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Sense of Place, Engagement with Heritage and Ecomuseum Potential in the North Pennines AONB

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Sense of Place, Engagement with Heritage and Ecomuseum Potential in the North Pennines AONB INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR CULTURAL AND HERITAGE STUDIES SCHOOL OF ARTS AND CULTURES NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY Sense of Place, Engagement with Heritage and Ecomuseum Potential in the North Pennines AONB Doctor of Philosophy Stephanie Kate Hawke 31 December 2010 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors, Peter Davis, Gerard Corsane and Peter Samsom. Even before research began, the determination of Peter Davis coupled with Peter Samsom’s infectious enthusiasm propelled the project through uncertain waters. From then, with Gerard’s encouragement, the thesis took shape and throughout its completion I have appreciated beyond measure the easy confidence my supervisory team have expressed in my capability. In particular I am grateful for the generosity with which my supervisors have given their time, with prompt feedback, advice and encouragement. The value of working within a research community at the International Centre for Cultural and Heritage Studies cannot be underestimated and in particular I would like to acknowledge Helen Graham, Rhiannon Mason and Andrew Newman for sharing their thoughts. I have also been lucky to work with a very special group of research students. I have known genuine friendship whilst sharing an office with Nikki Spalding, Tori Park, Sarah Chapman and Susannah Eckersley. Michelle Stefano has encouraged and inspired me in equal measure. It has been a pleasure to share my days with all of the Bruce Building research postgraduates especially Bryony Onciul, Ino Maragoudaki, Eva Chen, Dinç Saraç, Arwa Badran, Justin Sikora and Suzie Thomas. In the North Pennines I am grateful to the people who gave up their time to be interviewed, sharing their thoughts and feelings with such candour. I would like to thank the staff of the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Partnership for showing real interest and support. Special thanks go to my friends and family especially Michael Haynes, Tom Waddington and Gregg Hodson. It is difficult to express the extent to which I have benefited from the generosity, patience, empathy, and technological expertise of Daniel Smith. Above all I would like to thank my parents, sisters and brother who, together with Dan, show unfailing belief in me. It would not have been possible to face and complete such a challenge without them. i Abstract This research project aims to explore the factors constituting ‘sense of place’ for individuals in the North Pennines who are engaging with their heritage through volunteer, leisure or other ‘safeguarding’ activities. The PhD draws on an analysis of in‐ depth interview data collected in 2008 amongst people engaging with their heritage in the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). The research explores and analyses the bond between people and place. A review of the literature from environmental psychology finds sense of place explored through notions of ‘place identity’, ‘place attachment’ and ‘place dependency’ and in Chapter Four data is discussed in relation to these ideas. Drawing on an identity process model introduced in Chapter Four, the relationship between people, place and time that represents the contribution of heritage to sense of place, is the focus of discussion in Chapter Five. Chapter Six concentrates on the involvement of local people in heritage activity. Evidence is presented in support of the view that human, social and identity forms of capital can be developed through engagement with heritage. Chapter Seven introduces supporting data to explore the potential presented by the ecomuseum paradigm. The chapter proposes that there are solutions within ecomuseology to some of the issues raised by the previous chapters. These are issues of the plurality of heritage values, the three‐dimensionality of sense of place and the urgent need for an alternative heritage paradigm that has capacity for a more democratic involvement of local people as ‘agents’ of sense of place. Synergies are found between the objectives within the AONB Management Plan and the principles of ecomuseology. The dissertation concludes by noting the limitations of the existing heritage discourse to recognise the ways in which local people find expression for their heritage values and argues for an ‘alternative heritage discourse.’ This discourse accepts the experience of heritage as a cultural process such as the social interaction of festivals and exhibitions and the reminiscence woven through everyday chatter during such engagement. Protection of heritage that democratically involves ordinary people and acknowledges their many ways of ascribing meaning is therefore demanded. ii Contents Acknowledgements _____________________________________________________________________ i Abstract ______________________________________________________________________________ii Contents _____________________________________________________________________________ iii Table of Figures ______________________________________________________________________ viii 1. Chapter One: Introduction ___________________________________________________________1 1.1 Sense of Place in the North Pennines___________________________________________________1 1.1.1 Research question aims and objectives _____________________________________________2 1.1.2 Organisation of the thesis________________________________________________________4 1.1.3 Summary of findings____________________________________________________________5 1.1.4 Sense of place project___________________________________________________________6 1.2 Collaborative studentship __________________________________________________________10 1.2.1 AHRC collaborative studentships _________________________________________________10 1.2.2 North Pennines AONB _________________________________________________________13 1.2.3 The researcher _______________________________________________________________16 1.2.4 Action research_______________________________________________________________17 1.3 A history of the North Pennines ______________________________________________________19 1.3.1 Social history_________________________________________________________________20 1.3.2 Lead mining__________________________________________________________________22 1.3.3 Farming _____________________________________________________________________23 1.3.4 Methodism __________________________________________________________________24 1.3.5 Demise of lead mining _________________________________________________________25 1.4 Heritage ________________________________________________________________________25 1.4.1 Industrial archaeology _________________________________________________________26 1.4.2 Natural and ‘earth’ heritage_____________________________________________________29 1.4.3 Contemporary issues __________________________________________________________30 Conclusions_________________________________________________________________________31 2. Chapter Two: Theory and Context ______________________________________________________33 2.1 Engagement with heritage__________________________________________________________33 2.1.1 New museology ______________________________________________________________36 2.2 Community heritage_______________________________________________________________39 iii 2.2.1 Official community heritage _____________________________________________________40 2.2.2 Unofficial community heritage___________________________________________________45 2.3 Sense of place____________________________________________________________________47 2.3.1 Heritage studies ______________________________________________________________48 2.3.2 Geography___________________________________________________________________50 2.3.3 Global sense of place __________________________________________________________53 2.3.4 Environmental psychology ______________________________________________________54 2.4 Rationale _______________________________________________________________________55 2.4.1 Addressing the gap ____________________________________________________________56 3. Chapter Three: Methodology __________________________________________________________58 3.1 Approach _______________________________________________________________________58 3.1.1 Design ______________________________________________________________________58 3.1.2 Paradigm____________________________________________________________________59 3.1.3 Fieldwork ___________________________________________________________________64 3.2 Interview schedule and pilot ________________________________________________________66 3.2.1 In‐depth interviews____________________________________________________________66 3.2.2 Designing the tool_____________________________________________________________67 3.2.3 The pilot ____________________________________________________________________68 3.3. Data collection and analysis ________________________________________________________71 3.3.1 Strategy_____________________________________________________________________71 3.3.2 Sampling ____________________________________________________________________72 3.3.3 Analysis _____________________________________________________________________73 3.4 Triangulation and validity __________________________________________________________76 3.4.1 Objectivity___________________________________________________________________76 3.4.2 Validity _____________________________________________________________________78 Conclusions_________________________________________________________________________80
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