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October 2019 VOL. 11, NO. 10 — OCTOBER 2019 FOR THE RECORDS The Huguenots, 16th and 17th-century Religious Refugees With the advent of the printing press between 1440 and 1450, the appearance of the Gutenberg Bible in 1452, increasing liter- acy, and Martin Luther’s posting of the 95 Theses in 1517, a period of religious unrest began in Europe. Rather than relying on a priest for instruction, people began to take religion into their own hands. What they were able to read in the Bible for The Huguenots (French Protestants), were forced to leave France themselves unleashed demands for reforms. Various protesting following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. | Source: or “protestant” leaders, ranging from Luther to John Calvin, Christianity.com <https://bit.ly/2lUP5wL appeared on the scene and soon had large groups of adherents throughout Europe. The followers of Calvin in France came to How do you know if your French ancestor was a Protestant be known as Huguenots.1 (Huguenot)? Oftentimes, Huguenots gave their children Old Testament names, while Catholics named their children after The origin of the appellation Huguenot seems to be lost in the saints. If a son’s name was Abraham or Samuel or a daughter’s mists of time. Some say that it is derived from the gate of King Judith or Sarah, then the family was likely not Catholic. Hugo in Tours, near a Huguenot meeting place. Others say that it comes from the Dutch huis genoten, i.e., housemates; still As has happened in many places in many different eras, war others the German eidgenossen, or oath fellows. Whatever its broke out over religion in France and lasted from 1562, when origins, the beliefs of the Huguenots were clear: scripture is the the members of a Huguenot congregation in Vassy were mur- rule of faith; the individual has the right to his/her own interpre- dered, until 1598. One of the worst conflicts during this time tation of scripture; the intercession of the saints, purgatory, oral was the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, which began on confession, the Mass, the veneration of relics and indulgences August 24, 1572. “Estimates of the number that perished in the are human inventions; the Catholic Church hierarchy is unnec- disturbances, which lasted to the beginning of October, have essary; and there are only two sacraments: baptism and com- varied from 2,000 to 70,000. Modern writers put the number at munion.2 3,000 in Paris alone.”4 Even though France was called the “eldest daughter of the Finally, on April 15, 1598, after decades of unrest, the Edict of Church,” meaning the Catholic Church, Protestantism had taken Nantes5 was issued by the French king, Henri IV. It granted a firm hold by the 16th century with Protestant churches spread religious tolerance to the Huguenots, but with limitations: most throughout the entire country. In fact, by 1562, there were ap- towns were still restricted to Catholicism; Protestants still had proximately 2,000,000 Huguenots and over 2,000 Protestant to pay tithes to the Catholic Church; and no Protestant worship churches in France.3 was allowed in Paris or its environs. However, Huguenots were allowed freedom of thought; CONTINUED ON PAGE 3. NEWS AND TIPS | HISTORY AND GENEALOGY AT ST. LOUIS COUNTY LIBRARY OCTOBER 2019 | PAGE 3 Increasing literacy was one of the causes of the rise of Protestantism. | Source: Quora <hƩps://bit.ly/2m3nCZH> permission to create their own forms of church government The culmination of these outrages resulted in the Edict of Fon- and schools; and freedom to worship in most places. tainebleau, which revoked the Edict of Nantes, on October 22, 1685 by King Louis XIV. This edict ordered the destruction of Unfortunately, it did not take long for the political and reli- all Huguenot churches (called temples) and a ban on gious situation to deteriorate. In 1629, the Peace of Alais (now Protestant worship. Protestant pastors were exiled or forced to spelled Alès) was signed by King Louis XIII. It allowed the abjure within two weeks. Protestant schools were banned. Huguenots to worship but took away their political rights and Children were re-baptized in the Catholic Church. Protestant required them to give up control over their cities and fortress- emigrants were encouraged to return; no further Protestant es. Huguenot rights continued to erode through the 1670s as emigration was allowed6. the Huguenots were excluded from teaching, the medical pro- fessions and public offices. Catholic priests were sent into Hu- Seven days later, Friedrich Wilhelm, Elector of Brandenburg guenot communities to preach and attempt to convert. Chil- and Duke of Prussia, himself a Protestant, signed the Edict of dren could select their own religion at the age of seven and, if Potsdam7 inviting the Huguenots to settle in Brandenburg- they chose Catholicism, could be taken from their parents and Prussia since it had lost one-third of its population during the raised as a Catholic at the parents’ expense. The hated dragon- Thirty Years War, 1618-1648. Twenty thousand Huguenots nades, in which soldiers were quartered in Huguenot homes, accepted the offer. also began at this time. NEWS AND TIPS | HISTORY AND GENEALOGY AT ST. LOUIS COUNTY LIBRARY OCTOBER 2019 | PAGE 4 A corrective step back in the direction of the Edict of Nantes occurred in 1787 when the Edict of Toleration was signed into law. Catholicism remained France’s official religion, but the Huguenots could practice their religion again. However, they were still denied positions in teaching and public service. Per- manent religious freedom was finally granted by the Declara- tion of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789 during the French Revolution. Many Huguenots or their descendants are well known, such as Pierre Marc (Peter Mark) Roget of Roget’s Thesaurus fame; Samuel de Champlain, explorer of Canada; Paul Revere (original surname, Rivoire), who warned, “The British are coming!” Henry David Thoreau (Civil Disobedience, 1849; Walden, 1854); Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treas- ury, 1789-1795; John Jay, first chief justice of the United States, 1789-1795; Matthew Vassar (original surname Le Vasseur), founder of Vassar College for Women, 1861; John James (Jean Jacques) Audubon, naturalist and artist; Edward Miner Gallaudet, founder of Gallaudet University in Washing- ton, DC; Nicholas Martiau, great-great-great grandfather of George Washington; Joel Roberts Poinsett, for whom the poinsettia is named; the American actress, Farrah Fawcett (Faucette); and the South African actress, Charlize Théron. In addition to George Washington, many other U. S. presidents descend from Huguenot ancestors: John Adams, John Quincy Adams, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, Millard Fill- more, Franklin Pierce, Ulysses S. Grant, James Garfield, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Calvin’s Institution de la religion chrétienne (Institutes of the Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, Lyndon John- Christian Religion), first published in 1536, caused many people son, Richard Nixon, and Gerald Ford. to question received religious tenets. | Source: Wikimedia <https://bit.ly/2mWhbb5> Notes 1. Period documents written by Catholics will refer to the Even though they were forbidden to leave France, approxi- Huguenots as Lutherans or followers of the religion ré- mately 300,000-400,000 Huguenots did just that following the tendue reformée (so-called reformed religion), sometimes revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Many of them were skilled abbreviated as RPR. artisans, such as watchmakers, goldsmiths, silversmiths, weav- 2. The five other sacraments are confirmation, penance and ers, and lacemakers. Between 8,000–9,000 were sailors; reconciliation, anointing of the sick, marriage, and holy 12,000 were soldiers; and 500 were officers. They settled pri- orders. marily in England, Ireland, Germany, South Africa, and North 3. See History.com, “Huguenots” <https://bit.ly/2G0cWCE> America. 4. See Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Massacre of St. Bartholo- mew’s Day” <https://bit.ly/2TJNaa7> NEWS AND TIPS | HISTORY AND GENEALOGY AT ST. LOUIS COUNTY LIBRARY OCTOBER 2019 | PAGE 5 Huguenot Bible records Finnell, Arthur Louis. National Huguenot Society Bible Rec- ords: Abstracted from the Files of the Society. Baltimore: Clearfield, 1997, c1996. 929.3 F514N Huguenot family histories, biographies and memoirs Burt, Mary Emma. Jacque Bruyere: A French Huguenot and Descendants. Baltimore, Md.: Gateway Press, 1997. 929.2 B914B DuBourdieu, William J. Baby on her Back: A History of the Huguenot Family DuBourdieu. Lake Forest, Ill.: Printed by N.G. and R.J. DuBourdieu, 1967. 929.2 D818D Dumont de Bostaquet, Isaac. Memoirs of Isaac Dumont de Bostaquet, a Gentleman of Normandy Before and After the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. London: Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 2005. RB Dumont de Bostaquet Issac Cuttino, George Peddy. History of the Cuttino Family. Locations of Protestant churches in France in the 16th century. Source: Alienor.org <https://bit.ly/2lU2OE> [Atlanta, Ga.]: Emory University Office of Publications, 1982. R 929.2 C991C [original name: Cothoneau] Major, David C. A Huguenot on the Hackensack: David De- 5. Nantes is a city in Western France. marest and His Legacy. Madison N.J.: Fairleigh Dickin- 6. To get a better idea of what would happen to a Huguenot son University Press, 2007. B D372M who tried to escape France under the Edict of Fon- Many, Dorothy Jones. 41 First Cousins, a History of Some tainebleau, read Galley Slave by Jean Marteilhe (see bibli- Descendants of Jean Many, French Huguenot. West Hart- ography). ford, Conn.: s.n., 1961. 929.2 M295M 7. City in Germany near Berlin. Marteilhe, Jean. Galley Slave: The Autobiography of a Protestant Condemned to the French Galleys. Barnsley: Bibliography Seaforth, 2010. R 944.033 M375G The following is a list of selected resources for Huguenot re- Monnette, Orra Eugene.
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