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THE RUSSELL ISLANDERS.Pdf • THE RUSSELL ISLM,DERS of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate; by Robert H. BLACK. Syd., 1965. ( II!') ..fe I, 0/ <r- Ill! 668 A/N 18802 LIBRARY SECTION Mr' ... o.. ~ :z...., ... m~ '" - ~ "'0 "':>- :Em0 ... mo I ,j !moot 'It' lIUlIlIr: AIID TR, ,I' • INE I.' RAR Y Commal wullh 0 U' nt r ",.Ihl TilE 11 IVEIl • Y C SYDNIoY - - - , • • 999 N9 (.:lH) • • I ----- , I ( 'f T le. 2' I',· \ ..:'1> .. ' , Oho1eelll , @ ._--'"'--- ® • Slkalana L.et!.- "Ilalta Georgia ~~ , ''''I • .~ @ ~~ Small Malclta , '" @ Ulewa \, Guadaloanol • . •.. e •• • -~ ',ea1' Is. San Cl'latobal ..• fFJ Santa Orus Bellona ~ © Vanlkol'o Ell r~nnell ~ Anllda illtopta (ii\ .·1 tlsh <'., ~ T,1.[,. ~6 ,"l'o\.(l~· 11. 4. Black, R.H., and t1acphEol'son, R.X. Heat Hazard in a tropical sgricultural enterprises Hot­ air dz:ylng of copra in Chula type driers in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate. All field workers are indebted to the people w:i. th whom they have lived and worked, people who have given muoh of their time and hospi tality. Often there is little one can do in the 1ray of e. return gift beyond expreesing one's gratitude. In the present instance T11Y 11= thanks are due to the Ruasell IslB!1da people, the staff and Solomon Island employees of Levere Paoific Plant-­ ations Pty. Ltd., the Tikopiana of Nukufero and the manager of Nono plantation. If the report appears to be oritical in pIsces the disoipline of T11Y work demands it, but the debt remains. Finally, it should be stated that my wife"s painting and draWing activities contributed in no elllall way to the establish­ ment of fl'iendly relationships With the Solomon Islandws. Robert H. Black JID, BS (Syd.) DTM&:H (Liv.) MRACP. School of Publio Health and Tropical Medicine, University of Sydney. Juno 1963. IN'l'RODUCTORY SUWIARJ The Russell Is1andere are Melanssiane and livs in villages on five of the slIIall is1ete of the Ruseell Islands. Their eoonomic acti vities consiet of gardening t fishing and colleoting, "he manu.­ faoture and aale of oopra made f'rQID their ow" ooconut palms, and the eale of garden produoe. There &ae some speCialists but they also garden and n.ake <lopra. The incOlDes made by some from tho sale of copra 81'e high by Jlelanesian village standards. Increasing population and diminishing garden land (resulting from the planting of ooconuts) have 08.\1Bed a feeling of land shortage. The membere of Russell Island society are divided into a m1mber of matrilineal olllml and the main function of these today concerns the ownership of land. flluoh of the land hae been alienated and this has disturbed the egality of the clans so that one is now pre oolinent in land ownership. Inheritance of land is in the female line, but a man's cocomlt palms may be left to his son. Marl'1age was i'brmoJrly between IlIRi ..bers of differsnt clans but is now perm:!. tted between distant relatives within the olan. H8,j'rled oouples produoe large mun1Jere of ohildren and man;?' of these survive, 1. FOIlliWORD In 1961 I was asked by Dr. J.J. O'Dwysr of Unilsver. Lone.on. if I would be prepared to spend some time in the ~ritiBh Solomon Islands Proteotorate conducting research into tho Docial. baokgro'tlcud to the health of employees of Levers Pacific PlantationG Pty. Ltd. As this was the sort of application for whioh I had been preparing JQyseU by a formal study of AnthropologyF my reply VIas in the a:1'fimative. The Depar(,m.mt of Health, COlidllomrt'lalih of Australi' and Unilever came to an agreEllllent for my services to be mede available for this project on a consultative basis in the same way ss I had worked with the South Pacific 00111"1 saion as <1 malariologist. Dr. O'Dwyer's conceptiof of the project had origin ':1 an article wr1 tten by Sp:l.lUus· gn ·the TikopiSl".fl wOI'king fo7' L"6Vel'S &.n anothor paper by Spl11ius£ on operations research in Tikopia, In October, ll.961, my wife and I arrived at Yandina in ths Ruseell Islands, the headquartsrs of Levera in the ~it~Bh So1omo~l and our visit lasted until Februa:ry, 1962. During this period I 1ll'. observatiollB at tha headqUfU'tere of' the compan,y and on the VIir:!,oue estates. It soeD became apparent that importsnt relatiolmnipa existed between Leve:t's 0 omployees and the Russell Islanders, and betweon the T5kopia.ne employed by the compan,y and the Tikopiar.s at the new settlement of Tikopisneat N'ukufero in the Russsl Islal!de. The material presentdd here derivea from observations made OD the Russell Islandere in the eomewhat l:I.mHed tiroe I waB able to devote to theee people. This restriction hed to be exerc:l.sed as "'hey formed only a minor thema to my main researoh. However, the material collected is sufficient to allow a statement to "be made about the Russell people, although it mlst be regarded as tentative and e~loratory rather than def1ni~ive, As far aa I am aware there is no previous account of these people, With the reservations outlined, thie deBCr1~tion of the Russell Islande:rs is presented as a thesis for the Diplo;lIu I.n Anthrepology of tho University cf Sydnsy. It is GUppol'i:eli by two published papere and two papera in typescript whioh deal Vfi tll partioular aapeo·ts of the major theme of my research in tue Solomon Islands. These supporting papers are: l. Black, R.H. 1963. '!'he cuts of' copra cutters. Noumea. South Pacif'io Commission. 20 Blook, R.H. 1963. Christianity as a erose­ cultural bond in the British Solomon Iala"du Proteotorate as seen in the Russetl Islands. Oceania, ~, 171. 3. Black, R.H. The composition of house g!'oupc CIf Solomon Island employees on plantatl.ona ill the Russell Islands. Paper read at a 5,ylllpos1U11: :a. the Sociology of Disease at the A.N.Z.A.A.S. meeting in Sydney. 1962. ~--~~~--~~~~=-~~~--~------~--~--~~-~---~-1. SpilliuB, J. 1957. Polynesian e::r;periment; Tikopia Island!)..-- t- , as plantation labour. Progress (Unile"er), ,!€, 91. 2. Spi~liue, J. 1957. Natural disaster and po11~ oal or~eia e Po1,yneaian Qocioty Human relatione ~", J • i11. There are still "big men" of the clans but some of their functions have been assumed by headmen appointed by the Gove'r1I'l""'l1llent e by members of the Russell Islands Distriot Council, and by the Missions. These "big men" are stUl important in land matters, but the entry of money into the sooiety has introduoed another facet of power. The eale of oopra hes rsised the prestige of men vis %-vis women. Former magioe=religious bsliefs and practioes have been suppre!lsed by the two missione which have been in the Russell Islands for over half a oentury - the Mela.nesian Mission (Anglioan) and the Roman Catholio Mission (!larist Brothers). The presencs of these two missions has resulted in the formation of two endogamous groups. Three Russell Islanders have been ordained as Anglioan priests and others are mission teachers either at home or on other islands of the Proteotorate. Eduoation is a function of the missione in the Russell Islands. There are villase sohools and an Anglioan residential Distriot Sohool for boys. Further education is oarried out at schools elsewhere in the Protectorate so that both boys and girls spend most of their time awa,y from home. FOrmer1y, sickness and death were associated with totemio bsliefs and soroery. Nowadays, the medical and health servioes, whioh are distributed throughout the Russell Islands, are popular with the Russsll people who attend Levere' hoepital at Yandina. They also have a midwife of their own. • The Russell Islandere have important relationahjps with other peoples - those who also live in the Russell Islands and thoss who come f'rom outside the Group. They resent the new ssttlement of Tikopians on one of the main islands, on land made available by Levers, and this leads to disputss. They alBo feel b1 tter about the amount of land which was alienated in the past and is now held by Levere 0 The United States armed forces were in the Russsll Islands during the war in the Paoific and a proportion of the material wealth of the Russell people is derived from this source. Changes in ~ aspects of ths life of the Russell Islandsre have resulted trom the influence of Levers' plantations, the missions, and the Government. • 1. The RusBell IBla.nda and the villaeeB 2. EoOllomj 0 aoUvi ty 30 Kinahip aoll rn! <"1"1aee 4. Political aot1vit,r 5. Keg; c and religion 6. Eduoation 7. Health 8. Relat1QnBhipe with other peoples • • 1. The BURsells an a gwup of siliall islands in the BriUsh Solunon Islands h'Oteotorate. Situated 9° S. 159°101 E., they are 30 miles trom Gnada1cenal, the largest island of the lwteotorate. ,Moh lies to the eouth 188t. Yeabel is to the nort~ the neaxest point being about 40 m:l.lss a~p end !Jew Geo a lie9 to t~ weet and sl1ghtl,y north at a cuetanoe ot 60 milss. \)(ap 1.) Captain Ya m11ng of ths &st IncU. CouPf'tllt oalled the Group Naoaul~ie Archipelll8O, a nemo, whioh did not 00"'8 into "se. On the other band, the Group wae generall,y 88 Cape Vaish in the first half of this oentur,y although Cape Karsh is uwxeq the western poillt of the largest island. The Islands OC)opnse Paww I., the largest, "hich ten m11ee in length ana eight miles in width, ie mountainous - xeaohing a beiBht of over 2000 teet - and ie heav117 timberedf Banika I.
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