From Motion technique. C: 3D prints of the entire structure and the most relevant outcrop. D: Hand painted artistic recreations in plaster models of the coral reef. veloped (Fig. 1C–F). The 3D models have been excepcional. In: M.J. Sánchez (Coord.), Santa Pola. Ar- implemented with a 3D printer Vulcanus Max 40, queología y museo: Museos municipales en el MARQ, FDM, PLA material (Fig. 1C–D). After that, plas- pp. 96–101. Museo Arqueológico de Alicante-MARQ. ter 3D models have been artistically recreated by Corbí, H., Fierro, I., Aberasturi, A., Ferris, E.J.S. 2018. Po- tential use of a significant scientific geosite: The Mes- addressing their more geosedimentary features of sinian coral reef of Santa Pola (SE Spain). Geoheritage. the coral reef (Fig. 1E–F). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-017-0268-6 Westoby, M. J., Brasington, J., Glasser, N.F., Hambrey, M.J., References Reynolds, J.M. 2012. ‘Structure-from-Motion’ photo- Corbí, H., Yébenes, A. 2012. El arrecife de coral mes- grammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience ap- siniense de Santa Pola, un lugar geológico de interés plications. Geomorphology, 179, 300–314.

151 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Regional type-sections of GSSPs as Geological Heritage sites of practical importance

Ivan Yakovlevitch Gogin

A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny prospect 74, St. Petersburg, Russia; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geosites, geotourism, Russia, Eastern Siberia

Introduction: The stratigraphy team of Federal the extent that is necessary for modern geological State A. P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research mapping (1: 1,000, 000 and 1: 200,000), as well Institute (VSEGEI) has worked on classification as general mapping 1: 2,500,000; 1:5,000,000 and and detailed studies on regional type-sections of others used in international projects. The detailed Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points research on the boundary intervals of the stud- (GSSPs) for Phanerozoic of Russia (Koren 2009; ied sections helps to establish characteristics for Gogin et al. 2013). The stratigraphic levels chosen their accurate identification in remote regions and possess well-represented biotic and abiotic mark- boundary stratotypes themselves. Biozonal mark- ers. These markers are either identical or close to ers together with global and regional marker levels the criteria used for designation of International are used for this purpose. Stage boundaries stratotypes. These stratigraphic Brief geosites description: The Cambrian section levels are characterised in details in the Catalogue of Khos-Neleger river basin (Kharaulakh Range, and possess highly reliable correlative values. Eastern Siberia) is a typical representative of the They are regarded as Geological Heritage sites of regional type-section of GSSP (Lazarenko et al. practical importance. 2008). The section represents (Fig. 1): (1) The Stratigraphic discussion: The International lower boundary of the Guzhangian Stage which Stratigraphic Scale (ISC) is currently being sub- is defined by the first occurrence of the trilobite stantially modernised. For the Palaeozoic systems, species Lejopyge laevigata, at the base of Lejopyge the modern Global Scale is built from the ground. laevigata Zone. This stage corresponds to the most The boundaries of many ‘traditional’ stages have of the Mayan supra-regional and Chomurdach re- been re-defined. As a result Russian stratigraphic gional stage of GSS. Regionally it can be observed studies need to be focused on the correlation of within the lower part of Ogonyor Formation. the newly established global boundaries in dif- (2) The lower boundary of Paibian Stage, the ferent sections across various biogeographic, pa- base of Kutugun Regiostage GSS and the base of laeogeographic and facial regions in the country. Glyptagnostus retiсulatus Zone (Upper Cambrian), This work is crucial in particular for geological is defined by the first occurrence of the trilobite mapping and palaeogeographic and geodynamic species Glyptagnostus retiсulatus. The boundary is regionally represented in the middle part of the reconstructions in various basins which stratig- Ogonyor Formation section. (3) The lower bound- raphy has been based so far on the regional strati- ary of Yanshagian Stage (Upper Cambrian) is de- graphic schemes. In order to correlate interna- fined by the first occurrence of the trilobite species tional standard and regional scales, it is suggested Agnostotes orientalis. It is regionally represented to develop the system of regional type-sections in the upper part of Ogonyor Formation. of GSSPs chosen from the best studied sections in different regions of the country. The stage Conclusions: The regional type-sections of GSSPs boundaries of General Stratigraphic Scale (GSS) have the obvious value for the standard geological in these type-sections are defined according to mapping. They can and should be considered in the the same criteria as used for designation boundary category of significant Geological Heritage sites. stratotypes. This procedure helps to improve the They should be monitored, protected and made correspondence of regional stratigraphic units to accessible for scientific tourism.

152 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

Biostratigraphy Thelevel s Russian Global ofproposed Regional Chronostrati- Regional Agnostoid Polymerid Metres

type sections of Beds graphy trilobites

Standard Permian trilobites GSSPs 54 Parabolinites 53 levis Beds 52 Stage 10 Lotagnostus 400 51 americanus 50 Zone 49

350 48 47 Parabolinites 46 Khos-Nelegerian rectus Zone Regiostage 45 44 43 Plicatolina 300 42 41 Jiang- perlata Zone

Upper Cambrian) 40 ( shanian 39 Stage 38 Maladioidella 37 abdita Zone 250 36 35 Agnostotes Ag.- orientalis 34 orientalis Zone Irvingella Zone Level 3 33 32

200 31 Furongian Series Kutugunian Eugonocare 3029 Regiostage (Pseud- 28 eugonocare) Paibian Ogon’or Formation 27 Stage borealis Zone 26 150 25 24 Glyptagnostus 23 1 22 21 reticulatus Zone 20 Level 2 1918 G. stolidotus Zone 1716 Chomurdakhian 15 2

Clavagnostus 100 Regiostage 14 spinosus Zone 13 Proagnostus 1112 bulbus Zone 10 3 Guzhangian 9 Stage 8 7 Lejopyge 50 6 Mayan 5 4 Supra-regional laevigata Zone 4 stage 3 Undefined Series Level 1 2 Anomocarioides Drumian limbataeformis 0 1 5 Stage Zone

Fig. 1. The proposed correlation of the global chronostratigraphic subdivisions of the Cambrian system and Russian regional standard of the Cambrian in Eastern Siberia, indicating position of the levels of regional type-sec- tions of GSSPs. Explanations: 1 – alternation of laminated mudstone to shale, with minor chert and pyrite, terrig- enous-carbonate siltstone and distal carbonate turbidite; 2 – dark-grey wavy limy mud-wackestone with greenish siltstone and argillaceous laminas; 3 – greenish-grey argillaceous-dolomitic wackestone with silty lens-nodular limestone; 4 – marl, argillite and lens-nodular wackestone; 5 – lime mass-flow conglomeratic breccia.

References Lazarenko, N.P., Gogin, I.Ya., Pegel, T.V., Sukhov, S.S., Abaimova, G.P., Egorova, L.I., Fedorov, A.B., Raevska- Koren, T. N. 2009. International stratigraphic scale of Pre- ya, E.G., Ushatinskaya, G.T. 2008. Cambrian stratigra- cambrian and Phanerozoic: principles of construction phy of the northeastern Siberian Platform and potential and the current state, pp. 1–35. VSEGEI; St. Petersburg. stratotypes of lower boundaries of the proposed Upper (In Russian). Cambrian Chekurovian and Nelegerian stages in the Gogin, I.Ya., Kossovaja, O.L., Kotlar, G.V. 2013. Problems Ogon’or Formation section at the Khos-Nelege River. of regional stratigraphy and updating general strati- In: A.Yu. Rozanov, A.I. Varlamov (Eds), The Cambrian graphic scale associated with the development of new System of the Siberian Platform, 2, North-east of the Si- generation of geological maps. In: General stratigraphic berian Platform, p. 60–139. Paleontological Institute of scale of Russia: current state and ways of perfection, Russian Academy of Science; Moscow – Novosibirsk. p. 23–24. Geological Institue of RAS; Moscow.

153 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Erratic boulders in Świętokrzyskie Region and their geotouristic potential

Maria Górska-Zabielska1, Kinga Witkowska1, Magdalena Pisarska1, Rafał Musiał1

1 Instytut Geografii, Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Scandinavian erratics, geoconservation, geoeducation, geotourism

Goals: The poster presents some Scandinavian er- The surveyed persons have noticed the inan- ratics that show evidence of abiotic heritage and imate nature most often during holidays; some- are the element of geodiversity of Świętokrzyskie times it happened that they had been aware of their region. The boulders have different significance presence (e.g. monuments of inanimate nature) in and play diversified role: cognitive, educational, their immediate surroundings. Unfortunately, the cultural, geoconservational, aesthetic and geotour- respondents’ knowledge about the importance of istic. Some examples of the boulders are presented geotourism facilities is negligible and therefore re- in details. Not less important goal of this work was spondents’ plans for using the abiotic resources is to examine the inhabitants’ knowledge about the related mainly to holiday and holiday trips. None geovalues of communes in which they live and of the respondents was able to indicate how to use work every day. these objects for their needs and/or connect their future with them. Methods: Field work was preceded by litera- The survey has shown, that neither geodiver- ture (e.g. Czernicka-Chodkowska 1980; Urban sity nor, even more so, the geological heritage 1990, 1997, 2012; Alexandrowicz et al. 1992; is still unknown or understandable to the local Wróblewski 2000; Garus 2004, 2005) and map inhabitants, and even worse, also to local author- query. Within the field methods, a boulder is ities. This means that they remain unused in the measured (a-, b-, c-axes and diameter) and pho- sustainable development of the commune, as well tographed. The petrographic type, as well as the as in shaping the image of these areas. It is beg- indicative character of the object, if possible, is ging for the hosts of the region to utilize elements recognized. The boulder surface is studied ac- of inanimate nature to perform tourist functions cording to some significant features, like for in- while maintaining the principles of nature con- stance morphological microforms, which indicate servation. the postdepositional geomorphological processes. All data is written down to a field protocol, which References is used later to recalculate the volume and weight Alexandrowicz, Z., Kućmierz, A., Urban, J., Otęska-Budzyń, of boulders. J. 1992. Evaluation of inanimate nature of protected areas Paralelly, the awareness and knowledge of the and objects in Poland, pp. 1–140. Wydawnictwo Państ- geological heritage among the local communities wowy Instytut Geologiczny; Warszawa. is investigated with the help of a diagnostic survey Czernicka-Chodkowska, D. 1980. Zabytkowe głazy narzu- (Musiał 2017; Pisarska 2017; Witkowska 2017). towe na obszarze Polski, 3, Polska południowo-wschod- nia i południowa, pp. 1–77. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne; Conclusions: The presented erratics maintain and Warszawa. strengthen the geographical character of the place, Garus, J. 2004. Pomniki przyrody województwa święto- its environment, culture, beauty, heritage, and krzyskiego. Głazy narzutowe, 1, pp. 1–22. Liga Ochro- prosperity of its citizens (Reynard 2008). Their ny Przyrody; Kielce. role in the sustainable socioeconomic development Garus, J. 2005. Pomniki przyrody województwa święto- krzyskiego. Głazy narzutowe, 2, pp. 1–23. Liga Ochro- of the local community cannot be overestimated. ny Przyrody; Kielce. They contribute to the image creation of the region Musiał, R. 2017. Wybrane geowalory południowego frag- that adapts the elements of inanimate nature for mentu Niecki Nidziańskiej w ocenie respondentów. tourist purposes in accordance with the principles Praca licencjacka, pp. 1–68. Instytut Geografii Uniwer- of environmental protection. sytetu Jana Kochanowskiego; Kielce.

154 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

Pisarska, M. 2017. Wybrane geowalory obszaru położonego tutu Ochrony Przyrody Polskiej Akademii Nauk; między Morawicą a Bodzentynem – czy istnieją w świa- Kraków. domości mieszkańców tego regionu? Praca licencjacka, Urban, J. 2012. Dziedzictwo geologiczne. In: A. Świercz pp. 1–49. Instytut Geografii Uniwersytetu Jana Kocha- (Ed.), Monografia Nadnidziańskiego Parku Krajobra- nowskiego; Kielce. zowego, p. 35–81. Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego Reynard, E. 2008. Scientific research and tourist promotion w Kielcach; Kielce. of geomorphological heritage. Geografia Fisica e Dina- Witkowska, K. 2017. Wybrane geowalory obszaru Mnio- mica Quaternaria, 31, 225–230. wa, Smykowa i Radoszyc – czy istnieją w świadomości Urban, J. 1990. Protection of inanimate nature objects in mieszkańców tego regionu? Praca licencjacka, pp. 1–65. the Góry Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross Mts) province. Instytut Geografii Uniwersytetu Jana Kochanowskiego; Rocznik Świętokrzyski, 17, 47–79. Kielce. Urban, J. 1997. Geologia i rzeźba obszaru badań. In: T. Wróblewski, T. 2000. Geodiversity conservation in the Góry Zając (Ed.), Waloryzacja przyrodnicza Szanieckiego Świętokrzyskie region, pp. 1–87. Ministerstwo Środo- Parku Krajobrazowego, pp. 1–30. Archiwum Insty- wiska, Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny; War szawa.

155 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

For the sake of protection of geodiversity implemented through geological education and geotourism

Monika Krzeczyńska1, Andrzej Wierzbowski2, Paweł Woźniak3

1 Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Institute of Basic Geology, Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Upper Silesian Branch in Sosnowiec, Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Królowej Jadwigi 1, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geosites protection, geological education, geotourism

Goals: Geology is one of these sciences that is best search Institute (PGI-NRI) in cooperation with its explained in the place where natural geological regional branches has been conducting for many objects occur. Geology is not only rocks, miner- years a wide range of activities focused on educa- als and fossils placed in museum cabinets. This tion and popularization of knowledge about geolog- is a whole range of objects in the field, which can ical objects in various regions of Poland, showing not be enclosed in a limited space of the museum. their structure, genesis and scientific, didactic and Learning about them in situ – taking into account touristic values. the environmental background and history of the With wider knowledge about inanimate na- place and the relationship between biotic elements ture, awareness of its importance, as well as its of the environment – actually gives the opportu- economic value as geotouristic objects, the public nity to understand the laws of nature. would be more willing to surround it with a real Considering the above, the Geological Museum protection resulting not only from the legal pro- of the Polish Geological Institute – National Re- visions, but also from the inner conviction of the

Fig. 1. The aerial view of the Ecological and Geological Education Center GEOSFERA in Jaworzno near Katowice city (Silesian Voivodeship, Southern Poland).

156 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism need to protect it. This awareness, however, must of classes: lessons, workshops and geological ex- exist universally, not only among people involved cursions for pupils. This activity aims in acquaince in nature conservation. It must become universal, of young people with the inanimate nature of their be everyone’s concern, regardless of their official region and arose interest to protect exceptional position, as we are all ‛users’ of the Earth, includ- geological objects. Such activity has been carried ing its inanimate part. It is the social consciousness out for pupils in the past years in schools all around which determines whether protected areas will be the country. effectively protected, valuable objects located in Conclusions: Thanks to the educational and private areas will be maintained with proper care, geotourist activity, the knowledge of our society and mining activity will not destroy the neighbour, on the natural environment, the relationships be- unique, natural objects. tween its elements and their scientific significance Methods: Facing such demand, the educational is consistently increasing. This results in the care activity of the Geological Museum of the PGI- for protection of inanimate elements of the nature. NRI is of fundamental importance. This activity is carried out in a multi-directional way. Together References with specialists from regional branches of PGI- Krzeczyńska, M., Woźniak, P. 2011. Oblicza geologii – NRI, the Geological Museum has prepared numer- przykładowe projekty ścieżek geoturystycznych. Prze- gląd Geologiczny, 4, 340–351. ous geotouristic paths (Krzeczyńska et al. 2008; Krzeczyńska, M., Woźniak, P. 2016. Jak popularyzujemy Krzeczyńska, Woźniak 2011), information boards geologię – tegoroczne terenowe inicjatywy edukacyjno- (so called ‛GeoPoints’), and landscape planning geoturystyczne Muzeum Geologicznego PIG-PIB. in inactive quarries (Wierzbowski et al. 2017), as Przegl ąd Geologiczny, 12, 946–947. well as documentations necessary for creation of Krzeczyńska, M., Woźniak, P., Gaździcka, E. 2008. Pier- geoparks (Woźniak et al. 2011). wsza geologiczna ścieżka dydaktyczna na Jurze Kra- The Geological Museum of PGI-NRI co-orga- kowsko-Częstochowskiej. Przegląd Geologiczny, 12, nizers in cooperation with regional branches ed- 1039–1043. Wierzbowski, A., Krzeczyńska, M., Woźniak, P. 2017. ucational events such as geological festivals and Protection of old quarries as the objects of scientific, family picnics highlighting local exceptional geo- educational and geoturitic values: theory and practice. logical objects (Krzeczyńska, Woźniak 2016). The Hereditas Minariorum, 4, 135–151. aim of these events is to draw attention of local Woźniak, P., Krzeczyńska, M. 2014. Kamieniołom Sadowa communities to the need to protect these objects Góra w Jaworznie – przyszłość pod znakiem GEOsfery. and to show the possibility of making them avail- Przegląd Geologiczny, 10/1, 510–513. able for didactic and geotouristic purposes. Woźniak, P., Sikora, R., Lasoń, K., Markowiak, M., Haisig, J., Szulc, J., Hagdorn, H. 2011. Geopark Góra Św. Anny At the invitation of the local government au- – ‛król-tułacz’ wrócił na stolicę. Przegląd Geologiczny, thorities, the Geological Museum conducts series 4, 291–310.

157 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Geological heritage in the central part of Scandinavia (GEARS) – a Norwegian-Swedish transboundary Interreg Project (2017–2019)

Sven Lundqvist1, Gunnel Ransed1, Rolv Dahl2

1 Geological Survey of Sweden, Box 670, 751 28 Uppsala, Sweden; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Geological Survey of Norway, P.O. Box 6315, Torgarden, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: GEologiskARviindreSkandinavien (GEARS), geoheritage, inventory, assessment, methodology, transboundary collaboration, valuing, outreach, management

Goals: The project is focussing on geological her- Hedmark (Norway) and Dalarna (Sweden). Study itage and geological diversity, a valuable but often areas chosen (Fig. 1) represent significant geolog- overlooked natural resource. The aim is to regis- ical features in the following transboundary con- ter, manage and create values based on the shared text: from the Caledonides in the west, through the geological heritage in the neighbouring counties of Precambrian sandstones (very well preserved de- spite of younger Caledonian orogeny) in the middle of the area, to the Precambrian crystalline bedrock in the east, including the Siljanastrobleme – the biggest astrobleme in Europe. The glacial history is also a characteristic feature of the area. These values could be made more well-known in spatial planning, nature management and tour- ism. In the project, we aim to further the use of geodiversity as sustainable tourist destinations, produce good-examples for interpretation and pre- sentation of some of the sites. The Norwegian and Swedish nature management differs in parts, and we find it important to reach a consensus and to find a methodology ranging from inventory, as- sessment, management to transferring of infor- mation regarding the transboundary geodiversity. This has not yet been tested by the countries and would for that reason serve as a pilot study for a common national management. Results: – A framework for the mapping and valuing of the region’s geological heritage; – Geological maps and descriptions in selected ar- eas; – Proposal for outreach methods of how to inform of the geological heritage in selected areas; – Outreach material about the region’s geological heritage aiming at the public, including residents; – International seminar on geoheritage. Fig. 1. Study areas are chosen to represent significant geological features in a transboundary context, from Expected effects: west to east: Folldal in Norway, Mount Fulufjället – An increased local and regional awareness of national parks in Norway and Sweden, and the the importance of geoheritage as an asset for the Siljanastrobleme in Sweden. tourism industry;

158 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

– Increased co-operation between tourism indus- Dalarna, County Governor of Hedmark and the local try and nature managers on both sides of the and non-profit association SolleröSockenförening. border; The project has been granted funding from Interreg – Increased awareness and pride of local landscape Sweden-Norway, Hedmark County Council, and character as well as the shared cultural and his- the Regional Development Council of Dalarna torical identity of the region; County. – A better environmental management in the re- gion; – Better and new products for the tourism industry, leading to better tourist experiences; – Development of new tourist sites; – Better education in natural science in the region. References Partners: The Geological Surveys of Sweden and Johansson, C.E. (Ed.) 2001. Geodiversitet i nordisk natur- Norway are project leaders. In addition, partners vård (Geodiversity in Nordic Nature Conservation), from nature management, regional educational in- Nord 2000, 8, pp. 1–149. Nordiska ministerrådet (Nor- dic Council of Ministers); Copenhagen. stitutions and tourism are participating: Norwegian Wimbledon, W.A.P., Smith-Meyer, S. (Eds) 2012. Geoher- Institute for Nature Research, Inland Norway itage in Europe and its conservation, pp. 1–405. The University of Applied Sciences, the foundation European Association for the Conservation of the Geo- Folldal mines, County Administrative Board of logical Heritage, ProGEO; Oslo.

159 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

The Kapova Cave (Shulgantash Cave) – one of the well-known geosites of South Ural (Russian Federation)

Yury Lyakhnitsky1, Tatiana Ivanova1

1 A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny prospect 74, 199106 St. Petersburg, Russia; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Kapova Cave (Shulgantash Cave), geosite, branched three-stored spelaean system

Geological settings: The Kapova Cave is situated The Portal is a huge asymmetric arch 37 m in Shulgan-Tash Nature Reserve on a right bank of long and up to 15 m high opened on a surface. the Belaya river, in the Republic of Bashkortostan The Cave massif is put by Devonian light pelito- (Russia). morphic grey col and partially dark organogenic limestones. The site is located in the central part Details of Kapova Cave structure: The Kapova of the large Irgizlinsky syncline broken by large Cave is branched three-stored spelaean system. breaks. The cave represents the system of high The cave represents the system of high submerid- submeridional galleries; large isomeric, partially ional galleries, large isomeric, partially landslide, landslide halls and more shallow cavities which are halls and more shallow cavities which are branch- branching off from them. Clay deposits are wide- ing off from them (Lyakhnitsky 2006). It is about spread. All types of calcareous tufa deposits occur 3,000 m in length and 165 m in height. Underwater in the Kapova Cave. siphon cavities have been carefully worked out up Through the Cave the large stream – Shulgan to depth of 80 m. Entrances of underwater siphon which is absorbed in 3.5 km to the North in the cavities are situated in the largest grotto, called the Cave ponor of Ozhiganov and coming to a surface Portal (Fig. 1). in an entrance grotto – the Portal in the form of the

Fig. 1. The Kapova Cave portal entrance. Photograph by Yury Lyakhnitsky.

160 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism vaucluse picturesque Blue lake proceeds. Except The Cave is very important archaeological cul- it, in the Cave there are two more constant lakes: tural monument also. Its key feature is the exis- Round Lake in the Portal and Top Big Lake on the tence of a about 200 Paleolithic images drawn with second floor. Very rare underwater stalaktites are ochre. The paintings are ca. 17,000–19,000 years found in the Big Top Lake. The Top Small Lake old. There are 45 drawings of animals in the Cave in the Second gallery usually dried up in the win- in total. ter. Shulgan’s water discharge changes from 250 Methods: For preservation a natural complex l/s in a winter period up to 1.5 m3 during spring in the Cave and Paleolithic painting, geological, floods. Usually in the Cave 3–4 streams function, hydrological, microbiological, entomological re- but during floods there are a lot of shallow water searches are conducted regular. currents with small water discharge. Karst water is hydrocarbonaceous, sulfate-hy- Conclusions: Now the Kapova Cave is one of the drocarbonaceous calcium, fresh. most interesting, studied in detail and valuable for There are various microclimatic zones in the science caves of Russia. cave. An influence of the surface weather factors is very significant. There is mainly unidirectional outside circulation in this zone in the summer. It References proves existence of noticeable circulation of the surface air through zones of a fracture transmis- Lyakhnitsky, Yu.S. 2006. Long-term researches of a cave sivity in the Cave. Radiation situation in the Cave Shulgantash (Kapova) by group of VSEGEI and RGO, rather various, but as a rule, on an excursion route as basis of rescue of her Paleolithic painting. Studying of the reserved nature of South Ural. Collection of sci- the background radiation low and does not consti- entific works of the Shulgan-Tash Nature Reserve, 3, tute danger to people. 331–382. Ufa. (In Russian).

161 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Using provocative interpretation to manage visitors to the fragile, dynamic geoheritage of mud volcanoes in Aspiring Geopark Buzau Land in Romania?

John Macadam1,2, Răzvan-Gabriel Popa3,4, Cristina Toma3,5, Stefan George Kudor3,6, Diana-Alice Popa3,5

1 Earthwords, Little Kirland, Bodmin, PL30 5BJ, UK; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, TR10 9FE, UK 3 Buzau Land NGO Aspiring Geopark, Beslii 20, Minzalesti, Buzau County, Romania; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 4 Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Clausiusstrasse 25, Zurich, CH 5 University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Nicolae Bălcescu Blvd, no. 1, 010041 Bucharest, Romania; e-mail: [email protected] 6 University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography, Nicolae Bălcescu Blvd, no. 1, 010041 Bucharest, Romania; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geopark, interpretation, management, mud volcanoes, sustainable development

Introduction: Buzau Land Aspiring Geopark in piring geopark so the site suffers less damage by Romania has a rich geological heritage (Melinte- some visitors and consequently the visitor expe- Dobrinescu et al. 2017) which includes several rience will be improved for all. The current infor- sites with mud volcanoes. At two sites information mation panels have many words – and are mostly panels have been installed by the land-owners who ignored. Visitors were observed to enter the site charge admission to the area. The panels include from the pay-booth, walk a hundred metres or so instructions about conserving the sites but at the in a roughly straight line to the mud volcanoes, most visited site informal observation over around then wander around, looking at different vents and ten minutes on a hot, sunny August day showed pools, taking a few selfies, then walking back the that most visitors walked past the wordy panels, way they came, past the pay-booth. No-one was ignoring them and thus not the conser- observed taking any interest in the plants. vation message. Visitor behavior was observed to A constraint of managing visitors at this site include intentionally walking in areas of soft mud is the unpredictability of the volcanoes so an in- and also picking up layers of soft mud and throw- flexible single trail is liable to become unusable ing it around. There were about 50–100 visitors on rapidly but at least a route taking visitors from the the volcano site with a similar number enjoying current entrance to the volcanoes then out via the refreshments at the nearby café-restaurant which increasing biodiversity towards the restaurant and was part of the same complex. car park needs investigating. The information panels need to be replaced Geology: The mud volcano localities extend over by provocative material which aims to get people approximately 5 km in a north-south line in the to stop, gain at least a simple take-away message Berca region, locally known as ‘The Dragon Hills’. about the site and its conservation. The panels will Each site includes active and inactive vents, with follow Tilden’s mantra of ‛provoke, relate, reveal’ pools, cones and holes. In addition to the mud salty (Tilden 1957) so the visitors will read a provoca- water, minor oil and gas which is over 95% meth- tive few words (maybe ‛Come to see the dragons?’) ane is erupted. The source is thought to be a sin- in a large text size which will encourage them to gle reservoir at a depth of 3,000 m in the Middle read more information (in a smaller sized text) and Miocene which has been cored. The salty water re- read a conservation message (Macadam 2017). The sults in a restricted halophyte flora around the edge current information panels appear to have been of active vents and developed over inactive vents. added to rather randomly without an overall plan – Management: The owner of the most visited site and the inks of some coloured illustration of plants is keen to work with the management of the as- have degraded from exposure to UV.

162 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

Conclusion: An overall interpretation strategy Management, 267–288. Elsevier; Amsterdam – Oxford needs to be developed for the site, with discussion – Cambridge. with the site owner and local community (Popa et Melinte-Dobrinescu, M.C., Brustur, T., Jipa, D., Macalet, al. 2017). The text aiming to provoke the visitors – R., Ion, G., Ion, E., Popa, A., Stănescu, I., Briceag, A. 2017. The Geological and Palaeontological Heritage of to get them to stop and read – will not, of course, be the Buzău Land Geopark (Carpathians, Romania). Geo- modelled on the very long-winded title of this very heritage, 9, 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371- short paper! The panels will, (also!) of course, be 016-0202-3 illustrated, unlike this paper. Popa, R., Popa, A.-D., Andrăşanu, A. 2017. The SEA and Big-S Models for Managing Geosites as Resources for References: Local Communities in the Context of Rural Geoparks. Geoheritage, 9, 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371- Macadam, J. 2017. Geoheritage: Getting the Message 016-0192-1 Across. What Message and to Whom? In: E. Reynard, J. Tilden, J. 1957. Interpreting our Heritage (1st edition), pp. Brilha (Eds), Geoheritage: Assessment, Protection, and 1–110. University of North Carolina Press; Chapel Hill.

163 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

The educational role of the outcrops in qualified geotourism in which one may define the age and process of the tectonic movements – some examples from the Holy Cross Mountains, Central Poland

Włodzimierz Mizerski1, Katarzyna Skurczyńska-Garwolińska1

1 Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland; e-mails:[email protected], [email protected]

Key words: geotourism, geology, tectonic, education

Tectonic movements in geoeducation and tour- The layers in the folds are thicker at the hinge ism: One form of geological education is geotour- than at flanks, what indicates that the deforma- ism referring to the problems of tectonic move- tions were created when rocks were still rather soft. ments. These are difficult issues, but they can meet All folds plunge towards non-folded layers. It is the expectations of many tourists, both the elderly an argument for synsedimentary tectonics caused and the young. The tourists can be interested in presumably by some earthquakes. They moved the processes which have changed the face of the non-consolidated sediments down the basin slope Earth. Visitors can see that in the geological his- and folded unconsolidated layers. tory of Poland several tectonic events took place. The geological reserve Biesak south of Kielce These events influenced the form of the Earth’s (Nita, Myga-Piątek 2010) is located at the foot of surface. There, in ancient sea floors, mountains Kamienna Hill. There, in the old quarry, some were formed, and later uplifted and destroyed, and Lower Cambrian layers of mudstones and sand- again submerged in ocean water. In Poland we can stones lay in the inverted position on the Lower find several outcrops where the effects of orogenic Ordovician sedimentary beds . We can conclude processes are clearly visible. We can also note that that there, after the Ordovician period, intensive Earth’s surface is an area of endless struggle be- tectonic movements occurred. They overturned tween processes of diversification of Earth surfuce sedimentary rock layers. Additionally, we can ob- and the procees of flatening. serve in the Biesak Quarry that the rock formations Some spectacular outcrops of educational sig- are cut by a complex fault system showing numer- nificance appear in the Holy Cross Mountains ous slickensides with tectonic slickenfibres. The (known in Poland as ‘Góry Świętokrzyskie’) latter ones show a direction of displacement. (Kotański 1968; Stupnicka, Stempień-Sałek 2001; In the quarry of Ślichowica Hill in Kielce an Skompski 2012). In this region we find many out- important geological reserve is located. It is named crops, with rock deformation of different age. We after Jan Czarnocki – an outstanding student of can define age of these deformations bsed on strati- the Holy Cross Mountains geology. There in this graphic methods. Authors of this presentation offer quarry a spectacular overthrusting fold is exposed. some geotouristic excursions aiming in explana- We can deduce that it was created as the result of a tion of the history and tectonic movement dynam- tectonic stress from north to south. In its structure ics of this region. many subordered asymmetrical folds may be ob- served: they are inclined, overthrust and reclined. Geosites description: Pepper Mountains (known The tectonic stress was sufficient to induce the in Poland as ‘Góry Pieprzowe’) (near Sandomierz, main fold to lie down. Here one can see that some southern Poland), are also very interesting place very regular fractures are located which are re- in terms of tectonics. There are several interest- ferred to as a joint. The joint is another result of ing outcrops exposed along the Vistula escarpment the stress in rocks. Many tiny parallel faults are showing deformed and non-deformed Cambrian also seen in this fold. At the bottom of the east- rocks. We can observe there some folded layers of ern quarry one can see that the tectonical concern shale and sandstones adjoining same non- deformed predates the main folding. In the layers of lime- fine-clastic rock layers (Mastella, Mizerski 1981). stones there are the breccia strata built from the

164 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism same limestones which lie under and above these the Holy Cross area was uplifted after Devonian breccia strata. These are the interformational brec- times. Then the Devonian and the underlying older cias which were formed as the result of submarine Paleozoic rocks were deformed. After these defor- slides. These slides may have been formed under mations the Holy Cross area was eroded and the the influence of abrupt and fast events – proba- Triassic sandstones were deposited on the flattened bly submarine earthquakes. As the result of these surface. These are Variscan movements. They op- earthquakes the limestone layers slid on the seabed erated after the Early Carboniferous and before the slope, disintegrated and broke. Permian period. For about 50 million years the Holy To make sure that the fold in Ślichowica Hill Cross Mountains area has been eroded and this ero- it is not an isolated example, we can go to the sion converted this area into a plain. Mogiłki quarry. In the thin-layered limestones and Conclusions: Described above are only some se- shales there are numerous small upright or inclined lected examples of the outcrops where tourists in different directions folds. We see that in the can learn about the earth dynamic processes that thick-layered limestones the folds are absent. It is formed the structure of Paleozoic rocks in the Holy the result of different tectonic reaction of rocks to Cross Mointains. The whole model excursion pre- the tectonic stress. Thin layers are deformed easily, senting tectonic movements will be presented by contrary to thick layers which resist the stress and the authors during the ProGEO Symposium. very often fracture rather than become folded. To see that the rocks of different hardness but the same age responded differently to the tectonic References stress, we can go to a famous Kadzielnia quarry Kotański, Z. 1968 Z plecakiem i młotkiem w Góry Święto- in Kielce city. In this quarry folds are absent. It is krzyskie, pp. 1–225. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne; War- because there are massive reef limestones present, szawa. Mastella, L., Mizerski, W. 1981. Etapy deformacji tektonic- intractable to plastic deformations. znych utworów kambru środkowego Gór Pieprzowych. When did these movements operate? We may Przegląd Geologiczny, 29, 351–355. find it out in the Zachełmie quarry (north of Kielce Nita, J., Myga-Piątek, U. 2010. Georóżnorodność i geotury- city). There, in this quarry the Middle Devonian styka w terenach poeksploatacyjnych na przykładzie dolomites are discordantly overlied by fine-grained regionu chęcińsko-kieleckiego. Geoturystyka, 22-23, sedimentary rocks of Late Triassic age (ca. 250 Ma). 51–58. The lower surface of Triassic strata is unequal. It is Skompski, S., Żylińska, A. (Eds) 2015. The Holy Cross an example of tectonic unconformity which indi- Mountains – 25 journeys through Earth history, pp. 1–160. Institute of Geology, Faculty of Geology, Uni- cates tectonic movements. These movements must versity of Warsaw; Warszawa. have occurred after Devonian marine sedimenta- Stupnicka, E., Stempień-Sałek, M. 2001. Poznajemy Góry tion and before Triassic non-marine sediments were Świętokrzyskie. Wycieczki geologiczne, pp. 1–173. deposited in this area. This outcrop proves that Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe; Warszawa.

165 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Bahluieț Valley at Costești village (Romania) geoarchaeosite: the need for its protecting, promoting and managing

Mihai Niculiță

Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Carol I 20A, 700505 Iași, Romania; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geoheritage site, geomorphosite, archaeological site, landslides, quaternary, Moldavian Plateau

Introduction: The Bahluieț Valley at Costești vil- area between the Suceava Plateau and Jijia Hills lage geosite has been recently studied and pro- and the island becomes one of the most represen- posed as a geoheritage site (Niculiță, Mărgărint tative Quaternary sites of the Moldavian Plateau 2017). Previously this area was investigated due (Niculiță et al. 2017). to the presence of the Costești-Cier archaeological Call for protection: Today the river is eroding site (Boghian et al. 2014) which is currently inte- the mound and protection measures are needed in grated in the National Archaeological Repertoire. order to limit the natural destruction of these im- In this archaeological site different levels of pop- portant deposits and morphology. At the same time ulations have been studied (Cucuteni A, Cucuteni a management plan is needed for promoting the AB and Horodiștea-Erbiceni Culture populations) site at local, regional and national level. Further as well as an earth wall from La Tene (8th–10th/11th scientific investigations are necessary and can in- century), and a 15th–17th century necropolis. crease the value of the site. Geological and geomorphological settings: In the References area of the present day Costești village, Bahluieț River leaves the Suceava Plateau area (with al- Niculiță, M., Mărgărint, M.C. 2017. Landslides and For- tified Settlements as Valuable Cultural Geomorpho- titudes of 350–550 m a.s.l.) and enters the Jijia sites and Geoheritage Sites in the Moldavian Plateau, Hills (with altitudes of 50 to 200 m a.s.l.), flowing North-Eastern Romania. Geoheritage. https://doi.org/ between Ulmilor Hill (306 m a.s.l., at north) and 10.1007/s12371-017-0261-0 Ruginii Hill (326 m a.s.l., at south). The valley, Boghian, D., Enea, S.C., Pîrnău, R.D., Secu, C. 2014. Ele- which is incised 100 m in depth below the plateau mente de Landscape Archaeology în zona siturilor level, suddenly becomes broader because of two Costesti-Cier și Giurgești-Dealul Mănăstirii, jud. Iași massive Late Pleistocene or Holocene landslides (Elements of landscape archaeology in the area of (Niculiță et al. 2016 a, b). These two landslide Costești-Cier and Giurgești-Dealul Mănăstirii sites, Iași county). In: S. Fortiu, A. Cîntar (Eds), In honorem covered the former Bahluieț floodplain have been Gheorghe Lazarovici, Interdisciplinaritate în Arheolo- incised by the Bahluieț river which created sev- gie, Arheo Vest II2, Timişoara, 6 Decembrie 2014, p. eral meanders. One of these meanders was cut off 571–611. JATEPress Kiadó; Szeghed. creating an island. In the present day topography, Niculiță, M., Mărgărint, M.C., Santangelo M. 2016a. Ar- the island represents a mound detached from the chaeological evidence for Holocene landslide activity former floodplain level. in the Eastern Carpathian lowland. Quaternary Interna- tional, 415, 175–189. Geological and archaelogical importance: The Niculiță, M., Mărgărint, M.C., Santangelo, M. 2016b. Pleis- ancient populations used this relict fluvial me- tocene landslides in the Moldavian Plateau, Eastern Ro- ander island as a settlement site. The deposits in mania, Georeview, 26 (2), p. 67. which the island is cut is multi-layered, consist- Niculiță, M., Mărgărint, M.C., Cristea, I. 2017. Relict land- slides, fluvial landforms and threatened geoheritage – ing of landslide and fluvial deposits inclusive pa- Costești village. In: M. Niculiță, M.C. Mărgărint (Eds), leosoils and archaeological remains. These lay- Proceedings of Romanian Geomorphology Symposium, ered deposits have the potential to show the Late Romania, Iasi, May 11–14, 2017, 1, p. 130–132, Alexan- Pleistocene and Holocene evolution of the contact dru Ioan Cuza University of Iași Press.

166 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

A Significant Geosite – The Lovozero Alkaline Massif (Russia)

Ljudmila R. Semenova

Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny prospect 74, 199106 St. Petersburg, Russia; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Lovozero alkaline massif, geosites, potential geopark

Introduction: The Lovozero massif is located in nents. This phase is responsible for an especial the central part of the Kola Peninsula (Russia). The variety of rock mineral compositions. More than massif has been investigated for over 100 years one thousand pegmatite bodies are known from the (Pekov 2001). It is one of the world’s largest mas- Lovozero Alkaline Massif. sifs of alkaline igneous rocks (650 km2), also be- ing unique in terms of petrology and mineralogy, Mineralogical features: The Lovozero Massif is with large deposits of loparite being mined there. amongst the most famous mineralogical sites in the Landforms shaped by glaciers are also of interest. world. More than 340 minerals have been recorded, The characteristics of the massif make it appro- one third of them are rare species, whilst 73 have priate for the establishment of an internationally been newly described (Pekov 2001). Famous min- significant geopark. eralogical finds, as well as numerous discoveries of new minerals, are connected with pegmatites. Geological description: The Lovozero Massif For example, the unique ‘Yubileinaya’ pegmatite is built of igneous rocks including foyaite, ratite, lode, located on the Karmasurt Mountain, is par- lujavrite and two-feldspathoid syenites (Gosu dar- ticularly remarkable. This small ultra-alkaline peg- stvennaya geologicheskaya karta Rossiyskoy Fede- matite body (26 m long by 1 m wide) bears about ratsii 2004). It intruded into an Archaean metamor- 50 minerals, half of them are rare and 12 of them phic complex around 366–377 Ma ago (Kramm have been newly described. In addition, the species et al. 1993). The Archaean formations comprise are bright and have an impressive habit (Pekov fenites and hornfels. The Lovozero massif is very 1995). Another example is the pegmatite body well exposed and represents a classically layered ‘Shkatulka’, located on Alluaiv Mountain in the intrusion. The crystallization differentiation of the NW Lovozero Massif. The ‘Shkatulka’ pegmatite complex (i.e. the first phase) is exposed across the represents the world’s largest ussingite pegmatite entire area of the Lovozero pluton. Urtites, foyaite, body and resembles a mineralogical museum due lujavrites are present and they are usually intercon- to beautiful and well-developed crystals and a great nected by transitional margins. The thickness of diversity of rare minerals. These minerals decorate the first-phase complex is up to 1,700 m. More than of museum showcases and in Kola town, the geo- 200 beds are discernable, alternating in strictly de- logical museum of the Kola Academy of Sciences fined intervals and enclosing three-term and two- is especially devoted to the Lovozero minerals and term members, which repeatedly and rhythmically rocks. Geologists of two research centres, the Kola recur. Science Centre of the Kola Academy of Sciences During the second phase, the emplacement of and the Geological Survey of Finland have devel- an alkaline melt took place, resulting in an eudi- oped a Barents geotour in northern Fennoscandia, alyte-lujavrite complex. The rocks of the second in which some geosites of the the Lovozero pluton phase of the intrusive formation comprise a dipping are included (Johansson et al. 2014). body. Leico-, meso- and melanocratic eudialyte-lu- javrite layers are interlayered within the section, Geomorphological features: The Lovozero Moun- making up about 90% of the subcomplex volume. tains were shaped by the last Pleistocene glacia- Nephelite-sodalite-syenites and related pegma- tion. Glacial valleys are usually developed along tites were formed in the last phase of the Lovozero tectonic zones. Radial split zones, including that of pluton, as a result of the melt oversaturating with the Seidozero Lake, were less affected by glacial alkalis and its enrichment with volatile compo- erosion. Various glacial landforms such as flank

167 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 moraines, glacial circles (‛kars’), and others can be oped infrastructure makes almost all of the geo- observed in the massif and their study enables the sites easily accessible and the massif is also of reconstruction of glacial spread and its later retreat. real aesthetic value. Taking all of this together, the Large glacial cirques and kars are regular-shaped, Lovozero massif has great potential for the devel- extending up to 2 km in diameter, with their walls opment of a geopark. rising up to 200–250 m in height. A characteris- tic feature of this landscape is also the abundance References of foreign rock materials brought by glaciers from Gosudarstvennaya geologicheskaya karta Rossiyskoy Fed- elsewhere and deposited in this area, especially on eratsii. Masshtab 1:1 000000 (novaya seriya) 2004. List the plateau-like summits. Q-(35)-37 – Kirovsk. Objasnitelnaya zapiska, pp. 1–193. Kartfabrika VSEGEI; Izdateljstvo St. Petersburg. Conclusion: The history of comprehensive geo- Johansson, P., Lauri, L.S., Voytekhovsky, Y.L. 2014. Bar- logical studies of the Lovozero alkaline massif, ents tour for geotourists, pp. 1–109. Geological Survey conducted by prominent Russian and foreign ge- of Finland and Geological Institute of the Kola Science ologists, has been over 100 years. The massif’s Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Rovaniemi. geosites are of great scientific interest in terms of (In English, Finish and Russian). different geosciences (petrology, mineralogy, and Kramm, U., Kogarko, L.N., Kononova, V.A., Vartiainen, H. geomorphology). Study of these geosites makes it 1993. The Kola alkaline province of the CIS and Fin- land: precise Rb-Sr ages define 380–360 Ma age range possible to understand certain stages of the Earth’s for all magmatism. Lithos, 30, 33–44. history, geological processes that occurred in the Pekov, I.V. 2001. Lovozerskiy massiv: istoriya issledovaniya, region, development of its landforms, as well as the pegmatity, mineraly, pp. 1–464. Tvorcheskoe objedine- effects of human subsurface activity. A well-devel- nije ‘Zemlya’; Assotsiazii Ekost; Moskwa. (In Russian).

168 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

Reasons behind plans to conserve the Cretaceous–Paleogene Boundary site at Lechówka, southeast Poland

Katarzyna Stróżyk1, Anna Grabarczyk1, Marcin Machalski2

1 University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Paleobiology, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: K–Pg boundary, geosite, geoconservation

It is widely accepted that a catastrophic meteorite the Lechówka section is fourfold. First of all, an impact triggered a mass extinction at the end of anomalous concentration of Ir and other sidero- the Cretaceous (Alvarez et al. 1980; Schulte et al. phile elements, consistent with the chondritic 2010). The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) bound- composition of the K–Pg impactor, has been de- ary has been formally defined in the global stra- tected in the section (Racki 2011). However, the totype section near El Kef (Tunisia), at the base main Ir anomaly does not occur in the boundary of the so-called boundary clay with an anomalous clay itself, but has migrated downwards in the sec- iridium (Ir) concentration (Molina et al. 2009). tion, probably due to activity of humic acid-rich This natural stratigraphic boundary has been rec- ground waters in Paleogene (Racki et al. 2011). ognised in almost 100 sites all over the world. Secondly, the boundary clay at Lechówka contains An abandoned quarry near the village of spherules with nickel-rich spinel grains on their Lechówka near Chełm, southeast Poland, provides surface (Brachaniec et al. 2014), which confirms the first continuous K–Pg succession in Poland the relationship of this layer to an extraterrestrial (Fig. 1), with the boundary clay at the very base of impact. Thirdly, altered fragments of a fossil iron the Danian strata (Racki et al. 2011). In spite of the meteorite have been reported from the clay (Szopa fact that the Lechówka section has been distinctly et al. 2017). Its composition is inconsistent with overprinted by weathering processes during the the chondritic nature assumed for the main K–Pg Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, this impactor, and therefore, the Lechówka palaeome- site offers a unique combination of data on the teorite is interpreted as an independent fall (Szopa K–Pg interval. The international importance of et al. 2017). Fourthly, the upper Maastrichtian

Fig. 1. General view of the Lechówka outcrop. K – Cretaceous (Upper Maastrichtian), Pg – Paleogene (Danian). Photograph by Marcin Machalski.

169 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 portion of the section contains abundant remains the single place in Poland where there is a record of of Cretaceous marine biota, including ammonites the impact which killed off the dinosaurs! (Machalski et al. 2016). The Lechówka outcrop is located within the ad- References ministrative limits of the Siedliszcze Community Alexandrowicz, Z. 2003. Ochrona dziedzictwa geologicz- (Gmina Siedliszcze). Despite its obvious educa- nego Polski w koncepcji europejskiej sieci geostanowisk. tional and scientific values, the site has not been Przegląd Geologiczny, 51 (3), 224–230. Alvarez, L.W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F., Michel, H.V. 1980. protected and promoted, except for a series of popu- Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinc- lar-science articles (e.g. Machalski 2010; Machalski tion. Science, 208 (4448), 1095–1108. et al. 2010; Machalski, Harasimiuk 2012). The aim Brachaniec, T., Karwowski, Ł., Szopa, K. 2014. Spherules of our project is to change this situation and under- associated with the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary in take actions towards conservation of the site. Our Poland. Acta Geologica Polonica, 62 (1), 99–108. talks to Leszek Łukaszewski, the owner of the land Machalski, M. 2010. Polski ślad impaktu, który zabił dino- on which the outcrop is situated, and to Hieronim zaury. Wiedza i Życie, 11, 16–17. Machalski, M., Racki, G., Koeberl, C., Harasimiuk, M. 2010. Zonik, the Mayor of the town of Siedliszcze, have Ślad kosmicznej katastrofy. Academia, 3 (23), 32–34. helped in the realisation of the scientific and educa- Machalski, M., Harasimiuk, M. 2012. Ślad kosmicznej kata- tional importance of this geosite. Both gentlemen strofy w Lechówce. Rocznik Muzeum Ewolucji Instytutu have declared their full willingnes to co-operate in Paleobiologii PAN, 4, 2–9. completion of the present project. Machalski, M., Vellekoop, J., Dubicka, Z., Peryt, D., Hara- The following steps are planned to conserve the simiuk, M. 2016. Late Maastrichtian cephalopods, dino- Lechówka site: (1) Creation of a formal geosite at flagellate cysts and foraminifera from the Cretaceous– Lechówka (in the meaning of Alexandrowicz 2003) Paleogene succession at Lechówka, southeast Poland: Stratigraphic and environmental implications. Creta- on the basis of a council resolution by local author- ceous Research, 57, 208–227. ities; (2) Publication of a scientific description of Molina, E., Alegret, L., Arenillas, I., Arz, J. A., Gallala, N., the geosite on the Siedliszcze Community website; Grajales-Nishimura, J.M., Murillo-Muñetón, G., Zagh- (3) Formal declaration of the Lechówka section to bib-Turki, D. 2009. The Global Boundary Stratotype the Central Register of Polish Geosites (CRPG), Section and Point for the Base of the Danian Stage (Pa- run by the Polish Geological Institute – Polish Re- leocene, Paleogene, ‘Tertiary’, Cenozoic): auxiliary sec- search Institute (PIG-PIB); (4) Operational protec- tions and correlation. Episodes, 32 (2), 84–95. Racki, G., Machalski, M., Koeberl, C., Harasimiuk, M. 2011. tion and appropriate marking of the outcrop in the The weathering-modified iridium record of a new Cre- field by installing an information board with ex- taceous–Palaeogene site at Lechówka near Chełm, SE planatory notes on its scientific importance. Poland, and its palaeobiologic implications. Acta Palae- The present project, although not fully completed ontologica Polonica, 56 (1), 205–215. yet, provides an example of co-operation between Schulte, P., Alegret, L., Arenillas, I., Arz, J.A., Barton, P.J., local authorities and scientific and educational insti- Bown, P.R. 2010. The Chicxulub asteroid impact and tutions. We hope that our project was to afford con- mass extinction at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Science, 327, 1214–1218. servation of this geosite and, simultaneously, allow Szopa, K., Brachaniec, T., Karwowski, Ł., Krzykawski, T. outcrop to be available for future scientific studies. 2017. Remnants of altered meteorite in the Cretaceous– Finally, we would like to encourage interested peo- Paleogene clay boundary in Poland. Meteoritics and ple to visit this site. The Siedliszcze Community is Planetary Science, 52 (4), 612–622.

170 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

Recommendations for visitors in the Danube Geoparks

Martina Stupar1, Jana Laganis1

Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature Conservation, Regional Unit Nova Gorica, Delpinova 16, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: geological heritage, Danube Geoparks, tourism, GeoTour

The Danube GeoTour Project: The GeoTour heritage can be found in geological sections, in project is carried on within the Interreg Danube mines and quarries, as individual fossil or min- Transnational Programme[1]. The goal of the eral findings, or as meteorites. The collection of project is to improve management capacities and geological heritage is regulated by law. Law and strategies, to develop practical solutions for the regulations provide a formal protection frame, promotion of geodiversity and geo-heritage, and whereas each person, regardless its position and to achieve positive market trends for sustainable education, is responsible for the actual success in tourism development in the eight UNESCO Global preservation of this invaluable geological richness. Geoparks of the Danube region. Those Geoparks’ The Regional Unit Nova Gorica of the Institute constitute the core of an ambitious group which of Republic of Slovenia for Nature Conservation daily faces with project challenges, and which has has prepared three different types of posters/leaf- set up goals for the Danube GeoTour project[1]. The lets to disseminate the information to public, espe- goal of this project is also to strengthen coopera- cially to younger visitors. The posters are entitled tion between various regional geoparks along the ‘Minerals’, ‘Fossils’ and ‘Geosites’. They show Danube River, and to act as an innovative tourism photographs from Danube geoparks, while on their initiative to attract more visitors to geoparks. The backsides, the recommendations and rules for vis- scope of the project is also to address the challenge itors are listed. The essential code of conduct is of establishing the appropriate balance between given in the form of comments of a boy and a girl, geo-conservation aims and geo-tourism develop- walking over different geo-sites while talking to ment in geoparks. In accordance with the proj- each other. Posters samples will be available at the ect entitled ‘Valorisation of geo-heritage for sus- Symposium. tainable and innovative tourism development of Conclusions: We should treat our unique geolog- Danube Geoparks’, various activities are carried ical heritage with due responsibility and respect on, aiming in preparation of a common strategy for since it is an important part of our national identity. sustainable management of tourism related pres- This is the most important message our posters. sures upon the Danube Geoparks. This document includes various recommendations for residents, References visitors and investors in geoparks. It is focused on the analysis of capabilities and constraints of Laganis, J., Stupar, M, 2017. Common strategy for sustain- able management of geotourism pressures in geoparks, sustainable geo-tourism development, and the for- pp. 1–40. Institute of the Republic of Slovenia; Nova mation of recommendations on how to manage the Gorica. increasing pressure of the recreation activities and inappropriate tourists’ attitudes such as collecting Internet sources of fossils or minerals. [1] Interreg Danube Transnational Programme; Danube The posters of fossils, minerals and geo-sites: Geotour, Valorisation of geo-heritage for sustainable and Rocks, minerals and fossils are the most recog- innovative tourism development of Danube Geoparks. http://www.interreg-danube.eu/approved-projects/dan- nizable geological phenomena. The geological ube-geotour/news

171 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Geological Garden at Tata (Hungary) – cleaned and beautified

István Szente1, Bence Takács2, Erzsébet Harman-Tóth3, Tamás G. Weiszburg1

1 ELTE Geological Garden, Pázmány P. s. 1/c, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] (T.G.W.) 2 Budapest University of Technology and Engineering, Department of Geodesy and Surveying, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Kép., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Eötvös Museum of Natural History, Pázmány P. s. 1/c, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: open-air geological museum, geosite maintenance, surveying, peri-Mediterranean Mesozoic, prehistoric mining

Geological framework and historical back- ception to this rule is the town Tata situated around ground: The territory of Hungary, although charac- 70 km to the NW of Budapest. There a finely ex- terized by surface rocks and sediments of predom- posed succession of sedimentary rocks (ranging inantly Neogene and Quaternary age, is relatively from the Upper Triassic Dachstein Limestone rich in scientifically important and/or spectacu- through various Jurassic facies such as ‘ammonit- lar geological sites representing earlier periods of ico rosso’ to the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) Tata Earth history. Many of them are concentrated in Limestone) can be studied in abandoned quarries of the Transdanubian Range, where Mesozoic and the Kálvária Hill (Fülöp 1976; Haas 2007). Cenozoic sequences are unmetamorphosed and Detailed geological survey carried out by József have not suffered considerable post-depositional Fülöp (1928–1994) has lead to the recognition of deformation. Most of the exposures are, however, the scientific and educational importance of the scattered and far from roads and settlements. An ex- Kálvária Hill Mesozoic, and a part of the hill was

Fig. 1. Early Jurassic limestone succession exposed along the quarry wall in the Tata Geological Garden. The oblique darker band has not been cleaned in order to display the state of the wall before the cleaning action as well as to study the effects of weathering and of the growth of vegetation. Photograph by István Szente.

172 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism declared to be a nature conservation area in 1958. to construct a new ramp making accessible a spec- Fülöp had the opportunity to clean large areas tacular exposure of Lower Jurassic crinoidal lime- from soil and vegetation. In the course of geolog- stone. Local limestone was also used to build a ical study two chert mines dug by the copper-age wall supporting a large marl and limestone block man in Middle Jurassic radiolarite was discovered undercut by erosion. Now the rocky surfaces ap- in the late sixties (Fülöp 1973). The pits, now pro- pear more attractive than ever before (Fig. 1). tected by a building, are the only prehistoric min- In addition to cleaning activity, geodetic sur- ing sites accessible to visitors in Hungary. vey of the whole Geological Garden as well as By this time, the extent of the protected area has 3D scanning of selected quarry walls and rocky increased step-by-step to 3.5 ha and since 1976 it acts surfaces were carried out. Surprisingly, the sur- as an open-air geological museum, founded by the veying resulted in recognition of considerable dif- former Hungarian Geological Institute. The man- ference between the extent of the area used by the agement of the site now called at full length ‛ELTE Geological Garden and that indicated by the land Tata Geological Garden – Nature Conservation registry. Other results of the large-scale renewal Area and Open-Air Geological Museum’ was taken include the discovery of a third chert mine located over by the Eötvös University in 1994. It functions outside of the archaeological exhibition building, as a place for public outreach, teaching and research. as well as repair of the drainage system of the lat- Economic problems related to the changing in soci- ter. The chert pit was excavated in 2017. ety in Hungary dramatically influenced the history The Geological Garden houses a wealth of bo- of the Geological Garden. Until 1992, tens of tech- tanical values. The last two years saw a welcome nicians from the Geological Institute cleared away increase in the number of the staff that makes gar- the soil and loose rock pieces as well as plants from dening much more efficient as compared to the the rock surfaces once in two years. In addition to preceding decades. Two years seem necessary to the termination of this service, budget cuts resulted clean up the garden entirely. in reduction of the staff members from five to two, Planning for the future: The newly discovered making maintenance rather difficult. Rocky sur- chert pit as well as the cleaning of the rock surfaces faces became more and more vegetated and covered raised the question whether they can be conserved with loose rock pieces and soil. for a long time in their present state or not. 3D Renewal of the Geological Garden: In 2015, a scanning and filling them seem to be an alterna- grant of 175,300 € received from the European tive. In that case, visitors could see the rocks lying Union provided the opportunity to stop ‛foresta- beneath their feet using VR glasses. tion’. Plants and loose rock pieces were removed from quarry walls and rock surfaces were cleaned References using hand tools. Final cleaning was carried out Fülöp, J. 1973. Funde des prähistorisches Silexgrubenbaues by water-blasting. Near 60 cubic meters of rock am Kálvária-Hügel von Tata. Acta Archaeologica Aca- debris was produced this way. A part of it, removed demiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 25, 425. formation-by-formation, has been stored in wag- Fülöp, J. 1976. The Mesozoic basement horst blocks of Tata. ons and is available to visitors as samples of local Geologica Hungarica. Series Geologica, 16, 1–229. In- stitutum geologicum Hungaricum; Budapest. rocks. Fossils gathered during the cleaning action Haas, J. 2007. Geological Garden in Tata, Transdanubian are kept in the collection of the Geological Garden. Range, Hungary. Nova Acta Leopoldina Neue Folge, 94 The remaining bulk of the material has been used (349), 237–251.

173 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Geoeducation potential of the Łagów area in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland Piotr Szrek1,2

1 Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland

Keywords: geotourism, science, palaeontology, Holy Cross Mountains

Goals: The geology of the Łagów commune is tional tracks), local natural history museum and a well studied and described in many scientific set of lectures are planned to perform in the nearest (more than 20 of high-impact articles) and popular future. In addition, various types of other activities papers. Regarding many world-wide famous dis- which are going to be undertaken in this area, such coveries based of fossil record of Łagów, e.g. sex- as restaurants, sort of local souvenirs, accommo- ual dimorphism of ammonoids (Makowski 1963), dation offers, bicycles trails and others, may in- record of the 2nd biggest extinction event in the crease the attractiveness of the Łagów commune. history of life (Racki et al. 2002), well-preserved big placoderm fish assemblage (Szrek, Wilk 2018), Conclusions: Some people love to collect fossils the name of Łagów and its vicinities is becoming and rocks and enjoy their extraordinary mode of to be recognisable among non-geologists tourists. preservation and a beauty, while others use them Actually, the marine Devonian strata (419–365 to study the mystery of their evolution. Whatever Ma), the most abundant on the described area, the purpose, they catch the bug of geology, develop are so folded and faulted that the exact nature of their passion, and fascinate with it other people, the rock succession has not yet been wholly de- it is important to create an opportunity to contin- termined, and still may bring new discoveries as ues their passion and fascinate the others. Recent a ‘scientifically open’ area. In addition the entire efforts to increase the geotouristic advantage of area is pretty accessible for seeking geological phe- the Łagów commune have been possible thanks nomena as underwater landslide sections, sort of to the cooperation of scientists, local authorities lithological types of sediments and fossils. During and regional touristic organizations. Very import- the last decade, the eastern part of the Łagów com- ant in this case is also a convenient location of the mune has been a subject of interests of intensive commune in the central part of the Holy Cross mining activity. Also, many traces of the ancient Mountains, close to the main road Kielce – Opatów. (starting from the 15th century) mining activities It is crucial to address the offer to the tourists and proved very interesting geology and rich natural to the local people, in the aim to protect the most resources of the Łagów area. All those values have significant geosites by their everyday attention. been till now poorly used for local development. It has fundamentally changed the original landscape References and brought on many negative environmental Kowalczyk, M., Szrek, P. 2011. Wykorzystanie zasobów changes in comparison with original values of the naturalnych a planowanie przestrzenne w gminie na Łagów area (Kowalczyk, Szrek 2011). Recently, przykładzie Łagowa (województwo Świętokrzyskie). Czasopismo Techniczne, Architektura, 17, 235–239. geologists together with local authorities have de- Makowski, H. 1963. Problem of sexual dimorphism in am- cided to create an educational project which could monites. Palaeontologia Polonica, 12, 1–92. help to promote the Łagów area as geotouristic at- Racki, G., Racka, M., Matyja, H., Devleeschouwer, X. traction for teachers, school children and all those 2002. The Frasnian/Famennian boundary interval in who are interested in the history of life on Earth the South Polish-Moravian shelf basins: integrated and processes that shape the landscape. event-stratigraphical approach. Palaeogeography, Pa- laeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 181, 251–297. Methods: Recent scientific discoveries and curios- Szrek, P., Wilk, O. 2018. A large Late Devonian arthrodire ity of media about them, provide directions for use (Vertebrata, Placodermi) from Poland. Estonian Journal in project. Therefore the field exhibitions (educa- of Earth Sciences, 67, 33–42.

174 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

Scientific and educational aspects of Ordovician and Silurian geosites at Mójcza and Bardo Stawy in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Wiesław Trela

Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Zgoda 21, 25-953 Kielce, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Key words: geosites, cool water limestones, cherts, climate, Ordovician, Silurian

Geological setting: The Holy Cross Mountains various coated grains (ooids and oncoids) concen- (HCM) in the SE part of central Poland are situ- trated in distinctive sedimentary intervals (Dzik, ated between the East European Craton (Baltica) Pisera 1994; Trela 2005). Thus, the Mójcza geosite in the east and the Central European Variscides in provides inside into the Early Palaeozoic ecosystem the west. Numerous quarries and natural outcrops, and unique carbonate environment. located in close proximity to each other, provide The Bardo Stawy geosite: It is the natural out- access to the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary successions, which are a valu- crop in the southern HCM providing access to the able geological heritage of Central Europe. The Ordovician/Silurian boundary. The uppermost Palaeozoic basement of the HCM largely consists Ordovician is made up of the Zalesie Formation of the Cambrian and Devonian rocks, while out- (~4 m thick) consisting of the early Hirnantian crops of the Ordovician, Silurian, Carboniferous greenish grey to yellow mudstones and shales and Permian deposits are definitely less numerous. with numerous quartz grains, coeval to the glacio- Distinctive Ordovician and Silurian rock sections eustatic regressive event (Trela, Szczepanik 2009). are exposed in the Mójcza and Bardo Stawy vil- It is noteworthy that similar Hirnantian quartz-rich lages. They are unique geosites providing inside mudstones in the East-European Craton are inter- into the sedimentary evolution of the HCM during preted as glaciomarine deposits left by icebergs the Late Ordovician to earliest Silurian climate and derived from the Gondwana ice sheet (Paszkowski sea-level changes, and therefore they are valuable et al. 2015). The overlying black cherts and sili- both in the scientific and educational terms. ceous shales of the Bardo Formation (~12 m thick) are dated by the earliest Silurian graptolites of The Mójcza geosite: It is located the south-east- the ascensus/acuminatus to cyphus biozones of ward of Kielce on the Załaźnia Hill. The section ex- the Rhuddanian stage (Masiak et al. 2003). They posed in this geositeconsists of the Middle to Upper are interpreted as anoxic transgressive sequence Ordovician condensed limestones of the Mójcza deposited in response to the post-glacial marine Formation, up to 10 m thick (Trela 2006). They are flooding initiated during the latest Hirnantian dated by conodont microfossils (Dzik 1994a) doc- persculptus Biozone (Masiak et al. 2003; Trela, umenting the Darriwilian to Katian global stages. Salwa 2007). Deposition of this sequence was in- Besides conodonts, the fossil assemblage of the fluenced by upwelling induced by the SE trade Mójcza Formation consists of trilobites, brachio- winds (Trela, Salwa 2007), which generated a large pods, echinoderms, ostracodes, bryozoans, mach- blooms preserved as white laminae and nodules aeridians and molluscs (Dzik 1994 bc; Olempska within chert beds (Kremer 2005). The bottom of 1994; Pisera 1994), which form a cool water faunal sedimentary basin was colonized by benthic co- assemblage. The Middle and Late Ordovician facies lonial coccoid cyanobacteria that were able to live pattern in the HCM allows to assume that deposi- in darkness using the anoxygenic photosynthetic tion of the Mójcza Formation took place on a small system (Kremer, Kaźmierczak 2005). isolated carbonate platform, characterized by the low sediment accumulation rate (Dzik, Pisera 1994; References Trela 2005). This sedimentary setting facilitated Dzik, J. 1994a. Conodonts of the Mójcza Limestone. Pale- the early diagenetic phosphate and iron authigen- ontologia Polonica, 53, 43–128. esis, preserved as thin envelopes on bioclasts, and Dzik, J. 1994b. Machaeridians, chitons and conchiferan

175 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

molluscs of the Mójcza Limestones. Paleontologia Po- Porębski, S. 2015. Stormy warming-up of Baltica shelf: lonica, 53, 213–252. transition from Hirnantian ‘iceberg alley’ to Llandovery Dzik, J. 1994c. Bryozoa of the Mójcza Limestones. Paleon- ‘hot shales’. Abstract Book of 31st IAS Meeting of Sed- tologia Polonica, 53, 253–282. imentology, 22–25 June, 2015, Krakow, Poland, p. 402. Dzik, J. Pisera, A. 1994. Sedimentation and fossils of the Pisera, A. 1994. Echinoderms of the Mójcza Limestones. Mójcza Limestones. Paleontologia Polonica, 53, 5–41. Paleontologia Polonica, 53, 308317. Kremer, B. 2005. Mazuelloids: product of post-mortem phos- Trela, W. 2005. Condensation and phosphatization of the Mid- phatization of acanthomorphic acritarchs. Palaios, 20, dle and Upper Ordovician limestones on the Małopolska 27–36. Block (Poland): response to palaeoceanographic condi- Kremer, B., Kaźmierczak, J. 2005. Cyanobacterial mats tions. Sedimentary Geology, 178, 219–236. from Silurian black radiolarian cherts: phototrophic life Trela, W. 2006. Litostratygrafia ordowiku w Górach at the edge of darkness? Journal of Sedimentary Re- Świętokrzyskich. Przegląd Geologiczny, 54, 622–631. search, 75, 897–906. Trela, W., Salwa, S. 2007. Litostratygrafia dolnego syluru Masiak, M. Podhalańska, T., Stempień-Sałek, M. 2003. Or- w odsłonięciu Bardo Stawy (południowa część Gór dovician–Silurian boundary in the Bardo Syncline (Holy Świętokrzyskich): związek ze zmianami poziomu mor- Cross Mountains) – new data on fossil assemblages and za i cyrkulacją oceaniczną. Przegląd Geologiczny, 55, sedimentary succession. Geological Quarterly, 47, 311– 971–978. 329. Trela, W., Szczepanik, Z. 2009. Litologia i zespół akritar- Olepmska, E. 1994. Ostracods of the Mójcza Limestones. chowy formacji z Zalesia w Górach Świętokrzyskich Paleontologia Polonica, 53, 129–212. na tle zmian poziomu morza i paleogeografii późnego Paszkowski, M., Buniak, A., Kędzior, A., Mikołajewski, Z., ordowiku. Przegląd Geologiczny, 57, 147–157.

176 SESSION E: Geoconservation for science, education, and tourism

Representative and unique geosites of the Russian Plate and prospects for their conservation

Marina S. Vdovets1, Oleg V. Petrov1, Ivan Ya. Gogin1, Sergei A. Semiletkin1

1 Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny prospect 74, St. Petersburg, Russia; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Russian Plate, representative and unique geosites, geotourism

Introduction: The Russian Plate occupies most of the Guadalupian and Lopingian epochs (Silantiev the East European Platform. There, the Ediacaran, 2007). Section of the Capitanian Stage lower Late Permian and Triassic fossil localities, Paleozoic boundary in the Monastyrsky Ravine (Republic of and Mesozoic sections, proposed as Global Tatarstan, 10 km of the Tetushi jetty). The bound- Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs), ary level is defined at the level of first occurrence of and some deposits and landforms feature represen- the ostracoda species Suchonellina inornata at the tative and unique geosites of this area. Geosites base of the Suchonellina inornata–Prasuchonella located in the Northwestern Federal District were nasalis Zone. This level correlates with the bound- presented elsewhere (Vdovets et al. 2015). ary of the Platysomus biarmicus–Kargalichthys efremovi and Toyemia tverdochlebovi–Platysomus Geosites description: (1) Afanasievo section biarmicus zones based on ichtiofauna species. The (Mos cow Region, Voscresensk District) is consid- boundary level accepted on biostratigraphic data ered as the neostratotype of the Kasimovian Stage. coincides with the palaeomagnetic event – change The Kasimovian lower boundary has not been of the magnetic hyperzones: reverse (R1P – Kiama) established yet. The results of the latest research and normal ones (N1P – Illavara) (Silantiev 2007). of the International Working Group revealed the (4) Sjomin Ravine locality (Republic of Tatarstan, high correlation potential of the conodont species Tetushi Region) is known of the Capitanian ter- Idiognathodus sagittalis Kozitskaya, which is restrial tetrapods, which characterize initial stages found in the Moscow Region, the Southern Urals, of the theriodonts’ evolution. This group origi- Donbass, the Cantabrian Mountains of Spain, etc. nated in Gondwana was represented by the gen- However, in the Afanasievo section, the first occur- era Dicynodontus, Pareiasaurus and Gorgonops. rence of this species is higher than the base of the Since the dinocephal fauna of Eastern Europe Kasimovian Stage. The alternative inferior stage evolved from the Gondwana’s predecessor during boundary is considered at the level of first occur- Guadalupian time, the occurrence of a large num- rence of the conodont species Streptognathodus ber of typical Gondwanian tetrapod groups in subexcelsus (Goreva et al. 2009). (2) Tarlovka local- the Capitanian deposits of the Russian Plate tes- ity (Republic of Tatarstan, Elabuga District, right tifies a new land connection between Gondwana bank of the Kama River) is famous of the Early and Eurasia, due to marine regression in the Late Roadian plant association of the pteridosperm- Guadalupian (Silantiev 2007). (5) Section of the filical type, occurring in the polymictic sandstones. Wuchiapingian Stage lower boundary near Nizhnie The diversity and excellent preservation of these Isady Village (Vologda Region). The boundary is plants, whose age exceeds 270 Ma, allow studying determined at the level of first occurrence of os- their cellular structure (Silantiev 2007). (3) Isheevo tracod of the Wjatkellina fragilis–Dvinella cyrta Wordian vertebrate locality (Republic of Tatarstan, Zone and corresponds to the tetrapod Chronio- Apastov District) includes dinocephals, pararep- saurus levis Subzone. The boundary level is con- tilia, and fish fossils. It is a reference section for the firmed by paleomagnetic studies (Bulletin 2001). faunal assemblage that characterizes the final stage (6) Tikhvin locality (Yaroslavl Region, Rybinsk of the dinocephal fauna evolution in Eastern Europe. District, right bank of the Volga River) is one of The extinction of the Isheevo fauna was caused by the richest outcrops yelding Early Triassic fauna a major ecological crisis occurred at the turn of and flora. It is well-known of the abundance of

177 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018 fossils, their conservation and taxonomic diversity. lowing steps should be undertaken in Russia in aim Numerous finds of vertebrates (tetrapods, fishes), to protect these sites: (1) Assigning them an official invertebrates (arthropods, mollusks, bryozoans) status of protected geosites, and (2) Geotourism de- and plants (plumaceous, charous algae) are known velopment as an economical base for geosites pres- from there. Special scientific interest is focused on ervation and public education. Nature-conservation the fossil insects. (Kiselev et al. 2012). (7) Dubki touristic centers and geoparks are being created for section (Saratov Region) represents the most these purposes. In 2016, the Russian Committee complete succession of the Callovian–Oxfordian of the UNESCO International Geoscience and boundary recorded in European Russia. The lower Geoparks Program was established. One of the au- boundary of the Oxfordian has been recognized thors of the present paper (O.V. Petrov) is a co-chair- at the level of first occurrence of the ammonite man of the Committee. Currently, three geoparks species Cardioceras redcliffense. The section was are officially registered in Russia. studied in detail in terms of sedimentology, petrog- raphy and carbon and oxygen isotopes (Kiselev et References al. 2013). (8) Section of the lower boundary of the Bulletin of the Regional interdepartmental Stratigraphic Kimmeridgian Stage on the Unzha River (Kostroma Commission for the Central and Southern Russian Plat- Region, near Makariev town). The boundary is de- form, 3 (2001), pp. 1–183. Russian Academy of Natural termined at the level of first occurrence of the am- Sciences; Мoscow. (In Russian). monite species Pictonia densicostata at the base Goreva, N., Alekseev, A., Isakova, T., Kossovaya, O. 2009. Biostratigraphical analysis of the Moscovian–Kasimov- of the Pictonia baylei Zone. This boundary cor- ian transition at the neostratotype of Kasimovian Stage relates to the boundary between the Epistomina (Afanasievo section, Moscow Basin, Russia). Palaeo- whligli–lenticulina russiensis foraminifera bio- world, 18, 102–113. zone in the Upper Oxfordian and the Epistomina Kiselev, D.N. 2012. Objecty geologicheskogo nasledia Yaro- praetatariensis–Lenticulina kuznetsovae foram- slavskoy oblasti: stratigraphia, paleontologiya, paleo geo- nifara biozone in the Lower Kimmeridgian. (9) graphiya (Geosites of the Yaroslavl Region: strati graphy, Puchesh-Katunka Astrobleme (Nizhniy Novgorod paleontology, paleogeography), pp. 1–304. Ustitsinform; Moscow. (In Russian with English table of contents). and Ivanovo Regions) is one of the world’s largest Kiselev, D., Rogov, M., Glinskikh, L., Pimenov, M., Mikhai- impact structures (its diameter is 80 km), formed lov, A., Dzuba, O., Matveev, A., Tesakova, E. 2013. 175 million years ago. Impact breccias are ex- Integrated stratigraphy of the reference sections for the posed within 50 km along the Volga River. There Callovian/Oxfordian boundary in European Russia. Vo- are shatter cones, melting glasses, coesites, impact lumina Jurassica, 11, 59–96. Polish Geological Institute diamonds and other impact metamorphism mani- – National Research Institute; Warsaw. festations. Widespread post-impact hydrothermal Masaitis, V. (Ed.) 1994. Gigantskie astroblemy Rossii (Giant alterations occur in the section. Available data on astroblemes of Russia), pp. 1–32. VSEGEI; St. Peters- burg. (In Russian). the astrobleme (170 wells to 5374 m deep) allow Silantiev, V.V. (Ed.) 2007. Geologicheskie pamyatniki pri- investigating the role of large-scale impact effects rody Respubliki Tatarstan (Geosites of the Republic of on Earth (Masaitis 1994). Tatar stan), pp. 1–296. Akvarel-Art; Kazan. (In Russian). Vdovets, M., Remizov, D. 2015. The most representative Conclusion: All the mentioned geosites have great and unique geosites of the North-Western Federal Dis- scientific importance and need to be protected for trict of Russia. In: Abstracts Book of the 8th Internation- research and education. However, almost half of al ProGEO Symposium, 9–10 September 2015, Reykja- them have no official protected status yet. The fol- vik, Iceland, p. 66–67.

178 ABSTRACTS IN ALPHABETIC ORDER

Afonso Andreia, Pereira Paulo Assessment of the geological heritage tourism value in the Peneda-Gerês National Park (Northern Portugal): a site selection ...... (Poster Presentation E, Thu, p. 143) Akiyanova Farida, Adilbekova Fariza, Atalikhova Aksholpan, Jussupova Zulfira, Simabtova Aliya, Dolbeshkin Maxim, Akishev Nurzhan Conservation and sustainable recreational use of unique ecosystems of the Burabay State National Nature Park (Northern Kazakhstan) ...... (Poster Presentation E, Tue, p. 145) Alenicheva Аntonina А., Semenova Ljudmila R. Geosites of the Sakhalin and Moneron: geotourism development ...... (Poster Presentation E, Tue, p. 147) Ásbjörnsdóttir Lovísa, Þorvarðardóttir Guðríður Selecting important geoheritage for a conservation strategy plan in Iceland (Oral Presentation D, Tue, p. 92) Bajraktari Fadil, Behrami Sami, Zogaj Nazmi, Avdia Blerta Protected areas at the cross-border region Kosovo – Albania ...... (Poster Presentation A, Wed, p. 36) Baráz Csaba, Holló Sándor, Telbisz Tamás Creation of a new geopark in the Bükk Region (Hungary) – a bottom-up initiative ...... (Poster Presentation B, Tue, p. 67) Bąbel Maciej, Jarzyna Adrian, Ługowski Damian, Bogucki Andriy, Yatsyshyn Andriy, Nejbert Krzysztof, Olszewska-Nejbert Danuta 3D documentation, monitoring and origin of the hydration caves from the unique outcrop of weathering anhydrites at Pisky near Lviv (Ukraine) ...... (Oral Presentation B, Tue, p. 42) Bąbel Maciej, Jarzyna Adrian, Ługowski Damian, Vladi Firouz, Bogucki Andriy, Yatsyshyn Andriy, Nejbert Krzysztof, Olszewska-Nejbert Danuta, Kotowski Jakub, Kremer Barbara, Tomeniuk Olena The hydration caves as a unique geological heritage ...... (Poster Presentation B, Wed, p. 65) Brilha José The establishment of geoconservation standards: the ProGEO glossary of geoconservation terms ...... (Poster Presentation E, Thu, p. 149) Brzezińska-Wójcik Teresa, Skowronek Ewa Heritage of the Brusno stone work centre as an opportunity to develop and promote rural areas of Roztocze Region (Southeastern Poland) ...... (Poster Presentation B, Tue, p. 69) Cernatič Gregorič Anica Typical landforms of Kras (Slovenia), an important constituent part of the Karst landscape and possibilities for their conservation ...... (Oral Presentation A, Tue, p. 21) Corbí Hugo, Alfaro Pedro, Andreu José Miguel, Baeza José Francisco, Benavente David, Blanco-Quintero Idael F., Cañaveras Juan Carlos, Cuevas Jaime, Delgado José, Díez-Canseco Davinia, Giannetti Alice, Martín-Rojas Ivan, Martínez-Martínez Javier, Medina-Cascales Ivan, Peral Juan, Rosa-Cintas Sergio ‘Geogymkhana’: an outreach activity to bring closer the geoheritage to high schools ...... (Oral Presentation E, Wed, p. 114) Corbí Hugo, Asensio-Montesinos Francisco, Abellán Antonio, Pardo Vicent, Martínez-Martínez Javier 3D geological models for promoting geoheritage: the Messinian atoll reef of Santa Pola (SE Spain) ...... (Poster Presentation E, Tue, p. 150) Corbí Hugo, Martín-Rojas Ivan, Martínez-Martínez Javier Linking geological and architectural heritage through a 3D geological model of a historical quarry ...... (Oral Presentation B, Thu, p. 44) Cropp David The Geo-Village: from concept to reality ...... (Oral Presentation B, Tue, p. 46)

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Díaz-Martínez Enrique, Charles Nicolas, García-Cortés Ángel, Vegas Juana European cooperation towards the promotion of geoconservation in Africa. (Oral Presentation A, Tue, p. 23) Dunlop Lesley Natural Capital – placing a value on geoconservation within a landscape framework in the UK ...... (Oral Presentation A, Wed, p. 25) Evans Ben TIPical Valleys: reintroducing local people to iconic mineral spoil landscapes in the South Wales Coalfield ...... (Oral Presentation B, Thu, p. 47) Fermeli Georgia, Koutsouveli Anastasia The conglomerates of Meteora: a geological heritage monument of Greece ...... (Poster Presentation B, Wed, p. 71) Fijałkowska-Mader Anna Use of ‘rose-like’ calcite for determination of age and origin of the calcite minerals in the Holy Cross Mountains (Southern Poland) ...... (Poster Presentation C, Tue, p. 89) Forte João, Matias Maria Isabel, de Moura Pereira Pascal, Brandão Coelho Luís Geodiversity in the Terras de Coura Landscape Plan ...... (Oral Presentation A, Wed, p. 26) Głowacki Wiktor Diversified approach to dynamic fluvial geoheritage of Western Outer Carpathians – selected problems of conservation and use ...... (Oral Presentation E, Thu, p. 116) Gogin Ivan Ya. Regional type-sections of GSSPs as Geological Heritage sites of practical importance ...... (Poster Presentation E, Thu, p. 152) Górska-Zabielska Maria, Witkowska Kinga, Pisarska Magdalena, Musiał Rafał Erratic boulders in Świętokrzyskie Region and their geotouristic potential . . . (Poster Presentation E, Wed, p. 154) Grabarczyk Anna, Stróżyk Katarzyna Natural and social aspects of the selection of the GSSP; the case of the Słupia Nadbrzeżna river cliff section (Central Poland), the candidate stratotype for the basal boundary of the Coniacian Stage (Upper Cretaceous) ...... (Poster Presentation D, Tue, p. 108) İnaner Hülya, Sümer Ökmen, Akbulut Mehmet Geosites and protected areas in the western termination of the Büyük Menderes Graben and their importance of science education and tourism ...... (Oral Presentation E, Thu, p. 118) Jamorska Izabela, Karasiewicz Tomasz, Tylmann Karol Geodiversity and geoheritage of the glacial landscape areas in Poland . . . . (Poster Presentation B, Wed, p. 73) Kałaska Maciej, Siuda Rafał, Sierpień Paula Application of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and geochemical survey to investigations of old mining center in Radzimowice (Lower Silesia, SW Poland) ...... (Poster Presentation B, Wed, p. 74) Kananoja Tapio Geoconservation for education – from classroom to reality ...... (Oral Presentation E, Wed, p. 120) Karancsi Zoltán, Horváth Gergely, Csüllög Gábor, Szabó Mária The role of the landscape aesthetic values in the geotourism ...... (Oral Presentation A, Wed, p. 28) Kazancı Nizamettin Mucurtachylites: an ‘astrobleme category’ geosite in the inventory list of Turkey ...... (Oral Presentation C, Tue, p. 88) Kazancı Nizamettin, Suludere Yaşar, Şaroğlu Fuat, Gürbüz Alper, Özgüneylioğlu Aysen, Mülazımoğlu Necip S., Mengi Hamdi, Arslan Sonay Boyraz, Gürbüz Esra, Yücel Tahsin Onur, Ersöz Merve, İnaner Hülya Archaeological and historical mines in Turkey as instruments for public awareness on geoconservation: JEMİRKO Project ...... (Poster Presentation B, Tue, p. 76)

180 ABSTRACTS IN ALPHABETIC ORDER

Kociuba Waldemar, Brzezińska-Wójcik Teresa, Skowronek Ewa High-resolution Terrestrial Laser Scanning as a tool for acquisition and analysis data of geo- and cultural heritage: an example from the Roztocze Region (Southeastern Poland) ...... (Poster Presentation B, Wed, p. 77) Koźma Jacek The use of post-mining landscape for geotouristic purposes in Geopark – by the example of the Polish part of UNESCO Global Geopark Muskau Arch ...... (Poster Presentation B, Wed, p. 79) Krzeczyńska Monika, Wierzbowski Andrzej, Woźniak Paweł For the sake of protection of geodiversity implemented through geological education and geotourism ...... (Poster Presentation E, Wed, p. 156) Kubalíková Lucie Bringing geoheritage to people: developing geotourism within urban areas – a case study of Brno (Czech Republic) ...... (Oral Presentation B, Tue, p. 48) Lah Marvy Evaluation of Cultural Landscape within the Cultural Heritage Protection System ...... (Oral Presentation A, Wed, p. 30) Lee Kuang-Chung Enhancing Community–School Partnership for Rural Landscape Conservation: a case study in Taiwan ...... (Oral Presentation, A, Tue, p. 31) Ludwikowska-Kędzia Małgorzata, Wiatrak Małgorzata Geotourism potential of small river valleys of the Holy Cross Mountains (Central Poland) ...... (Oral Presentation E, Wed, p. 122) Lundqvist Sven, Ransed Gunnel, Dahl Rolv Geological heritage in the central part of Scandinavia (GEARS) – a Norwegian-Swedish transboundary Interreg Project (2017–2019) ...... (Poster Presentation E, Thu, p. 158) Lyakhnitsky Yury, Ivanova Tatiana Creation of a geotouritstic underground route in the Ruskeala Mining Park (the Republic of Karelia, Russian Federation) ...... (Oral Presentation E, Wed, p. 124) Lyakhnitsky Yury, Ivanova Tatiana The Kapova Cave (Shulgantash Cave) – one of the well-known geosites of South Ural (Russian Federation) ...... (Poster Presentation E, Wed, p. 160) Macadam John, Popa Răzvan-Gabriel, Toma Cristina, Kudor Stefan George, Popa Diana-Alice Cooking, Culture and Concretions: The Three Cs for compulsive, creative communication in Buzau Land Aspiring Geopark (Romania) ...... (Oral Presentation E, Thu, p. 126) Macadam John, Popa Răzvan-Gabriel, Toma Cristina, Kudor Stefan George, Popa Diana-Alice Using provocative interpretation to manage visitors to the fragile, dynamic geoheritage of mud volcanoes in Aspiring Geopark Buzau Land in Romania? ...... (Poster Presentation E, Thu, p. 162) Machalski Marcin, Liwiński Wiesław Geotourism as a vehicle for geoconservation: the case of an abandoned phosphorite mine at Annopol, Poland ...... (Oral Presentation B, Wed, p. 50) Manjon Mazoca Carlos Eduardo, Costa Mucivuna Vanessa, Motta Garcia Maria da Glória, Henriques Renato, Del Lama Eliane Aparecida, Bourotte Christine Panoramic 360° images and 3D models as tools to promote cultural and geological heritage: the example of Bertioga, central coast of São Paulo State, Brazil ...... (Oral Presentation E, Thu, p. 128) Mari László, Telbisz Tamás European National Parks with karst landscapes ...... (Oral Presentation D, Wed, p. 94) Matthews Jack J. Discovery Aspiring Geopark: A candidate for UNESCO Global Geopark from the Bonavista Peninsula of Newfoundland ...... (Poster Presentation D, Tue, p. 110)

181 9th International ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Matthews Jack J. Threats to Geoheritage at the Mistaken Point World Heritage Site: Identification, Monitoring, and Management ...... (Oral Presentation E, Thu, p. 130) Matthews Jack J., McMahon Sean Exogeoconservation: Protecting Geological Heritage on Celestial Bodies . (Oral Presentation D, Wed, p. 96) Migoń Piotr, Duszyński Filip, Różycka Milena, Jancewicz Kacper Tracing landform evolution through time along a thematic trail in Elbsandsteingebirge (Germany) – application of ergodic principle in interpreting geoheritage ...... (Oral Presentation E, Thu, p. 131) Mizerski Włodzimierz, Skurczyńska-Garwolińska Katarzyna The educational role of the outcrops in qualified geotourism in which one may define the age and process of the tectonic movements – some examples from the Holy Cross Mountains, Central Poland ...... (Poster Presentation E, Thu, p. 164) Monge-Ganuzas Manu, Salazar Ángel, Herrero Nadia, Guillén-Mondéjar Francisco, Hilario Asier, Lorente Javier, Mata-Perelló Josep María, Utiel Juan Carlos, Díaz-Martínez Enrique Spanish achievements and initiatives towards geoconservation: 2018 update ...... (Oral Presentation D, Wed, p. 97) Monge-Ganuzas Manu, Salazar Ángel, Herrero Nadia, Guillén-Mondéjar Francisco, Hilario Asier, Mata-Perelló Josep M., Utiel Juan C., Díaz-Martínez Enrique The inclusion of the geodiversity and geoheritage in the Ordesa-Viñamala Action Plan 2017–2025 for the Spanish Network of Biosphere Reserves (SNBR) ...... (Oral Presentation D, Tue, p. 99) Motta Garcia Maria da Glória, Brilha José, de Gouveia Souza Célia Regina, Del Lama Eliane Aparecida Preliminary assessment of ecosystem services provided by geodiversity in the coastal region of the state of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil ...... (Oral Presentation D, Tue, p. 101) Moura Pâmella, Motta Garcia Maria da Glória, Brilha José Enhancing geoconservation strategies by quantitative assessment of geosites in the Ceará Central Domain, Northeastern Brazil ...... (Poster Presentation A, Wed, p. 37) Niculiță Mihai Bahluieț Valley at Costești village (Romania) geo archaeosite: the need for its protecting, promoting and managing ...... (Poster Presentation E, Thu, p. 166) Nikolić Gojko R. Geodiversity and biodiversity complementary in nature protection in Montenegro ...... (Poster Presentation B, Wed, p. 81) Novak Matevž, Stupar Martina Geoheritage in Slovenia – a short overview ...... (Oral Presentation D, Wed, p. 103) Özgen Erdem Nazire, Kazancı Nizamettin Local fossil sites: a new proposal to be included in the national geological frameworks of Turkey ...... (Poster Presentation C, Tue, p. 91) Özkul Mehmet, Gökgöz Ali, Yüksel Ali Kamil Travertine Spring Towers as rare depositional morphologies in geothermal fields: the example of the Hisaralan Geothermal Field in NW Turkey ...... (Poster Presentation B, Wed, p. 83) Page Kevin, Pereira Lola, Schouenborg Björn, de Wever Patrick The International Commission on Geoheritage (ICG): A new partner for developing global geoconservation policy and practice ...... (Oral Presentation E, Thu, p. 133) Pereira Paulo, Insua Pereira Diamantino, Gonçalves Bruno, Viveiros Carla, Afonso Andreia Assessment of tourism value in geological heritage: why, what and how . . (Oral Presentation E, Thu, p. 134) Pieńkowski Grzegorz, Fijałkowska-Mader Anna Geological and cultural heritage of the proposed Kamienna Valley Geopark, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland ...... (Oral Presentation B, Thu, p. 52)

182 ABSTRACTS IN ALPHABETIC ORDER

Pijet-Migoń Edyta, Migoń Piotr, Rozpędowska Ewelina Between geoconservation, tourism, education and local community involvement – the past, present and future of volcanic geosites in the Land of Extinct Volcanoes (Pogórze Kaczawskie, SW Poland) ...... (Oral Presentation E, Thu, p. 135) Pivko Daniel Stones in history of Slovakian territory and tourist interesting places . . . . . (Oral Presentation B, Wed, p. 54) Prosser Colin Using quarries to link communities to their geoheritage ...... (Oral Presentation B, Thu, p. 55) Roberts Raymond Brymbo: Derelict former steelworks to internationally important geoconservation and geotourism site ...... (Oral Presentation E, Wed, p. 137) Schweigert Günter, Roth Sigfried Geopark Schwäbische Alb – an outstanding area for Jurassic and Miocene palaeontology and Pleistocene human culture ...... (Oral Presentation B, Thu, p. 57) Seghedi Antoneta Geosites in the area of Dobrogea, Romania, and the need for local geodiversity action plans ...... (Oral Presentation D, Tue, p. 105) Semenova Ljudmila R. A Significant Geosite – The Lovozero Alkaline Massif (Russia) ...... (Poster Presentation E, Tue, p. 167) Serjani Afat Geological context of geosites ...... (Oral Presentation E, Wed, p. 139) de Siqueira Canesin Thais, Brilha José, Díaz-Martínez Enrique Geoconservation and management strategies: A case study with two Spanish UNESCO Global Geoparks ...... (Oral Presentation A, Tue, p. 33) Stróżyk Katarzyna, Grabarczyk Anna, Machalski Marcin Reasons behind plans to conserve the Cretaceous–Paleogene Boundary site at Lechówka, southeast Poland ...... (Poster Presentation E, Tue, p. 169) Stupar Martina, Laganis Jana Recommendations for visitors in the Danube Geoparks ...... (Poster Presentation E, Thu, p. 171) Szente István, Takács Bence, Harman-Tóth Erzsébet, Weiszburg Tamás G. Geological Garden at Tata (Hungary) – cleaned and beautified ...... (Poster Presentation E, Thu, p. 172) Szrek Piotr Geoeducation potential of the Łagów area in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland ...... (Poster Presentation E, Tue, p. 174) Telbisz Tamás, Gruber Péter, Kőszegi Margit, Mari László, Standovár Tibor, Bottlik Zsolt Geoconservation – an opportunity for people living on karst terrains? A case study of the Aggtelek National Park (Hungary) ...... (Oral Presentation B, Thu, p. 59) Trela Wiesław, Szrek Piotr, Salwa Sylwester Land of Tetrapod and Petrified Dunes: geoheritage of proposed geopark in the western part of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland ...... (Poster Presentation D, Tue, p. 111) Trela Wiesław Scientific and educational aspects of Ordovician and Silurian geosites at Mójcza and Bardo Stawy in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland ...... (Poster Presentation E, Tue, p. 175) Urban Jan, Margielewski Włodzimierz, Radwanek-Bąk Barbara Concepts of geoheritage and geosite in a strategy and practice of geoconservation and geology promotion ...... (Oral Presentation A, Tue, p. 34) Vajskebrová Markéta, Gürtlerová Pavla, Svítil Radek Systematic data collecting and appropriate ways of their Presentations for effective protection of the geological heritage ...... (Oral Presentation B, Thu, p. 61)

183 9th International ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Vdovets Marina S., Petrov Oleg V., Gogin Ivan Ya., Semiletkin Sergei A. Representative and unique geosites of the Russian Plate and prospects for their conservation ...... (Poster Presentation E, Tue, p. 177) Vegas Juana Geoconservation from the public administrations: Fifty years of work at the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME) ...... (Key note Lecture, p. 19) Vegas Juana, Cabrera Ana, Prieto Ángel, Díez-Herrero Andres, García-Cortés Ángel, Díaz-Martínez Enrique, Carcavilla Luis, Salazar Ángel ‘Watch over a rock’, a Spanish programme towards geosite stewardship . . (Oral Presentation E, Wed, p. 141) Weis Robert, Di Cencio Andrea Geoheritage in the Red Rock Region, Southern Luxembourg: towards an integrative view of natural diversity in a cultural landscape? ...... (Poster Presentation B, Wed, p. 84) Woo Kyung Sik, Chun Seung Soo, Moon Kyong O. Outstanding Universal Values of the Korean Archipelago Getbol: its potential for World Heritage Nomination ...... (Poster Presentation D, Tue, p. 113) Woo Kyung Sik, Ju Seong Ok, Brilha José Key Geoheritage Area: A potential new programme in IUCN for geoheritage conservation ...... (Key note Lecture, p. 20) Woo Kyung Sik, Sohn Young Kwan, Kil Youngwoo The aspiring Hantangang Global Geopark in Korea: Its international geological significance and justification for UNESCO Global Geopark ...... (Oral Presentation D, Wed, p. 107) Woodward Dilyara, Ivanova Natalуa, Yegemberdieva Kamshat, Akiyanova Farida, Fishman Il‘ya Mangistau Aspiring Geopark (Kazakhstan) ...... (Poster Presentation B, Tue, p. 86) Zboińska Katarzyna, Tarka Robert, Szadkowski Mateusz Protection of inanimate nature in Lower Silesia (Poland) ...... (Poster Presentation D, Wed, p. 39) Zgłobicki Wojciech, Gajek Grzegorz, Kołodyńska-Gawrysiak Renata Educational value of quarries located within the proposed Geopark Małopolska Vistula River Gap, Eastern Poland ...... (Oral Presentation B, Wed, p. 63) Zwoliński Zbigniew Spatial scales of geodiversity and landform taxonomic hierarchy ...... (Poster Presentation A, Wed, p. 41)

184 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Afonso, Andreia Cernatič Gregorič, Anica Institute of Earth Sciences, Pole of the University Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature Conservation, of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal Regional unit Nova Gorica, Delpinova 16, 5000 Nova Gorica, e-mail: [email protected] Slovenia e-mail: [email protected] Akiyanova, Farida International Science Complex ‘Astana’, Kabanbay Corbí, Hugo Batyr av. 8, of. 404, Z05HOT3 Astana, Romania Department of Earth Sciences and the Environment, e-mail: [email protected] University of Alicante, Apdo. Correos 99, 03080 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain Alenicheva, Аntonina А. e-mail: [email protected] A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny prospect 74, 199106 St. Petersburg, Russia Cropp, David e-mail: [email protected] Teme Valley Geological Society, 2 Vernon Close Martley, WR6 6QX Worcester, United Kingdom Alexandrowicz, Zofia e-mail: [email protected] Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Adama Mickiewicza 33, Díaz-Martínez, Enrique 31-120 Kraków, Poland Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), e-mail: [email protected] Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain e-mail: [email protected] Ásbjörnsdóttir, Lovísa Dmytrowski, Piotr Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Zespół Parków Krajobrazowych Województwa Urriðaholtsstræti 6-8, 210 Garðabær, Iceland Małopolskiego, Vetualniego 1a, 31-227 Kraków, Poland e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Barjraktari, Fadil Dunlop, Lesley Kosovo Institute for Nature Protection, Luan Haradinaj, Chair of the English Geodiversity Forum; New Government Building, 10000, Pristina, Kosovo Department of Geography and Environmental Science, e-mails: [email protected], Northumbria University, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, [email protected] NE1 8ST, United Kingdom Bąbel, Maciej e-mail: [email protected] University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Dunlop, Robert Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland 27 Queen Emmas Dyke, Witney, e-mail: [email protected] OX28 4DT, United Kingdom Bieńkowska-Wasiluk, Małgorzata e-mail: [email protected] University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Erikstad, Lars Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland NINA, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Brilha, José Evans, Ben Institute of Earth Sciences, Pole of the University of Minho, British Institute for Geological Conservation, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal C/o Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales, e-mail: jbrilha@dct. uminho.pt Cathays Park Cardiff, CF103NP, Wales, United Kingdom Bruno, Barbara e-mail: [email protected] University of Hawaii, 1680 East-West Road, Fermeli, Georgia 96822 Honolulu, Hawaii, United States Institute of Educational Policy, e-mail: [email protected] An. Tsocha 36, 11521 Athens, Greece Brzezińska-Wójcik, Teresa e-mail: [email protected] Wydział Nauk o Ziemi i Gospodarki Przestrzennej, Fijałkowska-Mader, Anna Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Al. Kraśnicka 2d, 20-718 Lublin, Poland Holy Cross Mts. Branch, Zgoda 21, 25-953 Kielce, Poland e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Caldas de Melo, Francisca Forte, João Universidade do Minho, Rua Rainha D. Leonor, Geodiversity consultant, Moinho das Moitas, 4590-612 Paços de Ferreira, Portugal 3240-127 Ansião, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

185 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

García-Pardo, Begoña Jamorska, Izabela Madrid, Spain Faculty of Earth Sciences Nicoulas Copernicus University e-mail: [email protected] in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland Gątkowska, Joanna e-mail: [email protected] Chęciny, Poland Jarzyna, Adrian e-mail: [email protected] University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Głowacki, Wiktor Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected] Krajowy Instytut Polityki Przestrzennej i Mieszkalnictwa, Cieszyńska 2, 30-015 Kraków, Poland Kalinowska, Anna e-mail: [email protected] Uniwersyteckie Centrum Badań nad Środowiskiem Głowniak, Ewa Przyrodniczym i Zrównoważonym Rozwojem, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Kałaska, Maciej Gogin, Ivan Ya. University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland (VSEGEI), Sredny prospect 74, 199106 St. Petersburg, Russia e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Kananoja,Tapio Gordon John Geological Survey of Finland, University of St Andrews, North Street, P.O.Box 69, 02151 Espoo, Finland KY16 9AL St. Andrews, United Kingdom e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Kaukinen, Irina Górska-Zabielska, Maria Punkalaidun, Finland Instytut Geografii, Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego, e-mail: [email protected] Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland Kazanci, Mübeccel e-mail: [email protected] JEMİRKO – Turkiss Association for Conservation Grabarczyk, Anna of the Geological Heritage, Bağlıca, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Tekdal Caddesi no 3B/22, Botanik Park Sitesi, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland Etimesgut, 06790 Ankara, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Holeksa, Szymon Kazancı, Nizamettin Knauf Bełchatów Sp. z o.o., Ankara University Geological Engineering Department, Gipsowa 3, 97-427 Rogowiec, Poland 06830 Gölbaşı, Ankara, Turkey; e-mail: [email protected] JEMİRKO – The Turkish Association for Conservation of Geological Heritage, 06570 Ankara, Turkey Horváth, Gergely e-mails: [email protected], Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Geography and [email protected] Geosciences, Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Kłopotowska, Agnieszka H-1117 Budapest, Hungary University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, e-mail: [email protected] Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected] İnaner, Hülya Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Engineering, Department Kołodyńska-Gawrysiak, Renata of Geological Engineering, 35160 Buca, İzmir, Turkey; Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, JEMİRKO – The Turkish Association for the Conservation Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, of the Geological Heritage, 06570 Ankara, Turkey Kraśnicka 2d, 20-718 Lublin, Poland e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Ivanova, Natalуa Koutsouveli, Anastasia LLP ‘Areal’, Institute of Geology, Piraeus, Greece Kabanbai Batyr 69, 050010 Almaty, Kazakhstan e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Koźma, Jacek Ivanova, Tatiana Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute Lower Silesian Branch, Al. Jaworowa 19, (VSEGEI), Sredny prospect 74, 199106 St. Petersburg, Russia 53-122 Wrocław, Poland e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

186 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Krzeczyńska, Monika Matthews, Jack J. Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland Newfoundland, St John’s, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada e-mail: [email protected] Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PW, United Kingdom Kubalíková, Lucie e-mail: [email protected] Institute of Geonics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Drobného 28, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic Meducki, Zbigniew e-mails: [email protected], Gmina Łagów z siedzibą w Urzędzie Miasta i Gminy [email protected] w Łagowie, Rynek 62, 26-025 Łagów, Poland e-mail: [email protected] Lah, Marvy Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage Migoń, Piotr of Slovenia, Cultural Heritage Service, Metelkova 4, Institute of Geography and Regional Development, Ljubljana, Slovenia University of Wrocław, Pl. Uniwersytecki 1, e-mail: [email protected] 50-137 Wrocław, Poland e-mails: [email protected] Lee, Kuang-Chung Mizerski, Włodzimierz National Dong-Hwa University, Department of Natural Polish Geological Institute ‒ National Research Institute, Resources and Environmental Studies, No. 1, Sec. 2, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng Township, 97401 Hualien County, e-mail: [email protected] Taiwan e-mail: [email protected] Monge-Ganuzas, Manu Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve’s Service, Environment, Leonowicz, Paulina Territorial Planning and Housing Department, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Basque government. Madariaga Dorretxea, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland San Bartolomeauzoa 34-36, 48350 Busturia, Spain e-mail: [email protected] Commission on Geological Heritage, Lin, Mei-Ling Geological Society of Spain The Experimental Primary School of National Dong-Hwa e-mail: [email protected] University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng Township, Morżoł, Ilona 97401 Hualien County, Taiwan Polski Komitet ds. UNESCO, e-mail: [email protected] Plac Defilad 1, 00-110 Warszawa, Poland Liwiński, Wiesław e-mail: [email protected] Urząd Miejski, Rynek 1, 23-235 Annopol, Poland Motta Garcia, Maria da Glória e-mail: [email protected] Centre for Research Support on Geological Heritage and Lundqvist, Sven Geotourism (GeoHereditas), Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago 562, Geological Survey of Sweden, 05508-080 São Paulo, Brazil Box 670, 751 28 Uppsala, Sweden e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Moura, Pâmella Macadam, John Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, Earthwords, Little Kirland House, Block 912, 60440-554 Fortaleza, Brazil PL30 5BJ Bodmin, United Kingdom e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Niculiță, Mihai Machalski, Marcin Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland Carol I 20A, 700505 Iași, Romania e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Manjon Mazoca, Carlos, Eduardo Nikolić, Gojko R. Centre for Research Support on Geological Heritage University of Montenegro, Faculty of Philosophy, and Geotourism, Institute of Geosciences, Department of Geography, D. Bojovic 3, University of São Paulo, Brazil 81400 Nikšić, Montenegro e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Mari, László Özkul, Mehmet Department of Physical Geography, Eötvös University, 1117 Pamukkale University, Pázmány Péter 1/C, Budapest, Hungary University street, 20070 Denizli, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

187 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018

Page, Kevin Şaroğlu, Fuat Secretary General of the IGC; JEMİRKO, Beril Sitesi 2511. Sokak No: 19 Secretary of the Heritage Sites and Collections Ümit Mahallesi Çankaya, 06810 Ankara, Turkey Subcommission (HSCS); School of Geography, e-mail: [email protected] Earth and Environmental Science, Plymouth University, Şaroğlu, Sevim Drake Circus, PL4 8AA Plymouth, United Kingdom Ankara, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Parkes, Matthew Schweigert, Günter Natural History Museum, National Museum of Ireland Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, e-mail: [email protected] Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany Pereira, Paulo e-mail: [email protected] Institute of Earth Sciences, Pole of the University of Minho, Seghedi, Antoneta 4710-057 Braga, Portugal National Institute of Marine Geology and Geoecology, e-mail: [email protected] 23-25 D. Onciul Street, 024053 Bucharest, Romania Pijet-Migoń, Edyta e-mail: [email protected] Institute of Tourism, Wrocław School of Banking, Fabryczna Semenova, Ljudmila R. 29-31, 53-609 Wrocław, Poland A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute e-mail: [email protected] (VSEGEI), Sredny prospect 74, 199106 St. Petersburg, Russia Pivko, Daniel e-mail: [email protected] Department of Geology and Paleontology, Faculty of Natural Serjani, Afat Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynskádolina, Ilkovičova ProGEO-Albania; Geological Servey of Albania, Tirana 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] de Siqueira Canesin, Thais Piwowarski, Bartosz University of Minho, Rua da Universidade, Geopark Kielce, Botanic Garden, 4710057 Braga, Portugal Jagiellońska 78, 25-734 Kielce, Poland e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Skompski, Stanisław Popa, Adina University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Hateg Country Dinosaurs UNESCO Global Geopark, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland Marasti, bl. D3 ap. 10, 330099 Deva, Romania e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Skowronek, Ewa Popa, Dan Horatiu Wydział Nauk o Ziemi i Gospodarki Przestrzennej, Hateg Country Dinosaurs UNESCO Global Geopark, Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, Marasti, bl. D3 ap. 10, 330099 Deva, Romania Al. Kraśnicka 2d, 20-718 Lublin, Poland e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Poros, Michał Smith-Mayer, Sylvia Geopark Kielce, Daleszycka 21, 25-202 Kielce, Poland Hosle, Norway e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Prosser, Colin Sokolov, Sergey Natural England and the Geologists’ Association, A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute Unex House, Bourges Boulevard, Peterborough, (VSEGEI), Sredny prospect 74, 199106 St. Petersburg, Russia United Kingdom e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Stępień, Marcin Radwanek-Bąk, Barbara University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Polish Geological Institute-National Research Institute, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland Carpathian Branch, Skrzatów 1, 31-560 Kraków, Poland e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Stróżyk, Katarzyna Ribeiro, Bruna University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Universidade do Minho, Rua do Rio 26 Palmeira, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland 4700-736 Braga, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Stupar, Martina Roberts, Raymond Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature Conservation, Natural Resources Wales, Regional Unit Nova Gorica, Chester Road, Buckley, CH7 3AJ, United Kingdom Delpinova 16, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

188 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Szente, István Wasiłowska, Agnieszka ELTE Geological Garden, Pázmány Péter 1/C, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology H 1117 Budapest, Hungary Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Szrek, Piotr Weis, Robert Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Musée national d’histoire naturelle de Luxembourg, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland section Paléontologie, 25 rue Münster, 2160 Luxembourg, e-mail: [email protected] Grand-duchy of Luxembourg Telbisz, Tamás e-mail: [email protected] Department of Physical Geography, Eötvös University, Wiatrak, Małgorzata 1117 Pázmány Péter 1/C, Budapest, Hungary Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Geography, e-mail: [email protected] Świętokrzyska 15, 25-435 Kielce, Poland Theodosiou, Eirini Eleni e-mail: [email protected] Greek Geological Heritage Committee, Woo, Kyung Sik Karaoli and Dimitriou 71, 18534 Pireas, Greece Chair of IUCN WCPA Geoheritage Specialist Group; e-mail: [email protected] Department of Geology, Kangwon National University, Þorvarðardóttir, Guðríður Chuncheon, Gangwondo 24341, Republic of Korea e-mail: [email protected] Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources, Skuggasund 1, 150 Reykjavík, Island Wróblewski Tymoteusz e-mail: [email protected] Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Trela, Wiesław Zgoda 21, 25-953 Kielce, Poland e-mail: [email protected] Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Zgoda 21, 25-953 Kielce, Poland Zboińska, Katarzyna e-mail: [email protected] Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Urban, Jan Lower Silesian Branch, Al. Jaworowa 19, 53-122 Wrocław, Poland; University of Wrocław, Department of Earth Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy Sciences and Environmental Protection, Institute of of Sciences, Al. Adama Mickiewicza 33, Geological Sciences, Max Born Square 9, 50-205 Wrocław, 31-120 Kraków, Poland Poland; Sudetic Foreland Geopark, Piastowska 40, 58-240 e-mail: [email protected] Piława Górna, Poland Vajskebrová, Markéta e-mail: [email protected] Czech Geological Survey, Zgłobicki, Wojciech Klárov 3, 118 21 Praha 1, Czech Republic Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, e-mail: [email protected] Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Vdovets Alexandr Kraśnicka 2d, 20-718 Lublin, Poland St. Petersburg, Russia e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Ziółkowski, Piotr Vdovets, Marina S. University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland (VSEGEI), Sredny prospect 74, 199106 St. Petersburg, Russia e-mail: [email protected] e-mails: [email protected] Zwoliński, Zbigniew Vegas, Juana Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain B. Krygowskiego 10, 61-680 Poznań, Poland e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

189 Warszawa 2018 ISBN 978-83-945216-5-3