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Reflections on Pell Championing Social Justice Through 40 Years of Educational Opportunity

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Reflections on Pell Championing Social Justice Through 40 Years of Educational Opportunity Reflections on Pell Championing Social Justice through 40 Years of Educational Opportunity THE PELL INSTITUTE June 2013 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION THE PELL INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF OPPORTUNITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION 1025 Vermont Avenue, NW, Suite 1020 Washington, DC 20005 P 202.638.2887 F 202.638.3808 www.pellinstitute.org ii REFLECTIONS ON PELL June 2013 THE PELL INSTITUTE For the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education About The Pell Institute, sponsored by the Council for Opportunity in Education, conducts and disseminates research and policy analysis to encourage policymakers, educators, and the public to improve educational opportunities and outcomes of low-income, first-generation students and students with disabilities. The Pell Institute is the first research institute to specifically examine the issues affecting educational opportunity for this growing population. Aboutiii 06 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 07 PREFACE: From Clay Pell 08 HIGHLIGHTS OF A LIFETIME: Claiborne Pell 10 INTRODUCTION: From Arnold Mitchem 12 WHO RECEIVES PELL GRANTS: A Snapshot PERSONAL FACTS & REFLECTIONS 16 THE BEOG AND ME By Karen Boran, Ed. D. 20 REFLECTIONS FROM A “PELLUMNA” ON THE PROFOUND VALUE OF THE PELL GRANT By Vickie Choitz 22 STUDENT ACTIVISM IN PROMOTING ECONOMIC DIVERSITY: The Continued Relevance of Pell By Spencer Eldred 26 THE PELL GRANT: A Signal of Value By Christopher M. Mullin, Ph.D. 28 GIVE ‘EM HELL...GIVE ‘EM PELL FOR ANOTHER 40 YEARS! By Deborah Northcross 30 TARGETING STUDENTS WITH FINANCIAL NEED: The Pell Grants’ Greatest Strength By Laura W. Perna iv REFLECTIONS ON PELL June 2013 Table of Contents HISTORY, FACTS, & POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS PELL AWARD RECIPIENTS 36 Pell Grant 60 THE PELL GRANT PROGRAM: 82 REFLECTIONS ON THE 40 99 LOIS DICKSON RICE Legislation Timeline More than Just a Number YEARS OF THE PELL GRANT By Justin Draeger PROGRAM 100 MAURA CASEY By Freeman A. Hrabowski, III 38 Trends in Receipt of Pell 101 JAMIE MERISOTIS Grants and Percentage of 64 THE ROLE OF PELL GRANTS Costs Covered IN AN ERA OF RISING 86 TO RESTORE PELL GRANTS 102 VY A. TRUONG TUITION PRICES IN PRISONS IS TO RESTORE By Donald E. Heller MY FATHER’S VISION OF 103 JASMINE JOHNSON 40 THE EARLY YEARS OF EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES THE PELL GRANT FOR ALL By John Lee 68 PELL AND THE MERITS OF By Dallas Pell NEED-BASED STUDENT AID By Jacob Fraire 44 PELL GRANTS: 88 PELL GRANTS AS BUILDING Higher Education’s Brown BLOCKS OF AMERICA’S v. Board of Education 72 DREAMS DO COME TRUE OPPORTUNITY AND WORLD By Richard D. Kahlenberg By Martha Kanter COMPETITIVENESS By Layton Olson 50 BIRTH OF THE PELL GRANT: 78 THE FEDERAL PELL GRANT The Community College Role PROGRAM: 92 SENATOR PELL AND SENATOR By Frank Mensel Alternative Futures FULBRIGHT: By Tom Mortenson Personal Connections By Heather Eggins 56 PELL GRANTS: One Piece of a Compelling 80 WHAT TRULY IS Social Justice Agenda UNSUSTAINABLE 94 ACCESS WITHOUT SUPPORT IS By Sandy Baum & By Kati Haycock NOT OPPORTUNITY Michael McPherson By Vincent Tinto Table of Contents v acknowledgements e wish to extend a hearty thank you to Pell’s daughter, and the involvement and preface everyone who joined in to celebrate and to this collection from Clay Pell, his grandson. Both W commemorate the 40th anniversary Dallas and Clay carry their father and grandfather’s of the Pell Grants through this project. There are torch for equal access to higher education for all. We many, many people who inspired, encouraged, and are proud and grateful to be able to champion Senator lent their passion, commitment, and expertise to the Pell’s vision of social justice through the Pell Grants production of this collection of thoughtful reflections with Dallas and Clay in this project. about the Pell Grants. The energy and time that None of the efforts would have been realized in each writer devoted to expressing the powerful the production of this report if it were not for the contribution the Pell Grants have made in the lives generous funding from The Lumina Foundation. We of countless students over the last four decades as thank Lumina for valuing and providing funding well as their deep concerns about the future of the support for advocacy and research projects that program and constructive recommendations for ways inform practitioners and policymakers. to sustain it, has in the most practical and earnest way advanced the fighting for support for equal access Finally, we acknowledge that the responsibility for to opportunities in higher education for all. We are, any errors or omissions discovered in the production as well as the many thousands of students to come, and presentation of this collection lies solely with the indebted to you for raising your voices and writing Pell Institute. However, the content of each reflection your words for all of us to study and act upon. essay are the opinions of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the opinion or stance of A special expression of gratitude is extended to the Pell Institute or its governing organization. Senator Claiborne Pell’s family during this 40th anniversary. We could not be more appreciative of the contribution of reflections from Dallas Pell, Senator 06 REFLECTIONS ON PELL June 2013 preface his volume celebrates a remarkable mile- than ever before: opening these doors of knowledge CLAY PELL stone in recent American history. For 40 and opportunity to all. years, our country has come together around GRANDSON OF SENATOR PELL T You will find in this volume a wide variety of the simple proposition that every American “with the Washington, D.C. reflections, which both celebrate the 60 million moxie and the drive” should be able to go to college. individuals who have gone to college on a Pell Grant, Since 1972, more than 60 million students have and encourage us to keep our commitment to the pursued higher education with a Pell Grant, including principles of access and opportunity in the future. 9.8 million students today and much of America’s People often approach me to say how much their current college-educated workforce. Pell Grant meant to them. It’s not just that the money More than ever, Pell Grant recipients are our future made their educations possible, they say, but that and represent our changing face as a nation. More they feel proud of, and grateful to, a country that than 50 percent of African-American and 40 percent invested in them. of Latino college students count on Pell Grants. For My family and I would like to thank you and all African-Americans, a bachelor’s degree erases any those who have made the Pell Grants possible for difference in economic mobility compared with the past forty years. We are grateful to the Pell their White peers. For the average American, a Institute, the Council for Opportunity in Education, bachelor’s degree will add about $1 million to his and the Lumina Foundation for their commitment or her lifetime earnings. to celebrating this milestone, and we look forward And that is why this volume is so timely. As our to working with all Americans to ensure access to generation shapes the American Dream in the coming knowledge and opportunity in the years ahead. years, one commitment will become more essential 07 SERVICE Serves as vice president of Highlightsthe International Rescue of Committee EDUCATION Graduates from Princeton with honors in History and Public and International Affairs, ELECTION enlists in the Cost Gaurd Elected Senator of Later retired from the Rhode Island Reserve in 1978 BIRTH Claiborne deBorda Pell EDUCATION CONT’D GRANT SPONSOR born in Manhattan on Sponsors the preparation November 22nd Obtains a master’s degree in International Relations of a large two-volume at Columbia University statistical report that and works in the State became thea basis of the Lifetime Department until 1952 bill creating the Basic Educational Opportunity Grant (BEOG) 1918 1956 1960 1963 1940 1946 SENATOR Highlights of CLAIBORNE PELL AWARD 1918-2009 President Clinton presents Pell with the Presidential Citizens Medal PASSING January 1st Pell loses his battle with Parkinson’s disease in Newport, RI RETIREMENT Retires from the Senate after serving for 36 continuous years (longer that any other Senator in a Lifetimethe state) 1994 1996 2009 09 introduction oo much is at stake for us to not stop and earn less than $30,000 per year. We owe a great DR. ARNOLD L. critically reflect on the Pell Grants and debt to Senator Pell, and we must acknowledge his MITCHEM T what “Championing Social Justice through leadership and his indelible imprint on the education PRESIDENT 40 Years of Educational Opportunity” really means. of American citizens. Council for the This collection of essays documents the significant The Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Opportunity in Education achievement of the Pell Grants as well as how the Higher Education, aptly named for the Senator, is program is at risk. the research arm of the Council for Opportunity in Forty years of commitment by the federal Education. To commemorate the 40th anniversary of government to educational access for all students, the Pell Grant program, The Pell Institute launched regardless of income, is a landmark that most the PG40 Impact Initiative to explore the varying certainly warrants celebration. Commemorating dimensions of the Pell Grant Program and its effects Senator Claiborne Pell, the extraordinary visionary over the last 40 years. For the first convening of the behind the unprecedented demonstration of PG40 Impact Intiative, in June 2012, The Pell Institute support for equal opportunity to higher education, hosted rigorous presentations and discussions from is a privilege and honor of the highest order.
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