Walking Friendly Sandwell
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- DRAFT - Agenda Item No. 4 ‘A Future for Sandwell’s Heritage’ – A review to raise the profile of archaeology in the Borough Report of the Environment and Sustainability Panel Prepared by the Scrutiny Unit May 2008 - DRAFT - - DRAFT - Contents Page Context ...................................................................................... 2 Findings..................................................................................... 5 Appendix 1 Examples of Artefacts........................................... 13 Appendix 2 Environment and Sustainability Panel .................. 14 Appendix 3 Scope of the Review............................................. 15 Appendix 4 Methodology......................................................... 16 References .............................................................................. 17 - DRAFT - 1 - DRAFT - - DRAFT - Context Sandwell’s heritage is rich and varied. Place names and artefacts discovered from the Mesolithic through the Iron Age, Roman, Saxon and Medieval periods point to 8,000 years of human activity in the Borough. And its important contribution to the industrial revolution is sometimes understated. However, these facts have not always been recognised and it is only in the light of exciting recent studies and discoveries, often due to the increase in conditions/recommendations attached to planning applications, that the distant history and heritage of the Borough has begun to be realised. These studies include: • The Historic Urban Characterisation Study, undertaken across an area of the Borough, as part of the Housing Market Renewal Area Pathfinder Scheme. This identified the historic environment that has formed and characterised the present urban development of this area • The Soho Foundry Conservation Plan. This was the culmination of six independent phases of work on one of the foremost sites of the industrial revolution. This survey has highlighted the importance of the site, its buildings and its buried archaeology • Cradley Heath Town Centre, Historic Landscape Appraisal. This became the foundation for the Historic Buildings Record and Archaeological Evaluation that was undertaken as part of the town centre redevelopment Along with discoveries, such as: • A nuclear bunker discovered in Smethwick. A dark reminder of the threat posed during the cold war • Extensive buried features related to the West Bromwich Manor and possibly a second moated site • A late medieval/early post medieval pottery site with associated town ditch and extensive features relating to the pottery industry in Wednesbury • A late medieval/early post medieval forge recently unearthed in Wednesbury displaying over 400 years of industrial development - DRAFT - 2 - DRAFT - - DRAFT - Despite the discovery of these archaeological sites, some of national importance, it is clear that the full extent and quality of Sandwell’s buried archaeological resource is still very much unknown. The collective evidence for Sandwell’s past is entered into the Historic Environment Record. This public document is constantly updated and holds the total amount of identified historic buildings, historic landscapes and known archaeological information for the Borough. It is essential that adequate resource is allowed to maintain this resource and allow it to reach the recommended national levels. Following the recent Heritage White Paper1, maintenance of a Historic Environment Record is due to become a statutory function. Protection and conservation of historic buildings, structures and sites is essential (both in local government and private ownership) as these provide a visible link or thread to the past, a continuity of community, a sense of place and pride in the local environment. The Government agrees and there are a number of policies relating to Heritage, including: • Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 19792 • National Heritage Act 1983 & 20023 • Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 19904 • Planning Policy Guidance 15: Planning and the historic environment5 • Planning Policy Guidance 16: Archaeology and Planning6 These documents established and strengthened the role of the Local Authority in its protection of the historic environment and the role of English Heritage as the statutory adviser on matters concerning the conservation of England's historic environment. They define a monument as: “any building, structure or work above or below the surface of the land, any cave or excavation; any site comprising the remains of any such building, structure or work or any cave or excavation; and any site comprising or comprising the remains of any vehicle, vessel or aircraft or other movable structure or part thereof”. - DRAFT - 3 - DRAFT - - DRAFT - And make damaging one a criminal offence. What is more, they place duties on developers as part of granting of planning permission for building works. Archaeological remains are a finite and irreplaceable resource whose presence should be considered in applications for new development. It is important to evaluate the site for its archaeological potential before a development in order to inform future management decisions. This should lead to either preservation in situ, where the archeology is left untouched beneath, or as part of a new development, or preservation by record, where the site is excavated and any finds or features recorded. - DRAFT - 4 - DRAFT - - DRAFT - Findings Preservation and Conservation Sandwell’s Unitary Development Plan7 contains a section on conservation and heritage. And regarding our commitment to our heritage through the planning process, it commits the Council to: • Requiring archaeological information before the determination of planning applications • Contributing to the Sandwell Historic Environment Record • Look to identify, protect, preserve and promote archaeological sites • Exploit archaeological sites for their archaeological, recreational and educational value A study, as part of the Department for Communities and Local Government Housing Market Renewal Area (HMRA) Pathfinder, (set up in areas identified as suffering from housing market weakness, failure or collapse, covering areas of West Bromwich and Smethwick)8, uncovered a high number of sites that need to be protected. However, while we are in the process of the Borough’s largest programme of redevelopment for many years, a lack of resources in Historic Environment & Planning Development means that enforcement of planning conditions is under pressure due to being under resourced and subsequently under staffed. Planning Officers admit that sites of archaeological interest have been lost (although this is extremely rare) and that a pro-active approach to enforcement and preservation is not possible because of this lack of resource. So the Borough Archaeologist is under pressure and this is affecting his role as the curator for the Borough’s archaeology (both known and unknown). This has effectively prevented him from publishing important information, such as the synopsis of the Borough’s archaeology. We recommend, therefore, that our conservation and planning enforcement functions are strengthened. As the Select Committee on Heritage and Culture9 stated, “our historic environment is unique, irreplaceable and vulnerable and we cannot afford to loose such a valuable resource”. - DRAFT - 5 - DRAFT - - DRAFT - The close working between Sandwell Archaeologists and the University of Birmingham has allowed new technologies to be used, both in identifying locations for possible future community archaeological digs and in recording buildings and structures when they were due to be demolished or redeveloped. But there is still concern over the lack of storage space for the large volume of artefacts recovered from digs, such as those shown in Appendix 1. The Select Committee on Heritage and Culture reported that: “Sandwell’s historic environment is unique, irreplaceable and vulnerable and has great cultural, educational and recreational value to present and future residents of the Borough and its visitors” It included 50 recommendations about the Borough’s physical assets, collections, archaeology, programming, marketing and partnerships. The Cabinet Member for Culture and Leisure agreed an action plan to support their delivery and, by October 2007, lead officers were able to report that 90% of the plan had been delivered or was on target, with a number of significant achievements10, including: • Bringing together Cultural Services into a single division with a single Cabinet Member • Agreement of Sandwell’s heritage priorities • Development of Heritage Trails for West Bromwich, Smethwick, Wednesbury and Rowley Regis • Programming of more family events at museum sites • Appointment of a Tourism Officer for the Borough • Range of awards for local museums and parks • Development proposals for Oak House and Barns • Increased marketing and digitisation of heritage However, a small number of recommendations, linked to archaeology, were in need of more resources or had been de- prioritised, most notably recommendations: 22 Increased resources should be made available by the Council for the tasks of cataloguing and conserving Sandwell’s collections, archives and archaeological finds - DRAFT - 6 - DRAFT - - DRAFT - 25 Given the significance of the Industrial Revolution to Sandwell, the issue of collecting industrial heritage should be considered within collections policies 27 Increased resources should be made available by the Council for excavations and a planned