DOCSLIB.ORG

FCC-09-93A1 Rcd.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FCC-09-93A1 Rcd.Pdf Federal Communications Commission FCC 09-93 Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) Preserving the Open Internet ) GN Docket No. 09-191 ) Broadband Industry Practices ) WC Docket No. 07-52 NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING Adopted: October 22, 2009 Released: October 22, 2009 Comment Date: January 14, 2010 Reply Comment Date: March 5, 2010 By the Commission: Chairman Genachowski and Commissioners Copps and Clyburn issuing separate statements; Commissioners McDowell and Baker concurring in part, dissenting in part, and issuing separate statements. TABLE OF CONTENTS Heading Paragraph # I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 1 II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 16 III. BACKGROUND.................................................................................................................................. 17 A. The Open and Transparent Internet................................................................................................ 17 B. Historical Commission Policies..................................................................................................... 24 C. Commission Focus on Preserving the Open Internet..................................................................... 28 IV. DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................................... 48 A. The Need for Commission Action ................................................................................................. 50 1. Commission Goals................................................................................................................... 51 2. Evolution of the Internet Marketplace and Technologies........................................................ 56 3. The Debate Regarding Oversight of Traffic Management Pricing and Practices ................... 60 a. Investment and Innovation................................................................................................ 62 b. Competition and Market Forces........................................................................................ 67 c. Speech and Civic Participation ......................................................................................... 75 d. Congestion ........................................................................................................................ 79 4. Next Steps................................................................................................................................ 81 B. Our Authority to Prescribe Rules Implementing Federal Internet Policy...................................... 83 C. Codifying the Existing Four Internet Principles ............................................................................ 88 D. Codifying a Principle of Nondiscrimination................................................................................ 103 E. Codifying a Principle of Transparency ........................................................................................ 118 F. Reasonable Network Management, Law Enforcement, Public Safety, and Homeland and National Security.......................................................................................................................... 133 1. Reasonable Network Management........................................................................................ 135 2. Law Enforcement .................................................................................................................. 142 3. Public Safety and Homeland and National Security.............................................................. 145 G. Managed or Specialized Services................................................................................................. 148 13064 Federal Communications Commission FCC 09-93 H. Applicability of Principles to Different Broadband Technology Platforms................................. 154 1. Emergence of Mobile Internet Access................................................................................... 158 2. Background of Wireless Open Platforms .............................................................................. 161 3. Application of the Internet Principles to Wireless................................................................. 163 a. Connection to the Network and Device Attachment....................................................... 163 b. Application of Nondiscrimination with Respect to Access to Content, Applications, and Services, Subject to Reasonable Network Management.................... 171 I. Enforcement................................................................................................................................. 175 J. Technical Advisory Process......................................................................................................... 177 V. PROCEDURAL MATTERS.............................................................................................................. 178 VI. ORDERING CLAUSES..................................................................................................................... 185 APPENDIX A: PROPOSED RULES APPENDIX B: LIST OF COMMENTERS APPENDIX C: INITIAL REGULATORY FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS I. INTRODUCTION 1. Forty years ago, the first packet switches linked computers into a network, laying the foundation for the Internet, which has transformed our nation’s economy, culture, and democracy. The Internet has been a launching pad for innumerable creative and entrepreneurial ventures; enabled businesses small and large, wherever located, to reach customers around the globe; allowed individuals in remote parts of America to access information and services previously unavailable to them; and made it possible for the voice of a single citizen—whether in the form of a blog post, online video, or tweet—to influence world events. As recently as twenty years ago, it would have been difficult to imagine the profound benefits the Internet routinely provides today. 2. With today’s Notice, we seek public input on draft rules to preserve an open Internet— the next step in an ongoing and longstanding effort at the Commission. As described in greater detail below, the Commission has considered the issue of Internet openness in a wide variety of contexts and proceedings, including: a unanimous policy statement, a notice of inquiry on broadband industry practices, public comment on several petitions for rulemaking, conditions associated with significant communications industry mergers, the rules for a major spectrum auction, and specific enforcement actions against particular parties. In examining this issue, the Commission has provided abundant opportunities for public participation, including through public hearings and requests for written comment, which have generated over 100,000 pages of input in approximately 40,000 filings from interested companies, organizations, and individuals. 3. Throughout this extensive process, one point has attracted nearly unanimous support: The Internet’s openness, and the transparency of its protocols, have been critical to its success. Because the Internet’s creators did not know—and did not want to pre-determine—what would emerge and succeed on the network, they chose an architecture that did not favor particular applications. The network’s architecture was based on a set of non-proprietary standards. It was open to any computer or information processor configured to use the standard protocols, and to any content addressed in accordance with the protocols. 4. Because of the historically open architecture of the Internet, it has been equally accessible to anyone with a basic knowledge of its protocols. As a platform for commerce, it does not distinguish between a budding entrepreneur in a dorm room and a Fortune 500 company. As a platform for speech, it offers the same potential audience to a blogger on her couch and to a major newspaper columnist. The Internet’s accessibility has empowered individuals and companies at the edge of the network to develop and contribute an immense variety of content, applications, and services that have improved the lives of Americans. Such innovation has dramatically increased the value of the network, spurring—in a virtuous 13065 Federal Communications Commission FCC 09-93 circle—investment by network operators, who have improved the Internet’s reach and its performance in many areas. 5. This Commission has a statutory responsibility to preserve and promote advanced communications networks that are accessible to all Americans and that serve national purposes.1 Four years ago, the Commission sought to safeguard and promote the open Internet by announcing four general Internet policy principles that would guide its interpretation of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended (the Act):2 • To encourage broadband deployment and preserve and promote the open and interconnected nature of the public Internet, consumers are entitled to access the lawful Internet content of their choice. • To encourage broadband deployment and preserve and promote the open and interconnected nature of the public Internet, consumers are entitled to run applications and use services of their choice, subject to the needs of law enforcement. • To encourage broadband deployment
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Why People Are Showrooming—72 Percent Simply Find a Better Price
    14 VIRTUAL BANKING Aman Narian, global head of digital with Standard Chartered Bank, sums up this vast uncharted territory well: We are at the beginning of the beginning when it comes to mobile . we have still not used the hardware and software integration of a mobile phone—voice message tags, talk to your mobile banking app . biometrics with touch ID coming to iPhone . there is much to do. .”2 Aman sums up how much of the banking industry thinks about mobile— as a vast uncharted territory. Consider ING DIRECT Canada (recently re- named Tangerine). Eighteen percent of today’s banking transactions are happening on mobile phones; that number was zero two years ago. More than 12 percent of all money transfers, 18 percent of all bill payments, and 17 percent of e‐mail money transfers are now conducted using mobile phones. 3 Mobile devices are becoming consumers’ primary computing device, and with that, a new set of possibilities open up for fi nancial institutions interested in capturing new markets. These new markets come about as a result of the unique software and hardware attributes associated with a mobile device. Customer expectations have skyrocketed now that mobile can bring rich, personalized experiences to any smartphone. And as a result, it’s more important than ever for fi nancial institutions and commerce companies to operate with a “mobile fi rst” mind‐set. We are already seeing examples of how users are leveraging their mobile devices to disrupt the traditional re- tail commerce paradigm in the form of “showrooming.” Consumers will look in physical stores, and then simply look up the item on the mobile phone and order it.
    [Show full text]
  • +Intelligence a New Era for Industry Verticals
    Special Edition | 10.2017 +intelligence A New Era For Industry Verticals Scan for mobile reading +Intelligence: A new era is coming To thrive in the global digital economy, enterprises in all industry verticals must plan and execute digital transformation strategies that go beyond smart and enter the +Intelligence era – an era of cloud backed by big data and AI. Broadband connects the data center networks that provide cloud services like computing and storage and enable platform and sharing economy models such as XaaS and pay-per-use. IoT provides the huge volumes of data that feed in the cloud for ubiquitous AI analytics to provide actionable insights for enterprises. By 2025, 100 billion devices will be connected on pervasive 5G networks, generating huge amounts of data. For business, this data will enable a true customer-first approach, enabling fully personalized products, solutions, and services. Digital infrastructure and virtualization will forge mature vertical-spanning ecosystems that bring together disparate industry cogs to form coherent value chains and deliver unprecedented efficiency and precision. And enterprises need to get smart with digital transformation if they don’t want to be left behind. However, reaching this point isn’t easy. Nor is choosing the right transformation path to follow and then seeing it through. Enterprises need partnerships. And they need the right solutions to move forward over the next decade. Telcos – the drivers and enablers of digital transformation – face ten possible transformation journeys and five destinations, each requiring a specific strategy. Slow- to-change and diverse in nature, manufacturing must overhaul outdated legacy IT infrastructure to evolve into Industry 4.0 and the age of data-led productivity and mass customization.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Communications Commission FOIA Request Log, July 2015
    Federal Communications Commission FOIA request log, July 2015 - June 2016 Brought to you by AltGov2 www.altgov2.org/FOIALand Tracking Number Requester Organization Submitted Due Closed Date Status Dispositions Detail We are writing in relation to Nobel Financial Ltd. ("the Company"), a company which is in the process of being licensed as an electronic money institution in terms of the Financial Institutions Act. The MFSA has been informed that Mr. Micaiah Drew Poleate will be appointed as Executive Vice President and Senior Manager of the Company. We undestand that Mr. Poleate may be known to the US Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") in view of his past involvement as Financial Analyst of Nobel Limited Company LLC, during the period February 2002 to December 2006, which we understand is a company regulated by the FCC. In this regard, we would appreciate if you could kindly confirm whether: a) our understanding is correct; b) Mr. Poleate is currently held in good-standing by the FCC; c) there have been any complaints against Mr. Poleate in connection with which the FCC has or will be taking action; and d) Mr. Poleate has ever FCC-2015-000595 Malta Financial Services Authority 06/30/2015 07/29/2015 07/20/2015 Closed No records been subjected to any censure or criticism and/or disciplinary proceeding by the FCC. FCC-2015-000596 06/30/2015 08/12/2015 08/03/2015 Closed Partial grant/partial denial PLEASE SUPPLY ANY AND ALL RECORDS INVOLVING KG5IDD AND FILE NUMBER 0006853120 FCC-2015-000597 06/30/2015 08/12/2015 08/03/2015 Closed Partial grant/partial denial ANY AND ALL RECORDS ON WD5GXH • A copy of information exchanged between the office of the president or his national security staff and the NTIA regarding preparations for the 2012 World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT) negotiations, negotiating stance, the desired outcome of the negotiations, proposals , reservations, and/or concerns about the WCIT process.
    [Show full text]
  • Telenor Norway Preparing for a New Day Vodafone: What Counts in MBB Era? China Mobile Reading the Future Megafon Charging Towards Smart Pipe
    Voice from Operators Perspective Tao of Business Winners 08/10 ISSUE 6 Telenor Norway preparing for a new day Vodafone: what counts in MBB era? China Mobile reading the future MegaFon charging towards smart pipe It's all about success! We aim to help you hear what operators would like to share in person, What comes with iPad? see how industry peers succeed in the fierce market, delve into their secret to success, and learn from the winners in the industry. The much-hyped Apple iPad finally hit the street in April and has been as Sponsor popular as its predecessor the iPhone, heralding in the age of smart mobile Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. devices. The device market gets another boost from Android smartphones that Publisher are increasingly available and affordable. In China, sub-US$140 smartphones Huawei COMMUNICATE Editorial Board are becoming common. Strategy Analytics data shows that worldwide smartphone shipments rose Consultants Hu Houkun, Xu Zhijun, Xu Wenwei by 43% to 60 million units during the second quarter of 2010, claiming 19% Ding Yun, Zhang Hongxi, Zhu Yonggang of the handset market. Such new smart devices are effecting changes in usage habits that cause a shift in the value chain of the operator industry. More Editor-in-Chief importantly, the traditional telecom network has to adapt and change as a result. Gao Xianrui ([email protected]) This view is echoed by Mr. Rolv-Erik Spilling, CTO of Telenor Norway, who Editors observed, “In the next three years, terminals such as the iPad will make business Xue Hua, Julia Yao, Long Ji, Michael Huang applications much more usable.
    [Show full text]
  • The Value of 'Smart' Pipes to Mobile Network Operators
    Strategy research The value of 'Smart' Pipes to mobile network operators Regardless of business strategy, the development of more intelligent networks will be a key driver of shareholder returns from operators Chris Barraclough, MD and Chief Strategist, STL Partners/Telco 2.0 [email protected] November 2011 This report has been produced 100% independently by STL Partners and has been kindly sponsored by: The value of 'Smart' Pipes to mobile network operators | November 2011 Preface Rationale and hypothesis for this report It is over fourteen years since David Isenberg wrote his seminal paper The Rise of the Stupid Network in which he outlined the view that telephony networks would increasingly become dumb pipes as intelligent endpoints came to control how and where data was transported. Many of his predictions have come to fruition. Cheaper computing technology has resulted in powerful „smartphones‟ in the hands of millions of people and new powerful internet players are using data centres to distribute applications and services „over the top‟ to users over fixed and mobile networks. The hypothesis behind this piece of research is that endpoints cannot completely control the network. STL Partners believes that the network itself needs to retain intelligence so it can interpret the information it is transporting between the endpoints. Mobile network operators, quite rightly, will not be able to control how the network is used but must retain the ability within the network to facilitate a better experience for the endpoints. The hypothesis being tested in this research is that „smart pipes‟ are needed to: 1. Ensure that data is transported efficiently so that capital and operating costs are minimised and the internet and other networks remain cheap methods of distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • ROLE of CARRIERS in SMART CITIES and the Iot Dominique Bonte Vice President, Verticals/End Markets
    ROLE OF CARRIERS IN SMART CITIES AND THE IoT Dominique Bonte Vice President, Verticals/End Markets 1. INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY For more than a decade, carriers and mobile operators have actively been exploring opportunities ofered by the smart cities and the wider Internet of Things (IoT) markets. This coincides with a double transformation in terms of their role extending beyond providing (mere) connectivity services to capabilities and services higher up the value chain (applications, analytics, security, professional services, etc.), while at the same time moving from basic connectivity-centric consumer/enterprise ofers to complex solutions for verticals and industries. All of this is driven by declining growth in connectivity services against a background of decreasing margins, urging the telco industry to adopt the “untelco” paradigm. New capabilities expected to become available with the transition toward 5G, such as mission-critical, low-latency, and massive IoT connectivity, will naturally drive carriers toward these new markets. However, one big question remains: will operators be able to develop the necessary expertise (both technical www.abiresearch.com knowledge and market savviness), capabilities, and operational fexibility in-house (whether organically or through acquisitions) or will they cooperate with a wider IoT and smart cities ecosystem in a more collaborative, ad-hoc way with no single company maintaining end-to-end control or customer ownership? The answer to this “make or buy” decision very much depends on the type of mobile operator, local circumstances, and a host of other infuencing factors the discussion of which is at the heart of this whitepaper. 1.1 SMART CITY LANDSCAPE, IOT TECHNOLOGY TRENDS, AND EVOLVING NEEDS The IoT has captured and continues to capture the imagination of the entire Information and Communications Technology (ICT) value chain, in particular, mobile carriers and operators.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Transformation for 2020 and Beyond a Global Telecommunications Study
    Digital transformation for 2020 and beyond A global telecommunications study A global telecommunications study 1 About this report The 2017 global telecommunications study has been conducted by EY to monitor and evaluate the evolving views of leaders across the global telecommunications industry. This latest survey forms part of EY’s ongoing series of global telecommunications studies. Based on in-depth conversations with industry leaders worldwide, the resulting insights help us to assess the current state and future state of this rapidly changing sector. Our 2017 survey drills down into perspectives from the industry’s CIO and CTO community in order to explore the role of IT and networks and to examine how this is supporting long-term digital transformation. We conducted 39 in-depth interviews with participants from 36 organizations, supported by insights and analysis from EY’s sector professionals and secondary research sources. The 36 organizations taking part this year account for annual revenue of US$421 billion and an aggregate market capitalization of US$603 billion. Figure 1: Participating companies in 2017 — annual revenues Number of participating companies Greater than US$25b 4 US$10b–US$25b 7 US$5b–US$9.9b 3 US$1b–US$4.9b 14 Less than US$500m 6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2 Digital transformation for 2020 and beyond 2017 global telecommunications study: highlights 3 interviews with 36 organizations Participant Participant organizations’ organizations’ aggregate market annual revenue: capitalization: US$421 US$603 billion billion Taken together, our 2015 and 2017 surveys have involved a total of 83 interviews with 76 organizations, with the aggregate annual revenues of the participating companies standing at over US$1 trillion.
    [Show full text]
  • So Why Should Operators Care About the Iot?
    The Internet of Things Explained A ZCorum eBook Editor: Marsha Hemmerich Text copyright (c) 2016 ZCorum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means- for example, electronic, photocopy, recording- without the prior written permission of ZCorum. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews. Contents So What is the Internet of Things? 1 Where Did it Come From? 2 How Does it Work? 2 What are the “Things”? 3 The First Connected Things 3 Launch of IPV6 3 So Why Should Operators Care About the IoT? 4 The Early Bird 4 The Gateway 5 The Interoperability of the Internet of Things 5 The Alliances 5 Economic Advantages for the Operator 6 The Concerns 7 the data center 7 security and privacy 8 FinanciaL ManipuLatiOn 9 chiLdren and the internet OF things 9 envirOnMentaL iMpact 9 Final Thoughts 9 Introduction We think of it as the “Next Big Thing” but the idea of an Internet of Things goes back a lot further than we imagine. Way back in 1926 Nikola Tesla said in an interview: “When wireless is perfectly applied, the whole earth will be converted into a huge brain...and the instruments through which we shall be able to do this will be amazingly simple com- pared with our present telephone. A man will be able to carry one in his vest pocket.“ Tesla’s prediction sounds like an idea brought to life by Hollywood and science fiction. But if the current explosion of devices already connected to the Internet is any indica- tion, then we’re on our way to creating Tesla’s smart Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis - Expansion: It’S Not Just About Geography
    NEWS ARTICLES REVIEWS BLOGS MULTIMEDIA RESOURCES FREE SUBSCRIPTIONS LOG IN REGISTER Articles Analysis - Expansion: It’s Not Just About Geography Sun, 01/31/2010 - 8:10pm by Keith Mallinson Get today's wireless headlines and news - Sign up now! As carriers extend into new areas, they need to be mindful of their core assets and selective about diversification. Most fixed and wireless carriers worldwide are fearful of being little more than, so called, dumb bit pipes transporting public Internet-based content for free or monetized solely by others. But are carriers capable of becoming competitive publishers, applications store fronts and value-added service providers? Apple’s iPhone and App Store form the gold standard for the mobile Internet. Research In Motion’s Blackberry is very successful, though still largely through corporate e-mail. Google is a leading contender with various assets including global scale. No carrier portal comes close to matching the strengths of these pioneers. Nevertheless, while wireless carriers embrace the above, they are not giving up on doing their own thing. The iPhone has boosted carrier market shares and improved relative churn for its exclusive distributors, but heavy handset subsidies have resulted in economic rents accruing to Apple. As exclusive arrangements expire, carrier economics will deteriorate with lower prices and carrier competitive advantage will disappear as several vie to offer this must-have device. The prevailing tactic for carriers is to offer most of the top smartphone platforms including iPhone, BlackBerry, Android, Microsoft, Palm and Symbian outside North America. In addition, carriers are also revamping their own propriety offerings as walled gardens and on-deck wares are marginalized by so called over-the-top offerings off-deck.
    [Show full text]
  • Mobile Broadband – Devices and Applications
    Mobile Broadband – Devices and Applications How Apple changed the Name of the Game Claus Eßmann Frankfurt, 25.11.2009 Deutsche Telekom Group Content 1. Where are we now 2. Short History of Mobile Broadband 3. The Awakening of Mobile Broadband 4. Revenue Models in Telecommunication World 5. Apple and the iPhone – a real success story for… 6. iPhone and Android 7. Apple changed the Name of the Game 8. (Un-)Success Factors 9. Getting back on track 10. Why a device strategy? Deutsche Telekom Group Page 1 1. Where are we now Battle has started on original Mobile Operator’s positioning Internet and device players are strongly pushing into markets formerly exclusive to mobile network operators. The device is the central piece to win that battle. Movement in Value Chain Revenue Potential by innovative Services Strategies of different Players… Apps & Social Mobile App Content Networks Marketplaces Service Mgmt Smart Devices Free Network access? Devices Google Phone Location Services Data Services … like Vodafone in future Source: CEO Vodafone Vittorio Colao: 16 Sep 09 Deutsche Telekom Group Page 2 2. Short History of Mobile Broadband Where do we come from… From CSD data transmission to HSxPA Mobile Broadband Technologies in Germany 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2010 WAP 1.1 HSDPA in the T-Mobile network for 60% of UMTS deployment Vodafone, population T-Mobile Deutschland started in Germany available start GPRS deployment EDGE deployment EDGE nationwide T-Mobile Deutschland at T-Mobile started Deutschland available HSDPA in the Vodafone network for 80% of population in Germany available Deutsche Telekom Group Page 3 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Network Neutrality Federal Non-Legislation?
    Network Neutrality Federal Non-Legislation? Scott Bradner Harvard University 28 June 2006 net neutrality - 1 Internet Architectural Principle e2e let the ends do it (or control it) let the user decide (a.k.a., The Stupid Network) End-to-End Arguments in System Design - Saltzer, Reed & Clark http://web.mit.edu/Saltzer/www/publications/endtoend/endtoend.txt The Rise of the Stupid Network - David Isenberg http://www.isen.com/stupid.html net neutrality - 2 But! no QoS! no business model! where is security? net neutrality - 3 QoS can you sell better QoS at a higher price? multiple levels per customer multiple levels per application service provider “the Internet is not reliably crappy enough” S. Bradner “It fails to fail often enough so it looks like it works.” Mike O’Dell net neutrality - 4 ISP Business Model service can be provided by 3rd parties - not just by carriers a quote from an IETF mailing list Hi Roy, I still don’t understand why it is a "users" choice where the "services" are executed - I would have thought that this would be networks choice and ISP does not profit from applications using network - i.e., Internet is a commodity “We do not know how to route money” Dave Clark net neutrality - 5 Internet Security e2e means security is an end system responsibility end systems under relentless attack worms, versus, spyware, ... Internet infrastructure under occasional attack DNS root servers, routers, management systems, ... Internet does not protect end system makes sure the worm is delivered promptly end users & regulators may demand
    [Show full text]
  • 1300 Trimble
    CONSTRUCTION DISTRIBUTOR CATALOG Build a Stronger Business with Spectra Precision Products The Broadest Line From lasers to construction accessories, Spectra Precision Laser has more choices for your customer. Better choices, too, because we build our products to be the toughest on earth. An Entire Industry. Invented Here. There’s a reason Spectra Precision Laser is the strongest name in the industry. We invented the industry. From day one, we have pioneered every major development in around the world than any other brand. A Partnership for Success We can help you grow your business. We have the breadth of products, the quality and the support you demand... and the attitude to do whatever it takes to make you more successful. Talk to your local Spectra Precision rep 1300 TRIMBLE INTERIOR LASERS LASER LEVELS GRADE LASERS MACHINE RECEIVERS RECEIVERS ©2018, Trimble Inc. All rights reserved. Trimble, the Globe & Triangle logo and Spectra Precision are trademarks of Trimble Inc., registered in the United OPTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Warranty . 4 Optical Instruments Service . 4 Electronic Fieldbook App . 27 Timeline. 5 Automatic Levels . 28 DET-2 Construction Theodolite . 29 Lasers Laser Tools Buying guide . 6 LP51, LP51G . 30 LT20, LT20G . 31 Laser Levels LT52, LT52G . 32 LL100N . 9 LT56 . 33 LL300N. 10 LT58G . 34 LL300S . 11 QM55 . 35 LL500. 12 QM75 . 35 QM95. 35 Horizontal and Vertical Lasers HV101 . 13 Machine Display Receivers HV302 . 14 LR20 . 37 HV302G . 15 LR30 . 37 LR50 . 38 Grade Lasers LR60 . 38 GL412N/GL422N . 16 RD20 and Accessories . 39 GL612N/GL622N . 17 GL710, GL720, GL722 . 18 Accessories Universal Laser Accessories - Lasers .
    [Show full text]