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Contextualizing the 1997 Warm Event Observed at Patriot Hills in the Interior of West Antarctica Jorge F

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Contextualizing the 1997 Warm Event Observed at Patriot Hills in the Interior of West Antarctica Jorge F POLAR RESEARCH 2018, VOL. 37, 1547041 https://doi.org/10.1080/17518369.2018.1547041 RESEARCH ARTICLE Contextualizing the 1997 warm event observed at Patriot Hills in the interior of West Antarctica Jorge F. Carrasco Centro de Investigación GAIA Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Between 5 and 8 December 1997, the surface air temperature increased up to 3°C in the Air temperature; interior of West Antarctica, at Patriot Hills (PH), located at about 80°08’S, 81°16ʹ W, at an El Niño–Southern elevation of 855 m a.s.l. This was about 15°C warmer than the mean air temperature (−12°C) Oscillation; Antarctic for this location at this time of the year. The ice surface field along the hills used as a runway Oscillation; ERA-Interim for large aircraft melted, forming small ponds at the foot of the slope. This warm event was reanalysis; blocking ridge; associated with a passing mid-tropospheric ridge that reached the interior of West Antarctica, foehn effect; warm advection whose anticyclonic circulation advected warm air towards the PH area. The foehn effect of the descending airflow on the northern slope of PH did not significantly contribute to the ABBREVIATIONS warming. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was reaching its mature phase during AAO: Antarctic Oscillation; the last quarter of 1997 and the warming/melting episode may be related to large-scale AWS: automatic weather circulation associated with ENSO occurrence. However, warm events in the interior of West station; CPC-NOAA: Climate Antarctica may occur during any phase of ENSO. In contrast, the negative phase of the Prediction Center, National Antarctic Oscillation seems to support the development of the mid-tropospheric ridges that Center for Environmental can advect warm maritime air towards the interior of West Antarctica. The 3°C registered at Prediction, National Oceanic PH may be one of the highest near-surface air temperatures measured below 2500 m a.s.l. in and Atmospheric Administration (USA); ENSO: the far interior coastal area of West Antarctica. This suggests a new subregion for determining El Niño–Southern air temperature records in Antarctica may need to be considered. Oscillation; ERAin: ERA-Interim database; PH: Patriot Hills; PHC: Patriot Hills camp; SD: standard deviation; t2m: air temperature at 2 m above the surface Introduction This time, a mid-latitude tropospheric ridge extended southward, reaching the northern Recently, Nicolas et al. (2017) described an intense Antarctic Peninsula on 23 March. This ridge pat- melt event that took place when near-surface air tern caused warm advection towards the area and temperature was 0°C or above during 10– westerly winds towards the mountain range, caus- 21 January 2016, affecting large portion of the ing foehn winds in the lee of the mountains and Ross Ice Shelf. A main factor associated with this thereby contributing to an increase of the air tem- event was the presence of a blocking high over the perature on the eastern slope of the peninsula Southern Ocean, north of the Amundsen Sea. The (Boskurt et al. 2018). Skansi et al. (2017)indicated ridge configuration suggests strong north–south that the highest extreme temperature recorded advection of warm marine air towards the Ross south of latitude 60°S is 19.8°C and occurred on Ice Shelf region, crossing Marie Byrd Land and 30 January 1982 at Signy Island (60°43′S 45°36′W), travelling a distance of about 1500 km. This event located to the north-east of the northern tip of the took place during the strong El Niño of 2015–16, Antarctic Peninsula (around 650 km from which may be responsibleforthewarmevent; Esperanza Base). Once again, a tropospheric ridge however, no conclusive connection between the was passing over the region advecting warm air and event and El Niño was found (Nicolas et al. generating foehn winds on the lee side of the South 2017). Another unusual warm event occurred at Orkney Islands, where the weather station was the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, where located (Skansi et al. 2017). As Skansi et al. the Argentine Esperanza Base registered a record (2017) mentioned, a World Meteorological high temperature of 17.5°C on 24 March 2015; this Organization committee recommended two subre- occurred one day after the Argentine Marambio gions for establishing extreme temperature records Base had registered 17.4°C (Skansi et al. 2017). southward of 60°S. One is the Antarctic continent CONTACT Jorge F. Carrasco [email protected] Centro de Investigación GAIA Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes, Ave. Bulnes 01855, Punta Arenas, Chile © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 J.F. CARRASCO and all islands immediately adjacent to it (which Geographical location of PH and data excludes Signy Island), and the other is all regions availability above 2500 m a.s.l., which includes mostly East PH is located at the southern end of the Ellsworth Antarctica. Thus, the temperature recorded at Mountains, in the interior of West Antarctica (80°08’S, EsperanzaBasebecamethehighesteverrecorded 81°16ʹ W, 855 m a.s.l.; Fig. 1). PH is a chain of hills 8 km in on the Antarctic continent since instrumental mea- length and about 400 m above the ice/snow surface, with surements. On the other hand, the highest tem- the highest summit at 1246 m a.s.l.. More than 1000 km perature measured within the Antarctic subregion separate PH from the nearest open Southern Ocean areas. above 2500 m a.s.l. is −7°C, recorded by an AWS at The grounding line that limits the ice sheet and the D-80 (70°6′S, 134°53′E, 2500 m a.s.l.) on Ronne/Filchner Ice Shelf is about 50 km north-east of 28 December 1989 (Skansi et al. 2017). The 500- PH. Along the northern side of PH, a bare ice surface, hPa field for this day resolved a tropospheric ridge 4 km by 2 km, known as a blue ice area (Bintanja 1999), whose axis was just to the west of the station. was used as a runway for wheeled C-130 aircraft Warm air advection circulated counter-clockwise (Swithinbank 1987). About 3000 m to the north of towards the D-80 AWS and contributed to the PH (Fig. 1),theChileanAirForceandtheChilean increased air temperature. Antarctic Institute deployed a temporary research camp In between the coastal areas of the Antarctic (PHC) to carry out scientific fieldwork (see, for example, continent and the adjacent islands, where extreme Casassa et al. 1998) between 17 November and air temperature can reach far above 0°C, and the 16 December 1997. subregion above 2500 m a.s.l., where surface tem- The instrumentation at PHC consisted of mercury perature is not likely to rise above 0°C; there is an thermometers for maximum and hourly readings, an extensive region where the near-surface air tem- alcohol-in-glass thermometer for minimum readings perature can exceed 0°C (and cause a melting and a thermograph. These were installed at the camp at event), but is not likely to be as high as in the 1.5 m above the snow surface inside an instrument near coastal areas. A case of extreme air tempera- weather shelter. The shelter protected the instruments ture above 0°C was registered in the interior of from direct and indirect solar radiation, while at the same West Antarctica at PH, when the air temperature time allowing adequate ventilation. An aneroid barom- reached 3°C at 14 UTC on 7 December 1997. eter and a barograph were set up for pressure reading Here, a description of this event is presented, as and recording. A portable anemometer was used to well as an analysis about whether this kind of measure wind speed and wind direction at the camp. event has occurred on other occasions and its At least three-hourly observations were carried out from possible relation with ENSO. 21 November to 15 December. These included, surface Figure 1. Location map. R/FIS: Ronne/Fitchner Ice Shelf, UGC: Union Glacier Camp. POLAR RESEARCH 3 Figure 2. Three-hourly air temperatures, sea-level pressure and wind speed measurement taken at Patriot Hills between 21 November and 15 December 1997. Orange shading highlights temperatures above –2 °C (surface melting can occur below- freezing near-surface air temperature because of radiative heating). The dashed curve is the air temperature measured at Byrd Station. Table 1. Prevailing daily weather conditions registered at PH during 21 November to 14 December 1997. Date Windshield Temperature 1997 Daily wind means (m/s) daily means min. max. Cloudinessa Significant weather conditionb 21 Nov. 9.4 −22.9 –14 –12 SKC Blizzard/−SN 22 5.1 –20.0 –15 –10.5 SKC 23 5.8 –18.3 –13.5 –8.5 SCT 24 9.3 –19.6 –11 –9 SCT 25 0 6.1 –15 –10 SKC → BKN 26 4.8 –12.8 –15.5 –11 SCT 27 7.1 –21.5 –15.1 –10.5 SKC 28 2 –7.7 –17.2 –12.8 SKC → BKN 29 5.3 –21.6 –14.8 –12.5 OVC → BKN 30 5.2 –20.1 –15.5 –10.5 OVC 1 Dec. 7.3 –19.7 –11.5 –9.5 BKN → SKC −SN 2 5.8 –17.8 –11.8 –7.8 SKC 3 0.6 3.7 –13.5 –13 BKN → SKC 4 3.2 –4.2 –13 –2 SKC 5 7.8 –10.9 –7 2.1 SKC 6 8.7 –6.6 –2.5 1 SCT → BKN 7 4.9 –4.5 –4 3 SKC 8 6.5 –9.7 –6.5 1 BKN 9 2.4 0.3 –7.1 –6 SCT → BKN 10 3.1 –5.5 –7.8 –5 SKC 11 2.0 –5.6 –10 –6 SKC 12 4.3 –9.0 –8.9 –6.5 SKC → BKN 13 4.7 –13.6 –9.8 –6.8 SCT → BKN 14 1.6 –4.9 –13 –7.5 BKN a SKC: ≤ 1 octas, SCT: ≤ 4 octas, BKN: 5 ≥ and ≤ 7 octas, OVC: 8 octas.
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