The Advantages of Provident Institutions;

•

• • • THE . HISTORY OF WA1THAMSTOW; • ITS PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE;

WITH

A nillECTORY, MAP OF THE PARISH, AND COLOURED PRINT OF THE CHURCH, CENSUS RETURNS, &c., •

SHOWING

THE ADVANTAGES OF PROVIDENT INSTITUTIONS;

TO WHICH IS APPENDED

NOTES ON THE OBJECTS OF INTEREST IN THE SURROUNDING NEIGHBOURHOOD, SUMMARY OF THE POPULATION OF THE WORLD, DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES-THEIR RELIGION, &c., EDUCATIONAL & OTHER STATISTICS.

•

"We live in deeds, not years; in thoughts. not breaths; In feelings, not in figures on a dial We should count time by heart-throbs. He most lives 'Who thinks most-feels the noblest-acts the best." •

PUB LIS HE DBY J 0 SE PHS HI LLING LAW, 'VHIP'S CROSS, WALTHAMSTOW; • AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.

1861.

., •

•

INDEX.

PAGE. Geological proof ofthe existence of Walthamstow 6000 years since •.....••• 1 Fossil remains of Mammoth, Hippopotamus-Tropical Plants, &c., 'Va}- thamstow supposed to be inhabited by man several years before Christ 2 Derivation of the word W althamstow.. 3 Our Ancestors, their Habiti, Religion, &c. 4 The River Lea in the time of King Alfred, and in 1570. The Danes, their passage up the Lea, from the Thames to Ware. Walthamstow under the Romans , ,. . 5 Remains ofthe Camp of Boadicea near Copt Hall . 6 Remains of Roman Roads, Habitations, Coins, Pavements, and Urns

found at Wanstead and Leyton I" 1_ I ••••••• I . 7 The Saxons in Essex-Fifteen Kings of Essex . 8 Walthamstow in Edward the Confessor's reign . 9 • • Titles, how obtained to the various Manors in W ulthamstow. Slaves in Walthamstow and other parts of England in 1728 .. 10 Relative acreage in Wood and Pasture Land, &c., in 1746. Enclosure of Commons in 1848 1' •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ••••••••••••••• 12 Forest and Marsh rights of the Inhabitants. Tradition with regard to Walthamstow Slip '.' 13 The Garden Allotments and Spade Husbandry Society...... 14 • The derivation of the names of the Streets and Roads of Walthamiltow 15

• St. Mary's Church, in l108-The Vicarage granted by Henry VIn., in . 1544 Curious facts relating thereto. The Tombs and Monuments in the Church ~. 17 The period and cost of erection of the District Churches •... ..•.•...• 20 Regulation with regard to Sittings in the Churches, &c. .. 21 Marsh Street Chapel from 1740, its Progress, Pastol's, &c...... •• 22 Wood Street Chapel from 1811, to present date 24 The various Schools in Walthamstow.. 25 Walthamstow, House, Shern Hall, Belle Vue, and other Mansions...... • 27 The numerous Charitable Bequests to the Parishioners abridged from the Reports of the late Parliamentary Commissiuners, and from a work published by the Rev. Wm. Wilson 28 • Singular bequest. The population of Walthamstow froID 1549 to present time. 'fhe remarkable longevity of several of the Inhabitants ...... •. 42 The Mother and Brother of Wm. Penn, Founder of Pensylvania, and a child ofClaypool's, son-in-lawto Oliver Cromwell, Buried at Waltham- stolV (JhtUrcll ~...... •...... ~3 The rapid increase of Population since the purchase of land by the Free- hold Land Societies 44 • VI. INDEX.

More houses erected during the lust ten yellrs than from the time of 1Villiam 180 • the Conqueror to I-Value of Land and Houses ...... •...... •. 45 Decrease of Poor-Rates and Crime, notwithstanding the increase of Population..... 46 The advantages of Provident Institutions in improving the habits of the People. Plan by which all persons may become their own Landlords •47 Curious arrangement of the Roads in Walthamstow . 49 The old 'Vatchmen and the present Police . 51 Returns furnished by Sir Richard Mayne of persons apprehended since 1854, with classification of Offences, degree of Education, &c. •. 52 The Rating-Poor, Church and Highway Rate-How Expended, &c. 53 Collection of Taxes in the Olden Times . 54 Number of Paupers-Attendance of Guardians-Causes of Pauperism- the IJolitical Opinions of the People-Resultg' of the Polls at the County Elections .and on Parochial QU6l5tions . 56 The Occupations of the Inhabitants -the numbers Travelling by Railway to London daily . 59 , Savings' Banks-Bnilding Societies-Clubs, and other Provident Institu. tions in the Parish... . . 60 The Future of Walthamstow-Plans for improving the dwellings, alleviating Sickness,-Reforming the Intemperate and decreasing Paupel'ism and Crime. True happiness not attainable while poverty, • distress, and sickness surround us '..•..•••...... 63 • The injurious effects of ill-ventilated and uncomfortable homes '. 64 • The duty of the Employer to provide for the comfort of the Employed ••• 66 An Extension of the Allotment System advisable-The Water Supply, and the importance of imprOVing it . 68 A Plan by which all, while in health, may provide for the present and the future , ...... •... 69 The importance of establishing a Parochial Improvement Assoeiation.....• 71. Proposed Assembly and Reading Room-The influences ofEducation and Re119lon,· In.I.essenIng C'rIme...... 72 An Appeal to all to aid in promoting the welfare of their neighbours '18 Appendix contains notes on the objects of interest in the surrounding neigllbourhood , 81 to 86 Summary of the Census returns of England and Wales-also of the popu lation of the ",Vorld Distribption of the races, their religion, &c. Educational and other Statistics 86 to 93 A List of the Parochial Officers, Illstitutiobs, &c. in Walthamstow ••••••••• 94 Railway Time Table to and from Walthamstow . 96 Map of the Parish...... 97 The Directory containing the Names and Addresses of the Gentry, Tradesmen and others in Walthamstow. .•... 98 AdYertisements .4...... ,...... 105

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• • PR EFAC E.

THE fact that the population of Walthamstow has increased from ~ . 4959 to 7144 since 1851, and that more houses have been built in the parish during the last ten years than were erected since the time of Julius Cresar to the year 1801 a period extending over • upwards of 1800 years, is : proof that Walthamstow is undergoing . considm'able changes and becoming a parish of considerable importance. To review the past, to observe the present, and to con- • template the future, with a view to the adoption of such plans as will promote the welfare of our neighbour is a work which we hope will prove interesting and useful to all. We have endeavoured, in the preparation of these pages, not so much to amuse the curious as to give a truthful history of the past and present, and to obtain authentic information from official and • reliable sources, availing ourselves of the advantages presented by the use of the Library of the British Museum. • • The historical facts relating to the past have been collected from sterling authors, as Morant, Stowe, Lyson, White, Osborne, Wright, Hughson, Cromwell and others. The Directory has also been compiled, with the view of affording information in a condensed and convenient form." We are bound to express our thanks to Sir Richard Mayne for the prompt and courteous manner in which he furnished the • .. ••• VUl. PREFACE.

statistics with reference to the number and classes of persons apprehended for crime, &0., in Walthamstow during the last six , years, and to others, who have so readily furnished information in their various capacities. Our thanks are also especially due to

Mr. SHILLINGLAW, who has devoted a considerable amount of time in the compilation of the Directory. We apologise to our numerous friends who have ordered this work for the dela..y in its issue; those with whom we are personally acquainted are well aware that our other daily engagements allow , but few leisure moments for pursuits of this character, and they will readily forgive this and other imperfections.

GnosvENOR PARK ROAD,

• WALTHAMSTOW. • •

•

• •

THE

HISTORY OF 1VA·LTHAlIST01V;

ITS PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. •

• IN endeavouring to present a brief sketch of the past history of Walthamstow, we shall not attempt to go back more than 5000 or 6000 years to enter into the question of pre-a~amite man, or the geological changes that have taken place during the formation of its various strata.. It will perhaps be sufficient if we merely glance at a few geo logical facts, to prove the ancient existence of this part of the country. Mr. J. Brown, F.G.S., of Stanway, one of the most industrious • geologists of Essex, has, at his residence, a very extensive collection of fossils and organic remains, collected' in various parts of this county. In this collection there are fossil bones of the hyrena, hippopotamus! and other large animals; and many tusks and teeth of the mammoth ' an animal of the size of which we may form some idea,. when we consider the head alone has been found to weigh 4001b8. There have also been found embedded in the .LondOl\ clay, which. ex.tends to and forms part of the soil of Walthamstow, organic remains of the crocodile and turtle, to- • • gethel' with various specimens of vegetable remains, and among

them. IlOUle tropioal plants.. When some labourers were ex~avating

•

• 2 for a railway through Lamarsh, in Essex, they discovered, about 14 feet from the surface, embedded in gravel, the head and tusks of a mammoth, the tusks measuring eleven feet in length, and the breadth between them four feet j 011 two or three of the teeth the enamel was quite perfect, although it is supposed that the time • at which this mammoth existed is about 6000 years sinceo Some of these remains have been found very near to Walthamstow. At Ilford in 1812, while digging for brick-earth, the bones and teeth of huge elephants, differing from those of Asia and Africa, identical with the Siberian mammoth, were found j and the teeth and tusks of the hippopotamus; bones of the rhinoceros and of large oxen, have also been found there. The remnants of these giants of ancient days have enriched various geological museums. Antonio Brady, Esq., in an able paper on the subject, says: "There is no trace of the works of man associated with the bones at llford. I have searched for these, in company with celebrated geologists, and I confidently assert that, as yet, no evidence exists that man and the mammoth were contemporaries at Ilford." From these facts, it may be concluded that Walthamstow was • inhabited, at a very distant period, by a very different race of animals and plants to those at present existing, and that its climate is also materially changed. From all the evidence we have beeon able to gather, there appears to be no positive proof that Walthamstow, or any other part of Essex, was inhabited by man until about 1000 years before Christ. • At this period, Essex consisted chiefly ell forest, laud, and • the people lived. in caves, or in the woods in clusters of hutso Doubtless, Walthamstow was a thickly-wooded forest, f01 its name is derived from weald (a wood), ham' (a manor or • 8

mansion), from which word ham our word home is derived; and stow, a place, the latter word stow being used to dis tinguish Walthamstow from Waltham Holy Cross and Waltham Abbey. • ~t has been variously spelt, for instance, Wilcumstow, Walk- hamstow, Welcomstow and "\Valkhamton. In the Doomsday book it is called Wilcumstow, or the land of the Countess Judeth. It will be, perhaps, necessary just to say here that, until the in vasion of Julius Crnsar, fifty-five years before Christ, the history of Essex and Britain generally is almost a blank, though the Phre nicians are supposed to have traded with the southern part of the island some centuries before that period. Most historians agree that the aborigines of Essex and Britain generally were a tribe of Gallic Celts, who emigrated from the Continent and settled here about 1000 years before the Christian era. Before the Roman conquest, the people )Vere divided into many tribes, the tribes having kings or chiefs who frequently made war with one another; they lived like savages, wearing skins, or staining their bodies with coloured earth or juice of plants, and procured • food by hunting in the vast forest, fishing in the Lea, Stort, Thames, and other rivers, and by keeping herds, gathering wild • roots and acorns, with which the forest abounded, and which they roasted and ate. When the people wished to build a town or village, they cleared a space for it in a wood by cutting down the trees, and formed their huts by uniting the branches together, in the shape of an extinguisher, covering them with rushes, reeds and . clay; around these they made an embankment of earth and trees, which they had felled anti piled one upon another to protect them selves and their cattle from the sudden attacks of hostile tribes. Their furniture chiefly consisted of blocks of wood for stools and . B2 • • 4

tables, wooden bowls, and wicker baskets to hold their food, with a few jars and pans of coarse earthenware. They slept on the ground on skins, dried leaves, ferns or heath, with which the forests abound, and their weapons of warfare were bows and arrows, • shields and spears. Their religion was somewhat similar to that of the Persians, or the ancient Hebrews; they adored the God ofnature, and while their bards played on their harps and sang, they used to light large bonfires, and make an illumination by running about with torches in their hands, believing that a display of fire was pleasing to their gods. JuIius Cresar says that the Druids incul cated the immortality of the soul, and discussed much about the" motion and size of the heavenly bodies. On new year's day they used to go in procession to the old English oak, to cut the misletoe that grew upon it; the oldest Druid went up the tree while crowds of men and women stood around to catch the boughs, singing sacred songs. Our custom of having fireworks, bonfires, and illu minations on days of public rejoicing, and of meeting not to say kissing under the misletoe, is as old as the ancient Britons. Previous to the Roman invasion, Essex, with all Middlesex, was peopled by that tribe of the aboriginal inhabitants called the Trinobantes, from the situation of their country on the broad ex pause of waters formed by the Thames; for up to the year 1570, the Thames covered the marshes, the river Lea extended one mile in width,· and from the river Thames, in length, about twenty miles at high water; beyond Ware in Herts, in the year 1570, an embankment was made near the Thames, which then closed in the • tide and prevented its overflow, except in cases of heavy rains from the uplands.• A wooden bridge, which many doubtless remember,

... This is borne out by the history ofthe adjoining parish ofLow Leyton, the word Low being used to distinguish it from a ward of the parish called Leyton- 5

was constructed from about the foot of Syborne's corner hill • nearly to Lea Bridge, by which the inhabitants of Walthamstow used to cross from Walthamstow to London. Our ancestors possessed two considerable cities or fortified towns . or stations, one the centre of modern London, and the other at Colchester in Essex, the latter is supposed to have been the first colony of the Romans, for, about fifty-six years before the birth of Christ, Julius Cresar, who had just conquered Gaul, bearing much about the opposite island with white cliffs, an.d the bravery of its inhabitants, endeavoured to conquer the Britons, but they fought

80 bravely that after three or four battles, Julius Cresar like Napoleon Buonaparte, finding that they were such unreasonable

• fellows" that they never knew when they were beaten," offered to make peace with them, and agreed to leave their shores if they would pay tribute to the Roman government. They did not • attempt to invade our shores again for nearly 100 years, when they succeeded; Walthamstow and other parts of England then became a part of the Roman empire, just as India is now a part of the British empire. The Romans brought seeds, planted gardens, and taught the natives many useful arts and sciences, but they also imposed upon the people very heavy taxes; and when they bad no money to pay, their cattle and corn were seized; or if they had no goods, they had to assist the Roman soldiers in building

stone, at which place probably, one of the Roman milliary stones were placed. It might be derived from the British word luch (a lake). for the lowlands or marshes fonned a great lake until the water 'Was drained and diTerted into other channels by King Alfred, in.the year896. It is stated also, on good authority, that when the Danes invaded these parts, having passed the Thames, they ventured np the Lea in their light pinnaces, or boats, and went up as far as Ware; here they erected a fort, and to secure it from King Alfred's army, raised the water SO high, by a great dam or wear, that they eould not; come np to it;, and ftom this wear the town ofWare took its name. • 6

houses, constructing roads, draining lands, ana cutting down trees • to make room for houses. The Romans so oppressed the people, that one of the tribes named the Iceni rebelled, and their king being dead, his widow Boadicea at the head of 230,000 men, encouraged the people to rebel, and led them to battle herself. Mounted in an open chariot, armed like a warrior with spear in hand, with her fair hair stream ing in the wind, and her two injured daughters seated at her feet, she rode through the ranks of the Britons, whom she urged to fight, to conquer or to die! The camp of Boadicea is supposed to have been at the top of the new road, opposite to Copt Hall, on the road to Epping. The in trenchment is now much over-grown with old oaks and hornbeams, • • it contains nearly 12 acres, and is surrounded by a ditch and high bank, much worn by time; in a field near there was found a very curious gold coin, certainly British, and apparently of about the age of Cunobeline. It is snpposed that Boadicea's army passed from this camp through Epping Forest, and part of Walthamstow to London.- The Romans however conquered, and Boadicea destroyed herself; and finally the Roman government was established throughout England. The Roman soldiers being educated as engineers and builders, surveyors and cultivators of land, when not engaged in fighting, were employed daily for four hours in some useful occupation, and they endeavoured to improve the country by making some good hard broad roads, paved with stones firmly cemented together,

• For further proof, read the "History of Colchester," in Essex, by Thomas - Cromwell. 7

and setting up milestones upon them; our army would do.well to follow the example of the Romans in this respect. .. • From the itinerary of Antonius, it appears that various Roman roads were formed, one leading from London to Colchester, another • passing through Leyton and Bishops Stortford into Cambridgeshire. As a proof how much the whole of this county W~8 possessed by the Romans, many remains of their occupancy are found in every part

of it j tesselated pavements, Roman bricks or tiles, coins of Con stantine, Antonius, Pius, and Alexander Severus, pottery and sepul chral urns. Several urns have peen found at Wanstead and Leyton. At Leyton in 1718~ in digging up land near the Grange, vast fouJ?dations of buildings, partly of stone, were found extending over two acres, in which were large quantities of Roman bricks and tiles, pieces of Egyptian granite, and several medals. In deepening a pond near the spot about the same period, huge wrecks of former buildings were discovered lying under ten feet of clay, walls four feet in thickness, large oak timbers mortised together as if for a floor, and at the end stood an arched and moulded gateway, ten feet high and six feet broad, with a flight of steps leading to it, probably the remains of long-buried Roman habitations. This idea is con firmed by the fact, that urns, with bones and ashes, and silver and

• brass coins, both consular and imperial, are still frequently found. Silver coins with Saxon characters have also been picked up; (in fact throughout Essex are fouhd vestiges of all the nations which possessed Britain, as earthworks, Roman camps, and Saxon remains of churches and monasteries). At length the Romans evacuated Britain, on account of the anarchy and confusion of their own government, much to the regret of the Britons, whose country also sank into a state of anarchy, suffering much at the same time from the Picts and Scots.

• • 8

The ,Britons, however, invited tIle Saxons from Genually, to come and assistthem against these people of Scotland, who were also oalled Caledonians, or men of the woods, on account of their being • rude and fierce, and living.. amongst the wilds. The Saxons readily consented, joined the Britons, and took the field against the Cale- donians, and a victory was soon gained. The conquest inspired the Britons with confidence in the Saxons, but these faithless allies delighted with the beauty and fertility of the country, together with its mineral products, had not long been settled here before they sent for reinforcements of their countrymen, and turned their arms against those they were iuvited to defend j after many battles had been fought, Hengist, the commander of the Saxon army, invited the Britons to meet to adjust their differences, but on a given signal Hengist arose from his seat, gave the watch~ • word to the Saxons, who being armed with a conceaJed knife, or dagger, killed 300 of the British nobles, who came unsuspecting and unanned iutQ the. field. Vortigem was taken prisoner, and fot his ransom gave Esse;]], Sussex, and Middles~. • The SUOllS now established themselves in Essex; Erkenwin, a • noble S~Qn, who traced his descent from WOOen, and WftS placed 'lly the Saxon kings of Kent as. a deputy, refused to continue his allegiance to Octa, king of Kent, and grandson of Hengist, and assumed the title of king of Essex, in 527; he seems to have ~ • :mained unmolested for sixty-seven years, leaving the crown to his • son Sledda, who was succeeded by the following, the fifteen kings of Essex: , Sledda, I. & 11., 597; Sabert Berred, 615; Seward, 617; Sigebert, 645; Sigebert H., 661; Swithelm, 664; Sighere and Sebba., 691; Sigehard and Senofred, 701, Off~ 708; Selred • 74.6; Swithred, the latter of whom was conquered by Egbert, thQ great King of Wessex.

•

• • • 9

Essex shared largely in the plunder and devastation of the Danes, in 870, and from that period this part of th~ountry became their chief settlement, and by 1011 the Danes became masters of Essex. This continued until Edward the .C~nfessor began his reign in 1043. The Norman conquest followed in 1075, at which time Essex was comparatively well p<'pulated Colchester alone having 415 houses, and one court or hall. In Doomsday book it is found that in the reign ·of Edward the Confessor, A.D. 1065, the principle part of the parish of Waltham- stow belonged to-Waltheof, son of Seward, Earl of Northumberland, and other portions to Peter de Valoines, Ralden a freeman, and Ralph de Toni. Waltheof was esteemed a man of eminent qualities, and defended himself bravely against the Normansj but who, on submitting to William the Conqueror, was restor.ed to his paternal estates. He afterwards became so great a favourite with William, that he bestowed his niece Judith upon him, with the earldoms of Nor thumberland, Northampton, and Runtingdon; but in conse·quence of a conspiracy in which Waltheof was drawn into, the secret of which he confided to his wife Judith, not doubting her fidelity; but, she having placed her affections upon another, betrayed him, and gladly communicated the intelligence of the plot to her uncle William, WllO, through the solicitations of his wicked niece Judith, and his Norman courtiers, caused Waltheof to be tried and execu ted at Winchester, April 25th, 1075 j and thus fell one of the greatest and best noblemen of that time, deeply regretted by the Britons, who considered him as their last resource. We have entered rather at length into the ancient history, as it • tends to show the manner in which the present owners acquired their land, and the character of our ancestors, which will, to a

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" • ...... 10

certain extent, account fo1"' the enterprising, bold, and determined spirit of our cdf.lntrymen. WaJtheof left two daughters; Maud married to Simon de IJuz, who had the earldom of. Huntingdon, and Alice Judith to Ralph de TOlli, standard-bearer to WiIliam the Conqueror, hence the desig nation Walthamstow Toni. It cOhtinued in this family till the last male heir, Robert de Toni, dying without heirs in 1309; at this period his sister conveyed it in marriage, to the Earl of Warwick. It remained in the Warwick family until the death of Anne, the , only daughter of the Duke of Warwick, who died at six years of age, when the estate was divided by his sisters. Eleanor married Thomas Lord Roos, and afterwards Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset. Sir George Rodney was possessed of this manor, Wal- • thamstow Toni, in 1635; it was purchased from him by Lord Maynard, and is now in possetlsion of his descendant, the present Lord Maynard.

• The other sister had the manor of Lowhall, married to Ricnard Nevil, "Earl of Salisbury; Richard falling at the battle of Barnet, 1471, the estates were seized by the crown, and)ettled upon his two daughters. After their death several grants were made to

John Hugford, who died seized or possessed of it in 1485 j King Henry VIII. granted a lease to John Jennyns; in 1553 it was granted to Thomas Argall, whose descendants enjoyed it for several generations. From this family it was purchased by Samuel Bosanquet, Esq. in whose family it still continues. The manor of Higham Benstead or Highams held for a manor of five hides, two ploughs, three hundred hogs, four slaves,· eighteen

• ... Slaves were held ana sold in those days in England. The following adver tisement appeared in the daily journal of September 28th, 17~8-" To be sold a llegro Lay, aged 11 years, enquire at the Virginia Coffee House, Threadneedle Street." \

• 11

acres of meadow land, fifteen beasts, one pack horse, two hives of bees, valued at sixty shillings; belonged in the reign of Edward the Confessor to Halden, and was held by Peter de Valoines, and by his great grand-daughter Lora; it then passed by marriage inte the hands of Alexander de Baliol to John de Eempsted in the reign Edward the Second, passed through the hands of William Sutton, 1493; Sir Thomas Lovel, 1494; Sir John Heron, 1521; Sir John Heron's son Giles, married Cecelia, daughter of Sir Thomas Moore, and he being attainted of treason, the manor reverted to the crown. It was granted to Cuthbert Hutton Esq., and restored by Queen Mary to Thomas, son of Giles Rerron, who claimed it in 1556; to • Thomas Rowe, in whose family it continued until• 1751, since then it has been possessed b~ different proprietors of the names of Newman, Bacon,' Biggin, Hornsby, Barman, and is now in possession of Warner, Esq. . . The Manor House is an elegant brick mansion, built by A. Bacon, Esq., 1770, is situated at the extremity of the parish, 1~ mile from Walthamstow church, hear the castle green, W oodford, on a rising ground, and commands an extensive prospect of Middlesex, Herts, the Thames, and the county of Kent. The Manor of Walthamstow Sarum, or Salisbury HaU, so-called from the unfortunate Margaret Plantagenet, Countess of Salisbury, under whom the manor was held by the Thyrwhit family. Queen Mary granted this manor in 1558 to Sir Thomas ",Vhite; in 1590 Robert Symonds received a grant of this manor from Queen Elizabeth, and was succeeded by his son; since then it has had several proprietors, and Salisbury Hall is now occupied by Edward Forster, Esq. This locality was named Chapel End, from having in 1442 a. • chapel dedicated to Edward the Confessor adjoining the manor c 2 12 bouse. In the year 1536 Archbishop Cranmer granted a licence to Sir George Monoux and his son Thomas, to have the sacrament administered in the chapel in his house, called Moons, at or near Higham Hill, and that the wife of the said Thomas should be churched there. There are stilI on the farm called Moons, occupied by Mr. Charlton, some remains of a crypt, and it is thought the relics of an entrance to a subterraneous passage or vault. To be brief, the parish is now divided in five manors, of which the following are the manors and Lords j Walthamstow Toni,

Viscount Maynard; Low Hall, Bosanquet, Esq. j Higham Bensted, • Warner, Esq.; Salisbury Hall, Vale, Esq. j Rectory Manor, Captain •

T. Haverside. .,j In 1746 the parish contained 4,320 acres, chiefly gravel and clay soil, the latter prevailing j 3,000 acres enclosed, mostly pasturage, • 350 open field, 130 woodland, 840 roads and forest waste. The length of the roads at that date was twenty-three miles, repaired by statute labour. In 1774 there were only 425. acres of arable land, in 1795 there were 602. From time immemorial the parish ioners have enjoyed the right of pasturage on the open forest, marshes, and •three commons, Higham Hill, Church Common, and Mark House Common. These commons in 1848 contained 206 acres, 2 rods, and 14 poles, at this date the commons were enclosed by the land owners (who had certain exclusive rights to them at certain periods) having petitioned the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, promising to set apart one-third for the sole use of the inhabitants, who it is thought should have had a much larger share. Many parishioners are acquainted with the present portions now belonging to them, used as recreation ground, on Church Common, the other portions have been sold for building land j and many neat •

cottage residences have been erected thereon, in Beulah Road, Grove Road, and MarkJIouse Comp:lOn. The right to turn out cattle, &c., on the commons was formerly as follows. .. Every rate payer, whatever might have been the amount of his rate, could turn out horses, cows, and sheep on the commons during the whole of each alternate year, from twelve o'clock on old Michaelmas day (October 11th) in one year, • until the corresponding day and hour in the year next ensuing. The Church Common and Higham Hill Common were usually opened simultaneously, and Mark House Common in the alternate year. Cattle may still be turned on the recreation ground. • Walthamstow Marshes comprise 155 acres and 29 poles. In • • consequence of the slip· which passes through the parish of Leyton, and is continued to the river Lea, the Walthamsto\V and Leyton Marshes are regarded for the purposes of pasturage as in common to the two parishes... JS.very rate-payer may turn out horses and cows on the marshes from old Lammas day (August 13th) to old Lady day (April 6th.)

The cattle turned out must be marked once a year j the charge is two-pence per head on August 13th, on any other day the charge is increased to four-pence per head. From April 6th to August the 13th the holders of the land on the marshes have th8 privilege • .. of the grass crops. On the forest every rate-payer may turn out

'" This slip we can find no account ofin history, or how the parishioners be came possessed of it. Tradition says, however, that a dead body was found in . the river Lea at this point, and that the parishioners of Leyton would not pay the expense of burial, that in those days it was customary in such cases for the parish who buried the body to claim as much of the land from the other parish as those persons who carried the body could reach, stretching out their hands in a line, and walking together. They were allowed to walk from the point where the body was found to the greatest extremity of the parish, and claim the land,-if so, they certainly availed themselves of the privilege, for they walked through Leyton to the Eagle Pond at Snaresbrook. 14

horses, and cows; cattle turned out must be marked three times in each year, viz: on 21st July, ~3th May, ~d 18th November; the charge is three-pence on these days, on other days six-pence per head. A few years since no cattle were allowed to be turned out during fence month: that is, from 21st June to 21st July, in order that during the summer months the deer should not suffer for lack of pasturage. This fence month is not now strictly observed, because there are but few, if any, deer on the forest to feed. In order to keep the cattle'under due discipline pounds have • been constructed for all animals that are found straying without the forest mark. The cattle are impounded until owned and the • expenses and damage paid. Several aCI,:es of land in the parish are divided into allotments for the use of the inhabitants; one of the Allotment Wardens has kindly furnished the following particulars:- "The garden l:\.llotments were awarded about 1851, under the ..enclosure act; they contain ten acreS at Higham Hill, and six acres at Mark House Common, which are let in plots, containing one- . - fourth of an acre, sometimes subdivided to one-eighth of an acre, at the rent of 98. 6d. per quarter acre per annum; after paying for repairs the residue rent is paid in aid of the poor rate. Two Wardens are armually chosen, and the Church Wardens for the time being. With a few exceptions I think we may state the allotments are a useful an,I a thriving institution. "The Spade Husbandry land on the forest (usually named by • the tenants Canada) granted about forty years past by Lord Maynard, to Rev. W. Wilson, l\Ir. Pamplin~ Mr. Wragg, and Mr. Turner, for labourers of the parish, is let in plots containing a quarter of an acre, at the annual rent of 68. per plot." If)

The rules require that those who hold the land shall not underlet it;• that it shall be cultivated with the spade; that no work be done on Sundays; and that the rent be regularly paid. In the various histories of Essex, the parish of Walthamstow is described as one of the largest, and handsomest suburban villages near the metropolis, fourteen miles in circumference; delightfully situated on the eastern side of the river Lea; tithin the verge of Epping rorest; a short distance from I.Jea Bridge Railway Station; from five to seven miles north-east of London. It is surrounded by beautiful woodland scenery, and contains many handsome villas, with tasteful pleasure-grounds, mostly occupied by wealthy':• merchants and others, who have their places of business ~ London. It consists of several detached neighbourhoods, viz: Higham Hill, Church End, Chapel End, Hale End, (so called from the fact of • one Thomas Hale being the proprietor of a large house there, in 1634,) North End, Marsh Street, Wood Street, Clay Street, and Whips Cross. It was supposed that Whips Oross was the starting place from which persons, who were found stealing wood or deer from the forest, were whipped at the cart-tail through Wood Street to Stokers Corner; a person now residing in Wood Street, remem- !O' bel'S seeing William Titmous, and Robert C. so whipped, about ~. 1819. No doubt R. C., who is now living in Walthamstow, also remembers it. Hoe Street, or High Street, was once the chief thoroughfare, leading from Walthamstow to Stratford, or Langthorne Abbey, and thence over Bow Bridge to London. Bow Bridge being • the first stone bridge in England; it was built by Matilda, queen to Henry I., who, in passing, had been well washed in the water caused by the floods, and was in imminent danger of losing her life. Some historians state that this Matilda first built a part of WaIthamstow Church, or contributed largely towards its erection. 16

The Church at Walthamstow and the Lordship of the Estate belonged to Ralph de Toni, WI10 gave a moiety of the tithes of le parish to the Abbey of Conches, in Normandy, founded by his • • father Ralph, a great. Norman Baron, who came over with William

the Conqueror j his widow, Alice, gave the other moiety, with the Church, in 1108, to the prior and canons of the Holy Trinity, in London, for the Iffalth of the souls of Ralph her husband, Hugh her son, and her own. The prior having purchased of the abbot and convent of Conche~ the other moiety, obtained a confirmation

of the whole to themselves, in the year 1200 j afterwards the monks gave up all right to the rent for twenty-two marks. . The•rectorijl manor, the great tithes, and the advowson of the Vicarage were afterwards separated. A Vicarage was ordained about this time with the small tithes. . ' The great tithe rectory and advowson of the Vicarage continued in their possession till the dissolution of that house. The rectory, reputed a manor, and the advowson of the Vicar age was granted by Henry VIII., in 1544, to Paul and Edmond Witherpol, to hold in capite; the latter sold it to Sir Reginald

Argall, ArgaIl sold it to J. Darell j it has since passed through the • families of Fanshaw, Fell, Cooke, and Stephen Wilson to John Jackson Esq. The great tithes were conveyed by Thomas ArgaIl, 1663, to Robert Shipman. From his wife Dorothy they descended

in 1667, to John MaskaII j afterwards to Anne Argy1, J oseph Cuthbert, and Richard Orlebar Esq. Dr. Henry King, aft~rwards Bishop of Chester, purchased the advowson of the Vicarage of • John DareIl. His two grand-daughters married to E. Windham and J. Houblon, E!O:qs., who conveyed it to John Conyers, Esq. of Copt Hall, near Epping. . Paul Witherpol proprietor of the manor of the rectory and • 17

advowson of the Vicarage, executor to Robert Thorne, of London, . who left £100 for charitable uses j part of this money, in 1~35, was applied to the Building of the south aisle of the parish church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. About the same time Sir George • Monoux, citizen, draper, and Lord Mayor of London, repaired the steeple and north aisle, and built the chapel at the east end of it, in which he and his lady are interred; over them is a table tomb, and on the wall above them effigies in brass, in kneeling postures, etc. In this chapel there are monuments to the memory of Mary Bonnell, the grand-daughter of Sir W. 1rlorice, Secretary of State to King

Charles 11.; to Mary, wife of Sir Thomas 1rlerry j Lady Luey, daughter of Thomas, Earl of Northumberland, and wife of Sir Edward Stanley; on the floor of the chancel is the tomb of William Pierce, Bishop of Bath and Wells. At the west end of the south aisle are several monuments of the Conyers' family, who were interred in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the nave are the monuments of Henry Maynard, eldest son of • Charles Maynard, formerly Auditor of the Exchequer, and other members of that family. At the west end of the church is a large white marble monument, with statues of the deceased, life size, representing Sigismond Trafford and Susannah his wife, standing, with their infant daughter kneeling on a cushion date 1723. There are several other monuments of persons of note. A large and costly mausoleum was erected in the churchyard, in 1848, in memory of the late Mr. Wilson. The following was painted on the ancient window of the church: "Christian people pray for the soul of Robert Thorne, with whose goods this syde of the church was new edyfyed and finished in 1535." In the tower of the church is a peal of eight bells, placed there in 1778. The church was enlarged, repaired, and beautified in 1817,.

D 18 at a -.cost of £3,430 j and in 1843 £1,000 were expended in re mod~lling the nave and in enriching the east window with stained glass. In the following year the organ was enlarged, at an expense of £300. The Vicarage, valued in K.B. at .£13 6s. 2d., and in

1831 at £811, WAS then in the patronage and incumbency of the Rev. W. Wilson, B.D. All the tithes were commuted in 1843 for £1,153 6s. 8d., of which only about one-third belongs to the impropriate rector, now held by R. L. Orlebar, Esq. Rev. "1". Parry is the present vicar. The stipend of a clergyman now appears to be vastly different from that paid a few centuries back. In the book of chantries~ in Essex, 1547, occurs the following: " Lands and tenements put in feoffment by George Monoux, Gent., • to the mayntenance of a priest, to sing masse in the church there' and also to teach a few scholars there, during the term of twenty years; and one, Sir John Hughson, Clerk, of the age of forty years, and of good conversation, literate, and teaches a school there, ys .. now incumbent thereof. The said incumbent celebrateth in the Church of Walthamstow; £7 yerely valew of the same doth amount to the sorn of £6 13s. 4d rent resolute none goods and chattles none." In 1650 the commission appointed to enquire into the state of ecclesiastical benefices, estimated the annual value of the Vicarage Walthamstow at £40, including tithes and glebe. The commission reports further that" John Wood was then the vicar; but he is questioned for his abilities, and is disliked by the greater part of the inhabitants, who will not come to church to hear him, whereby there is great distraction in the parish." In those days some of the neighbeuring vicars were rather litigious, and were subjected to severe discipline; for in 1452, in 19

the parish church of Barking, the following is recorded: " That after several disputes between Catherine de la Poole and Sir John Greening, then vicar, an award was made, to the effect that instead - of a hog, a goose, a cheese, and a lamb, which the vicar had hereto fore received of the Lady Abbess, he and his successors should have three yards of good cloth, two ells broad, provisions every day for himself and servant, so long as he should not be of a litigious or a contentious disposition, he sitting at the chaplain's table, his servants with the domestics of the convent; but if the said vicar should, without license of the Lady Abbess or her deputy, have any familiarity or discourse with the nuns, he should, for the first

offence, after proper admonition, lose his diet for a. week; after So second admonition, forfeit a month's diet, and if a third time, be excluded the convent. In all other respects he was to be satisfied with the vicarage then valued at £27 56. 2d. per annum." A curious petition also occurs in the registry of W oodford parish church, it is from the chaplains and servants to the number of forty of Charles I., about twelve months after he was beheaded. It states that, "being in present distress by reason that their sole dependence was upon the late king's majesty, and their means from the revenue of his late majesty were still detained upon some reason~ known to the committee, and could not be paid, they were therefore so necessitated that they could in nowise subsist for the maintenance of themselves, their wives and families, and they prayed the charity of all good Christians. (Signed) John Cooke, la Armaghensis (Archbishop Usher!) Robert Kilmoriensis (Bishop Maxwell!) B. Sarum (Bishop Brian Duppa!) Edward Spencer" Knight, &c., Paul Knell," and several others. D2

• 20 , The sum collected at Woodford for those eminent, learned and pious sufferers amonnted to £1 Os. 7§d. ! 11 How strikingly their position contrasts with that of the bishops of the present day. Thomas Cartwright, afterwards bishop of Chester, was vicar of Walthamstow from 1658 to 1662. In 1779 Edward Conyers was vicar. A Parishioner now residing in Wood Street, when walking

the bounds of the parish, had the pleasure of bumping him j he in formed the Rev. W. Wilson of this when walking the bounds on another occasion, who granted him the same privilege. In the parish are three new churches or chapels of ease, each of which is a perpetual curacy in the patronage of the vicar. St. John's, at Chapel End, is a neat edifice, of mixed architecture, built in 1829-30, at a cost of about £2000, raised by subscription. A gallery was erected in 1839, and the external appearance has been much improved within the last few months. The Rev. C. J. S. Russell is the present incumbent. St. Peter's, on the Forest side of the parish, was built by sub scription in 1840, for the sum of £3000, and is a handsome brick structure, with a tower and one bell. Present incumbent Rev. Frederick Quarrington. St. James's, :Marsh Street, has a tower and one bell, is also a brick structure; erected in 1841-2, at the cost of £1460, raised by subscription, except £250 given by the Church Building Society. The site was given by the vicar. The Rev. Robert Heap is the present incumbent. . The preaching in the parish and district churches is faithful,

• earnest and evangelical. The vicar, incumbents and curate generally take an active part in visiting the poor, the schools, and various institutions under their charge, in their several districts. Wal tbamstow may be said to be highly favoured in this respect.

•

• 21

The following regulations, with regard to the sittings in the churches and chapels of ease, were published by the late vicar Rev. W. WiIson, about twenty years since: .

"PUBLIC WORSHIP. • "OPEN SEATS.

cc When the chapel of St. Peter in the Forest, is completed, there will be, in the church and the chapels of St. John and St. Peter, about 1060 seats for the poor, viz.:- Free Seats. For Childrcll- In the church 258 .•• 174 In St. John's •.••...•••••.•... 148 120 In St. Puter's 280 80

686 374 1060 St. James's was not then built.

cc All the free seats will be numbered and appropriated to the poor as pews are given to the larger rate-payers. . " H you wish to obtain one or more fixed seats for yourself and family in the church, or in either one of the chapels, you must apply, respectively, to the churchwardens, or to the ministers of the • chapels. " So long as you make use of the particular seats which are given to yourself, or to any of your family, they will be regarded as your own. " H you are absent, the empty seat will be occupied by any other person who may want one. " If you neglect public worship, your seat will be given to the next poor inhabitant of the parish who may have expressed a wish • to have accommodation in the church or the chapels.

" PEWS. " There are of enclosed pews in the church 165, in the chapel of 22 •

St. John 29, and if the plans adopted for the erection of the chapel . of St. Peter in the Forest, be carried out, there will be in that chapel about 30, making together a total of 224 pews. " Of these pews, eight in the church, and all the pews in the two chapels are let at an annual rent. •

It The free pews in the church become vacant by the removal of ~ family from the parish, and when vacant are appropriated at the discretion of the Churchwardens, under the Ordinary. "Info.rmation respecting the pews which are let in the church, may be obtained from the parish beadle, Mr. Maynard. " Application must be made to the several Ministers for pews in the chapels. "WEEKLY SERVICE. " There is Service in the church on every Wednesday morning."

CHAPELS. In the year 1740 a meeting house was established for presby terian dissenters, at Walthamstow, principally at the expense of. Mr. William Coward, of this place, who was also the founder of the

Meeting House in Little St. Rellen's. Mr. Hugh Farmer, 8 man of considerable eminence among the dissenters of that denomination was the first pastor, and continued there forty years. He wrote a valuable dissertation on the miracles. Mr. Ebenezer Radcliffe, author of "Letters to the Prelates," &c., was associated with him, in 1759, as afternoon preacher. He continued to reside at Walthamstow after he quitted the ministry, as a layman, and died there in 1809. • The Rev. J oseph Faucett was a joint pastor ofthis Meeting House . for several years, was an anti-Trinitarian, and distinguished himself as a very popular preacher. He left the ministry in 1787; at this time some differences in matters of doctrine among the congregation, 23 • resulted in the building of a new Meeting House, with a burial ground adjoining. The old chapel, which was on the site now • enclosed by a high wall, near the residence of Mr. Cotesworth, Marsh • Street, has since been removed. At the new Meeting House, now called Marsh Street Congregational Chapel, the Rev. George Collison, president of Hackney Theological College, was pastor for forty-six years. Several wealthy families attended his ministry. The services were held in the morning and afternoon~ Dr. Collison was an eloquent and powerful preacher; but the cause suffered from the want of a resident pastor. On Dr. Collison resigning his pastorate at an advanced age, the people presented him with a handsome testimonial. Rev. J. J. Freeman, Secretary of the London Missionary Society, was then invited to become pastor. His residence amongst the peopla, his pleasing and popular style of preaching, together with his earnest efforts to promote the welfare of the young, led to an increasing congregation, and it soon became necessary to erect galleries, and to enlarge the chapel by building schools adjoining, opening into the chapel. There was, previously, a well-conducted school in the chapel yard, for girls, who were attired in green frocks and neat white caps and aprons, many of whom are now the wives of respectable tradesmen in this and adjoining parishes. The Rev. J. J. Freeman was afterwards called away to visit mission stations abroad, and found it necessary to resign his pastorate, much to the regret of the church and congregation. The Rev. Robert Mc. Rae was then elected pastor, and continued there for several years; and was succeeded by the Rev. S. S. • England, who held the pastorate until within a few months since. Wood Street Chapel. This cause commenced in 1809 by the opening of a small room opposite the Duke's Hea~ in Wood • 24

Street; at that time dissenters met with some amount of ridicule, and it is stated that a tall inhabitant, still living in Walthamstow,

frequently amused himself by standing up, and endeavouring to • put his head through the ceiling, or in going into the upper room and pouring water through it, letting off birds to put out the lights, much to the amusement of the Wood Street boy's who were then, as now, somewhat fond of fun. A small chapel was built on the site of the present lecture room, in 1811, which was used for Sunda)'" evening services; Dr. Collison and his students generally officiating, In 1845 this was purchased and pulled down, and a new lecture room built by Mr. Ebenezer Clarke, which is now used as a Sabbath school, and for public meetings. On Sunday evening services commencing at ~Iarsh Street Chapel, the evening services were discontinued at Wood Street, until the year 1851 or 1852, when about twelve to fifteen persons resolved to have a morning and evening service at Wood Street, and it was supplied by various ministers for about two years. Happily the Rev. W. H. Hooper was then chosen pastor; the church and congregation speedily increased under his ministry, and it was found necesssary to erect a new chapel, the foundation stone of which was laid in 1854, by Alderman Wire, afterwards Lord Mayor of London. This was completed in the same year, at a cost, including the free hold ground and other expenses, of about £1,000. Since that period

• the congregation has continued to increase, and a new gallery was added in 1860, at a cost of £130. This is now well filled,and it is in contemplation still further to enlarge the chapel, and to erect • new schools in the rear. A weekly service is held here on Wednesday evenings, and Bible Classes are held on Monday and Wednesday evenings. In the

, 25 chapel,• although no special sittings are, called free 8t·tt£ngs for the poor, accommodation is cheerfully given to any persons who attend in any part of the chapel j and this is thought by many dissenters to be more in accordance with the precepts contained in the second . . chapter of J ames, which condemns the principle of saying to the rich "sit thou 'here in a good place," or to the poor, "stand thou there, or sit thou here under my footstool." There are, in addition to the chapels, two Mission Stations, for Sabbath evening services, supplied and supported by the- members of Marsh Street and Wood Street Chapels; one near Markhouse Lane and the other at Hale End. There is also a service held at the house of :Mr. Godfrey, in Marsh Street, on Sunday and Wednesday evenings. The Roman Catholic Chapel in Shern Hall Street, was built in 1848; it is a stone structure, with one bell and a residence ad joining. Service is held there morning and afternoon. .. . Of :;:chools there are several m Walthametow. They are placed in alphabetical order, for more easy reference:-

Boys' British ...... • Marsh Street •..•••••• Girls' British .. " ". Boys' and Girls' British, Chesnut Walk ...... Boys' National....•••.•..• Church End •.....•.. Hours: Girls' National.. " ". Girls' National & Infant, Chapel End •••....•• ,9 to 12 a.m. Forest New Road .. " 2 to 4 p.m. " " Woodford-Side . " " " except Saturdays. f)t. ~fL~' •••••••••••• " " " Hale End . " " Central Infant ....••...... " Church yard . Catholic School...... Whips Cross )

To all the above Schools the children are admitted at a small charge, application to be made to the teachers.

• 26

Evening Classes for Young Men, are held at Marsh Street Briltsh School, at a small charge, from October to April, commencing at 7 o'clock p.m. Evening Classes nre also held two Evenings per week, nt the house of the Bible Reader, Beulah Road, at 7 o'clock p.m. The Institution for the Education of Daughters of Missionaries, Marsh Street, Walthamstow, was established in 1838, and is aided by subscription, for the purpose of affording a comfortable residence, board, and a liberal education to the daughters ofmission- • aries, at a small charge not to exceed £12 per annum for each girl under ten years of age, or £15 for those above that age. For clothing, each is charged £5 per annum. There are generally about forty-five pupils. This useful institution is chiefly supported by the friends of the London Missionary Society, and members of the congregational churches.

At Higham Hill there is a H Home for Female Orphans," a well-conducted and useful institution. Mi~s Roward, is the superintendent. The Forest Grammar School is pleasantly situated in an open part of Epping Forest, near Snaresbrook, but in WaIthamstow parish, and forms a handsome and extensive range of brick buiIdingR, with large boarding houses, spacious school rooms, &c. It was founded about twenty-two years since, and among its proprietors f were some of the principal merchants, bankers, &c., in London. The terms (per annum) were £20 for education, £35 for board, and a few extras. Many of the sons of gentlemen residing in this and adjacent parishes, are day pupils. It is now no longer a proprietary school, but is conducted by the Rev. F. B. Guy. The Monoux School will be referred to in the list of charities appended.

• • 27

The private schools will be noticed in the Directory. In addition to the buildings already named, might be mentioned Walthamstow House, a large mansion, recently occupied as a school by the late Dr. Greig, formerly built and occupied by Sir Robert Wigram, Bart., who married Selina, daughter of J. Hays, Esq., by whom he had two daughters and fOUf sons Robert, George, Augustine, and Frederick Fitzroy, to whom their late majesties King George IV. and King Willia:m stood sponsors. Shern Hall is a large and ancient building, standing in extensive , grounds situate in Shern Hall Street, the property of Lord l\Iaynard. Cardinal Wiseman resided there for sume years; it is now in the occupation of Col. Maynard, a lease, however, has been recently granted to A. Foulger, Esq., who win reside there. BeIlevue House, the seat of Charles Cooke, Esq., is a new and elegant mansion, delightfully situated near the new road, on the borders of the Forest. It is of brick, with stone dressings and • semi-circular portico of Portland stone, supported by Ionic columns

twenty-five feet in height, it. is considered an admirable specimen of the skill of the eminent architect Mr. Edward Gifford, commanding extensive views into Herts, Middlesex, Surrey and Kent, beautifully wooded, with a fine lake. The pleasure-grounds com prise about seventy-six acres. GrosTenor House was fottnerly the residence of Thomas Grosvenor and the Conyer family. Many other villas in the parish display much architectural beauty, and are enclosed in well wooded pleasure grounds. Several eminent men have been residents in Walthamstow. George . Ga-scoyne the poet, Sir Thomas Rowe, and others Benj. Disraeli was also educated at Mr. Cogans, Higham Hill, Mr. Brown was his medical attendant. E2 28

The following acconnt of the schools, almshOllses, and numerous charities belonging to this parish, is abridged from the reports of the late Parliamentary Commissioners. "Almshouse and Free School. In the reign of Henry VIII. Sir George Monoux built an almshouse and school here, and bequeathed a yearly rent charge of £42 17s. 4d. out of forty messuages, in the parish of Allhallows Staining, London, to be applied yearly as follows: £6 13s. 4d. to a priest, who should teach from twenty to thirty free scholars; £5 138. 4d. to the said priest for an obit to be kept in the parish church, for the souls of the donor and others; £19 148. 4d. to be paid in weekly stipends of .seven-pence to the thirteen almspeQple (eight men and five women); £5 6s. Bd. to the parish clerk, to sing and serve God in the parish church, and to help to teach the children there; and £5 Os. Od. for distribution in coals among the thirteen almspeople. He also charged the same premises with the reparation of the almshouse and school; and they were further charged by Edward Alford in 1599, with the yearly rent of £9, to be applied as follows: £5 in clothing, and £2 in herrings, or other victuals, for the almspeople, and £2 to the schoolmaster, or other honest person for his trouble in distributing the same.

U The obit was discontinued in the second of Edward VI., and in 1782 an agreement was improperly mad~ between the parish officers and the then owners of the property charged with the above payments, whereby the latter gave up to the parish their interest in the chapel and north aisle, added by the founder of this charity to the parish church, in consideration of which the former agreed to reduce the two rent-charges to £21 per annum. Any loss sus tained by the charity under this deed, was to be made good out of the pew rents or parochial rents.

, 29

" Sir T. S. Dyer is now owner of the property, in London, subject • to the rent charges. The following additional benefactions have been made to the thirteen almspeople, viz: £286 13s. three-and-a half per cent. stock, arising from the bequest of John Harmon, Esq., in 1815; .£756, three-and-a-half per cent. stock, arising from the bequest of Richard Banks, in 1812; and £500 of the same stock, left by Wm. Bedford, in 1822. The annual payments now made in respect of this charity are as follows: £6 3s. 4d. to the "alms-prie-.Bt" schoolmaster; £1 J)B. 8d. to the parish clerk; £7 4s. 7d. to each of the thirteen almspeople. in various sums, at • different times of the year; and about £5 Os. 8d. in a distribution of coals among the latter, who also receive a yearly supply of coals and a weekly dole of bread from other charities. " Theyare appointed by the trustees and churchwardens, according to the deed of 1782. The almshouses are on the north side of the churchyard, and comprise thirteen tenements for the almspeople, with an apartment in the centre, and several upper rooms held by the schoolmaster. Behind them are small gardens, occupied by the alms people under Monoux's gift. The schoolmaster has £6 13s. 4d. yearly, and the rent of the rooms over the almshouses, which he lets for about £30 per annum. He also receives about £46 a year from Maynard's charity, "for his better maintenance, and for his care and pains in reading prayers in the church every Sunday, and in teaching eight poor children of Walthamstow, to be nominated by the testator's heirs. "The scholars on the foundation are taught Latin, English, writing, and arithmetic, and pay ten shillings each per quarter, for which they are provided with all necessary stationery, except printed books. Ozler's Free School at JAW Leyton is open to a certain number of the poor children of this parish. 30 •

"At Church End is a national 8chool, established in 1815, and attended by ninety girls and seventy boys. There are infant schools at Chapel End, Hale End, in Marsh Street, and nea.r St. James' Church is another large national school, built in 1842. "Maynard's Charity. In 1686 Henry Maynard beq~eathed to this parish £950, to be laid out in land, and the yearly proceeds applied to the undermentioned uses in tIle proportions specified. This £950 was laid out in t"btpurchase of a {arm of 52a. 3r. 24p. at Higham Hill, now let for about £120 per annum. Though this estate was purchased in 1691, the charity was not established till 1715, when £450 was recovered from the trustees as arrears of rent, and invested in the purchase of a farm of 30a. 2r. 14p., at Hale End, now let for £100. The clear yearly income arising from these farms, is dispensed as follows: eight-nineteenths, to the vicar of Walthamstow; six-nineteenths for distribution among the poor

parishioners j four-nineteenths to' the master of the free school j and the remaining nineteenth in purchasing rings for the churchwardens and overseers, for their care in distributing the portion belonging to the poor. " Squires' Almshouses, for six poor widows, were built by Mary Squires who endowed them, in 1795-6, with £2,900, and three per • cent. reduced bank annuities, to provide yearly stipends of £13 for each of the almswomen, £3 for the reparation of the almshouses, and £6 for distribution in coals among twelve poor housekeepers of , W~lthamstow, members of the Church of England. " Bread Charities, arising from the five following benefactions, and producing £61 2s. Od. per annum, are applied in weekly distribu tions of bread every Sunday, at the church. This fund arises as follows: £39 from a rent charge given by James Holbrook, in 1805, 31

out of So farm in Marsh Lane; £7 10s. Od. from an annuity left by Tristram Conyers, in the reign of James I.~ out of land now be longing to the Harman family; £3 out of land and buildings in :Marsh Street, left by Richard Garnett, in 1642; £2 128. Od. out of about 780. of land, left by Thomas Gamuel, in 1642, and now let for about £14 a year; £9 as the interest of a sum of which £130 was left in 1711, by Thomas Turner; and £25 by Anthony and Dinah Compton. The two latter sums accumulated to £180 which was vested with the churchwardens, who expended it in 1792 in building a parish workhouse, which has recently been ~on verted into the sexton's residence and vestry room. The rest of Garnett's charity is applied in a distribution of coals with Maynard's Charity. " In 1735, Jeremiah Wakelin left the pound field 1 a. 2 r. 17 p. to the churchwardens, in trust, to distribute the rent yearly, on new year's day, in bread or meat~ among the poor parishioners. This • land is let for about £8 per annum. "A yearly rent charge of £2, left by Robert Rampston in 1585, is paid out of Stone Hall estate, which he also charged, with several small rent-charges for the poor of other parishes. " In 1752, Thomas Legendre left for the poor £600, and in 1757, Katherine W oolball bequeathed to th~m £400. These sums are now vested in £1009 three-per-cent. reduced annuities, the divi dends of which are distributed in coals. In 1810, Mary Newellleft £500 three-per-cent. consolidated bank annuities, to the church wardens in trust, to apply two-thirds of the yearly dividends in apprenticing one poor boy of this parish, and to pay the remainder • towards the support of the Church Sunday School. " Discretionary Charities. The following charities are either such as are given generally for the use of the poor, at the discretion of the minister, parish officers and vestry, or some of them, or gifts for keeping tombs in repair; or for purposes to which they are now inapplicable, and of which no ulterior appropriation is made by the donors. These, when not required for the specified uses, are carried to the charity account. "Various benefactions, amounting to £95, were laid out in 1650, in the purchase of 10 a. 1 r. 16 p. of land, now in four fields, let for about £49 per annum, which is distributed chiefly in blankets and potatOOi. In 1633, £120, derived from the bequest of Thomas Colby, was laid out in the purchase of 13 a. 3 r. 8 p. of land in Hale End Lane, now let for about £40 a-year, which is mostly distributed in coals. In 1674, Edward Corbett left property now cOllsisting of three houses, gardens, &c., let for about £85 per an num, which is mostly distributed in coals to the poor parishioners, . and in monthly pensions to poor widows; but 20s. is paid to the minister, and 5s. to the clerk, for a sermon on the 26th of May. " In 1487, the Rev. William Hyll gave to the churchwardens 3 r. 6 p. of land, now let for £2 a-year. In 1723, Sigismond Trafford left to the minister and churchwardens a yearly rent-charge of £10, out of Grange Hill Farm near, Lincoln. After paying for cleaning and repairing the donor's monument,• the remainder is distributed among the poor. In 1732, Edmund Wise left 6 a. 2 r. of land, now let for about £20 a-year. After paying for the repairs of his tomb, the rest is dispensed in charity. In 1782, Thomas Sims left £100 three-per-cent. Consols, for the reparation of his family tomb. What is not wanted for that purpose is carried to the general charity account. The dividends of £100 of the same stock, left by John Rigg in 1806, are applied in the same manner. About 150 33

tons of coals are distributed annually among the poor frolU the: funds of the before-mentioned charities." Rev. W. Wilson, in a book published about 1842, has placed many of the above benefactions in the following tabular form, which is convenient for reference. It would be an interesting work to compare the abridged report of the Parliamentary Commissioners with that published by the Rev. W. Wilson, also to ascertain how far these benefactions are distributed according to the original intention of the benefactors. No comment is made here, not having had sufficient time or oppor tunity fully to enter into the matter, or to obtain the required in formation either from the distributors or recipients j it is, however, a question of considerable importance to the parishioners, that these charities should be distributed with impartiality. Nothing tends to create more unkindly feeling amongst the poor than for any of them to have the slightest cause to believe that preference is shown, or that others are obtaining a double share of that to which they feel they are justly and equally entitled. Rev. W. Wilson very properly "advises all those who are liable to fill the offices of overseers and churchwardens of the parish, to make themselves acquainted with the nature, the limitations and discretionary power of those who are entrusted with the di~tribution of the following benefactions, that when that power comes into their hands, they may be prepared so to minister charity as to encourage good morals and honest independence, and not the fatally injurious but insatiable thirst of eleemosynary gifts, in the poor." It is hoped the information herein-contained will conduce to this end.

•

J' 34 BENEFA ._------ANNUAL BY WHOM BENEFACTOR. BENEFACTIONS. TO WHOM AND HOW -----,------.----RETURNS. ------_.ADMINISTERED. ------._-_. £ s. d. Bill • ••• •• •• • Land •••••••••••• 150 Churchwardens •.. To the churchwardens •

r To the alms-priest ••• To the parish-clerk .•• { Rent charge } 0 Churchwardens, To the alms-folks. ...• SirG.Monoux on houses. 21 0 > Wise, at dis- -< -Ditto ot' ...... Wise ...... { Rent charge } 21 0 0 cretion. ])itto ...... on lands. Ditto ......

'- ])itto ......

Bedford ...... Public funds ••• 17 10 0 . Banks...... Ditto •••••••••••• 26 9 2 To the alms-folks...••• Barman...... Ditto •••••••••••• 10 0 6 Churchwardens, } Rampstone. Rent ofland ••. 2 0 0 { at discretion. To the poor ..•...•..•••

Churchwardens . and Overseers. Gamuel .•.... Rent ofland ... 15 5 0 < Part at dis- )- To the poor .....•..•.•• cretion.

Minister Holbrook ... Rent ofland ... 39 0 0 < and .. To the poor ...•...•..•• Churchwardens Churchwardens Rent charge } Conyers { on lands. 7 10 0 < and .. To the poor •.•...•.•••• Overseers.

Churchwardens Garnett ...... Rent ofland ... 300 and .. To the poor •••••••••••• Overseers. . Churchwardens To the poor ...... •••••• Interest on and Overseers, Turner ...... < £180 from the > 9 0 0 < Bread at dis )- To the churchwardens of St. Botolphs •••.•• rates. cretion.

Wakelyn f Rent charge} 6 0 0 Churchwardens ... To the poor ...... ••• l on lwd. . Rent charge Churchwardens } To the poor .••....••••• (Joll>Jr .•••.••.. { on land. } 32 0 0 { at discretion.

Minister Legendre ... Public funds ... 16 18 2 < and ~ To poor widows ..•••• Churchwardens

( Minister and Woolball .,. Public funds •.. 13 7 0 (Jhurchwardens, .. To the poor ••••••••••• 1 at discretion. ----_._------~---_._------_._------

• 35 ~ CT ION S. ------;------_.

ADMINISTER:gD. WHEN BESTOWED. HOW MUCH TO EACH TOTAL TO ------_.AT EACH TIME. ----THE POOR. £ s. d. £ s. d.

••••••••••••••••••••• Yearly ••• 6~ •••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• ••••••••••••••• I 5 0

• •••••••••••••••••• yearly ...... 6 13 4 6 13 4 •••••••••••••••••• In quarterly payments ...... 0 6 8 1 6 8 •••••••••••••••••• On the first Monday in each month ...... 0 2 61.2 21 9 6 Money . On the feast of St. Bartholomew .•...... 0 8 1 5 5 I .~ •• I •••••• ,.,•••••• On St. Thomas's Day .. 0 3 o 1 19 o •••••••••••••••••• On Ash Wedn&day ...... •...... , 0 3 o 1 19 o Coals . yearly . Three sacks each .•• 3 7 5 IncluJing also £11 4d. from the in habitants' rent charge (see page Money...... '> •••••••••••• 2 10 o 53 19 8 36) in half-yearly payments, at Midsummer and Christmas .

~ Bread On Sundays I One loaf . 200

Bread " I...... On Sundays I I...... •.•...•. One loaf 4..".. 15 5 0

Bread On Sundays One loaf '" 39 0 0

Bread On Sundays One loaf ..•... .. 7 10 0

•

Brea.d ...... On Sundays ~ " " . One loaf ... 300

Bread On Sundays ."...... One loaf ."' . 850

} Money In the month ofMay . 0 15 0

Bread ••••••••• New Year's Day...... One loaf ".. 6 o o

Coals ••••••••• During the Winter months...... One sack .. 32 o o

Coals ••••••••• During the Winter months.. Two sacks . 16 18 2

Coals ••••••••• During the Winter months .. One sack . 13 7 2 £ 239 5 0·'

• • 36 BENEFA . . ._------_._------

BENEFACTOR. BEXEFACTIONS. ANNUAL BY WHOM TO WHOM AND HOW RE'fURNS. ADMINISTERED. . - £ s. d. To the })oor, or en- Churchwardens, larged from other Rent charge 6 with ('onsent of Inhabitants 20 12 benefactions, to poor { on lands. { 21 10 0 vestry, at tlis- widows ...... '" _...... cretion. To poor widows-(see page 35) ...... ,

•

15 15 0 To the minister .. Churchwardens, Corbett ....•. Rentofhouses 24 In 0 To the clerk . at discretion. To the chnrchwardens 47 0 0 To the poor .

Minister, Rent Charge} Churchwardens, To the sexton . 10 0 0 Trafford ...... { on land. and Inhabitants, To the poor ~ at discretion.

Chur~hwa:dens 1 Sims . Public funds ••. 300 { To the poor •••••••••••• at discretIOn. •I

( To the minister . To the alms-priest . Rents on land} 3 Tnlstees and Maynard ... { and tenements 220 0 To the churchwarden To the clerk . To the poor . • To the Sunday-school Newell ...... Public funds ••. 15 0 0 Ministers and { Churchwardens. To bind a poor boy apprentice ..

To her alms-folk . To her alms-folk .. SqUIres.{...... inPublictwo trusts.funds } 99 10 0 } Trustees ••••••••. Sundries . To six poor widows••• To the charity-sl'hool

( To the vicar & churchwardens . Vicar and the To the poor-members Cass Public funds 120 0 0 Churchwardens, of the Protestant at discretion. Established Church, of good moral char acter, and Dot re ceiving parochial aid ---_._------Of the above Benefactions, those ofWise, Trafford, Sims and Cass, are wbjeet,

• 37 CT ION s. '-I ~----.------~------.-----

ADMINISTERED. WHEN BESTOWED. BOW MUCH TO EACH TOTAL TO AT EACH TIME. THE POOR. -'------~._------£ s. d. £ s. d. • Brought over •..... 239 5 0 Coals or { During the Winter months . ~ Bread ...... On Sundays . • } Money .. On the first Monday in each month 't, .•••••• , 0 10 0 42 2 6

On May 26th t •• t ••••••••••••••• •••••••••••• 1 0 0 >Money ...... ])itto . •••••••••••• 050

Ditto t •••••••• t t •• t •• t ••• t ••••••••••• 1 10 0 Coals During the Winter months One sack 81 16 0

Money...... Quarterly ..... t •• , ••• _ ••••••••••••••t.t... '" .....t... 0 2 6 Coals During the Winter months.... One sack...... 9 10 0

Coals During the Winter months...... One sack 3 0 0

1reftrIJr .....•.••...... •.•..... /gths 92 12 8 Ditto . ~ths 46 6 4 > 46 6 4 Money ...... November 27th .. } ,Jgth 11 11 7 >- ])itto . Bread or { On Sundays . -Qths { One loaf 69 9 6 Coals ...... During the Winter months .. } 19 One sack

...... 5 >Money...... { Yearly } At Easter {. 15 0 0 Yearly ." ...... 10

. Money ...... Quarterly ...... •••••••••••• :3 0 0 Coals After ChriFtmas 1 0 0 ••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••• > 99 10 0 ...... ' ...... • ••••••••••• 3 0 0 Coals ••••••••• After Christmas ••••••••••••••••••••••• ...... ' ..... 1 0 0 Money ...... Yearly •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••..• ,I 2 10 0

} Money...... Yearly •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Together£30.

•

At the discretion >:Money On the lOth oC March . of the Vicar and 90 0 0 Churchwardens.

• .£ 695 19 4------_._------"~-----' in the first instance. to the expense ofthe repairs of their several tombs. 38

BENEFACTIONS.

TO BE DISTRIBUTED BY THE Minister and Churchwardens.

Holbrook ••• '" ~ ...... £39 0 0 Legendre ...... ••• ... 16 18 2 Woolball ...... 13 7 2 Trafford ...... ••• • •• 9 10 0 Newell .•• ••• ••• .. . ••• 15 0 0 Cass ...... ••• ••• 90 0 0 183 15 4 Churchwardens and Inhabitants in Vestry.

Rent of land ••• ...... ••• 20 12 6 Ditto ... ••• • •• ••• 21 10 0 42 2 6 Churchwardens and Overseers.

Gamuel ...... ••• 15 5 0 Conyers ...... • •• ••• 7 10 0 Garnett ...... ••• 3 :3 0 Turner ." ••• ••• ••• 8 5 0 Monoux: ••• .. ... ••• 21 0 0 Wise ••• •• • ••• ... 21 0 0 Bedford ...... ••• ••• 17 10 0 Banks ••• •• • • ...... 26 9 2 Harman ...... ••• • •• 10 0 6 Hampstone .•• ••• ... .., 2 0 0 Wakelyn ...... ••• ••• 6 0 0 138 2 8 Churchwardens. Colby ...... ••• ••• ••• 32 0 0 Corbet ... ••• ...... 81 16 0

Sims ... • •• ••• • •• ••• 3 0 0 • Maynard ••• •• • ... ••• 69 9 6 186 5 6 TrU8tees. Maynard •• • ... ••• ... 46 6 4 Squires ••• ... • •• .. . 99 10 0 145 16 4

• £696 2 4

• 39

Of the before-mentioned the following are distributed at discretion:- Wise ..• ••• ...... £21 0 0 Rampstone '" ...... 2 0 0 Gamuel .•• ...... •.. 15 5 0 Colby ...... 32 0 0 • Woolball...... 13 7 2 Inhabitants ..• ... .•. 42 2 6 Corbett ••• ...... 81 16 0 Trafford ...... 9 10 0 Sims ...... 3 0 0 Cass...... 90 0 0

£310 0 8

APPROPRIATION OF THE FOREGOING BENEFACTIONS.

MONOUX ALMS FOLKtJ.

THE Monoux Alms Poor receive each yearly in money £7 7s. qd.; in coals, by bequest, each three sacks, and three additional sacks from the churchwardens; and in bread every Sunday each one loaf of two pounds. Upon the whole there are distributed annually among the thirteen Monoux Alms poor, in money £98 48. 7 ~d. in coals seventy-eight sacks, and in bread six hundred and seventy-six two pound loaves.

SQUIRES' ALMS HOUSES.

There are six Squires' Alms Houses. These alms-houses are intended for the widows of decayed trades men belonging to the parish of WaIthamstow. The following are the benefits received by the poor women residing in these alms-houses:- The honse rent free twelve pounds per annum each, distributed . quarterly, with coals after Christmas, of the value of six pounds, or one pound each, and also every Sunday a 2-Ib. loaf. • 40

The vacancies in these alms-houses are filled up by the Trustees, at meetings called for that purpose. A widow wishing to obtain a vacant Squires' alms-house, must apply for that purpose to the trustees, and satisfy them,,- That her late husband resided in vValthamstow; That he was a tradesman, and pursued his business in the

parish j That she was left without a sufficient maintenance; That she is a person of good moral character.

EDUCATION.

The benefactions which relate to the education of the children of the poor in the parish of vValthamstow are the following. The Alms Priest Schoolmaster receives from the Monoux Benefaction £6 138. 4d., and from the Maynard Benefaction £46 6s. 4d. In addition to which £1. 6s. Bd. is paid to the Clerk in view of his rendering assistance in the school. The sum of £5 is added to the funds of that Sunday School by the Newell bequest, and £12 10s. by that of Mrs. Squiref~. The sum thus paid out of the benefactions towards the education • of the children of the poor amounts annually, on the whole, to £71 168. 4d.

APPRENTISHIP. • An apprentice fee of £10 is paid for a poor boy, a son of parents who are members of the Established Church, one in every year, by the minister and churchwardens, out of the Newell Benefactions.

MONEY. Ten shillings per month are given to about ten widows, at the discretion of the churchwardens. The whole annual amount so distributed is about £60. •

• 41

" The Cass Charity amounting to 90l., is to be also divided among the poor, on the conditions of the will, by the vicar and church wardens. To obtain part of this, you must, in obedience to the will, satisfy the distributors that you are a member of the Church of England, a person of good moral character, and not receiving parochial aid. The whole sum distributed every year in money is £150.

The following are for the most part at discretion.

COA.LS.

" A book is kept, in which the names of all persons who are to receive coals are entered. This book is looked over and corrected by a committee invited to assemble for that purpose by the church wardens three times in every year, before the coals are delivered, in December, January, and February. The quantity of coals lately distributed has been yearly about a hundred and fifty tons, or fifteen hundred sacks in each winter."

BREAD.

" The bread purchased by the benefactions is distribqted on every Sunday and New Year's day. On each Sunday there are distributed at the church about eighteen four-pound loaves, and twenty-eight two-pound loaves, and at the chapel of St. John twelve four pound loaves. On every New Year's Day the Churchwardens distribute about 160 four pound loaves." " On the whole, including those given to the Alms Folk, 8,176 loaves of bread have lately been distributed each year." Before we leave the bequests, we will just mention a very singular one made- by Edwa.rd Witherpool, who had considerable possessions

-. 42

in the parish, his will reads thus: "I leave to my wife Elizabeth, for her dower, all my lands in Walthamstow, for her life, about 200 marks by the year, trusting (Yea I maJ say assuring myself) that she will marry no man for fear to meet with so evil a husband as I have been." The earliest record of the number of the population of the parish we find in the Chantries' Roll of Essex, 1549. It states that the said town of Walthamstow is a great town, and having in it 360 housely people.

No parish register of births appear prior to 1652 j of burials previous to 1645, or of marriages until 1649.

In 1690 to 1G99 the average births per annnm were:..33; deaths...40 ...41 ; •..61 " 1730 " 1739 " " " •••64; " ...75 " 1780 ,. 1784 " .. " " " 1784 " 1789 " " " •••81 ; " ...76 .•.73 ; ...74 " 1790 " 1794 " " " 1799 " " 1795 " " " " ••.75; " ••.67 " 1800 " Hl04 " " ••.80; " •••64 1S09 " ...82; •••65 " 1805 " " " " " " 1809 " 1850 "" " .••98 ; " ••• 69

The deaths in 1860 were 105 j the births, about double that number. • During the past year in Walthamstow, one person in sixty-eight died, which, compared with the average mortality of England, viz. one in forty-five, shows a very favorable result. The longevity of some of the parishioners is somewhat remark able, from several names the following have been extracted:-

Ellinor Sheppard...... •••• 100 years died 1656. Anne Scott 99 " _...... " 1675. Annc Seville...... 107 " n 1741. Elizabeth Godfrey 90 " .. " 1787. JaneWebber 100 " " 1789. MaryBishopH I09 " " 17';6..

• 43

In the churchyard there is a tombstone bearing this inscription: . " Henry Norcott, late of this parish, carpenter, lies here interred, who departed this life sixth day of September, 1743, aged 581 years; also his wife, died December 15th, 1757, aged 881 years." On looking more closely at the inscription, however, it is evident that some wag had cleverly added the figure 1 to the 58, and also to the 88, thus turning the 58 into 581 and the 88 into 88!. The following record of deaths is also taken from the parish register, :May 19th 1760: "Buried, the right Rev. Father in God,

William, Lord Bishop of Bath and Wells j the oldest bishop in Christendom, being 94 years of age. "December 11th, 1674, was buried a child of :Mr. Claypole's, son-in-law to Oliver Cromwell. "Richard Penn, second son of Sir William Penn, Knt., buried April 6th, 1673.; Lady Penn, 1\-1arch 4th, 1681; these were the mother and brother of William Penn, founder of Pensylvania. William Penn was educated at the Free School at Chigwell, and left for his new colony in 1628. Sir W. Penn, the father of William Penn, was an inhabitant of Wanstead, and died there in 1670. According to the returns of the king's surveyor of houses and windows in 1762, there were in Walthamstow,301 houses 204 taxable, and 97 cottages; in 1796, 386 houses, exclusive of two sets of almshouses. In 1801, the population was estimated at 3006. In 1812, the number of houses had increased to 558, all occupied and inhabited by 638 families, and the population had increased - to 3777, viz., 1771 males and 2006 females. 220 families were employed in agriculture, 253 in trade and manufacture, and the remainder were variously occupied. G2 44

In 1821, the population had increased to ...... 4304. decreased ...•• .4258. " 1831, " " " In 1841, increased ...... 4873. " " " ...... 4959. " 1851, " " " " ..•...7144. " 1861, " " "" It will be seen from this that, from 1801 to 1812, the population increased about seventy per annum; from 1812 to 1821, the 3verage increase per annum wasfifty-eightj from 1821 to 1831, had adnally decreased forty-six in the ten years; and from 1841 to 1851, had not increased more than eight per annum. About this time, however, a movement commenced for purchasing Freehold Land, and dividing it into plots for building purposes, affording great facilities of conveyance and sale to purchasers. This, com bined with the railway accommodation to Lea Bridge, induced many persons from London, and in the immediate neighbourhood, to buy land with the view of building thereon. The first estate was purchased by the National Freehold Land Society, in 1850; it was a park, with an avenue of large elm trees, known as " Gros venor Park," then in the occupation of ' Truman, Esq. Other estates were subsequently purchased by the same society, in Mark House Lane, Church Common, Hoe Street, and Whip's Cross. The following is an estimate of the value and quantity of the five estates purchased by the National Freehold Land Society at Walthamstow :- Value of Nos. When offered for sale. land sold. Acreage. 1st. -Grosvenor Rise January, 1851 £2524 8A.. 2R. 6p. 2nd.-Mark House Lane April, 1852 1380 4 3 0 3rd.-Church Common June, 1853 7338 13 2 19 4th.-Hoe Street November, 1853... 2859 8 0 0 5th.-Whip's Cross September, 1854... 3556 4 0 2

£17,657...... 38A. SR. 27p•

• 45 • Since the year 1851; houses have been built on these five estates to the value of . £36,500 In addition to this, estates have been purchased and sold by the City of London, Tower Hamlets, St. Pancras, and district Free hold Land Societies. Other ground has also been: appropriated - since 1851, for building purposes, and a large number of buildings • erected thereon. In Summit Road, Church Walk, Sonth Grove, Marsh Street, Clay Street, Ann's Place, Mark House Lane and mip's Cross, and near St. Peter's, comprising about sixty acres; value a.bout £25,000, and houses of the value of £80,700 have been erected, making a total of land sold since 1851, for building pur poses (including the National Freehold Land Society's estates), of

• 98 acres, containing 584 houses of the value of £.117,200, producing an annual rental of about £10,548, and containing upwards of 2000 inhabitants. The following is a summary of the houses erected since 1850: Grosvenor Rise 45, Grosvenor East 16, East Avenue 10, Pem broke Road 18, Wingfield Road 15, Orford Road 20, Marian

~ Villas 4, Summit Road 28, St. Mary's Cottages 9, Beulah Road 46, Grove Road 10, East Road 9, West Road 3, Eden Road 13, Hoe Street 8, Whip's Cross 50, Mark House Lane 58, Ann Place • 31, near" Duke of Cambridge" 28, South Grove 36, Marsh Street 20, back of post office 10, Clay Street 20, Chapel End 8, Church Walk 22, Forest Rise 14, New Road 4, Green Leaf Lane 34. Total 584. .

Some of the gentry have objected to these U innovations," thinking that the rural character of the parish would be destroyed thereby, and that the poor rates would be increased. Several of the former residents have, in consequence, left the neighbourhood shall we say to make room for better men? Special attention is directed t(} the following important fact tbat, notwithstanding the rapid increase- • 46 • of the population, from 4959 to 7114, during the last ten years intemperance, crime, and the poor rates have considerably decreased. In 1855 the poor rate levied at 3s. 2d. in the £, amounted to £3890 13s. 2d. 2s. 10d. 3486 12 8 " 1856 "" " " " 1857 3s. 3859 11 I! " • " " " 2s. lOd. 3692 4 6 " 1858 " " " " " 1859 ,. 28. Sd. 3314 14 2 " " " " 1860 2s. 6d. 3480 5 I • "" " " Estimating the number of in-door and out-door paupers at the numbers given in the official reports of the guardians; in 1851, , there was one pauper to every thirteenth person; but at the present time, with the increased population, we have but one pauper to every eighteenth person. The poor rates have been much reduced from 1855 to the present time, and during this interval the modern dwellings have been chiefly erected. The result of the division of the Freehold Land estates and the erection of suitable dwellings thereon has been that many persons have been provided with commodious houses and neat gardens, who previously had dwelt in habitations badly-built, ill-ventilated and at an inconvenient distance from their employment. It has brought many persons with their wives and families from the fog and smoke of London into a clearer atmosphere, and enabled others to purchase land and build their own houses. There are many who can date • their first practical effort to provide for their future independence to these societies, and several journeymen mechanics have been raised, through their instrumentality, to the position of employers. At the present time, out of 402 persons who claim to vote for the county, on the Walthamstow register, no less than 203 claim on freehold land, or houses purchased or built on the estates sold in ,allotments for building purposes since 1850, and the neatness of the cottages and gardens, in most cases, testify to the value they attach to their" own homes." • 47

It may not be generally known that any person wishing to pur chase or build a house, can borrow the money, or the chief part of it, in one sum, or as the building proceeds, repaying it by instal ments, including principal and interest, of about 19s. 6d. per month for each £100 borrowed, the house, by this means, becoming his own freehold in fourteen years, purchased at little more than the

rent j for example: a mec11anic purchased his cottage, for which he had been previously paying a rental of 5s. per week; he borrowed £125 to enable him to complete the purchase, for which he paid 5s. 6d. per week to the society, and of course his rent ceased, thus: by applying the extra sixpence per week to the purchase of the house, together with the amount he formerly paid for rent, at the end of fourteen years the loan was repaid, and it became his own freehold, "for the use of himself, heirs, or assigns, for ever." A tradesman desirous of making an investment had six cottages offered him for the sum of £700, producing an annual rental of £74, (i. e. at the rate of 4s. 9d. per week for each cottage,) he bor rowed £650 upon the same, for which he paid £74 15s. per annum, including principal and interest; at the end of the fourteen years the amount borrowed was repaid, leaving him in the receipt of an income of £74 per annum. To aid in the erection of cottages, the Temperance Building Society has advanced about £4000 in in this parish alone; and the Walthamstow and other Building Societies an equal, if not a larger amount. •

Great improvements have taken plac~n many parts of the parish j those who remember Whip's Cross will call to mind the little wooden house kept by Mr. SOllthgate as the post office, with a well by the side of the road, and a carpenter's yard. These have been supplanted by a neat row of houses and shops. A muddy pond opposite J. Helmes Esq., has been converted into a neat garden.

• • 48 • • From the Turnpike, Lea Bridge Road to a short distance beyond the present Railway Station, there was an old Bridge made of ship's planks, stated to have been erected by Sir G. Monoux, to enable foot passengers to cross over to Clapton and Hackney, this has been removed, and a large bridge built, of brick and stone, about a quarter of a mile.in length, consisting of thirty-four arches. Large

waterworks and filter beds have been constructed near Lea Bridge j the copper mills have been purchased by the East London Water

works' Company j a canal has been made therefrom to convey the water from the fonner mill stream to their filter beds, so that through Walthamstow, a large number of the inhabitants of East London are daily supplied with water. It is stated that remains of anchors and boats were found in the marshes by the workmen while excavating for the canal. A large number of persons were previously employed at the copper mills; a coin in our possession was made there, it has on it a "lion, British Copper Company Rolling Mills, Walthamstow

-ONE PENNY." Considerable improvements have taken place in reference to the drainage. On the east side of Wood Street there was a most offen sive open ditch, the sewerage from which ran through Lord May nard's premises to Whip's Cross, crossing the road in a stream, with a wooden plank for foot passengers only ;' a bridge, level with the ro~d, has been recently erected at the expense of the parish, and the ditch covete~ over by the Freehold Land Society. Mud Island a.nd Hog Corner have been converted into Salter's Buildings and Providence Row, stagnant ponds and offensive ditches have been filled in or covered over, Beulah and Eden Roads have been already constructed; and if we continue to improve we shall be approaching an earthly paradise. 4:9

The new road from Forest Rise to Woodford was made in 1829, • and is a great convenience. The parish roads are kept in good repair, and at a comparatively small cost. According to Parlia mentary reports, a turnpike road costs upon an average throughout England £2000 per mile for making, and £53 14s. per annum for • maintenance; our roads, which are estimated now to be about thirty miles in length,cost about £19 per mile per annum; in this

respect great credit is due to :Mr. Ward, the Surveyor j the roads however, in Walthamstow are most curiously arranged, they seem to go half round every field they come near, and ever running into each other, and yet particularly avoiding a useful direction, half as much road again as necessary, and yet failing to answer its pur pose, double or treble lines, but not a direct oue (see map). A stranger desirous of riding to London, availed himself of the omnibus starting from the "Nag's Head," when at the side of the

church he asked" What church is this?" the reply was "St. I Mary's," he was taken• to Wood Street, and returned, after a quarter of an hour's ride, on the other side of the church, he asked" What church is this:" "That is also St. Mary's." "Why, I passed that a quarter ofan hour ago," he exclaimed with astonishment. He went on to Marsh Street, passing near the " Coach and Horses/' he viewed the railway station in the distance, but found the horses suddenly turning round the corner directly away from it, and after various zigzag positions, he arrived at Lea Bridge station. Another, going to the Castle, Grosvenor Rise East, was· within a few yards ofit, in Grosvenor Rise, but found it was necessary to go up Pembroke Road, along the Orford Road, down the Beulah Road, into Gros venor Rise East. If a person wished to ride from Grosvenor Park Road to St. James's Church, he would b~ compelled to travel more than double the necessary distance; or, supposing a person wished

H 50

to drive from Capt. Haviside's, or the Vicarage, to the" Nag's Head," although the distance is but about 200 yards through the churchyard, he would have to travel nearly a mile, either by a circuitous route through Hoe Street and Orford Road, or about the same distance by Shem Hall Street. .A young gentleman riding near the church one Thursday, at the time a marriage ceremony was proceeding, found the churchyard gates open, he wanted to pass through on business, and naturally thought that if they would admit a pair of horses and two persons who would soon be a pair, that a single man and horse might pasR through the churchyard; but he was soon stopped, and told there was no thoroughfare except to the church. He was not, however, then prepared for church, and so returned, making a polite bow to the beadle. If a neatly-fenced thoroughfare was made through the church yard, what an amount of time and labour it would save to the parishioners and their horses. We are reminded• of the proverb that "A merciful man is merciful to his beast," and we believe it would be no misappropriation of the present road to open it for the convenience of the public. Grosvenor Rise might be connected with Grosvenor Rise East, the centre of Wood Street with Shem Hall Street, and Grove Lane with East Avenue,- at a trifling expense; and in a short time, a great saving to the parish in the amount of repairs required, would be the result. • Our lighting and watching has greatly improved. Gas was in troduced into the parish in 1854, amidst considerable opposition; its use is daily increasing. In some parts of the parish the roads are lighted with gas, this can be extended at the pleasure of the inhabitants of the various districts. From the time of the Saxons up to about 1830, the parish had • 51 no police, but was guarded by a species of watchmen, after the model of the old Hackney coachmen, encumbered with the old drab coat with numerous capes and capacious comforter, calling out each hour, either "Twelve o'clock a fine starlight night," or "One o'clock cloudy morning." At night he was provided with a watch box, in order t11at he might enjoy his snooze in comfort, was fur nished with a staff, a blunderbuss and huge lanthorn, the light of the latter, however, greatly facilitating the escape of the delin quents. Although these watch-boxes afforded a capital place for sleeping, wh~ the" Charlies," as they were then called, had got comfortably settled, they were not unfrequently upset, the box being turned over on to the door (to prevent the watchman getting out,) by some one or more young sparks returning somewhat ele vated from an evening party. The determined propensity to dose of these worthy functionaries was a standing joke. "A friend of mine," said Erskine," was suffering from continual wakefulness, various methods were taken to send him to sleep, but in vain, at last we resorted to an experiment which succeeded perfectly: we dressed him in a watchman's coat, put a lanthorn in his hand, and placed him in a watch-box, and he was asleep in ten minutes." We had local police for some time in the parish, but in 1840, • the Metropolitan police were introduced. We have now eighteen police constables, one sergeant and one mounted policeman: two thirds of the force are on duty from nine in the evening till five or six next morning, and are followed by others on day duty. Every morning a sheet of occurrences is forwarded tothechief commissioner, which contains an account of all property lost or stolen, from a gold pin to a chest of plate. In case any affair of much importance ~ takes place, the news is radiated by the police, by means of route papers, to every station near. . u2 - 52

. The police must be able to read and write, have a good character; be of sound body and mind, and are much more efficient than the old-fashioned watchmen and parish constables. The number of persons apprehended by the police in the course of the year is gradually decreasing, as will be seen by the following summary, mORt courteously furnished by Sir Richard Mayne.

Return ofthe number of persons apprehended at Walthamstow during the last seven years :- - - Date Adults. OFFENCE. ~,..,.; OFFENCE. .'Degreeof Education. • ~ Q,) ~ I - • -- • ~"O"" . .... - ... ~ • -~ -~ • .Q ..::l .~ loll i=l ~ bIl Drun • oS ..... • Drun ;:::; cl) ""cl) Fe- ;!:l

1854 .Il6 18 39 3 29 6 17 ... 31 9 9 4 6 3 3 1 ... ••• •• • ... 84 54 9 138 9 "'147

1855 92 14 38 3 20 3 13 1 21 7 7 •• • 5 ... 2 ...... 46 48 19 94 19 113

1856 97 11 36 2 22 3 15 224 4 7 ... 4 ... 3 ...... ••• ... 441 55 16 99 16 115

1857 8'1 14 34 3 20 2 14 3 19 6 6 ... '3 ... .3 ... •• • •• • ••• ... 4550 1295 12 107

1858 89 15 38 5 21 I 10 4 20 5 ...... 'H ...... 48 34 22 82 22 104

, 1859 71 8 30 4 14 .. 20 2 7 2 2 ... 2 ••• ••• ... '" ••• ...... 5020 11 70 11 81

1860 57 12 25 3 9 3 11 2 12 4 11 •• • 8 ... 3 • •• ...... • •• 37 26 17 63 17 ·SO

• - , • These figures shew that 147 persons were apprehended in 1854, but only 80 in 1860; that the number of persons taken for felony have decreased from 39 in 1854 to 25 in 1860; that the cases of drunkenness have diminished from 40 in 1854 to 16 in 1860, and that no females under 16 years have been apprehended since 1854. This improvement has taken place with an increased population of ... 2185 persons. It is but just to state that many of the cases of felony were not committed by inhabitants of Walthamstow, but by thieves from London. The above statement is very encouraging to 53 the friends of education, showing that the numbers apprehended who have been well educated have been only 106 during the seven years, while those during the same period who were unable to read, or read imperfectly, are no less than 641. This should urge the friends of Dayand Sabbath Schools to increased effott, for in the present age, 3 ..certain amount of education is almost an indispen... • sable qualification, to enable a person to obtain remunerative employment j and it must be obvious that unless person~ are fitted for honest labour, soon they will :find other means of satisfying the cravings of hunger, and will either live on the charity of others, beg in our streets, be claimants for parochial relief, or commit de· predations, and become inmates of our jails. The rating in the parish is comparatively low, the highway rate is generally sixpence in the £1 per annum, and produces about £600 for repairs of roads, &c. The church rate has been reduced from 6d. to 3!d. The following are some of the principal items: beadle and sexton £60, organist £50, organ blower £4 4s., clock winding £7 12s. 6d" washing surplices £3 17s., sacramental wine £12 16s., ringing £5 5s., coals £11 10s., pew openers £20, lighting, repairs, and other contingencies make up the difference. The church-yard rate has now ceased, it was levied for a period of ten years, for the purchalSe of the land adjoining the church-yard, the amount of which is now paid off. Why the whole of the parishioners should have purchased this by a general rate, giving the clergy the exclusive right to bury and receive the fees, without allowing the ministers of other denominations the privilege of burying their dead, will be a mystery to future generations. Assessed, Property and Income Taxes. The amount raised on private incomes is £434 148. j property tax, at 10d., £1663 10s.; assessed taxes £1410 7s. The small amount from the income tax 54

arises from the fact that many of the parishioners return their incomes at their houses of business in London. We will not enlarge upon these taxes, except to notice that however prying we may now consider the plan of collecting the income tax, in the time of Edward T. the mode of levying in Essex was still more so; it may • be judged of by the following, from the" History {)f Colchester," • by T. Cromwen~:--, " Roger the dyer had, on michaelmas day last, in his treasury or cupboard, one silver buckle, price IBd., one cup of mazer (maple), price IBd; in his chamber, two gowns, price 20s., two beds,· price half-a-mark, one napkin and one towel, price 2s.; in his house, -one ewer with a bason, price 14:d., one hand-iron, price Bd; in his kitchen, one brass pot, price 20d., one brass skillet, price 6d, one brass pipkin, price Bd, and one trivet, price 4d.; in his brewhouse, one quarter of oats, price 2s., wood ashes, price half-a-mark, one great vat for drying, price 2s. 6d. Item, one cow, price 5s., one • calf, price 28., two pigs, price 28. each 12d., one sow, price 15d., billet-wood and faggots for firing, price one mark. Sum 718. 5d.~ fifteenth of which, 48. 9d." " \Villiam the miller had the day aforesaid, in ready money, one mark of silver; in his cupboard, a silver buckle, price 9d., one ring price 12d.; in his granary, one quarter of wheat, price 48., one quarter of barley, price 3s., two quarters of oats malted, price 48. each quarter 2s., two hogs, price 10s. each 5s., two pigs, price 3s. each ISd., one lb. of wool, price 3s., &c. &c., deduct 15th, as before." .. Our poor rate comprises also the polic-e rate, county rate, &c. The following are the items for the year, extracted from the

• Beds were uniformly of straw in this reign, not excepting those occupied by royalty. 55 official account, which also show the proportions paid to each item from every poulld paid by the parishioners::-

" £ s. d. £ s. d. Indoor Maintenance ...... •••••..•• 410 17 6 •..•••.••..• 0 2 6 Outdoor Relief 763 0 8.1 } 6 :I ••••••••• 0 4 9 Ditto, to non-resident Poor 22 15 Maintenance of Lunatics in Asy- lum .••.••••••••. ••••••••. ...•.. ...• 166 6 4- •••••••••••• 0 0 11 County Luna.ticAsylum 105 14 9 0 0 8 Extra Medical Fees .....•••...... • 11 3 6 0 0 ot

Vaccination Fees •••.•••••••••••••• 17 6 9 i 0 0 1 Registra.tion Fees 17 2 6 ... 0 0 I County Rates...... ••.. .•..• 185 0 91 0 1 0 Funeral Account ••••••••.•..•.•••• 21 5 6 •••.••.•••.• 0 0 It Instalments of Loan and Interest, share of 220 2: 6t 0 I 3 Collectors' Poundage...... 82 16 3 0 0 5 Extra Charges and Salaries of Office.rs ••• 855 8 21 "...... 0 2 I

, £2379 o 10\ £0 13 11 Police Rate...... 1050 00 .....••..••• 061 " TOTAL £3429 0 10! • £1 0 0

The number of persons generally in the workhouse at one time, belonging to Walthamstow parish, is from 28 to 35. During the whole of last year 85 were admitted and received in-door relief; there are eight in the lunatic asylum, and 288 received out-door relief, making a total of 381. Each pauper, for maintenance and other expenses, costs on an average about £6 5s. per. annum; the parishioners thus paid on an average, in 1851, 10s. each to the poor and county rate, and 3s. 4d. each to the police rate. The population having increased and the amount of rate decreased, the parishioners will now pay on the average about 7s. 6d. -each to th~ poor and county rate, and 28. 6d. to the police rate. 56

Average contract prices of provisions and other articles used in the Union, 1859 and 1860: bread, 4~d. per ~-lbs. loafj best

household flour, 5s. 10~d. per bushel j meat, of best quality, 5~d.

per lb.; good butter, 9d. per lb. j good cheese, 5d. per lb.; good

raw sugar, 4~d. per lb. j good congou tea, 28. 10d. per lb. j genuine milk (1), 7kd. per gallon; coals, 17s. 9d. per ton, and beer, £1 3s. per barrel. The attendance of the Guardians for the year was as follows:- Rev. T. Parry, present 39 absent 13 .c. Burrell, Esq., " •..26 ...... •...• " 26 Capt. Tibbut " 10 " ...42 Budd, Esq., " ..• 5 •..... •...• " ...47 Mr. Hooper, of Clay Street, has been elected in place of Capt.

Tibbut j and it will be gratifying to the parishioners to know that our worthy vicar was unanimously re-elected Chairman of the Board of Guardians, on Thursday, the 21st April, 1861, and a high compliment paid him for the manner in which he conducted the business, and especially as to the kindness and sympathy with which he listened to the tales of distress from the poor. On examining into the chief causes of pauperism we find:- 1. The death of husbands, leaving wife and children without support. 2. Families dependant on males who are" ill, without provision, sickness, accident, or infirmity, chiefly arising from ill-ventilated houses, intemperance, and other causes. 3. Husbands in gaol, families dependant. 4. Illegitimacy. 5. Husbands in the army and navy the brave defenders of the country (?}--who neglect to protect and provide for their own wives and families. 57

6. Want of employment. 7. Urgent necessity (the proportion from this cause is very small.) That one person in eighteen is in receipt of parochial relief, whose distress in nearly every case might have been prevented, claims the serious consideration of all, and especially that of the Guardians. The political opinions of the majority of the parishioners are liberal. In 1857, the votes given for the conservative candidate were for Bramston, conservative, 74; Smith, conservative, 67; Baker, liberal, 126. There were then 292 on the Register, 193 polled. At the last election, Bramston polled 133; Watlington 120; Baker 144. This result arose partly from the way in which the votes were split. On this occasion Baker received plumper votes 130, Bramston 5, Watlington 2: votes on the register, 402. The annual church rate contests have doubtless had the effect of reducing the amount of the rate, as will be seen by the following statement. :- In 1856, the rate at 6d. in the £1 amounted to £632 18s. 7!d. " 1857 " 4d." " 439 18 IOk " 1858 " 5d." " 561: 2 Il ,,1859 " 4d." ". 478 5 8} ,,1860 " 3~d." " 425 17 01 About twenty years since, not more than about eight persons could be found to vote against a church rate. In 1856, the num bers were, on a poll" of the parish being taken, for the rate 82 persons 188 votes; against 34 persons 45 votes. 1860, for the rate 126 persons 235 votes; against 133 persons 163 votes. The Act, giving a vote for every £25 for which a person is rated in the parish books, until he has reached six votes, gives an

I 58

undue influence to the wealthy over the middle and humbler elasses, and is opposed to the sublime sentiment enunciated by one of our own poets, " The mind's the measure of the man." The opinions ofthe parishioners on the subject is better shown by the number ofpersons voting, and it is due to our churchwardens to note that they have respected that opinion by not attempting to enforce

the payment of the rate from those who object to pay. 1 It will be seen on reference to page 20 that for the building of district churches alone in Walthamstow, £6710 has been contributed by voluntary contributions, and upwards of £1000 for

schools connected with the church, and district churches j that the annual voluntary contributions to the same, including repairs, incidental expenses, and incumbents' salaries, are about £1500; that the amount raised for the building of chapels and schools by other denominations has been about £2500, and the cost of main tenance, including salaries to ministers, schoolmasters, etc., about £900 per annum. A considerable portion of St. Mary's Church was built by the private beneficence of Sir G. Monoux, Paul Witherpole, Thorne, and . others. What need is there then to fear the adoption t'n toto of the VOluntary principle, seeing that already the largest proportion has been hitherto thus contributed. Judging from the veneration which many have for the parish church, and the respect in which the vicar and curate are held, they might safely rely on a generous and Christian people to contribute • voluntarily more than is now collected by a rate. This would put an end to much of the party feeling which at present exists between churchmen and dissenters, they might then heartily unite in many efforts for the general good.

• . , •• •

The occupations of the inhabitants are various; There are influential bankers and merchants, together with a large number engaged daily in professional, mercantile and industrial pursuits in the metropolis. There are engaged in the village the following :: 11 bakers,5 booksellers, 12 butchers, 5 builders, 2 chemists, 11 dra pers, 19 dress-makers aud milliners, 13 farmers, 19 grocers, 15 pub licans, 14 beer retailers, agricultural and other labourers, artizans, and others, enumerated more fully in the annexed Directory. It may fairly be computed that about one-half of the population derive their support from occupations in London; for the number of persons who travel from Lea Bridge by railway from Wal thamstow to London daily, in summer, is 475; in winter, 420; by the 8'20 a.m. train alone there are generally about 100 third-class passengers, 22 second-class, 18 first-class,and ten byomnibus tickets. Taking the average for the week, allowing a less number for Sun days, it will give 2800 per week, or 145,600 passengers per annum. From Walthamstow to Stratford there are about 200 passengers daily (Sundays excepted), or 62,600 per annum. The railway traffic receipts from Walthamstow are about £5310 per annum. Many gentlemen proceed throughout from Walthamstow to London by omnibus or by private conveyances. A Savings' Bank was established in 1849, to afford an oppor tunity for the investment of small sums of money, in pence or otherwise, to be repaid with interest. Attendance is given on Monday evenings, from 7 till 8 o'clock, at the Lecture Rooms, Wood Street. About 150 persons have deposited their savings there. The receipts last year were £170, and the withdrawals £130. Interest has been paid at the rate of four per cent. to the depositors of £1 and upwards. The present amount in hand is about £300. The total receipts from the commencement have been 12

• • 60

about £1038 15s. lId. This, if made more generally known in other parts of the parish, would be more appreciated. The Walthamstow First and Second Building Societies were established about 1843 or 1844. A considerable number of the • middle and working classes. have, by subscription of one shilling

• " per week, contributed large sums for the purchase or erection of houses. The total amount that has been advanced on buildings • by the first Building Society, is £5400, and the second £3800; in addition to this, various sums have been withdrawn, by the mem bers not requiring to build or purchase property. Many persons in Walthamstow and its neighbourhood have now, by means of these societies, freehold and leasehold property of their own, the whole of the amount borrowed in these cases having been repaid; and others, who have had advances to enable them to purchase, are redeeming their property by periodical payments. • A Coal Club was established at Walthamstow in the year 1827, its object being to procure for its members good coals at a cheap rate, by purchasing them in large quantities at the most favorable period of the year. The amount raised by forty-nine members in 1827, was £133; in 1838, by 264 members, £714 lIs. 6d.; for the year 1860, thi} income was £496, the best WalIscnd Coals were supplied at 238. per ton. In 1859 they were supplied at 20s. 6d. per ton. The subscription may be either sixpence, one shilling, one shilling and sixpence, two shillings .up to ten shil lings. The amount of coals delivered in proportion to the sub scription. :Mr. W. Day is the Secretary. The meetings are held at the Boys' National School. This is a self-supporting club, and is well conducted. The Walthamstow Benefit Society was established in 1824, the object being to secure to the members a weekly sum of money

• 61

during sickness and a ~um at death. The funds in hand in 1839

exceeded £1000 j this sum was deposited in the Bank of England.

The present number of members is about 170 j funds invested above £2000. Mr. H. Greggs, is the Secretary: Its meetings are held at

the Vestry j this is also a useful society. It is gratifying to know that much present and prospective good has been secured to many ofthe inhabitants of Walthamstow through the aid of LifeAssurance Benefit Sucieties, and kindred Institutions. There are some clubs in the parish, the meetings of which are held at public-houses. These, we fear, do not tend to promote the provident habits of the members generally.

LIBRARIES. The Library at the Infant School, contains about 1000 volumes, which are lent out for reaciing at a merely nominal sum. It is to be regretted that the advantage thus offered is not more appreciated. The same remarks apply to the library at the lecture room in Wood Street. The mutual improvement societies in the parish are not so suc cessful as they might be, probably owing to the absence of a com modious room, in a central position, where all parties could unite, and subjects having a good moral tendency might be freely discussed. There are several benevolent and charitable institutions in • Walthamstow, amongst these may be mentioned the Cheap Clothing Society, Children's Shoe Society, Benevolent Society, Female Benefit Society, Lying-in Charity, and Friendly Sick Society. The Sabbath Schools connected with the Churches, Chapels and Mission Station are well conducted. The teachers strive earnestly to promote the best interests of the children. An annual treat is kindly and most generously given by Mr. and Mrs. Henry Ford Barclay to the children and teachers of several of the Schools, which is looked forward to from year to year with much pleasure. The cause of Education, Home Missions, and various other religiou~ and philanthropic movements in Walthamstow, receive considerable aid from the Barc1ay family. A Home Missionary and Scripture reader are employed in the village, visiting the homes of the poor,

holding meetings, &c., and a Forest Missionar)", who devotes Br portion of his time in circulating religious knowledge, and in en- . deavouring to instruct the children of the gipsies. The services of a female Missionary have also been secured, whose labours are devoted to visiting the poor, teaching them habits of cleanliness, in- • dustry and domestic economy, assisting mothers to work for their families, assembling working parties at the house of the Missionary, at which they are instructed to cut-out and make various useful articles of clothing, for which work they are duly paid, holding Bible Classes, meetings for reading and r.onversation on moral and religious subjects, inducing the poor by means of weekly subscrip tions, to purchase Bibles for themselves. From eighty to ninety families are visited weekly. An influence of this kind must be productive of great good, and may be extended with advantage. There are several other useful institutions in the village, these will be noticed in the Directory. Having taken a brief glance at the past and present of Wal thamstow, we now proceed to enquire what will be its future? It has been well said that" the greatness and permanent stability of a nation depends much upon the virtue and morality of its people." This principle is equally applicable to a parish. To secure the happiness and well-being of our neighbours should ever be our aim; lwnceforth, therefore, let progress be the watchword of this and future generations. The future of Walthamstow will de pend much upon the virtue, morality, and enterprise of its people. • True it is there. are certain events that will traUsl)ire entirely

• beyond our control Cold and heat, wind and rain, will have pro duced great changes a. hundred years hence. Many of the trees which now adorn our forests will then have withered and decayed.

The newly-planted acorn will have become the full-grown oak j the present generation will, for the most part, have been consigned to

the silent tomb j many of our present habitations will have crum bled into dust, and our places will be occupied by our children's children; but, ere these events transpire, shall we stand silently by and with folded arms gaze upon the changes that are taking place without emotion? This cannot and must not be. We can do much to promote the welfare of those around us. It has already been shown that, during the last ten years, the health and longevity

of the people has improved j that pauperism, intemperance and crime have diminished, although the population has increased nearly fifty per cent. There still remains much to be accom plished. There are yet many dark spots to remove j foul and open ditches, which now emit pestiferous exhalations, to be covered in several dwellings, unfit for human habitations, to be improved. much ignorance to be dispelled unhappy homes to be made happy, suffering to be alleviated the intemperate and reckless to be reformed pauperism to be lessened industry to be encouraged crime to be prevented principles of self-help, pru dence and forethought to be practically taught, and the influences of education and religion more widely extended. If we desire vice to give place to virtue, and all around us to bear an improving aspect, it must not be forgotten.4' that social and moral greatness is incompatible with the abasement of the people." If the poor suffer, society in general suffer with them. Man cannot realize true happiness for himself, unless those around him are also happy. There is even a ~igher law, viz., that our greatest happiness is not to be realized by each having a regard for himself, but by each seeking to benefit his fellow men; until we heartily strive to accomplish this, our duty as men, and as immortal bein~s, will not have been performed, and the future of'Valthamstow will not be what it ought or might be. lt is useless, however, thus to theorise without endeavouring to point out some practical means ofimprovement. .Many ofthe homes of our cottagers are ill-contrived and inconvenient, with a rental beyond a fair proportion to the family earnings, the result is that lodgers are frequently" taken in and done for," that children of both sexes sleep together in one room, at an age when they should sleep in separate apartments; that youth of riper age, with adults, are thrown together under circumstances which daily violate the de cencies of society, and the social, moral, and religious tone of many of the people is deteriorated. It would be difficult to speak of the influences of such homes upon the habits of the inmates; it is almost impossible for virtue to flourish there. Religious impressions, gained elsewhere, are effaced, modest reserve is impracticable, neatness, order, and delicacy of feeling is destroyed. Thecomforts of home arenot there, andit is not surprising that in such dwellings, immorality and vice in various forms exist. - " There are two or three ways by which these evils might be removed, either by inducing the present landlords to improve such cottages, or if they are careless about their property,by purchasing it • of them and improving it; if either of these cannot be accomplished, build others; let them at a moderate rent, and invite the occupant of the dilapidated dwelling, or of the court or alley, to inhabit them. Our attention might be directed, in this respect, to im provements in Chapel End, the lower part of Marsh Street, and various parts of Wood Street. 65

An institution bas lately been established, called" The Cot tage Architectural :Museum and Cottage Improvement Society;" the offices are situate at 37, Arunliel Street, Strand, and are open from twelve till four o'clock daily, admission free. The Society

have adopted for their motto "As the home so the people j" the • object being to improve the dwellings of the labouring poor. The plans and models show neat cottages, each containing four rooms • and a wash-house, which can be built at a small cost, and let at a very moderate rent. A freehold field might be purchased, or taken on lease, and the ground let at the rate of £5 to £6 per acre (a price quite equal to what it is now realizing), six neat cottages might be placed npon the acre at a ground rent for each cottage of 158. to £1 per annum, allowing to each a large garden; the cottagers might hire the same for a term of years, or if they preferred it, by easy monthly instalments, equivalent only to about theirpresent rentals, might enter upon and • purchase the dwellings as their own in about fourteen years. Such a plan, if carried out, would do much to induce cottagers to take a pride in their houses and gardens, and help them all to possess a house of their own. In some cases, the present landlords might aid in this by offering at a fair price to their tenants, the oppor tunity of purchasing the houses they now rent. Frequent objections are made to this class of investment, and especially from the very parties who exercise great care in building excellent stabling for their horses and capital kennels for their dogs, on their own premises, but who do not scruple to make their coachman or groom walk a mile to and from his cottage several times during the day to his meals, after he has safely housed the cattle, &c., without regard to the fact that, if a coachman resides only half-a-mile from his work and returns to breakfast, dinner and

K 66

tea, he would walk four miles per day, twenty-eight miles per week, • or 1456 miles per year, or in twenty years, 29,120 m~les; so that if he walked at the rate of four miles per hour, more than II years would be occupied out of the twenty years, in walking to and from his work. It may be a beautiful sight to see the colt prancing in the field, or pet animals playing on the lawn, or the carriage horses safely and comfortably stalled within a few paces of the parlour door, but to our minds, it would be a far prettier sight to see a neat cottage, with the honey-suckle or jessamine climbing some neat trellis-work, with the gentlemen's servant, his wife, and happy family at a short distance from the mansion, and to see as much interest at least taken to promote the comfort and improve the condition of the servant and his family, who are to live for eternity, as to improve the horse, the dog, the calf, or the donkey, who are to live only for time. How often, however, is it the case that those who build spacious edifices for hunters and hounds, lavish their wealth in stables and dog kennels, look down upon the man who devotes himself and his • resources to the comfort and improvement of suitable dwellings for his fellow-men, and do not even allow to their servants the liberty and other privileges which they freely offer to the beasts which perish. Many considerations urge us to furnish the labourer with a con venient cottage at a small cost. Medical officers, to the various boards of health, agree that scrofula, consumption, and many other diseases are the result of bad ventilation and over-crowding; that the lassitude produced by the same causes frequently lead people to resort to stimulants, and intemperance is the result. The average life of the labourer is supposed to be materially lessened by sleeping in close Itpartments; and the same rule applies to servants in under ~rol.llld kitchens, with stone pavements, in damp or dark situations.

• • 67

The annual mortality of farmers at 35 years of age is 9 in 1000 " "" 45 " ••• 12" 1000 The mortality of labourers " 35 " •..13 " 1000 • ". .•. . ,,45 " •••17 " 1000 An uncomfortable house, a smoky chimney, and the want of a commodious wash-house, has frequently made the washing day almost intolerable, has driven many a man from his home to the • public-house, and led to th: following well-known lines:-

• "The very kittens on the hearth, they dare not even play, For all the inmates are so cross npon the washing day."

To remedy the inconveniences here referred to, a suitable laundry might be erected with one of the patent washing-machine mangles, with copper and drying room complete. The cost WQuld not be more than £100, would pay a good interest on the outlay, and under proper regulations might be used by eighty to one hundred persons per week, at a cost, including rent, soap, firing and water, of threepence per week each. The facilities given by the patent washing-machine mangle and drying room wonld enable each woman to complete her ordinary week's washing in five hours. There are a few men who, when not otherwise employed, habit ually stand at the corner of the streets, leaning against public-house signs, or are to be found playing at skittles, and spending their earn ings, while their wives are frequently compelled to go out to work to support them and their families, or to work at home as laundresses, these require to be taught the common principles of industry and humanity, and require also some further inducement to remain at home. The allotment system might be greatly extended, with ad vantage to them, by the purchase of ground more in the centre of the parish, or adjoining the homes of the allotees, so as to prevent • the fatigue of going to and fro, after their work, and to prevent the K2 68 temptation presented in passing two or three public-houses on the road. Our water supply admits of great improvement. In various • parts of the parish good water is much required, several of the people being compelled to purchase it at the rate of one penny for 10 or 12 gallons, which is a great bar to its use. The water sup plied by the pump, lately erected through the kindness of the Rev. • T. Cornthwaite, on the forest, and by that erected in Wood Street by subscription, is a great boon to the inhabitants in those districts; may there soon be further efforts in this direction, in situations where required, a more useful expenditure cannot well be made. After the first outlay a good supply of water is an inexpensive, but a constant and ever-flowing benefit to the inhabitants.· The health, cleanliness and even the temperate habits of the people depend much upon this. Those who have money to dispense in charity may be sure, by employing a portion of it thus, that they will be doing much to improve the homes and habits of the people, and thereby be preventing much disease and premature death. In obtaining water, the following information may be useful. The soil of Walthamstow varies considerably, in many parts it is as follows: loom sand and gravel 15 feet, blue clay 56 feet, mottled clay 20 feet, black sand 10 feet, blue clay 4 feet, dark sand and pebbles 3 feet, blue clay 10 feet, light sand 37 feet, Hints 1 foot, chalk and Hints 54 feet 210 feet.

" Supposing each of these pumps to supply gratuitously water to twenty-five families, who previously purchased one-pennyworth daily, a saving would be effected of 48. 2d. per day, £1 98. 2d. per week, £75 16s. 8d. per year, or in seven years £530 16s. 8d. Ifthese families were to employ this in the purchase of bread, it would provide 16,500 quartem loaves, or 4300 sacks of coals; or if applied to assurance, it would enable the working men to Secure to their families, in the event of death, upwards of £5000. There are few means by which so large a number may be benefitted at so small an outlay. • 69 • It will be seen from this that wells sunk 15 feet deep, will only obtain the water from the surface, and this containing various salts, render it hard; but when the clay is pierced and the light sand is reached, the water is very pure and soft, and almost free from the ,. presence of salts or mineral products. • . Ifthe people were furnished with comfortable dwellings and allot ments at a moderate rent, and good water, their health and habits would be much improved, and a great saving1n their previous ex penditure would be effected, which might be applied to the purchase of many household comforts. Every man should be taught to pro vide for his family, in case of sickness, infirmity, accident or death, either by investing in a Savings' Bank or in a well-conducted Benefit • Society, where for about sixpence to eightpence per week a man can secure fifteen shillings per week, in case of sickness, and £20 at death; or, if not required for sickness, could assure his life for the benefit of his family; for a payment of about eightpence to ninepence per week from £50 to £100 could be secured, for example:-

.A person can secure any ofthe following amounts, payable at death, for the undermentioned payments :- .------. l\f ONTHLY PAYMENT S FOR AN ASSURANCE OF

- - • - • Age next Birthday. £10 £20 £30 £40 £50 £100 - . . . 10 to d. 8. d. 8. d. 8. d. s. d. s. d. 15 4 0 8 I 0 1 3 1 5 2 10 20 5 0 9 1 0 1 4 1 8 3 3 25 5 010 1 2 1 6 1 10 8 8 30 6 1 0 1 3 1 8 2 1 4, 1 35 7 1 1 1 6 2 0 2 5 4, 10 40 8 1 3 1 9 2 4, 211 5 9 45 9 1 5 2 1 2 9 3 5 6 9 " 50 11 1 9 2 6 3 2 4 0 8 0 ---._--_._------_._--_._-_._--- • 70 • • or he might combine the three advantages of Savings' Bank, Sick Benefit Society and Life Assurance in one payment, by the fol lowing plan of

DEPOSIT ASSURANCE.

Amount ofPolicy granted for every £1 deposited: the whole of which deposits may be withdmwn at a month's notice, with interest as from a bank, or borrowed at the current rate :'- .f

• Amonnt of Amount of • Amount of I Assurance for Assurance for Assurance for Age. every £1 Age. every £1 Age. every £1 Deposited. Deposited. Deposited. , " £ s. d. £ 8. d. £ 8. d. 15 2 13 3 27 2 3 7 39 1 15 11

16 2 12 4 28 2 2 10 40 1 15 4

17 2 11 7 29 2 2 2 41 1 14 10

18 2 10 9 30 2 1 6 42 1 14 3

19 2 10 0 :31 2 011 43 1 13 9

20 2 9 2 32 2 0 4 44 1 13 3 • . 21 2 8 5 33 1 19 8 45 1 12 9 3 22 2 7 6 . 34 1 19 0 46 1 12 23 2 6 9 35 1 18 5 47 1 11 9

• 24 2 6 0 36 1 17 9 48 1 11 2

25 2 5 4 37 1 17 2 49 1 10 8

26 2 4 5 38 1 16 6 50 1 10 1

• - • ., - ,

EXAMPLES. A person may pay at the rate of Is. 8d. per month,

or 5s. per quarter, and receive & policy each year for the amount stated; or he can withdraw any portion of the same, with interest, as from a Bank. Thus the Society supplies the place of a Savings' Bank in case of need, a Benefit Society in case of sickneis, and at the same time assures a sum for the widow and family, by a • •

Policy of Assurance, in the event of death. Or, a person aged • thirty may deposit .£10 and thus secure a policy for £20 15s., payable at his death. He may withdraw the £10, with interest, and surrender his policy; or he may borrow the .£10, or any part of it, at the current rate of interest, and leave his policy as security, receiving it again when he returns the loan. These subscriptions should be collected at the member's home, or at the residence of the collector or agent, and not at the club room of the public-house, where hitherto, many have been tempted to spend money for the"good of the house," and the attendance at . which has been the first step to ruin of thousands of young men. A self-supporting Clothing Club might also be established, for the purpose of enabling its members, in the summer months, to provide for the necessities of the winter. In order still further to lessen pauperism and crime, it would be • well to establish a Parochial Improvement Association, to bring under the notice of the parochial officers and the vestry, such im

provements as are needed j to obtain the printed lists of paupers, and endeavour to employ usefully in the parish, the able-bodied recipients of parochial relief; to see that the property belonging -4l to the parish is properly let, and its charities judiciously dispensed j in short, to create a general interest.. in parochial matters. Our vestry meetings might be held in the evening, instead of at nine o'clock in the morning as they are now held just at the time when at least 300 or 400 of the parishioners who represent families, probably consisting of more than 2000 of the inhabitants, are en gaged in London. The time of holding these meetings rests now with the churchwardens, and only those should be elected who will study the general convenience of the parishioners. Another great want in this parish is a central Assembly and ... 72

Reading Room, open to all parties, irrespective of sectarian • differences, for objects of general good. This might be accomplished for about £500, in 100 shares of £5 each, and would, we believe, let {or Lectures, Concerts, and other meetings, at a. suffi cient rental to be remunerative to the shareholders. With a. population of 7144 people, and every probability of a large increase, it is a reproach to Walthamstow that it should be without such a place of meeting. An institution of this kind would be the means of•leading many who now spend their time unprofitably, to employ it in mental and moral improvement, and increase the general in telligence of the parishioners. It is anticipated that, ere long, a Public Cemetery will be secured to the parishioners, providing equal rights of sepulture to all, where the tombs and grounds are kept in good order, and where ministers of each denomination will be able to officiate. It cannot be expected that the present churchyard will long meet the requirements of a. rapidly-increasing population, and the pa rishioners will not again consent to be charged with a compulsory rate for that which can be better accomplished by private enterprise or by a public company. The education of the people is a. most important means of re formation, and as the population increases, should keep pace with the growing requirements of the people. vVe have already shown that from 747 persons were apprehended for crime in this parish during the last seven years, 641 were unable to read at all, or read imperfectly, and that not one in six were able to read well. This fact is borne out by similar evidence of the chaplains of various prisons. In Parkhurst prison the numbers were able to read well 3, tolerably 71, while those who read imperfectly, or not at all, were 276; those who could spell •

well 1, tolerably 31, imperfectly or not at all 818; those who could write well 2, tolerably 40, imperfectly or not at all 308; those who understood the higher rules of arithmetic 2, compound rules 12, simple rules 51, simple addition 58, none 227. One would have supposed that these would have learnt subtraction, as they were frequently abstracting handkerchiefs from gentlemen's pockets or goods from various stores. A statement made about ten years since by the chaplain. of Pres ton Gaol, shows that out of 262 prisoners, 114 were ignorant of the Saviour's name and unable to repeat the Lord's PraJer. In another report he states that there were unable to name the months 209, ignorant of the name of the reigning sovereign 200, ignorant of the words virtue and vice 208, read and write well 5, superior • education 2. Such facts are exceedingly suggestive, and should prompt the friends of education in our Sabbath and Day Schools to increased effort. This is important as a pecuniary consideration alone, seeing that an expenditure of about thirty shillings per . annum will educate a youth in either our "British" or "National" . Schools, while it costs about £25 per annum to punish and support a criminal in prison. .A good education induces self-respect and independence, and fits the recipient for a position he could not otherwise occupy. It is pleasing to see many of those who have been educated in our Day and Sunday Schools standing side by side with city merchants, and with other persons of position and influence, on the platform at Lea Bridge Station; and it is still more gratifying to know that not a few of the persons referred to occupy situations of trust in mercantile houses. One of the ad.. vantages of railway travelling is that it brings all classes into frequent association with, each other, opinions and thoughts are frequently and profitably interchanged, prejudices are overcome,

L 74

and men are led to esteem each other more for their moral worth and general intelligence than in bygone days. • - The dissemination of the precepts of the gospel is another most important means of improving the morality of the people. The faithful minister who proclaims Christ crucified as the Saviour of the world, setting before the people the example of Christ as the rule • of life and love to God and man as his chief command, who ex- horts us to practise patience, charity, self-denial, benevolence, mercy, forgiveness, gratitude, justice, honesty -and truth, cannot fail to produce a most potent influence for good, and it is our duty if we «esire to give "glory to God in the highest, and to promote peace and good-will amongst men," to rally round such pastors and bring as many as we can under the influence of their teaching. Such subjects as the following were listened to a few sabbaths since, with much attention, and cannot fail to produce a happy influence on the homes and hearts of the people ::- " A happy heart, and how to get it." "A happy home, and how to make it." " A happy life, and how to spend it." " A happy death, and how to secure it."

le A happy eternity, and how to realize it." The Churches and Chapels are, for the most part, well situated, although some are not sufficiently commodious. At the present time there are about 2500 sittings at the various places of worship, to a population of 7144 ; the effort to increase • these has not kept pace with the increasing population, in fact, with the exception of the extra 200 sittings provided at Wood Street Chapel, about 50 at St. James's Church, and at the two small Mission Stations, where some 60 evening sittings have been provided, no other increase has been made during the last ten years, 75

although the population has increased from 4959 to 7144, under these circumstances, it is important that ample room should be provided before rather than after it is required. A person would hesitate before coming to see his friends if he felt that some portion of that friend's family were compelled to sit at a side table, or to occupy inconvenient seats to make room for him, especially if two had to sit where there was but sufficient space for one, or if stools or chairs had to be sent for from another apartment; so in the Church or Chapel. When the husband, for want of room~ has to be separated from his wife, the children from their parents when children at Schools have to be separated from their teachers when some seat-holders frequently have to move out of their usual seat to give place to others, when four have to occupy a space that • will only conveniently accommodate three, it is then time to enlarge, if the z"nC1"ease of the congregation is desired. In this as in other things, the supply often creates the demand, and apart from the duty of providing the accommodation required, the additional funds arising from the increased pews, would generally more than pay the interest on the outlay, even if the amount could not be immediately obtained by voluntary subscriptions. We have now placed before our readers a few facts in con nection with the past and present of Walthamstow, that they might, from a knowledge of the past, endeavour to improve tIle future. We have endeavoured to show the influences of self supporting &nd provident institutions on the improved health and • habits of the people during the last ten years; the 4!fects in . reducing pauperism and crime, and the beneficial influences of education and religion, and have ventured to suggest some further efforts in this direction. We have not suggested the establishment L2 • 76 of any institutions but self-supporting, as, in our opinion, in order to effect the permanent moral, religious, and general improvement of the people, we must teach them to help themselves, and show them that their welfare must, after all, depend mainly on their own well~directed efforts. Many of our public teachers do not attach sufficient importance to some of these outward or minor influences on individuals . forgetting that a button off the wristband just as a man is starting for the train frequently causes him to curse the garment, if he does not the person who made it j that an in-ventilated or damp house often induces" 1 consumption and deprives a family of its parent) and is the cause of bringing the family into the workhouse, or throwing them on the streets j that a night's intemperance, or a single quarrel may produce an accident which may deprive a family of its father, and leave a wife and several young children to struggle against poverty j that a neat comfortable house may induce a youth to spend his evenings at home with his parents, and his brothers and sisters j that a home without comfort may lead him to seek the company of the dissolute, and to forego all the benefits derived from the education of the Sabbath school or the services of the Sabbath. . We pay our £3000 a-year as poor rates to remove evils, while probably one-fourth of this sum spent in the adoption of preventive measures would suffice, and would, in the course of a few years, render our poor more happy, prosperous, and free. Our social duties do not appear to be sufficiently recognized as incumbet\t upon us. One day a week is set apart for teaching our religious duties, the other six are devoted to business, or to our individual interests in the ptJrsuit of wealth; but there is no specia.l time aIloted to 77

. the consideration of the practical means by which we might improve the homes and temporal position of our neighbours. Much good might be effected by the establishment of self-supporting Evening Classes, for the instruction of young people of both sexes in useful knowledge. If an hour or two once a-week was thus spent, -if our tract distributors wel'e to circulate with their religious tracts a few tracts on these subjects, what an amount of per manent good would be the result. "Prevention is better than ,• cure," and the immense sums which are annually expended in attempting to cure the evils which poverty and crime produce, should stimulate us to deviAe plans of prevention. • It is stated that Ilford Gaol, built in 1831, for criminals in this part of Essex, cost £30,000, while the average number of prisoners • dop.s not exceed twelve; that the cost of the county prison of York was £200,000, to hold 160 prisoners, or upwards of £1200 for each: if this amount had been previously spent in preventing crime in stead of punishing it, how much evil might have been averted. We believe in the mighty power of moral precepts, but they are useful only so far as they prompt to action. • It is almost useless to urge people to be cleanly unless they are provided with water to enable them to cleanse their dwellings and themselV'es; or to attempt to sow good seed until the ground is well-drained. One of our medical officers, on his evidence before the commissioners, has said in reference to this subject, " that •

unless the poor are provided with suitable habitations, our teaching • will be almost in vain." • It is of no use to tell a man to be sober when his spirits are depressed by the stifling atmosphere of an ill-ventilated house, or to urge persons to be moral and to observe the decencies of li~ben several adults of different sexes are compelled to sleep in the same

• 78

room. A state of privation and want surrounding a home with discomfort and complainings, and filling the hearts o( the inmates with bitterness and murmurings, must necessarily tend to close . their minds almost hermetically against the counsels of the Christian minister. In order to improve the health, the habits, or the morality of the people, we mnst not only teach important truths, but provide means by which these truths may be practically applied. • The experience derived from the investments in our Savings' Banks, with £38,000,000 deposited, our Building, Land, Benefit and Co-operative Societies with millions invested, the attendance at our schools and museums all prove the willingness of the masses to • co-operate with those anxious to promote their welfare. A working man, writing to The Times newspaper, says "there are thousands of us workmen who would much rather be put in the way of helping ourselves than receive charitable aid, rather earn our own money than be the recipients of casual help." There is much truth in the following noble expression of a work ing man: "There is something in an Englishman's heart that goes against gifts and all that sort of tbing, we enjoy a thousand times more what we pay for ourselves, it's not pride, it's true English-heartedness." .- To those then who are anxious to know what will be the future of Walthamstow, we reply that Walthamstow with its fertile soil and fruitful fields, its stately cedars, its wide-spread elms and forest flowers, its green meadows, its sweet-scented may and flowering chesnuts, its healthy atmosphere, its pleasant landscapes, its ad vantag-eous position near the capital of the world all proclaim to us tJre fact that the Divine Being has munificently surrounded us with blessings, and that it onght and might be one of the happiest

• 79

and most prosperous villages in our isle. 'Vhy)hould it not be? It is in the power of the present inhabitants, if they use those

means which God has placed at their disposal, to make it 80! Why should we not have a glorious future? Intemperance, pauperism and crime may be made to give place to virtue and religion The evils we labour under being for the most part self-imposed, can be removed, and peace and good-will reign in the- homes and hearts of our people. - We have numerous instances of what might be done in the lives of Morrison, Kitto, Stephenson, Livingstone, Howard, Wilberforce

and others, many of whom have not had the advantages we • possess,

" Lives ofgreat men all remind us • We may make our lives sublime, ; And departing, leave behind us, Footprints on the sands of time, Footprints that perhaps another, Sailing o'er life's solemn main, Some forlorn and shipwrecked brother Seeing, may take heart again."

Let us then unite in elevating each other in the social scale, feeling that we are children of the same Heavenly Father, and that it is our duty by practical measures for the public good, united with cordial sympathy and Christian kindness to eradicate from our village the blighting and contaminating influences of ignorance and vice; this accomplished, victory would then indeed be won, and the blessing of God would rest upon our efforts. so

The words of the poet will appropriately close this part of our work:-

4f What might be done if men were wise What glorious deeds my suffering brother, Would they unite In love and right, And cease their scorn of one another?

• Opression's heart might be imbued 'Vith kindling drops of loving-kindness, And knowledge pOUf, From shore to shore, Light on the eyes of mental blindness.

All slavery, warfare, lies and wrongs All vice and crime might die together; And vine and corn To each man born, Be free as waRllth in summer weather. , The meanest wretch that ever trod The deepest sunk in guilt and sorrow, Might stand erect In self-respect, • And share the teeming world to-morrow.

What might be done ?-this might be done, And more than this my suffering broth~' More than the tongue Ever said or sung, Ifmen were wise and loved each other."

• APPENDIX. -

LEYTON parish adjoins Walthamstow, and extends on the one side to the river Lea, from which it was anciently called Lea Town. The north-east side forms the hamlet and chapelry of Leytonstone j it formerly belonged to King Harold 11., was occupied by the Romans. 1rIany Roman antiquities have been found there (see page 7). The upper chancel of St. Mary's Church was built by Sir W. Ryder, in 1610; the Church was rebuilt the tower excepted in 1821, at the cost of £4445, of which sum £3300 was raised by voluntary subscriptions, the remainder by a 'rate. The population in 1801 was 2519; in 1841,3274; 1851,3901. It comprises about 2241 acres, including about 250 acres of forest. Leytonstone bistrict Church (St. John the Baptist) was erected in 1832-3, at a cost of about £6000, raised by subscription, aided by a grant of £500 from the Church Building Society. Leytonstono derived its name from a Roman milestone which formerly stood on the high road. The Independent Chapel at Leytonstone was built by subscrip tion in 1838, and has a British School adjoining, the latter is chiefly supported by F. Buxton, Esq., who resides near. Tbere are also National Schools at Leyton and Leytonstone. The Wesleyan Chapel at Leyton was built in 1843, at the cost of about £700. The West Ham Union Workhouse is in this parish. Cardinal ~ Wiseman resides at EtIoe Hall, near Leyton Church. Bir Thos. Rowe, the first English ambassador to the East, was born here, in 1580 j he brought to this country the celebrated Alexandrian Manuscripts of the Greek Testament. The Parish Church contains tomb8 ofStrype the antiquary,(who was vicar there for neady seventy years, he was buried in 1737, aged ninety-four) Goring, Earl of Nor wich; Sir Michael Hicks, and others. It appears that Henry VI. enforced on the tenants of the church the providing of fral1kinceIl~e);

• • ~I

• 82

&0., and the year's book of that time sets forth "that they were to provide i-oz. of cotton wick and tl1ree pounds of wax to make a candle or taper to burn in the said church, before the image of the Blessed Mary, on her five festival days; and to have a glass lamp and a gallon of oil to burn in the lamp, before the crucifix or rood there, and also I-lb. of frankincense yearly to the praise of God and all saints." Wanstead is supposed to have derived its name from~the Saxon words wan (white), and stede (place or mansion). The parish con tains 2004 acres: population in 1851 2207. The Parish Church was built in 1790, it has in the chancel a beautiful window of stained glass, designed from the picture of" Christ bearing the Cross," by Murillo. A new church has been recently erected in the centre of the village. The Infant Orphan Asylum at Sllaresbrook, is a handsome building, the foundation of which was laid by Prince Albert in 1843, and generally contains about 500 orphans. The Merchant Seamen's Orphan Asylum is in course of erection, near the Eagle at Snares brook. The lake at Snaresbrook is ornamented with well-wooded islands. Near the Church, Wanstead House formerly stood, an elegant mansion, the residence of William PooIe Tilney Long W enesley, the front was 260 feet in length. The only remaining monument worthy of notice in this estate is a grotto, built at an enormous expense by the late Countess of Mornington, situated near the river Roden, in a woody portion of the park. Queen Mary visited Lord Chancellor Rich, at old Wanstead House, and the Earl of Leicester entertained Queen Elizabeth there for three or four days. Near this spot the celebrated Thomas Hood resided. Adjoining Wanstead Flats is the City of London Cemetery-, open to the public, and contains many catacombs, ornamental vaults, and tombs. Dford was so called from the III ford that was somewhat dan gerous to cross, especially after much rain. llford Jail was erected in 1831. There was formerly a hospital for lepers here, the building is still known by the name of the lepers chapel. Barking takes its name from Berg (a hill) and t'ng (a meadow). In the Doomsday Book it is called Berchingas. It is an ancient " 83

\ fishing town. In 1851, 1213 of its inhabitants were absent in the deep-sea fishery. Barking Abbey gate and Holy Rood gate still remain. The Benedictine Nunnery at Barking was the oldest and richest in England, it was founded by the" son of OIra, king of the East Saxon, A.D. 680, for his sister Ethalburga, who he made first abbess of it. Stratford takes its name from an ancient ford in the street or Roman way from London to Colchester; it is in the parish of West Ham. The population of Stratford in 1841 was 7469; in 1851, 10,576 and in 1861, 16,004. The population of West Ham in 1861 was 21,048, making a total in West Ham and Stratford of 37,052. There are four Ohurches,.All Saints, at West Ham, is an ancient structure; St. John's District Church, erected 1837; Ohrist Church erected 1851; and the Iron Church at Hudsons Town. There are also Chapels for Wesleyans, Baptists, Independents and Catholics; National, British and Industrial Schools, and large railway works, in which about 1500 persons are employed. The • North London, Eastern Counties, (Cambridge and Colchester,) Woolwich, Tilbury and Loughton lines meet at Stratford station. An abbey for Cistercian monks was founded at Stratford in 1135., there are still considerable remains of the building. Edward Banner, in the third year of the reign of Queen Mary, caused • Hugh Laverock, painter, a cripple, aged sixty-eight, and John A. Price, a blind man, to be burnt to death here for professing the reformed religion. The former after he was chained to the stake threw away his crutch, and said to his companion, "Be of good comfort my brotheJ;, for my Lord of London is our good Physician, he will heal us both shortly, thee of thy blindness and me of my lameness." The unfortunate divine Dr. Dodd, resided some years at West Ham. On the river are chemical and print works, flour mills and other factories. The parochial Cemetery, and a Cemetery for the interment of the Jews are situate near Forest Gate. A handsome gr.anite obelisk has recently been erected, at a cost of £500, as a memorial to the late Samuel Gurney,. a record to future generations that those amongst whom he passed his life de sire to cherish his memory with grateful regard. It is designed M2

• 84

by Bell, the celebrated sculptor, has two fountains at Its base, is about forty feet high, and weighs about fifty-eight tons; erected on a most commanding site in the Broadway, Stratford, as a monu ment not of a warrior or statesman, but of a peaceful citizen, whose sympathy and generous help were neither restricted to any locality or confined to any sect or party. He contributed largely to Bible Societies, Schools, Hospitals, Reformatories, Almshouses, Societies for the Abolition of Slavery for the promotion of peace both at home and abroad, and numerous kindred institutions, while the extent of his private benevolence will never be fully known. The memorial bears the following inscription: " In remembrance of Samuel Gurney, who died 6th June, 1856; erected by his fellow-parishioners and friends, 1861. =' When the ear heard him then it blessed him.' " 'Voodford takes its name from the ford in the wood or forest where Woodford Bridge now is. It is an ancient village given by King Harold 11. to the abbey of 'VaItham Holy Cross. The area of the parish is 2148 acres. The population in 1841 was 2,777; in 1851, 2774; "in 1861, 3453. There is a remarkable yew tree in the churchyard, and a handsome veined marble Corin thian column, erected at the cost of .£1500, by the ancient and knighted family of Godfrey. The shaft and coloured marble was brought from Italy. The Independent Chapel at Woodford is being enlarged. There is also a 'Vesleyan Chapel and British and National Schools. 'Voodford Wells derived its name from a mineral spring, once famous but now considered of no value for medicinal purposes. 'Voodford Bridge is a hamlet of 'Voodford~ A new Church was erected here in 1854. Chingford takes its name from a ford over the Lea. The area of the parish is 2,766 acres; population in 1851, 963. The Church is an ancient building of flint and stone, and being covered with

ivyI forms a very picturesque object. The new Church was erected in 1845, on Chingford Green. There is a Day and Sunday School . there. Near Chingford Green is an ancient building, called Queen Elizabeth's Lodge, said to have been a hunting seat ofthat princess. Epring Forest extends from the town of Erping to Forest Gate, •

• 85

near Stratford; it. was originally very extensive, under the name of the Forest of Essex. The origin and growth of these grand re ceptacles of game arose in the time of the Britons. When the Saxons found themselves masters of the British lands and people, the Saxon captains, as conquerors, in common-council, agreed to divide the lands they had taken amongst themselves, their friends and companions in conquest. The woods and waste lands that were not appropriated to any particular persons, remained to the chief captain, who, in process of time, assumed the title of king, and granted parcels of such woods to whom he thought fit. Whilst the ravenous beasts of prey were so numerous in the royal woods as to prevent the increase of birds and animals of delicions taste for the table, the kings gave free liberty to the nobility and gentry to hunt in their woods; but Ain Edgar's time, the ravenous beasts being much lessened, he prohibited hunting his deer, and appointed officers to preserve all game of the table in his woods, and the nobility and gentry were prevented taking their diversion. The officers of William the Conqueror also exercised such an arbitrary rule as to abridge even the great barons of the privileges they en joyed under the Danish and Saxon kings; and it is recorded that his son 'Villiam Rufus inflicted the punishment of death upon such as killed a stag or buck in his forest. Henry I. and Richard I. • also punished the nobility and gentry with the loss of their eyes, &c. for hunting without his leave. In the reign of King John, these and other oppreilsions exasperated the barons, and they took up arms against him, until the king was induced to grant the " charter of the liberties and customs of the forest." Henry Ill., in 1225, confirmed the charter under his seal, and sent one into each county in England, and this charter was witnessed by thirty,.one bishops and abbots, and by thirty-three lay harons. Archbishop Boniface, in his reign, pronounced a curse in Westminster, in the presence of the king, bishops and noblemen, against those who should break his charter; and to add to the solemnity, the bishops were clad in their robes, each holding a lighted taper in their hands, whilst the archbishop proclaimed the following: "Bythe authority of God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, and ofthe glorious }£other of God and perpetual Virgin Mary, and of the blessed • 86

apostles Peter and Paul, and of all the apostles and martyrs, and of all the saints of heaven, we excommunicate, accurse, and from • tile benefit of our holy mother the church, we sequester all those who shall hereafter violate, break or change the free customs and liberties granted in the charter of the Forest, by our lord the king, to the prelates, earls, barons, knights, and other freeholders of the realm, &c. &c." In that part of the forest called Hainhault Forest, about a mile from ChigweU Row, there once stood an oak, known through many centuries by the name of" Fairlop," about a yard from the ground its stem measured thirty-six feet in circumference, divided into eleven vast arms, it overspread an area of 300 feet in circuit. An annual fair has long been held on the first Friday in July. The origin ofthe fair was that Mr. John D'IJ', a block and pump maker, annually dined with his friends, on beans and bacon, under the shade of the oak. In the course of a few years, other parties were formed on Mr. Day's anniversaries, these increasing, booths were erected, and about the year 1725 it became a regular fair. Mr. Day had his coffin made of one of the branches, and to this day, the pump and block makers of Wapping, to the number of thirty or forty, go to the fair in a boat, mounted on a carriage drawn by six horses, attended by music, flags and streamers. The tree received great damage from fire about 1805, and in 1813 was lifeless, and soon after was taken away by piecemeal.

•

THE RECENT CENSUS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1861, ~ As issued from the Census O.ffice, Craig's Court, July 22nd:

The total number of the inhabitants of the United Kingdom, in cluding the islands in the British seas, may be set down as not less than 29,031,164. Of these, 20,061,725 were numbered in England and Wales, 3,061,117 in Scotland, 5,764,543 in Ireland, and 143,779 in the Channel Islands and Isle of Man. The army serv ing abroad and in Ireland and the navy and merchant seamen ab sent at sea are not included.

• - 87

In Ireland, an unparalleled emigration, continued from the peIiod of the failure of the potatoe crop in that country, has diminished the population by 787,842 persons, or 12 per cent., exactly the de cennial rate of increase in England, since the Census of 1851. • According to the returns, 1,230,896 Irish and 823,837 natives of Great Britain emigrated in the decade. Notwithstanding this exodus and other circumstances calculated to retard the rate of in crease, such -as the Russian war, an epidemic of cholera, the Sepoy mutiny, commercial crisis, and the strikes, we have a solid addition of more than a million-and-a-half to the population of the United Kingdom a fact sufficiently signif.icant of the perennial vigour and progress of the country. •

POPULATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF 1861. - - - Population enumerated. Increase in 1861. Decrease in 1861. . - - - Rate - Rate 1861. 1851. Persons. per et. Persons. per et. . , - England and Wales •••••• 20,061,725 17,927,609 2,134,116 12 • •• ••• Scotland •••••• 3,061,117 2,888,742 172,375 6 • •• ••• Ireland ...... 5,764,543 6,652,385 ••• ••• 787,842 12 Islands in the British Seas 143,779 143,126 653 ••• ••• ••• - , . . , Total of the United 29,031,164 27,511,8622,307,144 787,842 \, Kingdom. v -J Net increase 1,519,502, or 6 per ct. - Population ennmeratedin England and Wales, and in the Islands in the British Seas on April 8th, 1861, inclusive of the part of the Army and Navy and the Channel Islands, also the Navy, Merchant Seaman and others on board vessels in the ports, rivers and creeks; but exclusive of the Army and Navy and Merchant Seamen abroad;- England & Wales. Islands, B.S. Total Persons. Males. Females. 20,061,725 143,779 20,205,504 9,125,246 10,330,258

ENGLAND and W ALEs.-Popnlation at each of the Censuses 1801-61, including the ~y, Navy and Merchant Seamen, abroad as well as at home, be longing to England and Wales, actual increase and rate ofincrease in the decennial periods:- 1801 1811 1821 1831 - 1841 1851 1861 Population •••••••••••••• 91561'11 10454529 121~2664 14051986 16035198 180541'10 20223146 , , .... , , .. v .." y v y J .... Y ., "- ... v ~ Actual increase in the de- " cennial periods •••••••• 1298358 1718135 18~9322 1983212 201897 2169576 : 1 - 88

EKGLA.ND .AND W A.LES. Number of houses enumerated at each of the Censuses 1801-61:- . - 1801 1811 1821 IB31 1841 1851 1861 - • "Inbabited •••••• ~ 1575923 1797504 2088156 24815« 2943945 3278039 3745463 Houses Uninhabited •••• 57476 61020 69707 119915 173247 15349,1 182325 ,Building .••••••• no re- 16207 19274 24759 27444 26571 27580 turn

• According to the Blue BJOks aud the latest official authorities the North American colonies contained 3,785,000 inhabitants; the Australian Gl'OUp 1,275,000; ""Vest Indies 1,000,000; tte Cape and other African colonies 870,000; CeJTlon 1,754,000; Mauritius and Hong Kong 280,000, and the possessions in Europe 305,000; British India 135,000,000; adding the United Kingdom, it gives a grand total of 175,000,000 lIS the subjects of Queen Victoria.

l\U.LE POPULA.TION of SEVEN GRE.T STATES, distingnishing the nnmbers living at five ages. From the Register General's Sixteenth Aunual Re • port, Appendix, p. 123:-

Years for I which the Males. Popula- tionin the States 'J.'able is Milit'ryage 80& given.• Total. 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 upwards. • , .~ - - , 1851 England ...... 13,687,545 6,417,101 4,IIl,481 2,245,358 842,624 70,981 1851 IFrance...... 17,794,964 6,562,170 5,541,462 4,020,275 1,566,861 104,184 1844 Turkey ••••••••• 17,533,124 9,361,323 4,784,490 2,448,275 857,013 82,023 1840 Austria ••••••••• 18,202,631 8,465,J32 5,242,611 2,271,212 1,152,356 71,320 \ v J 1849 Prussia ••••••••• 8,162,805 3,821,608 2,535,891 1,342,320 462,986 r' A , 1855 Russia ...... 33,448,09317,858,678 9,127,414 4,670,594 1,634,931 156,676 Uniteu States o~ America, ex- . 1850 " elusive of the 10,026,402 5,141,831 3,160,028 1.339,838 376,427 35,278 co]ored population...... \, v J 118,855,56457,609,85234,503,377 19,337,872 7,413,463

• 89

POPULATION OF THE WORLD.

From a Paper prepared by C. F. W. DlETERICI, Director of the Statistical Department ofBerlin. TOTALS OF THE SEVERAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD. Average to Square miles. Inhabitants. sq. mile.

1. Euro-,pe ...... •• I ••••I. 2,900,000 272,000,000 93 2 .. Asia ,.." '" 12,700,000 755,000,000 60

3. Africa I I ••• 8,700,000 200,000,000 22 4. America . 12,000,000 59,000,000 5

5. Australia '" I .. 2,600,000 2,000,000 I • - Round totals •••••• 39,000,000 1,288,000,000 33 The greatest density of pop ulation in a kingdom is exhibited in Belgium, where it is 538 to the square mile; single districts in Rhenish Prussia show as high as 700 to the square mile. DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES. 1. The Caucasian, 25.85 per cent.-lri Europe the entire population, with the exception of the Fins and Laplands 270,000,000 In Asia.-Turks, 15; Arabs, 5; Persians, &c., ll; Siberians, in part, 3; foreigners in Eastern Asia 2 . 36,000,000 In Africa.-Foreigners in the colonies, and Arabs . 4,000,900 • In America.-All except the Indians .. 58,000,000 . In Australia.-Foreigners on all islands .. 1,000,000

Total...... 369,000,000 2. The Mongolian, 40.61 pel' cent. Principally in Asia, including China, the greater part of India, CeAtral

.l1li Asia, and part of Siberia . 522,000,000 3. The Ethiopian, 15.08 per cent. The entire population, with the exception of the Caucasians, as above . 196,000,000 4. The Americans. 0.08 per cent. The Indians of America 1,000,000 5. The Malay, 15.38 per cent In the Indian Islands, 80; East India, 84; Japan, 35; Australia 1 . 200,000,°°0

Grand Total 1,288,000,000 • DIVISION ACCORDING TO CREEDS. Taking the Population at 1,300,000,000. Asiatic Religions •• ..•. 1500,000,000 Protestants .. 89,000,000 Pagans ...... •• 200,000,000 Greek CatholiC! . 76,000,OuO Mohammedans 160,000,000 Jews . 5,000,000 Roman Catholics 170,000,000 The average length of human life throughout the world is 33 yean. N •

In Russia, the annual mortality is one in 28; A u!tria, one in 33; Prussia, one in 38; France, one in 42; England, one in 45. In Walthamstow, taking the population last year at 7144, and the deaths at 105, the annual mortality was only one in 68. This very favourable result is partly attributable to the number of families in the prime of life, who have lately come to reside in the parish, and the improvement in the situation and construction of the cottage dwellings.

•

• EDUCATIONAL REPORT.

"TheRoyal Commission appointedtoinquireinto the present state of popular education in England, and to consider and report what measures, if any, are required for the extension of sound and cheap elementary instruction to all classes of the people, presided over by the Duke of Newcastle, comprising Sir J. Holeridge, Rev. Wm. Rogers, Mr. E. Miall and others, thus inform us, by their report, that in England, in 1858, the proportion of children at school to the entire population was as 1 to 7.1. .In France this proportion was 1 in 9; in Holland, 1 in 11; in Prussia, where elementary education is compulsory, in 1855, it was 1 in 6.27. How plainly • does this proportion, as set down for the following years, show the rapid rate at which education has advanced in this country: in 1803, it was 1 in 17~; in 1818, nearly the same; in 1833, 1 in 11; in 1851, 1 in 8.36. In 1858, the number of children on the books of all schools was 2,535,462, or rather over 2~ millions. Of this number about two-thirds were at public schools, and the remaining third at private schools. The latter, however, far out-number the former, and this undeniably shows what we should all have been prepared to admit, that the average attendance of the public schools was by far the greater. This number, too, only falls short of the estimated number of children who ought to be at school by about 120,000, a result more satisfactory than, perhaps, any of us were ,• prepared for. These numbers convey no idea, however, of the • limited extent to which even a moderate education has teen diffused, to obtain this information we must read wllat tIle report says about the quality of the education att!tined by the majority. The schools n.ided by the committee of council in 1860 contained about 900,000 91

children, while the number of children of the same class not reached by government grants was 11 million. The total amount of money raised by eight of the principal educational societies, such as the "National;' the" British and Foreign," &c., since their fonndation, is more than £1,400,000, while the total grants voted by parlia ment for educational purposes, from 1839 to 1860 inclusive, are about £5,400,000, of which sum about one-fourth has been expended on school buildings, and about one-half on training teachers."

REVENUE FUNDS, &c. Growth ofthe Revenue since 1688. Our average revenue during the reign of William Ill. was about £4,000,000;" in that of George I. it was £6,000,000; in that of George 11. £8,000,000; in the year 1788 it had risen to £15,572,971. In 1820, the sum raised by taxes in the United Kingdom was £65,599,570; in 1825 it fell to £62,871,300; in 1830 it was £55,431,317; in 1835 it was £50,494,732; in 1845 it was £51,067,856; in 1850 it was £52,951,748; in 1855, during the late war, it was £84,505,788; and in 1858, £63,120,000. "How we are Governed," by Albany Fonblanque. Revenue, year ending March 31, 1859, '£65,477,283. Expenditure of the Navy Service in 1857, £9,962,839; grants, £9,829,456. Total expenditure for Army and Militia for the year ending March 31, 1858, £13,217,615.

, DATE OF THE COMMENCEMENT OF RAILWAYS. Tramways of wood, 1602; of iron, at Whitehaven, 1738; Cole brook Dale iron railroad laid down 1786; first sanctioned by Par liament, from Wandsworth to Croydon, 1801; Liverpool and • :l\fanchester line opened 1830; Canterbury and Whitstable, 1880; Dublin and Kingston, 1834; Liverpool and Birmingham, 1837; Greenwich, 1838; Eastern Counties, 1839; Great Western, 1840; Hull and Selby, 1840; London and Southampton, 1840; Glasgow N2

• 92 and Greenock, 1841; London and Blackwall, 1841; London and Brighton, 184]; Edinburgh and Glasgow, 1842; South Eastern, Dover, 1844; Edinburgh and Berwick, 1846 j Croydon and Epsom, 1847; Trent Valley, 1847; and North Kent, 1849. The first locomotive, constructed in 1824, travelled six mile per hour; the" Rocket," in 1829, fifteen miles; the" Firefly," in 1839, thirty-Reven miles. Railroad speed now occasionally reaches seventy miles per hour. 8371 miles of railroad had been opened throughout the United Kingdom up to -December 31, 1856. In the half-year, ending December 1, 1856, 66,779,984 persons travelled by rail in the United Kingdom.

RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. The damages given by juries during the last ten years for in jnries resulting from accidents on various railways are as follows: The London and North Western, £60,000; London, Brighton and " South Coast, £44,000; South Eastern, £61,000 j Great Western~ £19,000; Great Northern, £20,000; Eastern Counties, £46,000; Caledonian £13,000; Great Southern and Western of Ireland, £25,000; North Eastern, 43,000 making a total of £331,000. In England there are 2800 miles of canals. New River com pleted, 1614; Grand Junction, 1790; Regents, 1820.

A USEFUL SOCIETY might be formed in Walthamstow for the en couragement and benefit of industrious cottagers, the funds to be raised by annual subscriptions, or by a sum paid for tickets of ad mission on the day of the annual distribution of prizes. The prizes to be awarded as follows: The prize of- 10s. for a peck of tlw best potatoes, grown in a cottager's own garden. 10s. for the best six cabbages, parsnips and carrots, grown in ditto. 10s. for the best collection of flowers, grown in ditto. 10s. for the neatest and best stocked garden. lOse for the best loaf of household bread, made and baked at home by cottager's wife or daughter. •

93 A prize of.- 10s. for the nest specimen of needlework and cutting-out of some useful article of under-clothing. 10s. for a similar article made by a girl under twelve years of age, at a British or National School. 10s. for the most tidy cottage, regard being had to the number of the family and the wages of the husband. 10s. to the cottager who had paid his rent most regularly, re gard being had to the amount of his wages, and the number of his family. 10s. to the labourer who has lived in the parish the longest period, and brought up the largest family without parochial relief. 10s. to the mother of two or more children, who have attended most regularly and sent the most cleanly to the Day and Sabbath School for one year. 10s. to the female servant who has remained in her situation the longest period. £1 to the school-master of either,the British or National Boys' Schools, whose scholars are most proficient in reading, writing and arithmetic. £1 to the school-mistress of either the British and National Schools, whose girls are most proficient in useful needle work. . These prizes might be increased in number or amount, if the funds would admit. The above would not exceed £8 per annum, and by this plan many might be induced to strive for a. prize, and thus a much larger number would probably be benefitted than the actuaT-receivers, by being taught habits of punctuality, frugality, and forethought. 94 • • • A List of the Clergy, Parish Officers, Schools, &c. in Walthamstow. • Rev. T, Parry, ~r.A., ViCar} St. , Assessor anti Collector of Queen's Rev. Mort. J ones, Curate Mary's Taxes. Rev. Fred. Quarrington, M.A., St. Mr. J. Ashdown, Marsh Street Peter's Collector lif Poor's Rates. Rev. Rabert Heap, St. James' Mr. Charles Reeves Rev. C. J. S. RusseII, St. John's Wood Street Chapel. Collector ofHighway Rate. Hev. W. H. Hooper, Pastor Mr. P. Putnam Marsh Street Chapel. Assistant-Surveyor ofHighways and Pastorate-vacant Inspector ofNuisances. Mr. S. 'Yard OrfordRoad Congregational CkUTCh. Ministers-vm'ious at present Nui8ance Removal Committee. Resident Magistrates. Messrs. J. Vallentin, J. Stcvens, H. F. B:lrclay, Esq. A. S. Reed, J. Higham, G. Keates, J. G. Fry, Esq. with Surveyors of Highways and Edward Warner, Esq., M.l'. Overseers Registrar ofBirths, Deaths ~ ~Iar Surveyors ofIliglLways. riages, ~ Medical Officerfor the poor. Messrs. Bilby, S. Casey, E. Clarke, J. D. Browne, Esq., Wood Street' J. Pamplin, F. Wrngg Vestry Clerk. W. IIoughton, Esq. Home for Fatherless Girls, Higltam Hill. Parish Clerk. Mr. J. Stevenson, Superintendent Mr. Thomas Horn Beadle and Sexton. St. J\'icholas Industrial School for Mr. R. Maynard Orphan Boys, Church Lane.

DAY SCHOOLS See page 25.

PUBLIC RECREATION GROU~-rn. Church Common.

PARISH FIRE ENGINE. Opposite Police Station-Key at Mr. Maynard's. Surveyors nnd Removal of Nuisance Committees meet the last Friday Evening of each month.

GAS WORKS. Near Lca Bridge Station, Agent and Collector, Mr. Ashdown, Marsh Street.

POST OFFICE. Marsh Street, Mr. Dyer; 'Whip's Cross, Mr. Soutllgate; Wood Street, Mr. Snaith; corncr Clay Street-Letter Box. 95

Evening Classes for Young Men held at Marsh Street British Scbool at a small charge, from Oct. to April, commence at '1 p.m. Evening Class also two Evenings per week, Beulab Road, ., p.m.

LADIES' MISSION SCHOOL, for Daughters of Missionaries, Marslt Street. MONOUX GRAMMAR SCHOOL, Church Yard. PLACES OF PUBLIC WORSHIP. ST. MARY'S CHU}1CH, Sabbath Services 11 am., 3 p.m , and ~-past 6. Wednesday 11 a.m., Wed. Evening, Infant School, 7 o'clock. Sabbath School, ~-past 9 a.m. and 2 p.m.; Bible Class, ~-past 9, Infant School. ST.JAMES' CHURCH, Marsh St., Sabbath Service, 11 a.m. and ~-past 6. Sabbath School, ~-past 9 a.m. and ~-past 2. ST. JOHN'S Chapel End, Sabbath Service, 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. " • Sabbath School, ~-past 9 a.m. and i-past 2. ST. PETER'S New Road, Sabbath Service, 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. " Sabbath School, ~-past 9 a.m. and ~-past 2. C.A.THOLlC Sllern Hall Street, 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. " CHAPELS. MARSH STREET CHAPEL, Sabbath Services, 11 a.m., ~-past 6 p.m. Sabbath School opens at ~-past 9 a.m., au.d ~-past 2 pm. Monday Prayer Meeting i-past 7 p.m. Thursday Service, I-past 7 p.m. 'WOOD STREET CHAPEL, Sabbath Services 11 a.m., ~-past 6 p.m. Sabbath Schools open at ! to 10 a.m., ~-past 2 p.m. Prayer Meeting Sabbath Morning !-past 10. Service, Wednesday Evening at 7 o'Clock. Bible 'Class for Yonng Men, Wednesday Evening at i-past 8. Females' Bible Class, Monday Evening at 7. , .. CONGREGATIONAL Cm:;RCH, Or/ord Road, 11 a m. and ~-past 6 p.m. Sunday School ~-past 2. Ptayer Meeting, Tuesday Evening ~~past 7. MISSION STATIONS. Mark House, Common, Sabbath Service ~-past 6 p.m.; Thursday 7p.m. Sabbath School Afternoon ~-past 2. Hale End, Sabbath Service ~-past 6. Forest, (Whip's Cross,) weather permitting in summer months 8 p.m. LADillS' BIBLE SOCIETY.-Depot, Mr. SIIILLINGLA.w's, Whip's Cross. MUTUAL IMPROVEMENT SOCIETIES. Central Infant School, Lectures during winter months announced by bills; Library of upwards of 1000 volumes. Lecture Room, 'Vood Street, Lectures during winter months, &c. Reading Room, St. James', 7 to i-past 9 p.m. and Evening Classes for adults. • Library, 'Vhip's Cross, per Mrs. Postle. PENNY SAVINGS' BANK. Lecture Room, 'Wood Street, 7 to 8 o'Clock, Monuay Evenings; interest givl,n OD all sums uuove 20/. 96

TRAINS LEAVE BISHOPSGATE STATION FOR LEA BRIDGE• .An Omnihus meets the Trains marked thus (*). WEEK-DAYS.• 6.27, -9.3, -12.0, 12.45, 2.0, 2.30, 3.10, -3.30, 4.40, -5.20, 6.20, • -7.20, 8.20, -9.20, 11.30. SUNDAYS. • 6.45, 8.45, 9.45, 10.30, 1.80, 2.30, 3.0, 6.10,9.20, 10.15. From Bishopsgate to Stratford, and by Omnibus to Leyton and Walthamstow. 9.3 w., 10.0 w. & G., 12.0 G., 2.30 W., 3,10 G., 4.40 w., 5.20 G., 6.10 W., 6.80 G., 7.20 w., 8.20 G. & w., 9.20 G. From Fenchurch Street to Stratford, and by Omnibus to Leyton and Walthamstow. 8.50 w., 10.10 w. & G., 12.10 G., 5.10 G., 6.10 w. From North London Line. 9.3 w., 12.18 G., 2.48.G., 5.18 G., 6.18 w. & G., 7.33 G., 8.33 G. & w., 9.33 G. TRAINS FROM LEA BRIDGE TO LONDON. An Omnibm meeu tht Trains marked thus (*), leQ,ving Walthamstow 1w1f-an hour earlier. WEEK-DAYS. -8.24, 9.7, ·9.32, 10.29, -12.48, -1.54, -3.44, 4.29, 6.38, "'7.38, 8.34, "'9.35; on Saturdays, 3.37 p.m. SUNDAYS. 9.9, 9.32, 11.36, 12.27, 1.39, 5.12, 6.50, 8.9, 9.23, 9.39. From Stratford to Bishopsgate, Omnibus leaving Walthamstow half-an-hour earlier. 8.20 G., 9.16 w., 9.28 G., 10.30 G. & w., 12.25 G., 2.0 w., 3.20 G., 4.35 w., 5.30 G., 6.45 w., 8.30 G. & w., 9.35 G. From Stratford to Fenchurch Street, Omnibus leaving Walthamstow half-an-hour earlier. 8.20 G, 9.25 w. & G., 10.33 G. & w., 3.20 G., 5.38 G., 8.30 G. To North London Line, Omnibus leaTing about hall an-hour earlier. 8.40, 9.28, 10.50, 12.52, 2.20, 3.50, 5.50, 7.10, 8.10, 9.58. September, 1861. •

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======::T~A. OF REFERENCE. • B LE • •

TABLE OF REFERENCES-Continued. 98 45 Water Works 50 Forest 54 Prospect Road 46 Spade Husbandry 51 Eagle Pond 55 Castle Inn 47 Snaresbrook Lane Station 52.Church Hill 56 Road to Tottenham 48 Church Lane 53 Black Horse Lane 57 Tower Haml~ts Estate 49 Stanhope Road

•

, , • GUIDE AND DIRECTORY

FOR THE PARISH OF vVALTHAlISTOW.

The names of the Private Residents are placed in the order in which they occur in each road or street, the roads or streets being placed in alphabetical order. The various Trades are placed in alphabetical order after the Private Residents. The numbers in the parenthesis show the position of the road or street on the map.

PIUYATE :RESIDENTS•

• • AVENUE ROAD EAST (12). BLACK HORSE LANE (53). CHURCH HILL (52). Estall, Mr. Kidd, DanI. Esq. Parry, M.A. Rev. T. Vicarage Ely, Mrs. R. 11[. Carter, Hy. Wm. Esq. Thomasett, Theodore, Esq. fIigham; Mr. Jas. Green, Mrs. Walker, Chas. H. Esq. Snow, Mrs. Whitworth, John Esq. Haviside, Capt. Thos. Souter, Mr. Wragg, MisS Masters, Mr. E. B. CHAPEL END (17). . Spencer, John Esq. BEULAH ROAD (4). CLAY STREET (14). Lake, George Esq. • Whittingham, Mr. W. B. Taylor, Samul. Esq. Forster, E. Esq., Salisbury Harper, Mr. Hall. BidwelI, Geo. Esq. Skelsey, Mr. Thos. Vickers, John Esq. Shepperd, Jas. Esq. Woodman, Mr. W. Tanner, Mr. Wm. Murden, Mr. Wm. T. Boyd, Robt. Archibald, Esq. CHESTNUT WALK (21). Davidson, Mr. J ames Wheeler, Mr. . Carter, Mrs. Burgess, Mr. John J. Stcvens, John, Esq. Streng, Baron Von. Bailey, Mr. RoM. LIoyd, Edward, Esq. "'l'he • Wells, Mr. Wm. W mus.·" Lipscomb, Mr. CHURCH LANE (48). Bughes, By. P. Esq. "The Grant, :Mr. Thomas J anson, Miss. Priory." Gillett, C. Esq. Vines, Chus. Richd. Esq. Fox, Thos. Hy. Esq. Wright, Mr. W. J. Whittingham, Mr. S. Dobree, Bonamy, Junr. Esq.

• 99 DIUECTORY REBlDENTli. =~"= -=::.====-,='===, -======::::-==-==Z::'===4':11;:1,======llooper, William Thos. Esq. GROVE ROAD (10). GROSVENOR RISE EAST Martin, Thos. Esq. (6). Mace, 'Wm. Han-is, Esq. Rowles. lit. J. 'V. • Varley, Edwd. Mr. Smith, Esq. Pitard~ Mr. A. Francis, Mr. Thos. Molineux, Edward, Esq. Chamberlain, Mr. E. Clarke, Ebenezer, Esq. Dyer, Miss COPPER MILL LANE (30). Heap, Revd. Robt. Hollingswol'th~ Mr. Hillier, Geo. A. Esq. 'Vest, J ames Wm. Esq. Terry, Mr. Tasker, Mr. Wm.

Featley, Robt. Esq. 'me EDEN ROAD. (5) Hoare, Mr. Chas. HAL! END Snndford, Mr. 'Villiam Nash, Mr. and Neighbourhood (I5). GROSVENOR PARK ROAD Lettcrs forwarded by Post to FOREST. (50) , (8). residenta in Hale Eud. Letters forwarded by Post Chapman, Mr. Jas. should be' addreosed should be addressed-I " Woodford delivery." "Leylonslone delivery." Short, Mr. 'VID. Masterman, Thomas, Esq. Broad, Mr. Sarn!. Wheatley, John S. Esq. Back, Mrs. Eilen Jones, Mrs. Mastennan, Juur., Mrs. Thos. Harris, Mrs. Clarke, Mr. Ebenezer Junr. Bennett, 'V. Esq. Sefi, Antonio, Esq. Skillet, Mr. Stephen D. Clarke, Mr. Augustus Robins, Mrs. Sharwood, J ames, Esq. Hayward, Mr. Hy. Thomas, John, Esq. Helm, Uobt. Esq. Larman, Mr. G. Halifax, Mrs. Rearley,1\Ir. Geo. Hillyard, Geo. Esq. Firth, Ifred. Thos. Esq. Polyblank, Geo. Esq. Mosey, Mr. 'V. Fry, John Gurney, Esq. Blunsum, J ames, Esq. Belton, Mr. Hetherington, Mellor, Esq. Lamert, George, Esq Croxford, Mr. Clerk, :Mr. F. 'Wo HodgesOll, Henry John, Hag-- Quarrillgton, M. A. Hev. Frd, ger Lane. Booty, James Esq., Castle Hooker, Mr. J. B. Cook, Capt. Chas., Bcllevue House Hayward, Mr. Wm. House Barton, Mrs. Stoessiger, Mr. Fredk. Watts, '1'h08., Oak Hill Cornthwaite, M.A. Rev. Tullie Clippingdale, , Esq. Greena.way, Mrs., Oak Hill Guy, Rev. F. B. Phillips, Mr. John Leslie, Ed. Oak Hill Berthon, Peter H. Esq. Richardson, Mr. 'V. - Gilderdale, Rev. John S. Jepps, Mr. Thomas HIGHAM HILL (32). Maynard,Col. the Hon. Cs.H. Marshall. Mr. 'V. • Manor House Parker, Miss. North~ Mr. William .------Simmonds, Mr. Toms, '1'hos. HalTis, Esq. GREEN-LEAF LANE (13). Asby, Mr. C. D. Echalcz, Fernd.Antonio Esq. Horner, Wm. SOOs Esq. Perry, Mr. W. Cooper, Joseph, Esq. Williams~ Mrs. Williamson, Mr. E. Ste~'enson, Joscph, Esq. Keates, Mr. 'Vm. Powell, Mr. '\V. Sinnett, J. Esq. Gee, Mr. Short, J.\

" ; . Cotesworth, William Esg PEMBROKE ROAD (11). HOE STREET (9). Stevens, John Esq. Collier, Edmuncl, Esq. Harding, Esq. Hooper, Mrs. Green, Henry, Esq. Rawson, Geo. Esq. Innons, Mr. John Walke, Mr. Walker, GeOl'ge, Esq. Roquette, Henry P. Esq. Myhill, Mr. Cluir, William, Esq. Wilson, Alfred Esq. Uoberts. Mr. Charles Clark, John, Esq. Crllft, John Esq. Borwick. Alfred, Esq. Langton, Wm. L. Esq. Munt, Mr. Saml. Pocock, Mr. Geo. Braden, John G., Esq. Ellison, Wm. Esq. 1V. Weston, Mr. Henry Livingston, Jasper, Esq. Whitmore, Reuben, Esq. Burren, Thomas, Esq. Thorpe. Mrs. Rowbotham, Mr. Benjn. Hawes, Mr. Wm. Robertson. John, Esq. PROSPECT ROAD (27), Key, Mrs. Hartley, Mr. Joseph Mark HOll.<;e Lane. Gwatkins, William, Esq. Powell, Fredk. Esq. Page, Mr. Courtney Kelly, Thos. Esq. Thomas, Matthew W. Esq. Pearce, ]\fr. N. Graves, Mrs. Pechey, Mrs. Ashworth, Mr. l~eny, Edmund, Esq. Hunt, Ebenczer Esq. Walker, Mr. ""m. J anson, Alfred. Esq. Bennett, Mr. John Parnell. Mr. Wm. Goldsmith, Miss. Gardiner, Mr. Ell. MARIAN VILLAS (3). Mills, Mr. George, Mr. Chos. Hooper, Rev. Wm. Henry Sinden, Mr. W. Wragg, Mr. Francis Willoughby,1\1rs. SHERN HALL STREET (22). Bird, Mr. George Borwick, Geo. Esq. Flockton, Mrs. Walthamstow House Tindall. Mr. John Ashdown, Mr. Jas. Pinching, R. L. Esq. Day, Mr. William Clark, Mrs, MARK HOUSE LANE (24). ORFORD ROAD (44). Fitch, Mrs. Nelson, Thomas Esq, Brown. Thomas, Esq. Woodward, Mrs. Forster, James, Esq. Noyes, John Esq., Comely Brown, Wm. S. Esq. Clark, Mr. Vans Christian Bank Vallentin, J ames Esq. Bowers, Mr. Chas. A. Whittingham, W. E. Esq. Lancaster, Sam!. Esq. 'Vatkins. Mr. John Ward, Mr. S. Erswill, Henry, Esq. Allen, Mr. W. T. Millington, Thomas Esq. Foulger, Arthor Esq., Shem Redington, Jos. Esq. Kemp, Thomas F.sq.. Orford Hall Thompson, John Esq. House HeatIey, John Esq. Hall, Miss. Williams, D. Esq. Hutchenson, Jonathan Esq. Milner, Mr. F. H., Cam Tomlin, Capt. Meek, John Esq. bridge Road Kemp, Js. Esq. Barclay, H. Ford Esq. Bames, Mr. W. Boswell. Esq. " The Limes " Scurr, Mr. M. Sharpe, Esq. ""orden, John, Esq. 101 DIRECTORY RESIDENTS.

. , • , . • • • - . . STANHOPE ROAD (49). Roitledge, Mr. R. WOOD STREET (20). Palmer, John Esq. Steer, Mr. Barker, R, Esq,Whips Cross Benwell, Mr. Millman, Mrs. Bcrthon, Miss. S. • Riggs, Mr. Morgan -, Esq. Headey, Geo. D. Esq. SUMMIT ROAD (40). Chidley, Richd. Esq. Perry, Mr. J ames WINGFIELD ROAD (7). Benson, Wm. Esq. Greig. Mrs. Thornton Lodge Moreland, Mrs. Pamplin, Jas., Esq. Bilby, Mr. Geo. Pollard, Mr. John Hal"Vey Browne, John Dallison, Esq. Farrow. Chas. Esq.. Holly Gibbard. Mr. T. , LoMe<:> }'utnam, Mr. P. McCall, John, Esq. WOODFORD SIDE (55). Turner, Wm. Esq. , UNION ROAD (54), Wooijord Delivery. Stoker, Mr. .Tohn Mark House Lane. Deacon, Esq. Holmes, G. H. Esq. Webb, Mr. Geo. M ildred, Miss. Budd, John Esq. Cox, Mr. Warner, Edwd. Esq. M. P. Houghton, Wm. Esq.

.- .- - TRADERS.

BAKERS. BOOKSELLERS. Lowrom, Mr., Clay-street Bailey, Robt. W., Wood-st. Baalham, R. S., Wood-street Manning, Mark, J~den-road Bambridge, P .. Chapel-end Crippen, Wm. Marsh-street. Moore, Mr., Raglan Cottages Holwell, Abm., Marsh-street Leigh, N. W., The Slip Parker, M., Chestnut-walk How, Geo., Shem-hall-st. Rolph, Thos., Orford-road Penn, Mr., Marsh-street Hawkins, Robt., Clay-street Shillinglaw, J03eph, 1Vhip's- Pleasants, J. " Pulnam, Edwd., Mark-house- cross Henwick, John " lane Henwick, Edw., 'Whip's-cros Stockdale, Wm., Beulah-rd. BOOT & SHOE MAKERS. Ruggles, J., Green-leaf-lane Wallis, Chas. Grosvenor- Watson, T., Beulah-road park-road Barltrop, Joseh, Marsh-st Whiften, J., Wood-street Willis, Mrs. Wood-street Berry, Thos., Milton-road Boffee, Marsh-street Wilmin,W.W., Chesnut-walk Wiltshire, Wm. " Wilson, 81. l\fary's-place y oung, John " Broadhurst, Wood-street J., Manager Mr. W. West Turner, John, Beulah-road BERLIN & FANCY REPOSI- Brown, J. R., Wood-street . TORIES. Cartwright, John, Marsh-st. BREWERS. Baalham, Robt. S., Wood-st. Cox, John, Forest Hawes, W., Marsh-street Crippen, Wm., Marsh-street Crisp, Geo., Wood-street Casey, S. S, Grosvenor-park Lovewell, Mrs., Wood-street Crow, John, Hale-end road Rolph, Thos., Orford-road Groom, Mr., Marsh-street Snaith, Wood-street Havers, Daniel " Thomas, John T., Beulah-rd Hills, John, Wood-street BRICKMAKER. lVren, Miss., Ba{;k-Ianc. Leigh, N. W., " The Sl-ip " Casey, Stephen, IIigham-hill

• • TRADERS• 102 --:::====='='==='===.===='=-=='=====-.

13RICKLAYERS AND BUTCHERS. COACHMAKERS & WHEEL- PLASTERERS. Boltwood, M., Marsh-street WRIGHTS. Chullis, Geo., Beulah· road Bradshaw, J., Whip's-cross Boffee, William, Marsh-street Clarke, Geo.• Ragger-Iane • Docking, C., (Pork Butcher), Sanders, John " Day, Mr., Wingfield-road Marsh-street Walker, W, W., Church-corn. Lovett, Geo., Beulah-road Edwards, Mr., Orford-road Webb, John, 'Yood-street Stammers, J., Marsh-street Miuter, F. H., Wood-street Wren, James, Back-lane Turner, Alfred " Mitchell, Charles, 'Yood-st. 1Vorkman, John, Orford·road Mumford, T., Marsh-street COAL DEALERS. Naldrctt, F. " Ashdown, J., Marsh-street BUILDERS & CARPENTERS. Pyle, T., Chesnut-walk Aylett, Mrs. L. ," Bailey, Mr., Grosveuor·rise Songhurst, John, Church-end Davey, W., Chapel-cnd Cossar, John, Ragger-lane Stace, Mr., Forest, (Pork Hunt, John, 'Yood-street J ennings, R, Eden-road Butcher) Heed, A. S, Church end Woodard, W., (Pork But Lewis, J ames " cher), '\Vood-street Pearson, J., Chestnut-walk Saltwell, R, Marsh-street Turner, Alfred " Turner, Thomas, Benlah·rd, CABINET MAKERS AND CORN DEALERS. UPHOLSTERERS. Adams, Miss, Marsh-street CalYer. 1Yillow-wk" JHarsh-~t Budd, J. & Co., Wood-street BEER-HOUSE KEEPERS. Hicks, John " Evenett, John, Marsh-street Blumer, G., "Royal-Oak," Martin, John, Chestnut-walk Forest Pearson, J., Chestnut-walk Taff, Francis. Marsh-street Coates, Thomas, " Copeland Arms," Grove-road WaIler, John, Wood-street COOPER. Fear, Robert, "Lord Raglan," Willimp.s, Henry, Orford·road Shern-hall-street Roberts, T., 'Vood-street Fraucis, "Baker's Arms," CARRIERS. Summit-road DAIRYMEN. Dowse, Mrs., Wood-street Frame, Hamet "Victory," Alderson, C., Church-end Chapel~end Irons, J., Chapel- end Fox, W., Clay-street Gay, Ed,"•., " Woodman," W ebster, 'John, Forest ''Yood-street Dean, Mrs. Hagger-Iane Hills, Mrs., "Royal Oak," Offord, W., Mark-honsG-colll. Hale-end CHEMISTS AND DRUGGISTS. Pledger, T., Wood-street

Hawes, W" H Brewery-tap/, Taylor, F. Y., Wood-street Radbonrne, J., Clay-street Marsh-street Pringle, G., Marsh-street Tasker, ,\Y., Copper-mill-lane Lord, T., Mark-house-com. • Liebentz, John H., " Castle," Grosvenor-rise-east CHIMNEY SWEEPS. DRESSMAKERS AND MILLINERS. Martin, J., "Black Horse," Harper, James, V\Tood-street Chapel-end Andcrson, Mrs., Marsh..street Phillips, G., Hi~am-hill '\Vileox, J., "Queen's Anns," Baalham, S., Whip's-cross Sheridan, W. H.:Rale-end Orford-road Donahue, Mrs., Church-path '\'Voodard, Isaac, "Plough," , Wood-street Franz, Mdlle., Whip's-cross . CHINA & GLASS DEALER. Young, John" Duke ofCam Gough, Miss, Chestnut-walk bridge," Wood-street Crisl), 'Y., 'Wood-street Gunu, Mrs., Jun.

• 103 TRADERS. ">:'======-~=:::::,=-======.. ======'" Harris, Miss, Eden-road FURNITURE BROKERS. IRONMONGERS, (Furnishing) Kempster, Mrs.,W ood·street Martin, J., Chestnut-walk Crisp, Wm., Wood-street Matthews, Miss, Clay-street WaIler, John, "\Yood-steeet Turner, Chas., Marsh-street Munt, Miss, Pembroke-road • Norris, Miss, "'.,.rod-street GREENGROCERS AND IRONMONGERS & WHITE SMITHS. Poupard, Miss, South-grove FRUITERERS. Carrnichflel, F., Chesnut-wlk. Richardson, Miss, Higham. JUdd, J., Marsh-street hill Tunler, Chus., Marsh-street Lewis, John, ""'hip's-eross Smith, Mril , SummIt-road Mc Nally, Edward, ·Wood-st. Sinden, Mrs., Marsh-street LAUNDRESSES. Odell, John, Marsh-street Spurgeon,Mrs., Chestnut-wk. Alden, Mrs" Eden-road Staeey, Mrs., Whip's-cross Bridgement, Mrs. " Turner, Miss, Church-end GROCERS AND PROVISION Cassiily, Mrs., ,,\Vhip's-cross MERCHANTS. Wheatley, Miss, Mark-house- Clark, Mrs., Mark-honse-In. lane Blake, Mrs. M., Mark-house Chapman, Mrs. ""'ood-street lane Wincey, Mrs., Hagger-lane Rudd J. & Co., Messrs.• Chambers, Mrs., Church-path ,Vood-street Cork, :Mrs., Summit-road DYERS & SCOURERS. Cawthron, T., Marsh-street C0X, Mrs., Hale-end Glover, (Hackney), Agent Daley, A., Forest Cook, Mrs., Forest Mr. Baalhan, Wood-street Farley, G., Church-end Cornell, Mrs., Forest Hubbard, (Hackney), Agent Forster, M. A., Higham-hill Culver, Mrs., ,,\Vhip's-cross Mrs. Spray, Whip's-cross Gentle, J., Pembroke-road Finch. 1\1rs., Marsh-street Brill, J., Agent Mrs. Put Goail, Edw., Chestnut-walk Freshwater, Mrs., Hale-end man, Beulah-road Gongh, T., Belllah-road Greenfield, Mrs. Margt. " . UoImes, Geo., "The' Slip" Gunn, Mrs., Church-end Gregory, Mrs., Forest FARMERS. Palmer, Susannah, W ood-st. Hawkins, Mr~., Marsh-street Abbott, Benj., Chapel-end Pegrum. John, Marsh-street Hammond, Mrs. " Alderson, Chris., Church-end Pledger, Wm., Wood-street Higgins, Mrs., Forest Bnrrell, Mrs., Low-hall Ridgewell, Z. " Howard, Mrs., Chapel-end Casey, Stephen, Higham-hill Saltwell, ·Wm., Marsh-street Swallow, F., Whip's-cross John~on, Mrs. S., IIigham- Hartwell, Mrs., Chapelpend hill Tibball, A., Wood-street Garrett, Henry " Keit, Mrs., Wood-street Wood, F. " Kennett, Mr. " Larking, Mrs., Eden-road Wood, Lydia, Pembroke-rd. Shepherd, Benj., Hale-end Lowe, Miss, Grosvenor-rise, Sinnett, James, Higham-hill East Smitq, J. S" Chapel-end HAIR DRESSERS. Nurse, Mrs., Summit-road Tanner, J. W., Clay-street Horn, Miss, Marsh-street Perry, Mrs. ,,\Y. " Ti),Sker, W., Copper-mill-lane Richardson, R. M., Church Richardson, Mrs., Chapel-end Wragg, Frances, Church-end lane Salter, Mrs , Hagger-Iane Williams,~m. P., 'Vood-st. • Self, Mrs., Whip's-cross FISHMONGER AND Sou;hgate, Mrs., Summit-rd. , POULTERER. HORSE DEALER. Taylor, Mrs., Marsh-street • Dyer, W., Marsh-street Gill, Ed,yard, Grosy~nor·rise 'Wallis, Mrs. R. Higham-hill I TRADERS. 104 _. --- - . ~------. - -- . - _.------.---- - ,..... Wallis, Mrs. S., Clay-street Wilson. Sarah, ,. Chequers," SADDLE AND HARNESS 'Vebb, Mrs., Union-road Marsh-street MAKERS. 'Vitltm, Mrs., Chapel-end 'VHtshire. 'Vm., " Swan," Fenn, John, Marsh-street 'Yood-street Hemming, Edwd., \Vood-st. Winch, Mrs. " 'Vheeler, Mrs., Hale-end Keit, Chas. 'Vood-street LINEN DRAPERS. Smith, :Mary, Chesnut-walk

Bh:d, Thos., 'Vhip's-cross . . LEATHER SELLER. BudJ, John & Co., 'Vood-st. SCHOOLS, (Private). Parker, M., Chestnut-walk Haslock, J Ohll, Marsh-street Slul.I·pe, J alnes, Wood-street Bem:on, Wm., "VineHouse," 'Vood-street LICENSED TO LET HORSES . Guy, Rev. ~"'. B., ., Forest AND CARRIAGES FOR HIRE. MARKET GARDENERS. ~chool," Forcst Boffee, T., Marsh-street Godfl'ey, Mr., Marsh-street HaIlifax, Mrs. S., Orford College, ~'orest Harvey, John, Wood-street Lewis, J allies, 'Yood-street Pcgrum, J olm, Marsh-stl'eet Pechey, M1'8. Grove !louse, Mal'sh-street Sargent, G. H., Chestnut-wk. NEWS AGENTS. 'Villoughby, Miss, ltlal·sh-st. Sanders, John Marsh-street Shillinglaw, J. Whip's-cross Morelund, Mrs.,Wingfield-rd. 'Vragg, :Frauces. Church-end "Daily," except Sundays WI'ight, 1\11';, Forest \Vilson, John. ~t, Mary's-pl. .. Sundays," SMITHS & FARRIERS. LICENSED VICTUALLERS'. Atkins, John "The Cock," NURSERYMEN. Corsham, Saml., Marsh-st. Marsh-street Chitty, J.. Mark-house-lane Gascoibrne, J amcs " Casey, Stephen, "'Vindmill/' PamJllin, 'Ym., \Vood-strect. Nicholls, Thos., Hagger-lane , Grosvellor-park-road Sherman, Summit-road Turner, Chas., MaI"8h-strect Cooper, John "DukesHead," Walker, 'V., East-street 'Vood-street OPTICIAN. Wells, Hichd. Wood-8treet Dabbs. Chs. "Royal Stan dard," Clay-street Spencer, A., 'Yhip's-cross • Foyne, 'Villiam, " Bell," Clay-street PHOTOGRAPHIC ARTISTES. SOLICITOR. Huntley, Chas. R., "Coach Houghton, 'Vm., \Vood-st. and Horses," Marsh-street Astlcy, 'Vm. H., \Vingfield road Jamcs,'V. H., "DukeofC4m bridge," Mark-house-cmu. Chamberlain, E., Grosvcnor STONE MASON. I'isc, East Noakes, "FerryBoat," Ferry- . lane ------Brett, Thos., HighaIu-hill common Picton, Sarah, "Rising Suu," PIPE (TOBACCO) MAKER. lforcst-new-road Chiffings, J, Church-common - Pringle, Robt. W. "Common Gate, Mi1rk-house-lalle PLUMBERS' PAINTERS' AND SURGEONS. Russcll, Samuel, "Chestnut GLAZIEB.S. Braden, J. G., Hoe street 'l'ree," Chestnut-walk Gibbard, Thos., Summit-I'd. Stockley, Phoobe, ... Crooked Browlle, J no. D., "Tood-st. Billet," Chapel-end Matthews, Robt., Beulah-rd. Evans. M.D., Alfred, Marsh- Underwood. Horace, ,. Nag's Penn, 'Vm,. Marsh-street Street , Head," Church-end \Vcbber, :Mrs., \Vood-strect Pinching, R. L., Marsh-st. 105 TRADERS. ======:======'======TAILORS. Hoare, Mrs., Grove-road STRAW BONNET MAKERS. Calver, Wm., Pembroke-rd. Hudson, Miss E., Mark. Flanders, 1rIrs., Wood-street Geyden, J ames, Church-end house-lane Funnell, Miss " Hicks, John, Marsh-street Mantz, Mrs., Church-cornn. Putnam, Mrs., Beulah-road Jones, Robt. Whip's-cross JUdd, A., Wood-street PASTRY COOK AND CON. • Matthews, John, Beulah-rd. TUNER, (PIANOFORTE). FECTIONERS. Robbins, Edwd., " Bird, Ueo., Marian-viJIas Spray, Mrs., Whip's-cross Snaith, William, Wood-street Wiltshire, Wm., Wood-street Smith, Zachery, Forest TIMBER MERCHANT. ~tork, Hobt., Marsh.street Ruggles, James, Orford-road ·Wilson, M., Grosvenor-rise, SHOPKEEPERS. • East Brotherton,Mrs., Church-end UNDERTAKERS. Cowell, George, Wood-street TALLOW CHANDLER. Cropley, Charles, Church-eud Cossar, John, Bagger-lane C.lwthron, Thos., Marsh-st. Goodwin, Mrs., Church-lane Martin, John, Chestnut-walk Maynard, T., Shern-hall-st. Reed, A. S., Church-end TEACHER OF LANGUAGES. Pledger, James, Wood-street Saltwell, Rich., Marsh-street Mach, Adolphe Von, WaI Randall, Mrs., Church-end Taff, Fancia, " 1er's Cottage, Wood-street Southgate,Wm.Whip's-cross Waller, John, Wood-street

TEACHERS OF MUSIC. OMNIBUS PROPRIETORS. WATCHMAKERS. Bird, Geo., Marian-villas Gill, Edwd., Grosvenor-park. Chapman, Mrs., Grosvenor Leach, Chas., 'Vood"street road park-road Putnarn, Norris " Wragg, Francis, Church-end ..

•

• ADVERTISEMENTS. 106

JOSEPH SHILLINGLAtV, • BOOKSELLER, NEWS AGENT, STATIONER, PRINTER AND BOOKBINDER,

All the Daily and Weekly Newspapers and Periodicals regularly supplied immediately after their publication- (except Sundays).

" The Times," "Chelmsford Chronicle," "Cornhill," "Temple Bar," and" St. James's Magazines," g-c., lent to read. BEST MUSIC, AT HALF-PRICE. Three-halfpence in the Shilling discount on London-Published Books for Cash. STATIONERY AT LONDON PRICES: CHEAP PICTURE FRAMES. BOOKS BOUND IN A HANDSOME ~ DUlfABLE STYLE . AT LOW CHARGES. DEPOT FOR THE BRITISH & FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY. ADVERTISEMENTS INSERTED IN THE LONDON AND ESSEX NEWSPAPERS, "'\'\~ HIP •SC R 0 SS. "'\V A. LT H A. :M: S T 0 'W, And near Lea Bridge Station, From 7 to 9'30 a..m. every week-day.

• • FRUIT! FRUIT! ! FRUIT! ! ! , WHIP'S CROSS, WALTHAMSTOW. •

Respectfully infonlls the Inhabitants of Walthamstow and its vicinity, that he Bupplies fresh Vegetables and Fruit of first-class quality at moderate prices. • . TERMS-CASH ON DELIVERL • Familiea waited on jOr Orde1's.- p 107 ADVERTISEMETS.

• w. tCBISi>t hinn,

",VOOD STREET. "'VALTHAMSTO",V. ____. __._u _--....,,_ "'-__..__

Copper, Tin and Iron Goods of all kinds, Table Cutlery, Electro l)lated articles, Baths of all kinds, Tea-trays, Waiters, ModerateI', Parrafin and other Lamps, Globes and Chimneys, Gas Globes, &c., 'Vool Rugs, Housemaid's Gloves and Boxes, Furniture Polish, Plate Powder, Uouge, &c., Lamp Cotton of all kinds, 'Vrought and Cast Nails, Wall Nails, &c., &c.

• ELECTRO-PLATED- ARTICLES RE-PLATED, URNS • RE-BRONZED, TOILET CANS AND BATHS REPAIRED AND JAPANNED,

lliAmJPSl ®J1 £J1JL ~JIlIJ])~ lliJ]JIP.4lJImmUP)Q Copper Saucepans, Stewpans, Moulds, &'c., B.etinned.

CHINA AND GLASS :MADE TO ORDER, • AND NEATLY RIVETTED AND CEMENTED•

• _......

Dinner and Evening Parties supplied with every requisite in Plate, . . China, Glass, Cutlery, Lamps, Carpet Covers, Mirrors with Candle Brackets, Chandeliers for Ball Rooms, Rout Seats, Cushions, &c.

PICNIC PARTIES & RIFLE DINNER PARTIES SUPPLIED. - • LIST OF PRICES CAN BE HAD OF APPLICATION.

All a.rticles marked in Plain Figures and at London Prices, any article not approved of will be exchanged without th& least hesitation. • ADVERTISEMENTS. 108 •• - I WALTllAMSTO'V, LEYTON, 'WANSTEAD & WOODFORD Jjoint ~todt, ~lUJ~5tment and ~dtmlt~t ot~mpnn!l, (LIMITED), OFFICES-MARSH STREET, WALTHAMSTOvV, N.E.; BRANOH OFFICE-STRATFORD BRIDGE, E.

ADVANCES are made on Real and Personal Security, repayable by '\Veeldy, Monthly, or Quarterly Instalments. DEPOSITS are received, bearing interest at 5 per cent. per annum. Further information can be had on application to Mr. J. ASHDOWN, Secretary, Marsh Street.

WALTHAMSTOW COAL DEPOT, OFFICE-MARSH STREET. I. ASHn'9WN~ COAL MERCHANT, Respectfully informs the Inhabitants of Walthamstow and its vicinity, .that he supplies Seaborne and Inland Coals, in large or small quantities, at market prices. TERMS CASH- ON DELIVERY. ORDERS PRO~:IPTLY EXECUTED• • .. .. • VleT0RIA BEN EFl T S0Cl ET Y, entolIeb purflUaut to ~d of lIJatIiameut. CHIEE' OFFICE-53, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON BRIDGE. With Branches throughout the Country. lJite:l'atnus. Rev. HU~h AlIen, M.A. I Rev. John Burns, D.D. Henry Tmdall Atkinson, }l~sq, Rev. }'rederick TrestraiL Richard Dykes Alexander, Esq. fl:tU!dees. William Austin, Esq. I Charles H. Elt, Esq. I John F. Bontems, Esq. ~ubitors. William I. Moore. Esq., A.I.A. I A. Shrimpton, Esq. Cornelius Walford. Esq., F.S.S., F.S.A. ~t:lJ lttlltOtf;l. Francis Cuthbertson, Esq. I William T. Gawthorpe, Esq. Edmund Fry, Esq. Henry J. Phillips, Esq., F.l:l.S. Henry Thompson, }:sq. laanfters.-TuFJ LONDON AND WESTMINSTER BANK. This Society saves all the expenses of Public House meetin~s.secures all the advantages of Sick Endowment and Burial Club, and provides for all classes a 'WEEKLY INCOME, varyin~ from 5s. to.£1 Is. and upwards, during Sickness, until the age of 65, with or without a Pension, for the same amount per month, commencing at 65, and payable till death. whether sick or not; and a sum ofmoney for apprenticing a child, or giving him a start in life, on the most easy terms consistent with perfect security. An amount from £10 to £200 at death can be secured. a policy being granted to each member. Ex AMPLE.-ls. 7£1. per month at 23 years of age, will secure 158. a-week in sickness, with medical attendance and medicine. .AgentlJ wal~ed indistricts not represented. Every information may be obtained by applying to FREDERICK AUG. NEW, Sec. 109 ADVERTISEMENTS. I~ \W U~ ~ ~ NJ~ (FROM CONDUIr STREET, LONDON), 3, William's Place, Grosvenor Rise East, Walthamstow, Has the pleasure of informing the Inhabitants of the surrounding neighbourhood, that he has commenced the business of a. TAILOR AND HABIT MAKER, in all its various branches, at the above address, and hopes, by strict attention and moderate charges, to merit their patronage and support. G'ntlemen finding thelr (f/))n materials will be promptly attended to. TERMS-NET CASH. TO THE LADIES OF WALTHAMSTOW AND LEYTON.

Begs to announce that she has commenced the business of ID) TI&rn~~}11L&,~rnlli9 AT "WHIP'S' CROSS. "'W"ALTHAMSTO W". and respectfully solicits their patronage and snpport.

~~~JBJ(QJ~1f3,9 £0 I OPTICIAN, JE"WELLER, &c. WHIP'S CROSS, WALTHAMSTOW. . • Spectacles to suit all Sights and Ages, at prices to suit all Classes; Barometers, Thermometers, Microscopes, &c.; Pebbles re-ground; Magic Lanterns on sale or hire j Watches, Jewellery, Barometers, Thermometers, &c., repaired; Watch Glasses and Keys fitted, and Cutlery ground and set. , • ~~i~ntl-in-cJ~td ~i~~ ant! ~iqlt ~55n~anJf~ ~4ti~tJl, . Capital £100,000. CHIEF OFFICE-.UI, NEW OXFORD STREET. LONDON. = The leading features of this Society are Certainty of the amount Assured Promptitude in tho Settlement of Claims, and Economy of Management. The Society numbers upwards of 130,000 members, ,upwards of 800 have been enrolled in W ALTH.A1tf:STOW during the last six months. .Agent Mr. J.W. ROWLEf!l, Grosvenor Rise East, Waltbamstow, where further information may be obtained. Medical Referee A. EVANs, Esq., M.D. . . •

ADVERTISEMENTS. 110 - • _=C=Z2J " ~~ID)IIt~~1i &~ V&Tl~OJ81v

DISPENSING AND FAMILY CHEMIST, ,\VOOD STREET, 'VALTHAM:STO'V. - TAYLOR'S GENUINE APERIENT FAMILY PILLS FOR • INDIGESTION, BILIOUS COMPLAINTS, HEAD.ACHE, HABITUAL COSTIVENESS, LOSS OF APPETITE, SPASMS IN THE STOMACH AND BOWELS, FLATULENCE, HEARTBURN, AND OTHER DISORDERS ARISING FROM IMPERFECT ACTION • OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

These Pills effectually remove those crudities of the Stomach and Bowels, which arise from errors in Diet, from weak Digestion, or from a vitiation, re dundancy, or obstruction of Bile, occasioned by a disordered state of Liver. They operate safely and effectually in removing constipation of the bowels; and, if talen by tho!'le who are habitually costive, they obviate all the un pleasant consequences resulting from it, and tend materially to restore the bowels to their natural and unassisted action. The Family Pills are derived entirely from the vegetable kingdom, having been prescribed by an eminent Physician, who objected to the unrestricted use of Calomel, on account of the injurious effects of this mineral on the Teeth, the Glands, and the constitution in general, and who, in a long and widely. extended practice, adminiitered them with the greatest success, finding that they were equally suitable to all constitutions and ages. Their celebrity has ,been much increased, in consequence of their administration neither requiring restrictions of any description, nor occasioning any tendency to unpleasant effects from taking cold, which but too often succeed the use of popular pur· , gative Pills. nearly all of which contain Mercury. As a Family Aperient remedy, one or two of these Pills may be taken once or twice in *' week, according as required; /lud in any of the maladies above specified, they may be resorted to as often as the disorder recurs.- To ensure

the greatest efficacy, the Pills .hould be taken aJ; bed-timcl after a supper of gruel, or some other light article ofnourishment; or in the moruing, two hours before breakfast. They may. however, be taken during any part of the day that is more convenient. . Prepared antiSold ill Boxes at 1s. l!d. alld 23. 9d. each, duty included•

• •

•

111 ADVERTISEMENTS. - • TAYLOR'S POWDERS FOR CHILDREN OF ALL AGES, IN DISORDERS OF THE STOMACH· AND BOWELS, FEVERS, WORMS, &c• . Sold in Packets at Is. I~d. each, containing twelve full doses.

These Powders will be found the most safe and efficacious medicine for Children afflicted with Convulsions, pains in the Stomach, &c. They are of the greatest benefit in all Inflammatory affections, more particularly those of the Bowels and Lungs. By gently restoring the secretions of the Liver, Bowels . and Skin, they reduce the }i'ever, and thns diminish the severity of the attaf:k, and their operation being so mild, they may be given to the youngest children with perfect safety. In Hooping Cough, Measles and Eruptions on the Skin, they may be admillisteretl with the greatest advantage. In diseases of children, as Teething, Worms, Sickness, Flatulency, Griping Pains in tIle Bowels, dry skin, enlargement of thQ body, unnatural appearance of the evacuations, grating of the teeth, disturbed sleep, &e., they will afford more speedy relief than the generality of medicines prescribed in these diseases. Many of the above arc frequently produced by Worms, which the..'le powders will effectually destroy, and thus the cause being removed, the effect will necessarily cease.

• THE WALTHAMSTOW BOUQUET, A DELICIOUS PERFUME, In Bottles, at One Shilling and Two Shillings each. - ,

PHOTOGRAPHS OF THIS HANDSOME GRANITE OBELISK AND • FOUNTAINS, Designed by BELL, the celebrated Sculptor,

PHOTOGRAPHED BY AIR. CHAMBERLAN, OF WALTHAMSTOW,

In ,fflemoQ1 of t~e late • SAMUEL GURNEY,

IN .THE BROAD"W".A.Y, STRATFORD, • May be obtained, price 1/ and 2/6, or lIr. SHILLINGLAW, Whip's

Cross, Walthamstow j :M:r. TENNANT, Broadway, Stratford; Mr. . BENNETT, Bishopsgate Street j or of the Hon. Sec. MR. EBEN.EZER

CLARKE, Jun., Grosvenor Park Ro~d, Walthamstow.

• ADVERTISEMENTS. 112

78, CANNON STREET WEST, LONDON, E.C.

A person can secure any of the following amounts, payable at death, for any of" the nndennentioned payments :-

, • MONTHLY PAYMENTS, For an Assurance of , , . - , - - - Age next Birthday. £10. I £20. £30. £40. £50. £100. , " " , " .. 10 to d. 8. d. 8 d. 6. d. 8. d. 8. d. 15 4 0 8 1 0 1 3 1 5 2 10 ~ 20 ~ 0 9 1 0 1 4 1 8 3 3 25 5 o 10 1 2 1 6 1 10 3 8 80 6 1 0 I 3 1 8 2 1 4 1 85 7 1 1 1 6 2 0 2 2 4 10 40 8 1 3 1 9 2 4 2 11 5 9 45 9 1 5 2 1 2 9 3 5 6 9 50 11 I 9 2 2 3 2 4 0 8 0 • • • • Premiums for the Assurance of £100 at Death, with Profits; or if living, at advanced age. - Age next - - • Birthday. Quarterly Premium. Half-yearly Prem. Annual Premium. , , £ 8. d. £ s. d. £ 8. d. 15 0 8 11 0 17 5 1 14 0 20 0 10 I 0 19 8 I 18 4 25 0 11 4 I 2 3 2 3 4

• 30 0 13 0 1 5 4 2 9 3 85 0 15 0 I 9 1 2 16 6 40 0 17 6 I 13 10 3 5 7 . 45 I 0 9 2 0 0 3 17 2 50 I 5 "3 2 8 5 4 13 0 - - - • .

EXAMPLE.-Aperson agel20, may, by the annual payment of £1 18S.4<1., . assure the sum of" £100, payable at his death, whenever that may ()ccur, with a • participation in the profits ofthe Society, which profits may be applied either " To the Reduction of future Premiums; added as a Bonus to the Policy; or to the convel'Sion of the Policy into one terminable at a given age, without exti'll premium, so that he may receive the amonnt of his Policy DURING illS OWN LIFETIME. Thus, on the first division of profit.'s, his Policy may be declared determinable, say on his attaining the age of 70 years; on the next division, the term would be probably shortened to his 67th year; and all future profit.'s being similarly applied, would further shorten the period, probably enabling the Society to pay the £100 on his attaining his 60th or even his 55th year•

•

• 113- - ADVERTISEMENTS. ~mp~~tlr li t and '-'liu~ ~SiSUllnnt~ ~tl~ittJl, CAPITAL-£2 5 0,000.

__ __ ...... -"'40 ...... _ mfrettor•. T. SNOW BECK, E~., F.R.S., RICHABD HABBIS, Esq., Cotton's Langham Place. Wharf. JOHN F. BONTEMS. Esq.• Canonbury. A. J. L_<\RKING, Esq., Whitechapel EBENEZER CLARKE, Esq., Wal- N. J. POWELL, Esq.. 101, High Street, . thamstow. WhitechapeL CHRISTOPHER COOKE, Esq., Pall REV. 1'. TREST~AIL, Mission House. Mall 33, Moorgate Street.. JAMES o1UDD. Esq., New Bridge St. I!nllttor~. JOHN COVENTRY, Esq. I WOLFREY MIDDLEDITCH, Esq. GEORGE F. LARKING, Esq. W. E. WHITTINGHAM, Esq, .flflellital

'd _ , , 1

ADVANTAGES OF THE SOCmTY. Claims payable to the Policy-holder within fourteen days, on satisfactory proof of Death. Payments adjusted according to the age of each Assurer. • 70 per cent of the profits given to the Assured. The Assured are entitled to the full benefits of the Society on the first payment being made. There are no fines or compulsory offices to serve. Policies issued for large or small a.mounts, and premiums paya.ble Quarterly, Monthly, or Weekly if preferred. Medical Fees paid by the Office. The Society is adapted to the whole of the kingdom, and the ASS11red tDay re., move from oue part of the counu'Y to another without loss of benefit. Females may Assure as well as Males and Children, for amounts to be received at 14 or 21 years of age. • No Public-house Meetings for payment of Contributions, the Premiums being received by the Agent, or at the head Office. .

•

• ADVERTISEMENTS. Il( -.

The progress of the business is shown b!J the Jollou,ing statement :'-

r - ~ .. LurE PltOPOUL8 RECEIVED. POLICIES ISSUED. Number. Amount Number. Amonnt. (1855...... 88 £16,160 39 .~ .£7,54()' ~.. 1856...... 196 40,175 126 26,61Q,. 1857 373 71,977 241 " 41,217 1858 844 "123,625 652 83,28( 1859 1,806 201,970 1}409 140,94Z 1860 4,073 311,299 2,850 209,402- 18tH 6,984 401,844 5}425 304,696 EXTRACTS FROM THE LIFE AND FIRE CLAUIS PAID BY THE' SOCIETY. A.B., Surrey-£100. A Tradesman. Assured October 25th, 1855; died 12th May, 1857, leaving a wife and five children. By the means of the policy the widow was enabled to payoff the debts owing by her late husband} and to continue the business, thus supporting herself and family. C.D.-£300. A Missionary. Assure/} by the Buptist Missionary Society, February, 1855; died June, 1857. The particulars are thus reported in the Freeman of April 28th, 1851: "During the late Mutiny in India, the rebels' attacked a. house in Delhi, to the cellar of which, a Missionary, the Rev. Mr. Mackay, whose life was assured in the Emperor Assurance Society tor the sum of £300, had fled for safety. The enraged rebels, not heing able to get at him and about twenty other Europeans who had also taken refuge in the same building, obtained artillery and battered down the wall. 'What became of the inmates after was not known, but none of their names are included in the list of those who escaped, and they were, therefore, supposed to be murdered. No proof existed of the death of the assured Missionary, nOr could any trace of his body or clothing be found. The directors of the Emperor Assurance Society. after having the circumstances of the case laid before them, honorably and • promptly paid the claim in full. Such a fact needs no comment." E.F., Derbyshire-£10. A Labourer. Assured July, 1858; died Septem ber, 1858; premium paid only 4s. Bd. The amount pf Insurance in thiS' case, though small, was most acceptable and serviceable to the widow. G.H., Essex-£lOO. A Shoemaker. Insured his stock and furniture, had only paid one premium of 3s. when a fire occurred, and the house, furnitnre and stock were totally destroyed, and the claim paid within fourteen days after the fire took place. . J.K., Birmingham-£2,OOO. A Draper. Stock insured July 14th, 1858; fire occurred August IIthj R large portiou of stock destroyed, and remaining. portion damaged. The total swn of £2,000 was paid as soou us. the actual amount of loss was ascertained. L.M., London-£100. A Commercial Traveller. Assured March, 1857 >J died December, 1858. The amount paid to the widow has enabled her to com mence a business, which entirely supports herself and her family of five c:hil dren, all under the age of five years. , " , Forms of Proposal, P'I'ospectuse_, and further information concerning rates, ~c., may be obtained upon applic.ltion to the Secretary, 78, Cannon ~>treet West; or to any ofthe Local Agents ofthe EMPEROR ASSURA.NCE SOOIETY. FIR E INS URAN 0 EAT THE US UAL RAT E S. Q •

• 115 ADVERTISEMENTS.

, 4 ~h~ ~i~min!ltntm and llatinual ~~utpt ~ssndati8n, CHIEF OFFICE 40, PARADISE STREET, BIRMINGHAM; By which, for a payment of about 6d. to 8d. per week, a person can receive- 15s. per week in case of illness, and £20 at death, with gratuitous medical advice and a provision after 65, with the ad vantage of the subscriptions being collected without incurring the • expense of public-house meetings. A.P., entered the Benefit Society in January, 1859, paid 6d. weekly, in November he caught a severe cold, and fever followed; he continued ill for 20 weeks, during which time he received 158. per week, with which his wife pro~ vided for the family during his illness; at his death the widow received .£20, which enabled her, after paying funeral expenses, to open a small shop, which, with the addition of a little needlework, enabled her to support herself and two children respectably without the aid of parochial relief. ASSURANCE AGAINST RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. £500 can be secured to a person at death, and weekly compen sation of £3 if disabled, for a payment of only 7/6 per annum. J.D., Corn Miller, residing near Huddersfield, received £187 10s. for severe injuries occasioned by a train running into the station, the breaks not holding. J.V., Commercial Traveller, killed at Asbford by railway accident-£500 paid. . . Gro$Venor Cottage, Grosvenm' Park Road, Walthamstow. Being desirous or encouraging a spirit of Self-help, I propose to remain at home on :Monday Evenings, from 7 till 9 o'clock, to furnish gratuitously, prospectuses and further information on any of the following subjects, and shall be happy to have an interview with persons who may be disposed to call:-

Building Societies, Savings' Banks, Life, Fire and Railway Assurance Benefit Societies, Coal and Clothing Clubs,. Freehold Land Societies, Advances on Land, or on Houses in course of erection, or for purchase, &c.

• Maps and other information relative to the past and present of Walthamstow, may be seen on application.

Yours respectfully,

EBENEZER -OLA.:RKE, Jun• • •

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