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Rb-Sr Geochronology of Graham Land, Antarctica

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Rb-Sr Geochronology of Graham Land, Antarctica J. geol. Soc. London, Vol. 139, 1982, pp. 701-711, 3 fins, 1 table. Printed in Northern Ireland Rb-Sr geochronology of Graham Land, Antarctica R. J. Pankhurst SUMMARY: Thirty-five new Rb-Sr whole-rock and mineral isochrons are reported for igneous rocks from Graham Land.Magmatism was essentially continuous but peaks of activity occurred in early Jurassic, early Cretaceous, late Cretaceous and Eocene times. The oldest dated granite is Triassic (209 f 3 Ma). Volcanic rocks were erupted throughout this history and some previously supposed Upper Jurassic volcanic rocks must be mid-Cretaceous or younger.A change in magma type, from uniformly acid to predominantly basic or intermediate, combined with westward migration of the arc, may be partly responsible for previously reported transverse geochernical variations. There is a marked trend of decreasing initial *’Sri?+ ratio of the plutonic rocks with time, from c. 0.707 to 0.704, although volcanic rocks tend to have highervalues. This trend is ascribed tothe waning influence of an, as yet unidentified, pre-magmatic crustal basement, due to increasing depth of magma generation. Close parallels tothe observed age pattern imply continuity of the Andean belt through southern South America intoGraham Land back to early Mesozoic timesand are notcompatible with reconstructions of Gondwana in which the Antarctic Peninsula is located W of South America. Mesozoic and Tertiary igneous rocks account for the relative ages of volcanic andplutonic rocks within majority of exposed outcrop in the Antarctic Peninsu- local sequences, and correlation over distances greater la.Regional considerations (e.g. Dalziel & Elliot than 50-100 km has proved difficult. The overall time 1973) show that the geological setting is analogous to scale for magmatic activity has until now depended that of southern SouthAmerica and suggest that a almost entirely on a survey of B.A.S. field collections continuous subduction-related magmatic arc previous- mainly based onthe K-Ar datingtechnique (Rex ly existed through the Andes into Graham Land. The 1976). This revealed a complex history of calc-alkaline post-Miocene history of separation between these two magmatism extendingfrom early Jurassic to early areas is now well documented, largely as a result of Tertiary times, followed by Pliocene-Recent basaltic intensive geophysical studyin the Scotia Sea and volcanism in the extreme northern part of the penin- Drake Passage (Barker & Griffiths 1972; Barker & sula, whichis now recognized as geochemically and Burrell 1977). However,there is no such certainty tectonically unrelated to the earlier arc environment concerning earlier relationships, especially with regard (Baker et al. 1977; Pankhurst 1982). Despite the fact to reconstruction of the Pacific margin of Gondwana in that Rex’s work was based on over 50 samples and which the position of the Antarctic Peninsula has often supplemented by a small amount of data from other been a poorly constrained embarrassment. A geologi- workers, these were necessarily very thinly spread cal approach to the problemclearly requires knowledge over the area of Graham Land-about 40 000 km2. In of thepre-arc history,detailed evaluation of the view of the complex history demonstrated, his conclu- igneousrocks and correlation with the situation in sions on the timing of magmatism, and in particular his neighbouringregions. Geochronology is central to tentative recognition of 4 discrete climaxes of activity, such an approach and this paper summarizes the pro- stand in need of confirmation. gress of a major programme being carried out by British Antarctic Survey. Emphasis so far has been on New geochronological data the evolution of the magmatic arc in Graham Land. Although evidence for older basement is still inconclu- Starting with a new field collecting programme in sive, there are indications from both petrological and 1977-8, the author has been engaged in a continuing isotopicstudies tosupport itsexistence, discussed project to check and extend geochronological control later. of Antarctic Peninsula magmatism, principally using Systematic field geology in the accessible parts of Rb-Sr whole-rock dating. Laboratory analyses have Graham Land has been carried out over the past 35 been carried out in the Isotope Geology Unit of the years by geologists from British Antarctic Survey Institute of Geological Sciences, London.The tech- (B.A.S.), formerly Falkland Islands DependenciesSur- niques differ fromthose described by Pankhurst & vey. Many of their findings, including detailed descrip- O’Nions (1973)only in thatthe VG Micromass 30 tions of the occurrences and petrology of the igneous mass-spectrometerin London has been completely rocks, are embodied in the Scientific Report series of automatedfor Rb and Sr measurements underthe B.A.S.(Adie 1954, 1955 andsubsequent references control of a Hewlett Packard 9845A calculator. This given below). In the absence of close palaeontological has enabled processing of over 500 whole-rock sam- control, it has often only been possible to deduce the ples todate, with a selection of rock and mineral 0016-7649/82/1100-0701$02.00 01982 The Geological Society Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-pdf/139/6/701/4887419/gsjgs.139.6.0701.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 702 R. J. Pankhurst analyses using isotope dilution techniques. A full sum- Trinity Peninsula mary of this large body of data is beyond the scope of the present paper, which is confined to reviewing and This northernmost part of Graham Land (locality a, discussing the most significant results. Fig. 1) exhibits field relations which have been taken The new geochronological data are embodied in 35 as typical of the rest of the peninsula. At Hope Bay, isochron ages, listed in Table 1 and plotted in Fig. 1. It (locality b) pre-magmatic rocks of the Trinity Penin- shouldbe notedthat although thenumber of indi- sula Group areunconformably overlain by plant-bearing vidual samples defining the isochrons varies from only sediments succeeded by intermediate and acid volcanic 3 to 28, the fit of datato the isochronmodel is rocks. An assignment of the fossil flora to the Middle generally exceedingly good (MSWD is less than 2 in Jurassic (Halle 1913) led to the assumption followed in the majority of cases) and that the precision of age B.A.S. reports until recently that the majority of the determination is mostly superior to all previously pub- widespread volcanic rocks of Graham Landwere lished data for the Antarctic Peninsula (all errors in probably of Upper Jurassic age. The greywacke sequ- Table 1 arequoted at the 2-sigma level). Where ence which constitutes the Trinity Peninsula Group previousage determinationsare quoted they have and which was folded and metamorphosed during the been recalculated with the decay constantsrecom- Gondwanian orogeny is generally regarded as being of mended by Steiger &L Jager (1977). Carboniferous or Triassic age (Thomson 1975). , 109s FIO.1. Sketch map of Graham Land showing new Rb-Sr isochron ages (in Ma) and their localities. Errors are not shown but in most cases are less than 5 Ma. MSWD is less than 2.0 in almost every case (see Table 1 for full details). Lines of one degree of latitude are indicated by graticules; note that these are curved on this projection (Polar Stereographic). The most important general localities are indexed as follows: (a) Trinity Peninsula, (b)Hope Bay, (c) Larsen Inlet, (U‘) Oscar I1 Coast, (e) CapeFairweather, U, JasonPeninsula, (g) AdieInlet (Gulliver Nunatak, ‘D’ Nunatak), (h) ChurchillPeninsula, (i) Foyn Coast, 0’) ColePeninsula, (k) Alexander I., (l) Marguerite Bay, (m)Red Rock Ridgelsafety Col, (n) Adelaide I., (p) Graham Coast (Argentine I., Rasmussen I. Petermann I.), (4)Danco Coast, (r) Anvers I.. More detailed topographical and geological maps, and a gazeteer of place names, are published by British Antarctic Survey. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-pdf/139/6/701/4887419/gsjgs.139.6.0701.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Rb-Sr geochronology of Graham Land, Antarctica 703 TABLE1: Summary of new Rb-Sr isochron ages from Graham Land No. of Locality Rock type (87Sr/86Sr)o(Ma)data AgeMSWD points Trinity Peninsula 1. Lizard Hill Granodiorite 8* 0.5 92 f 2 0.7040 f 0.0001 2. Hampton Bluffs Rhyodacite 5 0.5 130 f 7 0.7091 f 0.0006 3. Porphyry Bluff Rhyolite 6 0.9 117 f 4 0.7153 f 0.0003 Oscar I1 Coast 4. Andersson Peak Pink granite 5* 1.3 95 f 1 0.7045 f 0.0003 5. Cape Fainveather Adamellite 15 1.7 101 f 2 0.7055 f 0.0002 6. Cape Fairweather Composite dyke cutting 3 0.1 93 f 2 0.7047 f 0.0001 adamellite 7. Cape Fainveather Garnetiferous granite 3 0.5 111 f 2 0.7071 f 0.0002 8. Cape Fairweather Pink granite/diorite 6 0.9 92 f 2 0.7046 f 0.0001 9. Bildad Peak Tonalite/granodiorite 28 1.4 167 f 2 0.7062 f 0.0001 10. Bildad Peak Adamellite 13 1.2 163 f 2 0.7066 f O.QOO1 11. Target Hill Adamelliteigranodiorite 5 5.4 180 f 5 0.7063 f 0.0001 12. Mount Fritsche Diorite 5* 1.8 164 f 2 0.7070 f 0.0001 13.McCarroll Peak Granitelgranodiorite 6 0.6 170 f 2 0.7063 f O.OOO1 14. ‘D’ Nunatak Granodiorite 7 1.8 173 f 6 0.7065 rt 0.0001 15. ‘D’ Nunatak Granite 3 3.2 169 f 3 0.7067 f 0.0002 16. Gulliver Nunatak Rhyolite/dacite 5 0.3 174 f 2 0.7075 f 0.0001 17. Churchill Peninsula Pink granite/diorite 12 0.5 82 f 1 0.7042 f 0.0001 18. Churchill Peninsula Rhyolite inclusions in 3 0.9 99 f 8 0,7083 f 0.0010 pink granite Fpyn Coast 19.
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