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Bergensskolen I Meteorologi – Bidrag Fra S Verre Pettersen

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Bergensskolen I Meteorologi – Bidrag Fra S Verre Pettersen Bergensskolen i meteorologi – bidrag fra S verre Pettersen S igbjørn G rønås, G eofysisk institutt, U iB Scientific weather forecasting started in Stockholm in 1904 by Vilhelm Bjerknes Rolf Groven 1983 ”Mot til å begå dumheter” • Ideas from his father, Carl Anton Bjerknes – The ether – Interaction of spheres in the ether – Action at distance • Circulation theorems (1998) – Generalisation of Kelvin’s circulation theorem to baroclinic conditions – Tied together hydrodynamics and thermodynamics Vilhelm Bjerknes 1862-1951 • doktorgrad 1892 • lektor i mekanikk Stockholm 1893 • professor Stockholm 1895 • Kristiania 1907 • Leipzig 1912 • Bergen 1917 • Oslo 1926 Bjerknes’ vision on scientific weather forecasting 1904 V. Bjerknes 1912 (Leipzig): • Det kan ta år for å bore en tunnel gjennom et fjell. Mange arbeidere får ikke oppleve å se gjennombruddet. Likevel vil ikke dette hindre de som kommer etter å fare gjennom tunnelen med ekspressfart. Development of NWP • Richardson’s experiment (1922) • Charney, Fjørtoft and von Neuman (1950) • Richardson’s ”primitive equations” (from 1970) • ECMWF 1979 www.yr.no J. Bjerknes S. Rosseland T. Bergeron C.G Rossby The young scientists of the Bergen School • From left: • Jack Bjerknes, • Tor Bergeron, • Edlund, met. Tromsø • Svein Rosseland, • G. Schinze (Sveits) • Halvor Solberg not precent Ca 1920 Bergen School Cyclone Model Polar Front Air Masses Cyclone Model Bjerknes skrev 25 år etter: ”Vi søkte forgjeves etter ny ovnsgutt. Jeg var den eneste som hadde ledige hender til dette arbeidet. Med min gamle og langsomt arbeidende hjerne anså jeg meg for helt uskikket til å konkurrere med de unge meteorologer og assistenter i ekspressarbeidet med værkartene. Men jeg søkte å holde ilden vedlike, både åndelig og materielt ….” I vår tid tales det ofte om betydningen av teamarbeid i forskningen. Godske skrev (Godske 1956): “….vi glemmer kanskje at Norge neppe noen gang har sett dette praktisert så godt som i Bergen i gjennombruddsårene fra 1917 av. Men Bergensskolen viser også hva som kreves for at et arbeidslag, et team, skal bli effektivt: begeistring, arbeidsiver, fellesskap om ideer og resultater. En slik ånd kan bare skapes hvor den rette mann er leder.” Scientists from GFIs golden age (ca 1933) • Standing, from left: • Halvor Solberg • Harald Ulrik Sverdrup • Sverre Pettersen • Sitting: • Tor Bergeron • Den gamle • Jacob Bjerknes • Carl L. Godske Sverre Petterssen sammen med kollegaer VpV Assistent V. Bjerknes i Bergen 1923; Styrer VpV: 1931 til 1939. Ryder storm 22-23 okt 1921 In 1939 he was appointed head of the meteorology department at Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he wrote two well-received text books, Weather analysis and forecasting (1940) and Introduction to meteorology (1941). 1910/11 1932 Sverre Petterssen: Kuling fra nord: en værvarslers erindringer, Oslo, Aschehoug, 1974 Sverre Petterssen, Weathering the Storm: Sverre Petterssen, the D-Day Forecast and the Rise of Modern Meteorology, James Rodger Fleming, ed., Boston, American Meteorological Society, 2001. Petterssen’s manuscript “Of Storms and Men” was written in English between 1972 and 1974. With the invasion of Norway, Petterssen returned to Europe and offered is services in England to the Met Office on loan from the Norway Air Force. D-day planned to be launched on June 5, 1944 The forecast provided by Sverre Petterssen caused Eisenhower to decide at 0430 4 June to postpone D-day to June 6. Værkart 4. Juni 1200 UTC 1944 Værkart 6. juni 0600 UTC 1944 James R. Fleming: Sverre Petterssen (1898-1974), a giant in the field of weather analysis and forecasting and an international leader in meteorology during the mid-twentieth century.
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