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(Diptera) Feeding Particularities in Some Genera of Ranunculaceae

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(Diptera) Feeding Particularities in Some Genera of Ranunculaceae Latvijas Entomologs, 2004, 41: 93-99. 93 The Agromyzidae (Diptera) Feeding Particularities on Some Genera of Ranunculaceae SAULIUS PAKALNIŠKIS Institute of Ecology, Vilnius University, Akademijos 2, LT–08412, Vilnius, Lithuania; e–mail: [email protected] PAKALNIŠKIS S. 2004. THE AGROMYZIDAE (DIPTERA) FEEDING PARTICULARITIES ON SOME GENERA OF RANUNCULACEAE. – Latv. entomol., 41: 93-99. Abstract: There were the life stories of 47 Agromyzidae (Diptera) species on 11 genera of ranunculaceous plants studied, including their host specialization, feeding character and localization of mine as well as pupation particularities. The agromyzid larvae colonizing the assimilative, generative as well as support organs of certain host–plant show a high level of specialization. On the other hand, almost all the mining types may be characteristic to one species (e.g. Phytomyza clematidis on Ranunculus lingua). Further bionomic data on several poorly known species are provided in this report for the first time. Also some possible micro-evolutionary ways of the feeding behaviour are discussed in present paper. Key words: Agromyzidae, Ranunculaceae, bionomics, feeding behaviour, Lithuania. Introduction Ranunculaceae and form there rather all types of mines, represent in even narrow geographical The ranunculaceous plants form an old, rich areas. This species complex is a good model for in species as well as unique family of studies on evolution of the host specialization and Magnoliophyta, widespread in temperate to arctic larval feeding behaviour. This paper provides new areas over the Holarctic and partially in temperate biological data on some poorly known species areas of southern hemisphere. Because of the and discusses on particularities of feeding particular chemical stuffs there are almost no specialization. polyphagous Agromyzidae on Ranunculaceae. There are predominantly (more than 100) representatives of Phytomyza genus feeding on Methods Ranunculaceae. Some of them demonstrate certainly distinctive morphological characters and Author in Lithuania and contiguous were placed in the Napomyza up to 1994. Many districts of neighbouring countries collected early species groups of Phytomyza are represented on stages of Agromyzidae between 1980 and 2003, Ranunculaceae and species group limits are here with the consequent imago rearing in laboratory. almost invisible. These groups are descended on Material is deposited in the Institute of Ecology, this plant family more probably than reverberate a Vilnius. result of several colonisations. Thus K.A. Spencer The species are laid out in the list below, (1990) considered that Agromyzidae are on taking into account their morphological Ranunculaceae primary, not secondary, and that resemblance. The six species with note of means they are ‘inherited’. This proposition, interrogation marked need a formal confirmation being correct generally, cannot be aimed at all by rearing of imagines or even imago males (in Agromyzidae though. case of P. platonoffi). The agromyzid larvae (and Phytomyza particularly) attack all the plant–organs of 94 The Agromyzidae (Diptera) Feeding Particularities on Some Genera of Ranunculaceae Results Ranunculoideae: Ranunculeae. Upper–surface leaf mines in Ranunculus acris, R. lanuginosus There were 47 species of Agromyzidae and R. polyanthemos. Larva leaves the mine found feeding on 11 genera of Ranunculaceae through a lover leaf surface, pupation takes place during the investigation. These phytophagoes host in the opening, and the yellowish puparium specialization range varies here between the remains hung in the opening or falls down. monophagy and oligophagy and does not overstep Phytomyza linguae Lundquist, 1947 a plant genus limits mostly. Only 3 species Ranunculoideae: Ranunculeae. Upper–surface colonise plants of 2–3 relate genera, three species leaf mines in Ranunculus lingua. Larva leaves the feed on 2 most relate genera of different plant mine through an upper leaf surface, pupation tribes (Isopyreae and Thalictreae). But Phytomyza takes place on the leaf blade, puparium is black clematidis colonize only selective plant species, and stuck to the leaf in some centimetres from the which represent 2 genera of different tribes opening away. (Anemoneae and Ranunculeae), choosing even Not a synonym of P. ranunculivora (cf. different organs of each host. And Phytomyza Pakalniškis, 1996b). actaeae can feed on selective plant species of 2 Phytomyza pulsatillicola Hering, 1962 genera from different subfamilies (Helleboroideae Ranunculoideae: Anemoneae. Upper–surface leaf and Ranunculoideae). mines in Pulsatilla patens and P. pratensis. Larva Two last phenomena are most interesting leaves the mine through an upper leaf surface, since analysing the evolution of feeding pupating in the ground. behaviour and host specialization in Agromyzidae Phytomyza anemonantheae Spencer, 1969 and may be considered to be a kind of ‘selective Ranunculoideae: Anemoneae. Upper–surface leaf oligophagy’ rather confirmable with the mines in Anemone sylvestris. Pupation takes place xenophagy (cf. Spencer 1999). inside. Phytomyza ? aconiti Hendel, 1920 Helleboroideae: Delphineae. Upper–surface leaf List of species mines in Aconitum napellus. Several larvae feed together, leaving the mine through an upper leaf Phytomyzinae surface and pupating in the ground. The species Phytomyza ? albimargo Hering, 1925 can feed on Delphinium spp. as well (Spencer, Ranunculoideae: Anemoneae. Upper–surface leaf 1996, 1999). mines in Anemone nemorosa. Larva leaves the Lithuania: Šilainiai, 54º56'N, 23º52'E, mines and mine through an upper leaf surface, pupating in puparia collected only. An introduced species, the ground. doubtless. Lithuania: Spalviškiai environs, 56º16'N, 24º58'E, Phytomyza aconitophila Hendel, 1927 mines and puparia collected only. Helleboroideae: Delphineae. Upper–surface leaf Phytomyza pulsatillae Hering, 1924 mines in Aconitum septentrionale. Larva leaves Ranunculoideae: Anemoneae. Upper–surface leaf the mine through an upper leaf surface, pupating mines in Pulsatilla patens and P. pratensis. Larva in the ground. Introduced species. leaves the mine through an upper leaf surface, Phytomyza actaeae Hendel, 1922 pupating in the ground. Helleboroideae: Cimicifugeae. Upper–surface leaf Phytomyza hendeli Hering, 1923 mines in Actaea spicata. Pupation takes place Ranunculoideae: Anemoneae. Upper–surface leaf internally. M. Beiger recorded (1980) in Poland mines in Anemone nemorosa. Larva leaves the Clematis alpina (Ranunculoideae: Anemoneae) to mine through an upper leaf surface, pupating in be next host plant. the ground. Phytomyza rydeni Hering, 1934 Phytomyza ranunculivora Hering, 1934 Ranunculoideae: Ranunculeae. Upper–surface Latvijas Entomologs, 2004, 41: 93-99. 95 leaf mines in Ranunculus acris. Some larvae are Helleboroideae: Trollieae. Upper–surface leaf feeding together usually, and pupation takes place mines in Caltha palustris. Larva leaves the mine in the mine. through a lower leaf surface, puparium remains Phytomyza trollii Hering, 1930Helleboroideae: hung in the opening. Trollieae. Upper–surface leaf mines in Trollius Lithuania: Marcinkonys environs, 54º05'N, europaeus. Larva leaves the mine through an 24º27'E, mines and puparia collected only. upper leaf surface, pupating in the ground. Phytomyza ?soenderupi Hering, 1941 Phytomyza ignota Pakalniškis, 1994 Helleboroideae: Trollieae, Internal petiole mines Ranunculoideae: Anemoneae. Upper–surface leaf in Caltha palustris, sometimes (if some larvae are mines in Pulsatilla pratensis. Pupation takes feeding together) appearing in the surface place inside (under the upper epidermis) or rarely irregularly and even in basal part of leaf blade larva leaves the mine through an upper leaf (just as P. stolonigena), pupation takes place surface, pupating in the ground. inside. Phytomyza ? kaltenbachi Hendel, 1922 Latvia: Rucava environs, 56º10'N, 21º08'E, Ranunculoideae: Anemoneae. Upper–surface leaf puparia collected 28.08.2003, 2 females and 3 males mines in Clematis vitalba and relate spp. Larva emerged. leaves the mine through an upper leaf surface, Phytomyza socia Brischke, 1881 pupating in the ground. Ranunculoideae: Anemoneae. Upper–surface leaf Lithuania: Kryžiokai, 54º48'N, 25º21'E; Merkinė, mines in Hepatica nobilis and Pulsatilla 54º10'N, 24º11'E; Šilainiai, 54º56'N, 23º52'E; pratensis. Larva leaves the mine through an upper Tamošava, 54º36'N, 24º34'E. Mines and puparia leaf surface, pupating in the ground. collected only. An introduced species, doubtless. Phytomyza abdominalis Zetterstedt, 1848 Phytomyza palionisi Pakalniškis, 1998 Ranunculoideae: Anemoneae. Upper–surface Ranunculoideae: Ranunculeae. Upper–surface mines in over-wintered leaves of Hepatica leaf mines in Ranunculus cassubicus. Pupation nobilis. Larva leaves the mine through an upper takes place inside, under the lower epidermis. leaf surface, pupating in the ground. Phytomyza anemones Hering, 1925 Phytomyza ranunculicola Hering, 1949 Ranunculoideae: Anemoneae. Upper–surface leaf Ranunculoideae: Ranunculeae. Upper–surface mines in Anemone nemorosa. Pupation takes leaf mines in Ranunculus acris and R. bulbosus. place inside, under the upper epidermis. Pupation takes place inside, under the upper Phytomyza fallaciosa Brischke, 1881 epidermis. Ranunculoideae: Ranunculeae. Upper–surface Phytomyza albifrons Groschke, 1957 leaf mines in Ranunculus acris, R. lanuginosus Isopyroideae: Thalictreae. Upper–surface leaf and R. lingua, with some larvae feeding together. mines in Thalictrum
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