BASE ADAPTATION INSPIRATION BOOK 23 European cases of climate change adaptation to inspire European decision-makers, practitioners and citizens

BASE ADAPTATION INSPIRATION BOOK 23 European cases of climate change adaptation to inspire European decision-makers, practitioners and citizens This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under Grant Agreement No. 308337 (Project BASE). The contents of this book are the sole responsi- bility of BASE and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. BASE ADAPTATION INSPIRATION BOOK 23 European cases of climate change adaptation to inspire European decision-makers, practitioners and citizens page 14 Agriculture & Forestry/ Biodiversity & Ecosystem 160 Adaptation to Drought in Agriculture ADAPTATION and Forests in Rural Areas Alentejo, Portugal INSPIRATION 220 Public and private climate change BOOK adaptation initiatives for a National Park Content Dartmoor, United Kingdom 260 Balancing water needs among multiple users in a drought-prone coastal wetland Donãna, Spain 300 Urban-rural co-operation: page 6 Farmers as potential water managers? Foreword Holstebro, Denmark André Jol European Environment Agency 360 Sustainable grapevine production under a changing climate page7 South Moravia, Czech Republic About this book 400 Exploring scenarios for a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Šumava, Czech Republic page 8 440 Reducing drought and extreme weather impacts Overview map for hop cultivation of the 23 european Ústí, Czech Republic case studies page 48 page 10 Water Resources & Health Introduction 500 Raising awareness of the risks of skin cancer and sun exposure page 132 Cornwall, United Kingdom lessons learnt 540 Impact of changes in temperature, What lessons can we precipitation and Ultra Violet on mental health draw from the 23 inspiring England, United Kingdom European adaptation case studies? 580 Moving with climate change: Flexible water levels in a large multi-use artificial lake IJsselmeer, the Netherlands page 136 Colophon 620 Towards climate-proofing management plans in a high flood risk rural river basin Kalajoki, Finland 680 Combating heat stress impact in a metropolitan inland city Madrid, Spain 4 page 74 Coastal Zones/ Human Settlements & Infrastructure 760 Making a city climate change resilient: A participatory adaptation planning approach Cascais, Portugal 820 Urban resilience and sustainable transitions: A large-scale comprehensive adaptation strategy for a coastal city Copenhagen, Denmark 880 Considering coastal adaptation options and a vulnerable railway infrastructure Dawlish, United Kingdom 920 Collective dialogue and guided stakeholder engagement: A participatory action research approach Ílhavo and Vagos, Portugal 980 Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into urban planning Jena, Germany 104 Participatory methods and local inclusion: application and effect in adaptation policy planning Kalundborg, Denmark 110 Protecting homes and businesses: Flood alleviation scheme for a city Leeds, United Kingdom 114 Adapting to a changing climate: Flood protection system in the city Prague, Czech Republic 118 Towards optimal balance in flood risk management in the delta Rotterdam, the Netherlands 122 Using active public participation in the co-development of coastal protection strategies for a touristic beach city Timmendorfer Strand, Germany 126 Spontaneous adaptation by private and public actors in the city centre Venice, Italy

5 ADAPTATION INSPIRATION BOOK Foreword & aBOUT THIS book

foreword house gas emissions. The regions across Europe. Climate change is a reality agreement is due to enter Technological and eco- and the extent and speed into force in November 2016. system-based measures, of change are becoming ever and measures addressing more evident: temperatures However, complementary behavioural changes, are are rising, rainfall patterns actions to adapt are also being taken. Especially are shifting, sea ice, glaciers required, to prevent or ecosystem-based measures, and snow are melting, and minimise the impacts. with multiple benefits, sea level is rising. The EU climate change receive attention. Climate-related extremes adaptation strategy of 2013 such as heat waves, heavy encourages countries to The EEA provides information precipitation and droughts adopt adaptation strategies, to support these develop- are increasing in frequency promotes action in cities, ments. For example in 2016 and intensity in many mainstreams adaptation EEA published a report on regions. These changes, in EU policies, enhances urban adaptation including in interaction with economic research and information- an overview of actions cities and demographic develop- sharing, and provides have taken. It recommends ments and land use changes, funding. In 2017-2018 the taking a wider systemic have already had many European Commission will approach, including for impacts on ecosystems, assess whether action being example better urban economic sectors, infra- taken so far is sufficient. planning with more green structure and human areas that can retain excess health and well-being An increasing number of rainwater or cool built-up across Europe. European Environment city centres in the summer, The global Paris climate Agency (EEA) member or by preventing the agreement is a major step countries have adopted construction of houses forward, aiming to keep the national adaptation strate- in flood-prone areas. increase in average global gies and are implementing This can transform cities temperature to well below action plans. Strategies and into much more attractive, 2°C and requiring substantial actions also emerge in many climate-resilient and reductions in global green- cities and transnational sustainable places.

6 Foreword & About this book The European Commission About this book and EEA have also developed This book is inspired by the positive feedback received the European Climate by the Adaptation Inspiration Book developed in CIRCLE-2, Adaptation Platform coordinated by the Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon. (Climate-ADAPT) providing This inspiration book is a culmination of four years exten- for example planning sive case study research carried out within the EU FP7 support tools, adaptation Project BASE: Bottom-up climate adaptation strategies case studies and measures. towards a sustainable Europe (2012-2016).

The BASE adaptation Pivoted largely on findings from a meta-analysis of BASE inspiration book gives case study research, this book presents a brief overview of a very good overview of 23 diverse in-depth case studies that span across Europe, a variety of in-depth case administrative levels, geographic scales, multiple sectors studies that span across and trans-disciplines. Case studies range from traditional Europe, administrative analytical studies to participatory action research. levels, geographic scales, Depending on the climate change adaptation phase, multiple sectors and needs and challenges, each case study focuses on one trans-disciplines. These or a combination of methods applied in the climate change can inspire European adaptation planning process, namely: economic evaluations decision-makers, practi- of adaptation options; participatory applications; and tioners and citizens to take implementation barriers and opportunities. action. I do hope this book can indeed inspire people A comprehensive description of methods and case studies to adapt. can be found in BASE publications www.base-adaptation.eu/publications. André Jol Head of group climate change We hope these case studies provide inspiration, impacts, vulnerability and motivation and guidance to European decision-makers, adaptation climate change adaptation practitioners and citizens to ponder, act, transform & adapt towards a sustainable Europe.

7 ísafördur

Saudharkrokur

Akureyri Borgarnes

Keflavik Reykjavik

Selfoss ICELAND Egilsstadir

ADAPTATION INSPIRATION BOOK Overview map of the 23 european case studies

Western Europe United Kingdom 22 Dartmoor 50 Cornwall 54 England 88 Dawlish 110 Leeds the Netherlands 58 IJsselmeer 118 Rotterdam Southern Europe italy 126 Venice Spain 26 Donãna 68 Madrid Portugal 16 Alentejo 76 Cascais 92 Ílhavo and Vagos

8 Overview map of the 23 european case studies

Lefkosia (Nicosia) LEBANON CYPRUS Beirut

Amman Jerusalem ISRAEL JORDAN

Tripoli

Cairo

EGYPT LIBYA ísafördur

Saudharkrokur

Akureyri Borgarnes

Keflavik Reykjavik

Selfoss ICELAND Egilsstadir

Northern Europe Finland 62 Kalajoki Denmark 30 Holstebro 82 Copenhagen 104 Kalundborg Central-Eastern Europe Germany 98 Jena 122 Timmendorfer Strand Czech Republic 36 South Moravia 40 Šumava 44 Ústí 114 Prague

9

Lefkosia (Nicosia) LEBANON CYPRUS Beirut

Amman Jerusalem ISRAEL JORDAN

Tripoli

Cairo

EGYPT LIBYA ADAPTATION INSPIRATION BOOK introduction introduction Climate change poses a tricky challenge Societies should be equally inspired to for collective action across the world. turn the climate change problem into a The 2015 Paris Agreement was a historical thriving opportunity for change, by promoting step, and tipped the balance towards the innovative solutions towards sustainable, possibility of containing global climate equitable and resilient communities. change at acceptable levels. Even if the At the base of collective action stand a world’s governments jointly succeed in number of policies and strategies designed combining their mitigation efforts for at global, regional and national scales, holding temperature increases below 2ºC which need to correspond to local needs by 2100, adaptation is inevitable, as some in order to ensure effective implementation level of climatic change is to be expected and willingness to adapt. With the goal of due to lags in the climate system. supporting more sustainable climate change adaptation pathways throughout Europe, Impacts and consequences of climate BASE research takes on a unique focus change span from global to local scales, by addressing the integration of top-down from regional to context-specific effects, policies and processes, and bottom-up and will take a toll on a variety of responses and initiatives. communities. To ensure equitable, efficient and effective solutions for climate Through its case study research, project change, adaptation processes need to be BASE provides the empirical content and harmonised across levels of governance data from a diverse selection of top-down from central governments to local polities, strategies and bottom-up experiences and scales, involving as far as possible throughout Europe. a wide diversity of stakeholder groups and A set of 23 case studies, each led by one individuals. The losers and winners of these or more BASE partners (henceforth, processes need to be thoroughly accounted referred to as case study owners), were for and engaged in the design of policies selected. In some instances, sub-cases and solutions. were developed within a case study to

10 Introduction Approaches & Tools Applied in BASE Case Studies

account for the varying climatic, are condensed in this book to offer a environment and socio-economic settings, number of experiences and lessons learnt, as well as varied dimensions regarding which hopefully will inspire policy-makers, geographical areas covered, and scales practitioners and citizens in Europe and and levels of governance. As a result of across the globe to continue working BASE, four years of case study research towards a sustainable world.

Participatory & Social Economic/Evaluation Tools Learning Approaches • Simple cost-benefit analysis (CBA) • Citizen survey • Simple cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) • Questionnaire-based survey • Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) • Stakeholder analysis • Integrated valuation of ecosystem • Stakeholder interviews services and tradeoffs (InVEST) model ** • Stakeholder workshops • Choice experiments • Focus groups • Urban heat tool (UrbaHT)** • World Café • Planning kit DPRD flood risk • Systemisation of experiences management decision support tool • Design workshops • VEMALA nutrient loading model • Fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) • DREMFIA economic agricultural sector • Scenario workshops model • Dynamic adaptation pathway • KUTOVA spreadsheet tool • Participatory state of the art* • Water availability and adaptation • Participatory add-ons to policy analysis (WAAPA) model cost-benefit analysis (P-CBA) • PRIMATE (an interactive software for • Participatory add-ons to probabilistic multi-attribute evaluation)** multi-criteria analysis (P-MCA) • Participatory benefit-cost analysis(PBCA) * * BASE novel approach • Scenario workshop & Adaptation pathway ** BASE novel applications of existing tools (SWAP)*

11 ADAPTATION INSPIRATION BOOK introduction

HOW TO NAVIGATE THROUGH THE CASE STUDIES? BASE case studies focus on a variety Adaptation of sectors and types of climatic adaptation challenge: processes across European regions, i.e. indicates the most relevant Northern, Western, Central-Eastern and/or focal climate change and Southern. In this book, case studies impact(s) of the case study, are organised into three broad chapters i.e. extreme temperatures, based on the most relevant sectors: water scarcity, flooding, Agriculture & Forestry/ sea level rise, droughts, Biodiversity & Ecosystem storms, ice & snow. Services, Sector affected: indicates the most relevant

Water Resources & Health, and/or focal sector(s) of the and case study, i.e. agriculture & Coastal Zones/ forest, biodiversity, coastal Human Settlements & areas, disaster risk reduction, health, infrastructure, water Infrastructure. management. Within each chapter, case studies are arranged in alphabetical order according Geographic scale: to their locations. A set of fast facts is indicates the spatial extent presented at the beginning of each case of the case study, i.e. study, of which the type of adaptation transnational, national, challenges, sector affected and geographic subnational regions, local. scale are based on a pre-defined list adapted from Climate-ADAPT platform. www.climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu

12 Introduction Diagram: The Urban Adaptation Support Tool hosted by the Climate-ADAPT platform was adapted to demonstrate the temporal adaptation stage of the case study. Source: www.climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge:  the ground for Sector affected:  adaptation Method: Geographic scale: highlights the key methods 2 Method: applied in the case study Assessing Process direction: besides the general qualita- risks tive and quantitative analysis, and Funding: vulnerability i.e. modelling tools, partici- patory approach, economic analysis, adaptation pathway. Process direction: 3 2 specifies the starting point Identifying Adaptation 6 adaptation Monitoring and onward direction of the options stage and stakeholder initiative in evaluation relation to the governance hierarchy. “Bottom-up” 4 and “top-down” refer to the Assessing 5 upward or downward direction adaptation implementation of an initiative or strategy options or adaptation process. Some case studies focused solely on either bottom-up initiatives processes taken by a group Funding: or top-down strategies, while of people, such as a local indicates the funding source(s) some started from bottom-up community or a municipality, and/or funding needs for initiatives followed by while “top-down” refers implementation. top-down strategies and vice to more centrally driven versa. In most of these case initiatives from national adaptation stage: studies, “bottom-up” refers governments and the indicates the adaptation stage to initiatives or adaptation European Union. of the case study, Stage 1 – 6.

13 14 Agriculture & Forestry/Biodiversity & Ecosystem Agriculture & Forestry/ Biodiversity & Ecosystem

15 Location Alentejo, Portugal Adaptation to Drought in Agriculture and Forests in Rural Areas

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Extreme Temperatures, the ground for Water Scarcity, Droughts adaptation Sector affected: Agriculture & Forest, Biodiversity, 2 Water Management Assessing Geographic scale: Local risks and Method: Participatory, Economic Analysis vulnerability Process direction: Bottom-Up Funding: Autonomous adaptation with private funding and subsidies from the Common Agricultural Policy 3 (CAP) Identifying 4 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) - Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Lisbon, Portugal André Vizinho: [email protected]

16 Agriculture & Forestry/Biodiversity & Ecosystem Regeneration of the Montado agro-forestry system with cork trees plantation in the region of Alentejo Photo: André Vizinho André Photo:

17 The case study was conducted irrigation infrastructure adaptation taking place by in Alentejo, a southern and services, other regions farmers and communities in region in Portugal that is depend on rain for their the region, while at the same characterised by a semi-arid agriculture and agroforestry time evaluate the already Mediterranean climate. sectors. Both user-groups implemented adaptation Alentejo is particularly (irrigated and non-irrigated) measures with different vulnerable to drought and face different challenges methods such as cost benefit desertification and the area in relation to climate change analysis, InVEST modelling, has a low population density adaptation. systematisation of experi- which constitutes an addi- The purpose of the case ences, literature tional barrier to economic study was to take a review and participatory development. While some Bottom-Up approach and multi-criteria analysis on users have benefited from understand the autonomous barriers and opportunities.

18 Agriculture & Forestry/Biodiversity & Ecosystem Participatory State of the Art workshop on Adaptation of Forest and Agriculture in the Alentejo

Alentejo landscape with demonstration of Keyline with Yeomans plow to improve pasture productivity, water retention and carbon sink Photos: André Vizinho André Photos:

The Climate ture, agroforestry, and The Adaptation Challenge forestry sectors, which Response The region is characterised suffer from decreased The case study collected by a semi-arid Mediterranean precipitation, increased over thirty diverse adaptation climate and is classified as drought periods and in- measures currently being having high vulnerability to creased temperatures. used by different farmers climate change and high Other significant areas of and organisations in the risk of desertification due the region (thousands of region. Innovative measures to its aridity index, low hectares) have irrigation include creating microcli- quality of soils, reduced infrastructures, channels mates (with lakes, wind- precipitation and increasing and big dams with costs breaks, etc) or locating crops temperatures. subsidised by CAP funds in specific microclimates in but they too face adaptation the farm (shade of hills, etc). The majority of the region challenges related to heat Many adaptation responses is not irrigated and its agri- waves, temperature in- consisted in implementing culture is based on rainfed crease, increase of price good practices to increase winter cereal crops, pas- of water for irrigation, farm resilience. tures and a silvo-pastoral decrease in water quality, Some examples include landscape with cork oak and increased dependence on conservation tilling holm oak as primary trees. irrigation and eventual (no tilling, zone tilling, Climate challenges in these water scarcity due to trans- keyline, countour, etc.), regions affect the agricul- boundary water conflicts. diversification (of crops,

19 species, varieties, genes, organic fertilizer, reusing The Adaptation creating agro-silvo- grey water, using renewable Response pastoral landscapes, etc), energy for water pumping improving soil quality to reduce the costs of (increasing organic matter, irrigation. mulching, rotating livestock, Finally, several measures introducing sewage sludge focused on raising the on soil, etc.). adaptive capacity namely with awareness raising Other measures focus on about sustainability and harvesting rainwater and climate change, training using water more efficiently courses in permaculture, such as off-stream dams, and the development of water retention landscapes, community plans for an precision drip irrigation with eco village.

20 Agriculture & Forestry/Biodiversity & Ecosystem The People and organisations interested The Outcome Institutions in implementing sustainable of Action involved practices. The range of adaptation Twenty-one farms and In order to gather these responses varied greatly projects were interviewed perspectives from different with the selection of thirty in this case study and stakeholders, the case study recognised measures and contributed information to organised several partici- projects each with certain its findings. For the farmers, patory events starting with level of success and/or the motivation for participa- a “Participatory State of the limiting factors. tion was mainly due to their Art workshop on Adaptation A participatory multi-criteria interest in improving yields of Forest and Agriculture analysis was conducted to from their farm and thus in the Alentejo” with the re- understand these factors on their income. search community, national fifteen adaptation measures Participation also came from and regional stakeholders considered most important local NGOs and community working on related fields. for stakeholders.

Typical Montado agro-forestry landscape of Alentejo (Cork oaks, holm oaks and pastures) combined with irrigation fields (irrigated vines and olive trees and horticulture) Photo: Joaquim Alves Gaspar Joaquim Alves Photo:

21 Location Dartmoor, United Kingdom  Public and private climate change adaptation initiatives for a National Park

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge:  Extreme Temperatures, the ground for Flooding, Droughts adaptation Sector affected:  Agriculture & Forest, Biodiversity 2 Geographic scale: local Assessing Method: participatory risks Process direction: Top-Down, Bottom-Up and vulnerability Funding: Dartmoor National Park Authority

3 Identifying 2 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact University of Exeter Exeter, United Kingdom Duncan Russel: [email protected]

22 Agriculture & Forestry/Biodiversity & Ecosystem Photo: Duncan Russel View onDartmoor (from Haytor) 23 A small creek, near Merrivale Photos: Roos den Uyl Photos:

The Climate degradation and erosion. 2014-2019, which aims to, Challenge In addition, the accompanying interalia, establish various Dartmoor National Park is loss of ecosystem services actor roles; documentation an upland located in the threatens food provision, the and monitoring; improve South West of England regulation of water quality water and carbon storage; offering numerous ecosys- and flow, genetic biodiversity introduce more sustainable tem services. Large parts of and cultural-recreational farming to benefit ecosystems; the area are covered by services. stimulate and protect priority moors with a granite-domi- species; and develop nated geology and a peat The Adaptation conservation-sensitive substrate. Recent climate Response tourism. Two additional trends have meant an The UK Government mandat- initiatives were started by increase in the average daily ed the Dartmoor National non-governmental actors. temperature, milder yet Park Authority to develop an The Mires on the Moor wetter winters adaptation strategy in 2011 project was set up as a pilot and hotter and dryer sum- identifying impacts and by regional private water mers. These climate pres- potential policy measures. company South West Water sures, exacerbated by human This adaptation strategy was with the aim of improving activities such as overgrazing not explicitly implemented, water supply from Dartmoor and fertiliser application, but instead translated into through better managing threaten the region with peat the Management Plan blanket peat bogs. Dartmoor

24 Agriculture & Forestry/Biodiversity & Ecosystem The Outcome of Action The Management Plan 2014-2019 includes some adaptation measures though not explicitly under a climate change heading. The Management Plan will be implemented and monitored, though it is not yet known exactly how and when, and whether evaluation outcomes will be used. The National Park Authority informed researchers that climate change adaptation is currently not one of their Creek on priorities, which may be a Dartmoor, near Merrivale reflection of recently reduced funding and changing higher-level political priorities. Farming Futures is a not that clear. The Mires on A first preliminary evaluation bottom-up project set up to the Moor project is not a has been conducted in 2013, better manage Dartmoor’s public policy initiative, but the Dartmoor Farming distinctive ecosystem through rather initiated by drinking Futures programme was the implementation localised water company South West deemed to have successfully agro-environmental schemes, Water and the University of translated national and EU such as better management Exeter, taking place on land policies into a localised of vegetation to prevent owned by the Duchy of setting. The Mires on the wildfires and maintaining Cornwall and (partly) used by Moor project entailed beneficial livestock farming. local residents and farmers. rewetting bog areas. The Dartmoor Farming Futures project received criticism The People and was initiated by local farmers for not indicating compensa- Institutions together with the Dartmoor tion sums and (partly) failing involved Commoners Council, the to engage local expertise The Dartmoor National Park Forest Commoners Council, and feedback. Authority was suggested as the Haytor and Bagtor the primary authority Commoners Council, and the The project ends in 2015, responsible for adaptation in DNPA, together with the Duchy and South West Water has Dartmoor National Park. of Cornwall, Natural England, decided not to fund any The current responsibility RSPB, South West Water, and continuation of the project around adaptation is however the Ministry of Defence. on Dartmoor.

25 Location Donãna, Spain Balancing water needs among multiple users in a drought-prone coastal wetland

1 Adaptation Challenge: Extreme Temperatures, preparing Water Scarcity, Droughts the ground for adaptation Sector affected:  Agriculture & Forest, Biodiversity, Disaster Risk 2 Reduction, Water Management Assessing Geographic scale: Subnational region risks Method: Modelling, Participatory, and vulnerability Economic Analysis Process direction: Bottom-Up Funding: P ublic funding from Common Agri- cultural Policy (CAP), private funding 3 Identifying 1 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Technical University of Madrid (UPM) Madrid, Spain Ana Iglesias: [email protected]

26 Agriculture & Forestry/Biodiversity & Ecosystem The Doñana ecosystem is a major site for migrating birds Photo: Ana Iglesias Photo:

27 Rice cultivation contributes to the richness of the ecosystem Photos: Ana Iglesias Photos:

The Climate budding conflict among The Adaptation Challenge users, particularly between Response The Doñana region is a agriculture and environment. Three relevant adaptation coastal wetland in the Rice production in the region measures were identified. Guadalquivir River Basin is water intensive and The first was the implemen- District of Southern Spain requires irrigation. tation of existing climate with both natural and change adaptation plans artificial wetlands. Droughts Agricultural subsidies have for drought and water have occurred in the region financially supported conservation. The second over the past 50 years, but farmers, but they have also was the reestablishment their frequency and intensity propped up the industry and and restoration of riparian are increasing. The Doñana distorted the price consider- buffers. The third was the region is also experiencing a ation between water needs restoration and management variety of other environmental and agriculture production. of coastal wetlands. pressures: the coastal area Freshwater resources are is vulnerable to sea level rise predicted to become further and the potential increase of stressed as a result of irrigation demand is very climate change and other high.The policy strategies pressures such as population undertaken so far have been growth, pollution from capable of dealing with agriculture intensification extreme situations, but and fragmented or uncoordi- ineffective in solving the nated adaptation strategies.

28 Agriculture & Forestry/Biodiversity & Ecosystem The People and The Outcome that the sample size of Institutions of Action stakeholders was quite involved In a first step the study small and not comprehen- Four stakeholder groups aimed to characterise the sive. The strongly different were identified based on shortage of water using the views of the stakeholder criteria of those most likely WAAPA model, which helped groups on water management to be affected by adaptation quantify the potential water may have also contributed policies as well as those availability changes in the to some degree of mistrust with the most influence in larger basin and the locality and lack of response. the adaptation decision of Doñana. The simulations Despite these uncertainties making process. of water availability in all and limitations, the results The four identified groups sub-basins range from obtained show a qualitative were farmers who had the -45 to -93% of current water picture of future water most to gain or lose, the availability. availability in Doñana and local institutions responsible for decision-making, and the citizens and environmen- talists. Drought period Some 90% of farmers in in paddy fields Doñana belong to a farmers organisation and these were the main representative bodies involved (i.e. Farmer Advisory Services, Irrigation Communities, Cooperatives, or Rice Farming Federations and Unions).

At the local government level, the River Basin Authorities represented the public officials with control In a second step, the choices the Guadalquivir basin over water resources policy, that relevant stakeholders given a choice of adaptation water management and had were explored depending policy options derived from irrigation planning. on different agronomic, the consultation. Finally, a longstanding water management and The findings of the case environmentalist organisation governance measures. study enhance knowledge represented nature welfare Measures related to water of different climate change claiming more water for management were then strategies at the local level the natural wetland. selected to provide a by learning more about In this particular case, quantitative estimation of stakeholders and the the four stakeholder groups their effectiveness. A major conflicts that exist between had strong disagreements limitation derived from the them over specific adaptation about water management. consultation process was options.

29 Location Holstebro, Denmark Urban-rural co-operation: Farmers as potential water managers?

1 preparing the ground for Adaptation Challenge: Flooding adaptation Sector affected: Agriculture & Forest, Urban 2 Geographic scale: Local Assessing Method: Economic Analysis risks and Process direction: Bottom-Up, Top-Down vulnerability Funding: Need national subsidies to initiate implementation

3 Identifying 3 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark Anders Branth Pedersen: [email protected]

30 Agriculture & Forestry/Biodiversity & Ecosystem River flooding in Holstebro Photo: Jakob Stoktoft Oddershede Stoktoft Jakob Photo: 31 Storåen flooding, Holstebro Photos: Jakob Stoktoft Oddershede Stoktoft Jakob Photos:

The Climate recurrently over the past 2011 when several months Challenge century and it is predicted of heavy snowfall were Holstebro is a Danish that floods will continue followed by intense rain and municipality (population to increase in frequency snowmelt. The town flooded app. 57,000) located on and intensity due to climate again most recently in the Jutland peninsula. change. December 2015. The second longest water- The town of Holstebro course in Denmark, the is one of ten nationally The Adaptation Storåen, runs through the appointed flood risk areas Response town (population app. in Denmark under the EU Holstebro municipality 35,000), which is surrounded Floods Directive (2007/60/ adopted a local risk man- mainly by agricultural EC), where the risk of a agement plan in 2015 and farmland. The municipality 100-year flood event is high a climate adaptation plan in has experienced significant and substantial damages 2014. The municipality’s floods on a minimum of to buildings, housing and Climate Adaptation Plan is nine occasions since 1918. infrastructure may result a strategic plan that aims to The flooding events have from such events. Holstebro address several policy areas. occurred irregularly, but suffered serious floods in This first plan for Holstebro

32 Agriculture & Forestry/Biodiversity & Ecosystem is solely centred on problems This second measure was available for potential related to increased precipi- not analysed in BASE as flooding negotiation. tation and higher groundwater it requires further The most expensive contract levels. One of the potential development. Aarhus would entail individual adaptation measures University analysed costs negotiation with the munici- suggested in the Holstebro regarding farmers as water pality and no compensation Climate Adaptation Plan is managers based on a choice in the event of crop loss; to let farmers in the sur- experiment survey among only the yearly service rounding areas act as water land owners in the Storåen payment of making the managers, where they can catchment area. land available for flooding. be compensated for letting Compared to the current their fields flood when Results indicate that the average contribution Holstebro experiences yearly costs of a farmer as margins (i.e. income minus flood events, thereby water manager contract variable costs) in the area, alleviating the worst impacts would be between 250 Eur/ha farmers appear to demand of flooding in the town centre.

A network of stakeholders has developed two potential solutions. The first is a compensation model where farmers are paid to be enrolled in a ‘farmer as water manager’ programme. In the case study, the compensation and other contractual elements are analysed. A second type of measure called a ‘supply model’ would entail authorities appointing flood relevant areas of farmland. and 450 Eur/ha, depending a relatively high payment Next, it would be up to on the elements of the for letting their fields flood. the farmers in the area to contract. The least expensive This may be due to it being pick from a list of adaptation contract would involve a new and unknown type of measures and apply for allowing farmers to negotiate measure. A total of 156 ha compensation from the collectively, thereby increas- of farmland would need to authorities. Based on this, ing their bargaining power, be flooded in this particular the authorities would offer and a full compensation in case and be combined with a the farmers to sign a the event of crop loss in flood dam that would protect contract with a given sum addition to a yearly payment the town downstream in the for compensation. for letting the land be case of a flood risk.

33 The People and Centre for Agriculture Institutions (today named SEGES), involved which established a network The idea of potentially of stakeholders. using farmers as water The involved institutions managers was an element included experts from the in the Aquarius international Knowledge Centre for research project (2009-2011) Agriculture/SEGES together (www.aquarius.nsr.eu). with experts from Aarhus After this project was University, consultancies, completed, the idea was agricultural organisations taken up in a Danish representing the farmers climate change context upstream from the town by the Danish Knowledge and farmers themselves edersen Anders Branth P Branth Anders Photo:

34 Agriculture & Forestry/Biodiversity & Ecosystem also participated. In addition The Danish Government not decided or implemented. public employees from provided the impetus A number of different Hostebro Municipality and through the development barriers to implementing other municipalities have and implementation of the measure have been been involved in developing the National Adaptation identified in the case study. the farmer as water manager Plan, which followed the For example, most or all measure. adoption of the Flood farmers in the relevant The adaptation response Directive at the EU level. area must sign up, involved governments at farmers fear EU cross- multiple levels. The Outcome compliance demands if The Municipal Council of of Action they sign up and farmers Holstebro developed the Currently, the climate don’t perceive high risks local climate adaptation plan adaptation measure connected to climate and risk management plan. has only been proposed, change.

A Danish farm in Jutland

35 Location South Moravia, Czech Republic Sustainable grapevine production under a changing climate

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: water Scarcity, Droughts the ground for Sector affected: Agriculture & Forest, adaptation Water Management 2 Geographic scale: Local Assessing Method: Participatory risks Process direction: Bottom-Up and vulnerability Funding: No extra public funding available for adaptation

3 Identifying 1 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CzechGlobe) Brno, Czech Republic Eliška Lorencová: [email protected]

36 Agriculture & Forestry/Biodiversity & Ecosystem Vineyards of South Moravia Photo: Eliška Krkoška Lorencová Eliška Krkoška Photo: 37 The Adaptation Response In order to determine stakeholder perceptions and evaluation of adaptation options, a quantitative questionnaire was distributed among wine growers situated in South Moravian region in November 2014. The potential adaptation measures discussed can be categorised as changes in insurance policies such as risk transfer tools, land use practices like introducing no-tillage technologies and shifting agricultural activities, and water saving practices in the form of increasing water retention and improving the efficiency of irrigation systems.

Grapevine The People and growing Institutions involved Since the adaptation process in the Czech Republic is The Climate growing probability of mostly top-down, the actual Challenge drought in the region. implementation of specific The South Moravian In 2011-2012, the region adaptation measures Region lies in the southeast witnessed an extreme depends on the implemen- of the Czech Republic, and drought episode that was tation of National Adaptation it is home to the country’s classified as one of the worst Strategy approved recently, second largest city of Brno. in the past 130 years. In the in October 2015, which will Agricultural land covers 60% autumn of 2011, for exam- be supported by the Adaptation of the area of the region. ple, the total precipitation Action Plan (to be formulated Vine growing is a specialty represented only 10-30% in 2016). Therefore, the in the region, which has of the long-term average adaptation activity on the more than 90% of the total for Moravia. Projections for regional and local level and area of vineyards in the 2050 indicate the occurrence specific sectors is currently country. Climate change of this type of drought event limited. In the case of projections indicate the every 20 years. agriculture, specifically vine

38 Agriculture & Forestry/Biodiversity & Ecosystem growing, the non-existence plans should in the future The Outcome of a cross-sectoral adap- become part of the legislation. of Action tation strategy has left In this phase, measures and The outcome of the survey adaptation actions rather procedures that need to be in South Moravian Region fragmented, related mostly implemented are proposed, among vine growers shows to the farm management including: that almost two thirds of regime and largely auton- • Drought monitoring the respondents agreed (48% omous.However, problems and information (e.g. agreed, 26% strongly agreed) related to climate change drought risk classification that climate change is impacts, such as drought of CZ, drought and water happening. Only 18% of and water availability are availability monitoring) farmers believed that climate gaining increasing political • Legislative changes change will have a positive attention and support. (e.g. drought management impact on their vine production, In July 2015, the Czech plan) 36% believed that climate Government approved a • Organisational change will affect them document titled “Prepara- measures (e.g. manage- negatively, while 93% of tion for the implementation ment of current reservoirs, respondents perceived of measures to mitigate the irrigation efficiency) measures to increase water negative effects of drought • Economic measures retention as important. The and water scarcity.” (e.g. set up of water majority of respondents also This policy document takes pricing tools) supported shifts in the timing into account climate change • Technical measures of agricultural practices and projections and deals with (e.g. support to construction pest management. In terms the risk of drought, water of new reservoirs) of barriers to climate change availability and flood risk • Environmental adaptation, 67% of respondents in the long-term perspective. measures (e.g. ecosys- agreed that farming policy The drought management tem-based measures) regulations may represent an obstacle to climate change adaptation. Furthermore, 73% of respondents perceived Vineyards during economic losses from smaller the autumn time subsidies as an important barrier. A majority of farmers, 53%, agreed that a lack of information on methods of adaptation might also present a barrier to climate change adaptation. When asking specifically about obtaining information on climate change, on site experience and information from media were perceived as the main sources of information.

39 Photos: Eliška Krkoška Lorencová Eliška Krkoška Photos: Location Šumava, Czech Republic Exploring scenarios for a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve

1 preparing the ground for Adaptation Challenge:  Water Scarcity, Droughts, adaptation Storms, Ice & Snow 2 Sector affected: Biodiversity Assessing Geographic scale: Local risks Method: Modelling, and Participatory, Economic Analysis vulnerability Process direction: Bottom-Up Funding: No extra public funding available for adaptation 3 Identifying 2 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CzechGlobe) Brno, Czech Republic Zuzana Harmáˇcková: [email protected]

40 Agriculture & Forestry/Biodiversity & Ecosystem Mountain forests, peatbogs and lakes - typical landscape character of Šumava National Park and UNESCO Biosphere Reserve

Photo: Josef Brůna 41 Ecosystem-based adaptation measures present a promising adaptation approach in natural areas

The Climate snowpack and increase The Adaptation Challenge evaporation, leading to shifts Response The Šumava UNESCO Bio- in annual water outflows. On No adaptation measures sphere Reserve in the Czech the other hand, both winter have been implemented Republic is one of the most runoff and the subsequent in the study area hitherto. extensive forest landscapes risk of spring floods are The case study serves as in Central Europe. The area expected to increase, since the initial step in a potential is currently challenged by water storage in the form of future adaptation process, the growing occurrence of snowpack will be reduced. focused on analysing extreme weather events such Bark beetle infestations, in- potential adaptation needs as heavy rains and droughts. tensive tourism and disputes and proposing suitable Higher winter temperatures regarding the optimal adapta- ecosystem-based adaptation are supposed to reduce tion regime are also issues. measures in collaboration

42 Agriculture & Forestry/Biodiversity & Ecosystem management, enhancing The People and ecosystem connectivity and Institutions resilience. At the same time, Involved the stakeholders created The stakeholders involved several storylines of poten- in this case study were those tial future development in participating in the scenario the area considering workshops organised by plausible demographic, CzechGlobe, who included economic and environmental local authorities and stake- changes. After eliciting this holders from conservation, information, future adapta- regional development, science tion scenarios were finalised and research, energy, water to serve as the basis for management, agriculture, ecosystem-service model- and tourism and recreation.

Participatory mapping of potential adaptation measures Photo: Eliška Krkoška Lorencová Photo: Eliška Krkoška Photo: David Vačkář

with local stakeholders. ling with the InVEST suite The Outcome The first participatory of modelling tools. of Action session of the scenario A second session with Since the adaptation process workshop, including key stakeholders took place in Czech Republic is mostly local stakeholders, took following the finalisation top-down, the actual imple- place in July 2014. of the results of the Green mentation of specific adapta- The aim was to elicit the Roof case study in November tion measures will depend on most strongly perceived 2014 to disseminate the the implementation of Nation- effects of climate change results and discuss their al Adaptation Strategy, which in the present and near implications. was adopted in October 2015. future and to discuss The adaptation activity on the potential measures, regional and local level has e.g. sustainable forest been very limited hitherto.

43 Location Ústí, Czech Republic Reducing drought and extreme weather impacts for hop cultivation

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Water Scarcity, Droughts the ground for Sector affected: Agriculture & Forest, adaptation Water Management 2 Geographic scale: Local Assessing Method: Participatory risks Process direction: Bottom-Up and vulnerability Funding:  No extra public funding available for adaptation

3 Identifying 1 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CzechGlobe) Brno, Czech Republic Eliška Lorencová: [email protected]

44 Agriculture & Forestry/Biodiversity & Ecosystem The impact of extreme weath- er event

Photo: Josef Ježek Photo: 45 Drought on the hop garden Photos: Josef Ježek Photos:

The Climate areas in the Czech Republic crop were grown throughout Challenge and is therefore a highly the country and in more The Ústí region is located relevant area for climate regions with different and in Northwest Bohemia in change impacts and adapta- less dry climates. the Czech Republic and tion measures. Based on shares a border with Germany. the climate scenarios in the The Ústí region faces several Ústí is one of the most period 2051-2100, hop yield climate change risks, densely populated regions is expected to decline as particularly hydrometeoro- in the country and has a much as 7-10% with poten- logical extremes that result strong historical tradition tial changes in crop quality in storms, short periods of in agriculture as well as and an expected decline of very warm weather in winter, industry. More than 73% 13-32% in ɑ-acid content (an spring frost, flooding and of the total hop cultivation important component in the episodes of drought. An area in the Czech Republic taste of beer). The concen- increase in the occurrence is situated in the Usti region tration of hop cultivation in a of pathogens, pests and alone. The Ústí region was comparatively small part of weeds is also predicted as selected as a case study the Czech Republic makes it well as general shifts in because it is one of the driest more vulnerable than if the farming conditions.

46 Agriculture & Forestry/Biodiversity & Ecosystem The Adaptation in the region involved in the higher education and had Response hop business also partici- an average of 24 years of The adaptation measures pated in interviews, as did farming experience. The explored in the case study the Hop Research Institute, majority, 52%, were cultivat- reflect potential activities which focuses specifically on ing hop gardens of up to 25 and measures to deal with the cultivation, harvest, and hectares. One of the topics in drought and extreme weather post-harvest treatment of the questionnaire asked events in the agricultural hops. From the governance farmers whether they would sector, particularly hop sector, water management be willing to implement cultivation. The adaptation measures, include soft measures (such as insurance policies), changes in agricultural management practices, water saving measures (increase of water retention, change in irrigation prac- tice). The measures were selected as input data for the questionnaire that aims After storm: to explore the attitudes of fallen construction of the hop garden local stakeholders towards these measures, and thus identify potential barriers of implementation. authorities are engaged as particular adaptation The People and the responsible entity for measures in order to protect Institutions potential measures to be their land against potential involved implemented in the water negative climate impacts. The case study had a broad sector. Measures to increase water and multi-stakeholder ap- retention (such as infiltration proach including both private The Outcome zones, buffer strips, hedges and public institutions and of Action and terracing) were highly local individuals. The local In March 2014, a quantitative preferred, and 80% of hop farmers were key partic- questionnaire was distributed respondents perceived these ipants and approximately half among hop growers situated measures as important. of the farmers in the region mainly in the Ústí region. The majority of respondents participated in the survey. Fifty out of 119 hop growers in also supported the proposed Interviews were conducted the Czech Republic respond- extension of insurance, along with the Hop Growers ed. From the respondents, shifting the timing and Union, a farmer union that 88% were men and 12% were organisation of agricultural represents the sector as a women. Regarding education, practices as well as crop whole. Private companies 88% had secondary and diversification.

47 48 water resources & health Water Resources & Health

49 Location Cornwall, United Kingdom  Raising awareness of the risks of skin cancer and sun exposure

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Extreme Temperatures the ground for Sector affected: Health adaptation Geographic scale: Local 2 Method: Modelling, Economic Analysis Assessing Process direction: Bottom-Up, Top-Down risks and Funding: No public funding vulnerability

3 Identifying 1 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact University of Exeter Medical School Exeter, United Kingdom Tim Taylor: [email protected]

50 water resources & health Summer at a beach in Cornwall

Photo: istock.com/csfotoimages Photo: 51 Photo: istock.com/Silent_GOS Photo:

The Climate The complex interactions Challenge between cloud cover, ozone The Duchy of Cornwall depletion and higher UV in southwest England, levels are difficult to project UK has a maritime but some studies tentatively climate and is expected suggested summer UV to be 2 to 3 °C warmer irradiance will increase than now in both winter in the southern parts of and summer by 2050-2080. the UK to approximately Due to climate change, 12 Wm-2 and/or a slight including increased increase in current UV flux, temperatures and higher up to 10% by the end of the UV levels, it is likely that century. The southwest of individual exposure to UV England currently experiences radiation will also increase, the highest incidence of both thus raising the risk of malignant and non-malignant developing skin cancer. melanoma in the UK.

52 water resources & health The Adaptation The People and The Outcome Response Institutions of Action The SunSmart programme involved One key difficulty for involved a range of actions Cornwall Council was campaigns was evidencing to increase awareness involved in the initial the outcomes; of the risks of skin cancer scoping of this work as good evidence exists on and sun exposure and is part of a risk assessment knowledge outcomes but part of a series of public for climate change impacts. whether knowledge results health campaigns to deliver The analysis was conducted in behavioural change and messages regarding indi- by the University of Exeter leads to lower skin cancer vidual risk of UV exposure, Medical School. risk is less obvious. particularly in the summer Previous campaigns months. The SunSmart achieved significant campaign included research, awareness and behavioural public communication, policy outcomes (e.g. in Australia). development and stakeholder Another limiting factor at interaction to try to reduce present is knowledge of the levels of skin cancer. the precise climate-skin It ran from 2003 to 2011. cancer link.

53 Photo: iistock.com/Andrey Prokhorov iistock.com/Andrey Photo: Location England, United Kingdom  Impact of changes in temperature, precipitation and Ultra Violet on mental health

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Extreme Temperatures the ground for Sector affected: Health adaptation Geographic scale: National 2 Method: Modelling, Economic Analysis Assessing Process direction: Bottom-Up, Top-Down risks and Funding:  No funding yet available vulnerability for adaptation

3 Identifying 2 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact University of Exeter Medical School Exeter, United Kingdom Sahran Higgins: [email protected]

54 water resources & health Mental health may be affected by climate change

Photo: istock.com/KatarzynaBialasiewicz Photo: 55 Photo: istock.com/Kwangmoozaa Photo:

The Climate The Adaptation The People and Challenge Response Institutions In the UK, the key climate- This case study examined involved related health threats are the autonomous adaptation Stakeholders from likely to include increases of the health care system Public Health England in temperature, changes in in terms of drugs prescribed were consulted and informed rainfall patterns and for depression. of the case study outcome; increased extreme weather It found that, overall, future namely, that the impact frequency and intensity. anti-depressant prescrip- of climate related events Beyond the direct physical tions in the UK may fall as on mental health was health impacts of these a consequence of positive found to be positive. threats there is the associations with weather challenge of understanding (i.e. not related to extreme The Outcome what the short- and long- weather events). of Action term impacts of climate This case study suggested change might be for that planning in healthcare mental health disorders systems to address the (e.g. depression and anxiety) mental health outcomes and the associated economic of climate change should costs. consider the impacts of changes in average condi- tions as well as in extremes to ensure an efficient allocation of resources.

56 water resources & health Climate change may present challenges and opportunities to the National Health Service and the rest of the health sector

Photo: istock.com/marbury Photo: 57 Location IJsselmeer, the Netherlands

Moving with climate change: Flexible water levels in a large multi-use artificial lake

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Water Scarcity, Flooding, the ground for Sea Level Rise, Droughts adaptation Sector affected: Agriculture & Forest, Coastal Areas, 2 Water Management Assessing Geographic scale: Subnational region risks and Method: Participatory, vulnerability Adaptation Pathway Process direction: Top-Down, Bottom-Up Funding: Dutch Delta Programme 3 Identifying 5 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Deltares, Delft, the Netherlands Rutger van der Brugge: [email protected] Mark Zandvoort: [email protected]

58 water resources & health The historic city of Enkhuizen, of which the cultural heritage would be adversely affected by major water level changes Photo: Ewout Staartjes Ewout Photo:

59 Locks and other Infrastructure near Enkhuizen Photo: Ewout Staartjes Ewout Photo:

The Climate Challenge The IJsselmeer is a large, artificial lake that supplies fresh water to large parts of the Netherlands and also serves to reduce flood risk due to its enclosure of the Wadden Sea. The IJsselmeer region has a number of small and large cities vulnerable to climate impacts such as flooding from sea level rise. A second concern is more frequent and longer-lasting summer dry spells. In case of droughts, Photo: Mark Zandvoort Photo: the water from the IJssel- The ketelbrug between the meer is essential to supply IJsselmeer and Ketelmeer, agriculture and industry in adjusting the water level will the north of the Netherlands affect headway for ships with additional freshwater. passing the bridge

60 water resources & health The Adaptation The People and NGOs in the region were Response Institutions clustered into one represen- To maintain the current involved tative stakeholder action functions of the lake while The Delta Programme was group representing their simultaneously adapting to set up as a national pro- individual stakes, including sea level rise and drought, gramme, so by definition, a sustainable fresh water the Deltaprogramme all relevant local and supply, fishery, nature, IJsselmeer proposed regional governments were harbours, tourism and measures aimed at raising actively involved: the agriculture. the lake’s water level in Ministry of Infrastructure sync with sea level rise to and Environment, the water The Outcome avoid flooding and ensuring boards, the provinces and of Action the flexibility of the water relevant municipalities. There is a combined package level during summer Knowledge institutes such of five solutions implemented, droughts and secure as Deltares, PBL (the Dutch based on a more flexible freshwater for agriculture, Planning Institute) and KNMI management regime of the nature and other purposes. (the Dutch Meteorological water level. The first two are Institute) assisted in first and foremost related to The program carried out a developing delta scenarios flood risk; namely establishing problem analysis based on and impact assessments. draining and pumping the delta-scenarios in 2011. In the IJsselmeer sub-pro- capabilities to manage more In 2012, they developed gramme, local politicians flexible water levels as well possible strategies and and officials were involved in as dikes. The latter three are in 2013 they made more a regional collaboration body focused on fresh water detailed studies of the and in a smaller steering supply, such as facilitating preferred strategies, group, both of which formed adjustments of assets and leading to a policy the most important arena to spatial design along the decision consisting of discuss the progress of the lake’s shores and reducing five solutions in 2014. programme. Ten important freshwater usage.

A village along the shore of the IJsselmeer, the waterfront may be affected if the water level changes

Photo: Ewout Staartjes Ewout Photo: 61 Location Kalajoki, Finland Towards climate-proofing management plans in a high flood risk rural river basin

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Flooding, Ice & Snow the ground for Sector affected: Agriculture & Forest, adaptation Disaster Risk Reduction, Infrastructure, 2 Water Management Assessing Geographic scale: Subnational region risks and Method: Modelling, Participatory, vulnerability Economic Analysis Process direction: Top-Down, Bottom-Up Funding: No extra public funding available for adaptation 3 Identifying 3 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) Helsinki, Finland Anne-Mari Rytkönen: [email protected]

62 water resources & health Ice jams typically occur in spring when the ice cover breaks and ice chunks start to move downstream. Ice jams may cause rapid water level rise in rivers

-centre E LY N orth O strobothnian P hoto: 6311 64 increase thenutrient load and temperature may also Changes inprecipitation impacts ofclimate change. the most distinct anticipated in discharges inFinlandare river basin.Seasonalchanges agricultural activitiesinthe originated mainly from well aspoor water status, rains andice dams,as caused bysnowmelt, heavy of managingflooding, interdependent challenges risk area thatfaces the is atypical Finnishflood The Kalajokiriver basin Challeng The Clima crop damages caused significant August 2012 river basinin Flood inKalajoki w ater souces&he al te

th

Presently, there are intotal significant flood risk area. nominated nationally asa basin. Thisarea hasbeen region withintheKalajoki the Ylivieska-Alavieska The case study focused on people live inthebasin. for agriculture. Some48,000 approximately 15%isused woodland and peatlandand of thelandinbasinis rural land.Currently, 80% is surrounded mainly by size lowland river that The Kalajokiisamid- bodies infuture climate. from catchments to water

to to estimated damagecosts the ments multiplies of theembank- capacity the weather event thatexceeds however, anextreme protected byembankments, sites inthestudy area are an extreme flood.Most risk are atriskinthecase of hospital) inthearea that and 3vulnerable sites (e.g. 620 inhabitants, 530 buildings the landisunfrozen. and autumnfloods when especially during summer pended solidsto watersheds, nutrient loading andsus- Flooding alsoincreases EUR 15-25million.

Photos: North Ostrobothnian ELY-centre The Adaptation While other measures, economic scenarios using Response such as using agricultural hydrological modelling Climate adaptation in this land as temporary water and the KUTOVA-tool. water resources manage- storage, still require further These measures included ment case study includes specification and studies optimised fertilisation, an integrated river basin of technical feasibility. winter time vegetation, management plan and a The case study also analysed wetlands and buffer zones. flood risk management plan. the cost-effectiveness of The results show that the the planned river basin need for mitigation measures The case study led management measures and their cost-effectiveness to the identification aiming at reducing the are influenced by both and evaluation of nutrient loading in different climatic factors and the level measures, namely: climate change and socio- of agricultural adaptation. • Land use planning (i.e. new construction is not allowed in flood risk sites; ensure the resiliency of existing infrastructures) • Increasing citizens’ awareness and preparedness • Developing watershed regulation to cope with increased variation in hydrological conditions Many residents in Kalajoki • Maintenance and region have experienced flooding of agricultural heightening of dikes land and interruption of • Increasing the river traffic routes basin’s retention capacity • Building permanent flood walls to protect single buildings

Some of the identified measures were left out from the plan due to their small benefits compared with costs and negative side-effects. The measures based on Building a water retention were found permanent flood to be too uncertain or their wall to a single household capacity insufficient in case nearby river of an extreme flood event. channel

65 For ice jam prevention, a series of submerged weirs have been built in river channel in Ylivieska city centre

66 water resources & health The People and awareness, risk perceptions, Institutions acceptability of and willing- involved ness to pay for flood risk Water authority experts management measures and officials/legislators and flood protection was sent from the local and national to 1,300 citizens in the flood level played an important risk area. The questionnaire role in the initiation and served both the purpose of development of the plans. informing and consulting the Typically, official public citizens. The results indicate hearings and events have that 22% of the respondents not benefited from the (N=552) could consider participation of stakeholders implementing flood protection and citizens. The implementa- measures in the future and tion of measures will rely 17% could consider extending heavily on municipal their home insurance to politicians, water experts, include flood damage private actors and officials. compensation. The stakeholders invited in two workshops included The Outcome local municipalities, authori- of Action ties from different sectors, At the end of 2015, the Flood local enterprises, farmers’ Risk Management Plan for unions, fishery collectives the Kalajoki river basin and youth organisations. (2016–2021) was approved Participatory multi-criteria by the Ministry of Agriculture analysis was used to compare and Forestry and the River the acceptability of different Basin Management Plan for flood risk management the Oulujoki-Iijoki River basin strategies. A questionnaire (2016-2021) was approved by on the issues of citizen flood the Finnish Government.

Discussing on the potential measures in a stakeholder workshop aura L iuska, P roAgria L aura P hoto: -centre LY E N orth O strobothnian P hoto: 67 Location Madrid, Spain Combating heat stress impact in a metropolitan inland city

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Extreme Temperatures, the ground for Water scarcity, Droughts adaptation Sector affected: Disaster Risk Reduction, Health, Urban 2 Geographic scale: Local Assessing risks Method: Modelling, Participatory, and Economic Analysis vulnerability Process direction: Bottom-Up Funding: No public funding

3 Identifying 2 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain Ana Iglesias: [email protected] Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Bizkaia, Spain Aline Chiabai: [email protected]

68 water resources & health Madrid seen from Casa de Campo, the largest green area of the city

69 Photo: Pedro Iglesias Pedro Photo: Madrid periodically suffers from heatwaves Photos: Pedro Iglesias Pedro Photos:

The Climate climate change. giving rise to the phenome- Challenge Climate in the Madrid region non called urban heat island, The case study develops a is characterised by having an atmospheric situation methodological framework hot and dry summers and that occurs in big cities to assess costs and benefits cool winters. Temperatures and involves rapid increase of cross-sectoral adapta- show a very sharp gradient in temperature from the tion strategies to reduce following a similar pattern outskirts to the city centre, the impacts of heat waves of rainfall. Typically tem- where buildings and asphalt in the area of Madrid, a city peratures are higher in cities release the heat accumulated characterised by its large than on the outskirts and during the day. size and population and its this difference increases The purpose of this case drought-prone climate, with on stable periods for the study was to develop a multiple vulnerabilities to presence of the anticyclone, methodological framework

70 water resources & health to assess the costs and The People and of the government of benefits of selected adap- Institutions Navarra, the water utility tation strategies to reduce Involved foundation Canal Isabel II, the impacts of heat waves The stakeholder consultation a union of farmers, the in Madrid and study the focused on individuals either electricity company Iberdrola, cross-sectoral effects of involved in decision-making experts from the Autono- those measures. or able to influence the mous University of Barcelona decision-making process. and Technical University To do this the case study Citizen participation was of Madrid. sets four objectives: limited to NGOs and Farmer’s A second round held personal • study direct and indirect Unions. interviews with stakeholders impacts of heat waves in the city of Madrid; • establish synergies and The city center has high building tradeoffs between sectors; density • robust understanding of system complexity; • assess costs and benefits of some selected measures

The Adaptation Response A participatory process was used to obtain as much information as possible about the complexity of the urban system, responding to the stakeholder’s feedbacks and main drivers. The method, Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping, A first stakeholder meeting to get information to be allows modelling the system was organised to understand used in the Fuzzy Cognitive in a semi-quantitative way the socio-economic and Mapping to elicit information and simulating policy options political context of impacts about the perceived impacts (running different policy and adaptation in the region and adaptation options from scenarios). of Madrid, including repre- different expertise angles This information that was sentatives of the Spanish in the city of Madrid. used to feed the cost-benefit Ministry of Health, Social It involved the participation analysis (CBA) of a selection Services and Equity, Madrid of 24 stakeholders including of adaptation measures was municipality, Madrid researchers and public also obtained from the community (regional level), authorities (only a few of process of interviews to the the Spanish Climate Change them participated in the first stakeholders. Office, the Health department round).

1171 A large recreational and cultural area recently implemented along the banks of the Manzanares River

72 water resources & health The Outcome of Action The participatory process helped understand the urban complexity and interconnections between climate change, health outcomes and adaptation measures. The case study collected data from the main sectors affected in a relatively short time through extensive interviews and was able to identify synergies and trade-offs. The case study conducted a cost-benefit analysis of a heat-health warning system and the potential benefits of future green infrastructure.

Photo: Pedro Iglesias Pedro Photo: 73 74 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure Coastal Zones/ Human Settlements & Infrastructure

75 Location Cascais, Portugal Making a city climate change resilient: A participatory adaptation planning approach

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Flooding, Sea Level Rise the ground for Sector affected: coastal Areas, adaptation Infrastructure, Urban 2 Geographic scale: Local Assessing Method: Participatory, risks Economic Analysis and Process direction: Bottom-Up, Top-Down vulnerability Funding:  Cascais municipality, Águas de Cascais and Municipal Environmental Company 3 Identifying 5 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) - Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Lisbon, Portugal Filipe Moreira Alves: [email protected]

76 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure Dunas da Crismina project: Coastal protection adaptation measure with sand dune management

Photo: Sara Saraiva Sara Photo: 77 BASE project meeting in Cascais

(2013) Ambiente Cascais Photo:

The Climate and intensity with climate Challenge change. Flash flooding is Cascais is a Portuguese of especially high concern city on the Atlantic coast due to extensive urbanisa- and 30 km west of Lisbon. tion in areas with strong It is characterised by a economic and touristic mountainous terrain, activity and concentrated and 33% of its total area physical capital, namely belongs to Sintra-Cascais historical buildings. Natural Park. It has historically faced In the period between 2000 both fires and floods as and 2011, there was just over key climate vulnerabilities, EUR 1 million in private however and due to clear claims to insurance compa- signal from the Municipality nies, with 40% of that value and the local stakeholders, occurring in a single event we have focused on the in 2008 in two parishes. crucial risk of flash river In the same year, annual flooding extreme events private costs due to flooding which are expected to in Cascais exceeded EUR increase both in frequency 400,000.

78 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure Community organic food produce and market at Quinta do Pisão Photo: Raquel Santos Photo:

The Adaptation Cascais is moving towards The People and Response the updated Climate Institutions In 2010 the municipality Adaptation Action Plan involved developed its Strategic in 2017. Participatory methodologies Plan for Climate Change have been extensively used in Adaptation (PECAC). The measures included: the Cascais adaptation strategy. In 2013-15 under the • green spaces and BASE research work in Cascais FP7 BASE project, corridors in urban areas; began in October 2012 with a comprehensive • beach and shoreface preliminary/exploratory participatory revision nourishment; meetings with representatives of the Plan was made • the rehabilitation and from the municipality. together with the Agenda 21 restoration of rivers; Through nine participatory of Cascais in order to • the establishment workshops, one popula- reassess and reprioritise and restoration of tion-wide inquiry (n=1885), one the implemented adaptation riparian buffers; and inquiry to the technical body of measures, taking into • awareness campaigns for the municipality (n=99) and consideration all major behavioural change. several field visits, PECAC 2.0 stakeholders as well as all was completed in 2015. This key affected sectors. makes Cascais BASE’s case study icon in the use of participatory methodologies.

79 80 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure The Outcome of Action In terms of concrete measures, green corridors, Cascais Bay rainwater gardens and rainwater catchments are to be implemented. Green corridors and the re-naturing of Cascais streams is an ongoing adaptation measure that enjoys wide stakeholder consensus and yields positive externalities and socio-political support with relatively low levels of investment needed. Yet its effectiveness in flood risk reduction in this specific case study is still uncertain and a detailed action plan is needed for further analysis.

Green roofs, on the other hand, represent a high investment alternative that did not enjoy consensus among stakeholders and experts, and a life cycle analysis drawn from the literature review also discouraged their use when compared with alternatives such as rainwater gardens. Decentralised, privately owned rainwater catchment solutions turned out to be attractive to local decision- makers and represent a cost-efficient strategy, considering that right fiscal and economic incentives help to stimulate private invest- ments in such solutions.

Photo: Cascais Ambiente Cascais Photo: 81 Location Copenhagen, Denmark

Urban resilience and sustainable transitions: A large-scale comprehensive adaptation strategy for a coastal city

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Extreme Temperatures, the ground for Sea Level Rise, Flooding adaptation Sector affected: Coastal Areas, Water Management, Urban 2 Geographic scale: Local Assessing risks Method: Modelling, Participatory, and Economic Analysis vulnerability Process direction: Bottom-Up Funding: City of Copenhagen, with additional state funding for adaptation 3 Identifying 5 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Danish Board of Technology (DBT), Copenhagen, Denmark Andreas Hastrup Clemmensen: [email protected] Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Anne Jensen: [email protected]

82 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure Photo: Municipality of Copenhagen Photo: 1183 Scenario workshop

The Climate 10-year rains. In July and The Adaptation Challenge August 2011, cloudbursts Response Copenhagen is the capital left central parts of the By 2011, the city produced of Denmark and a regional city flooded and imposed a comprehensive Adaptation metropolis located on flat insurance costs reaching Plan, adding the Cloudburst coastal terrain with canals EUR 0.8 billion. Additionally, Plan in 2012 and making from the sea flowing though being a densely populated specific allocations in the the old city centre. Due to and extensively built area, city budget for adaptation its coastal location, the city the city is facing urban heat measures. The main is vulnerable to sea level islands resulting from in- adaptive actions comprise rise and flooding. The city creasing temperatures. separating surface water is furthermore vulnerable (rainwater) from the under- to flooding from increasing ground wastewater system precipitation because of its (making the city resilient built-up environment and up to 100 year rains); a century-old underground refitting urban spaces to wastewater system, which create rainwater channels collects rainwater and is along selected roads that made to withstand only lead to lakes and/or the sea;

84 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure greening and ‘blueing’ The People and storm-surge adaptation is at public spaces for local Institutions an early stage, which allowed retention of water; climate involved DBT, in cooperation with the proofing buildings and The Adaptation and Cloud- municipality, to organise and transport infrastructure; burst Plans and accompany- carry through a number of and generally integrating ing measures aim to estab- participatory events and adaptation concerns into lish the co-sharing of workshops, one based on a other policy areas, including adaptation between citizens multi-criteria analysis community regeneration. and other private actors. exercise with stakeholders, All impacts and potential The majority of relevant concerning four main adaptation responses related information is available at themes: new climatic data, to cloudburst were analysed the city homepage for free, financial and funding aspects in cost-benefit analyses and the Technical and of adaption, legal constraints (CBA) by the municipality. Environmental Administra- and, finally, adaptation Additionally, Danish Board of tion also offers assistance. options for Copenhagen Technology (DBT) carried The city administration regarding storm-surge through an analysis of the has furthermore included protection. This involved a additional and more intangi- HOFOR, the regional water wide array of stakeholders ble costs and benefits of company, and invited local and citizen group representa- climate change and adapta- business and clean tech tives, in order to open up for tion, as limitations didn’t companies to develop local the many different opinions allow the municipality to solutions as a way to and concerns, which are a include all costs and benefits concomitantly stimulate reality with so many stake- in the CBA. green growth and make use holders involved in the future of local business expertise. development of Copenha- The planning concerning gen’s port and sea-side.

Adaptation to storm-surges in Denmark: Who pays?

hotos: Jørgen M adsen Jørgen P hotos: 85 The Copenhagen harbour is clean enough to swim in and is the centre of many activities

86 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure The Outcome of Action In December 2015, a list of 300 adaptation actions to be implemented over the next 20 years was endorsed by the City Council. Adaptation policies and actions have been integrated with city development goals based on strong green growth, liveable public and private spaces and a growing attention to the use of nature-based solutions, while also building adaptation knowledge and skills in the local administration. In concrete initiatives, the city has established Sct Kjelds Neighbourhood as an experimental urban area where citizens, NGOs, small businesses, etc. are invited to develop local solutions, especially for rainwater retention. These activities are supported by a local centre for climate and neighbourhood regener- ation that facilitates local collaborations, and shares expertise, innovative knowledge and technical know-how. olfoto olfoto

87 hoto: P P hoto: Location Dawlish, United Kingdom Considering coastal adaptation options and a vulnerable railway infrastructure

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Flooding, Sea Level Rise, Storms the ground for Sector affected: Coastal Areas, Infrastructure adaptation Geographic scale: Local 2 Method: Participatory, Assessing Economic Analysis risks Process direction: Bottom-Up, Top-Down and vulnerability Funding: No funding yet available for adaptation

3 Identifying 1 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact University of Exeter Exeter, United Kingdom Duncan Russel: [email protected]

88 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure Repair works at Dawlish train station after the February 2014 storms

89 Photo: Roos den Uyl Roos den Uyl Photo: A view on Dawlish train station after the February 2014 storm Photos: Roos den Uyl Roos den Uyl Photos:

The Climate The recent extreme storm Challenge events at the coast at The South Devon Coast, Dawlish in February 2014, located in the South West for example, damaged the of England, United Kingdom, seawall and the railway, is an important urban, increased flooding risks and heritage and nature disconnected the rail conservation area that connection of the area to the includes important railway rest of the country. infrastructure connecting Due to the geo-morphological the South West of England setting of rocky/cliff shores to larger cities such as at the South Devon coast, London. options such as managed Coastal erosion and sea and flood plains, dikes or river flooding have placed managed realignment of the pressure on the area. coast are limited.

90 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure The Adaptation The People and The Environment Agency’s Response Institutions task is to address erosion Following the February 2014 involved and flooding from the sea, storms the UK government The local and regional public but it also does not have a asked Network Rail, the (Environment Agency and direct public accountability government-owned company Teignbridge District Council) or ownership of the seawall responsible for maintaining and semi-public bodies and railway. the UK’s railway infrastruc- (Network Rail) are fragmented DEFRA and the national ture, to conduct a review on in addressing climate adap- authorities meanwhile the variability of the railway tation. The local authority, claim adaptation in this line and to identify possible which is stated by DEFRA area is a matter of the local adaptation options. The to be in charge of coastal authorities. vulnerability study included a erosion management, is financial review (cost-benefit limited in its resources and The Outcome assessment) which was not authority to lead climate of Action explicitly framed in the change adaptation around The Network Rail review to context of climate adaptation this case, and it also does not identify adaptation options and future climate impacts own the railway or seawall. was ongoing in 2016. were not factored into this analysis.

There is no clear policy framework driving adaptation in this setting. Beyond the business-as-usual model of merely maintaining the existing seawall defences and conducting rail repairs, proposed options included strengthening and heighten- ing the seawall and stabilis- ing the cliffs through wire netting and bolting as well as rerouting the railway inland away from the vulnerable Dawlish coast. The UK’s National Adaptation Programme (2013) includes a chapter on infrastructure A view on the Dawlish resilience for vulnerable coast after the sites, but it does not explicitly February 2014 indicate actions for local sites storms like the railway line along Dawlish.

91 Location Ílhavo and Vagos, Portugal Collective dialogue and guided stakeholder engagement: A participatory action research approach

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Flooding, Sea Level Rise, Storms the ground for Sector affected: Coastal Areas adaptation Geographic scale: Local 2 Method: Participatory, Assessing Economic Analysis, risks Adaptation Pathway and Process direction: Bottom-Up vulnerability Funding: No funding

3 Identifying 4 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) - Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Lisbon, Portugal Inês Campos: [email protected]

92 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure Photo: SIARL/A. Mota Lopes V to sealevel rise one ofthemost European sites agueira beach, vulnerable

93 The SWAP (scenario workshop and adaptation pathways) workshops with

local stakeholders V izinho André P hotos:

The Climate a dune barrier along a stretch Challenge of nearly 20 km that suffers The low-lying coastal stretch from strong erosion, mainly between Ílhavo and Vagos in due to a deficit of sediments Portugal is one of the most associated with a decline in vulnerable coasts in Europe river sediments supply. when it comes to storm Sea level may rise up to a surges and flood risks. meter by 2100. Changes are The territory is characterised expected in wave direction by urban settlements with as well as an increase in wave summer residencies, fishing height and extreme events communities and permanent such as storms, which are residences. The study area is already frequent in winter.

94 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure Costa Nova do Prado, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Ria of Aveiro ota L opes S I A RL /A. M ota P hoto:

Participants discuss and suggest adaptation solutions for the Ílhavo and Vagos coast, using materials and risk assessment maps hoto: André V izinho André P hoto:

The Adaptation dynamic adaptation pathways were done Response pathways, which were by researchers, and then The study followed a then analysed through a presented to participants participatory action cost-benefit analysis and for discussion and re- research approach. presented to local stake- design. The scenario workshop holders. To deal with The outputs of these method engaged different technical uncertainty the exercises were presented stakeholders and provided participatory process to all in a final event. the context for the co-design included a multi-criteria The suggested adaptation of an action-plan. analysis. options were sand nourish- The adaptation pathways The first versions of the ment operations, a sand and tipping-points method multi-criteria analysis dike and a submerged was used to produce and of the adaptation detached breakwater.

95 Aveiro harbour and Barra beach

96 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure The People and Institutions involved Actors in the region have been largely disengaged, and there has been no concerted action plan for dealing with the coastal problem. Also, various administrative entities are responsible for coastal protection, yet institutional efforts and inter-institutional collaborations have been scarce. Local residents and business owners have claimed their participation in previous studies was never converted into real action, which made researchers especially committed to inclusiveness in this scheme.

The Outcome of Action Dune construction and strengthening is the only measure so far being implemented through ongoing sand nourishment operations. Measures such as the adaptation or improvement of dikes are also foreseen in the action plan and result from the action research intervention. Local municipalities are currently developing studies for the possibility of building a submerged detached breakwater to protect the most vulnerable spots.

ota L opes S I A RL /A. M ota P hoto: 97 Location Jena, Germany Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into urban planning

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Extreme Temperatures, Flooding the ground for Sector affected: Urban adaptation Geographic scale: Local 2 Method: Modelling, Participatory, Assessing Economic Analysis risks Process direction: Top-Down and vulnerability Funding:  Public funding from municipal and federal level

3 Identifying 5 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) Leipzig, Germany Oliver Gebhardt: [email protected]

98 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure Recommendations for urban planning in particularly affected areas in Jena, Germany Figure: Adapted from JenKAS, City of Jena (2013, Fig. 9.1, p. 72, legend translated) JenKAS, City of Jena (2013, Fig. 9.1, p. 72, legend from Adapted Figure:

99 The Climate which operate as a thermal Challenge storage system, making Jena is a city of around Jena one of the warmest 100,000 inhabitants. places in Central Germany. Due to its specific geographic By the end of the century, location, Jena is exposed the average maximum to various climate change- temperature in summer related risks, especially is projected to increase by heat stress, fluvial and 3 K to 6 K. Aside from heat pluvial floods. The city stress, heavy or long-lasting centre is surrounded by precipitation events repeat- steep shell limestone slopes, edly caused major floods

Flooded football stadium in Jena, June 2013

100 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure and sewer overflows. The Adaptation One way of considering Numerous tributaries Response future climate change flow from the surrounding Past extreme weather in today’s urban planning plateau, and discharge into events as well as foreseen decision-making is to the floodplain of the Saale future climate conditions use adaptation checks River which crosses the city have triggered the develop- when drafting plans for centre and industrial areas. ment of the Jena climate construction projects. Peak discharges are change adaptation Assisted by scientists from expected to further increase, strategy (Jenaer Klima- the Helmholtz Centre for especially for flood events anpassungsstrategie, or Environmental Research - occurring with a medium JenKAS), which was adopted UFZ probabilistic multi- to high probability. by the City Council in May criteria analyses were 2013. conducted for three major Its backbone is a handbook construction sites to facilitate on climate sensitive urban the development of climate- planning, which includes proof detailed designs. information on current It was intended that these and future local climate drafts should not only suit conditions, legal aspects, current and future climate exemplary economic conditions, but also take assessments of adaptation into account other factors options and selected best (e.g. financial and aesthetic practice examples. aspects) affecting decision- Projected impacts are making in urban planning. described in detail at the urban district level and For the redevelopment related risks are visualised of the central urban square using a traffic-light labelling Inselplatz from a 3 ha system. inner-city grey field into a new university campus The handbook is comple- the following adaptation mented by a local decision measures were considered: support system (DSS) variation of number, species for stakeholders and and crown characteristics decision-makers, providing of the trees to be planted, tailor-made recommenda- colour schemes of the tions on suitable adaptation pavements, use of artificial measures for specific policy water elements and roof fields and neighbourhoods. greening. Following these The implementation of adaptation checks, rankings JenKAS focuses on main- of the alternative drafts were streaming climate change calculated disclosing their adaptation into urban suitability from an adaptation planning. perspective.

101 Photo: Oliver Gebhardt Oliver Photo: Flooded industrial park in Jena-Göschwitz, June 2013 Photo: Oliver Gebhardt Oliver Photo:

The People and It involved experts from validate and expand the Institutions all relevant departments existing knowledge base Involved of the city administration on climate change impacts, The development of JenKAS and agencies of the federal as well as effective responses. was stimulated by a pilot state of Thuringia, study on climatic risks and interested stakeholder Planning processes are management options groups (e.g. associations, characterised by various commissioned and financed cooperatives), scientists types of formal and informal by the Department of Urban and local politicians. stakeholder participation. Development & City Plan- This gives urban planners ning (DUDCP) in 2009. Since then, stakeholders, the opportunity to facilitate The subsequent drafting primarily representatives an exchange of ideas on of JenKAS was then steered of public bodies, were potential adaptation options, by the DUDCP, carried out engaged in the implementa- which have been identified mainly by a local research tion of JenKAS. Many of beforehand using the partner and financially these are actively involved JenKAS handbook and/or supported by the Federal in research and consultancy DSS. Experience shows Government of Germany. projects, which aim to that on these occasions

102 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure Aerial view of the Inselplatz and visual- isations of the proposed adaptation measures Photo: Google Earth Pro Landsat image (modified), Oliver Gebhardt Landsat image (modified), Oliver Earth Pro Google Photo:

stakeholders also propose of these efforts is that a the local adaptation strategy. innovative adaptation constantly growing number The planning period of the solutions themselves. of land development plans Inselplatz project started The results of these consul- refers to JenKAS when in 2012 and hasn’t been tations are considered in making recommendations finished, yet. The anticipated the drafting process to make or substantiating restrictions. construction period will Jena more climate-resilient. presumably begin in 2018 Beyond the actions directed and be completed in 2020. The Outcome at internal processes, there The results of the economic of Action are several activities assessments carried out As the main focus of addressing local citizens in the context of the BASE implementing JenKAS and associations. project for the Inselplatz is on mainstreaming An example is a nature trail and for the two other major adaptation into urban with display boards financed construction sites informed planning, DUDCP promotes by local businesses that and continue to add to the various in-house activities provide information about administrative and political such as DSS trainings. important aspects of the decision-making regarding A notable consequence changing urban climate and these projects.

103 Location Kalundborg, Denmark

Participatory methods and local inclusion: application and effect in adaptation policy planning

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Flooding, Sea Level Rise, Storms the ground for Sector affected: Agriculture & Forest, adaptation Coastal Areas, Infrastructure, Water Management, Biodiversity 2 Geographic scale: Subnational region Assessing risks Method: Modelling, Participatory, and Economic Analysis vulnerability Process direction: Bottom-Up, Top-Down Funding:  Kalundborg municipality

3 Identifying 4 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Danish Board of Technology (DBT) Copenhagen, Denmark Andreas Hastrup Clemmensen: [email protected]

104 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure Shoreline along the western coast of Zealand, Kalundborg Municipality

hoto: Jørgen M adsen Jørgen P hoto: 105 Figure: Municipality of Kalundborg of Municipality Figure:

Figure: Flooding in 2090 Light blue: (80 cm above current sea The Climate area vulnerable to extreme level) areas expected to be permanently flooded by 2090. Challenge weather conditions like storm- Green: The municipality of Kalund- surges, flooding and sea (150 cm above current sea borg has approximately level rise. The study area level) areas currently flooded 12,000 residents and is (14,000 hectare) includes a at 100-year incidents. situated on the western peninsula, a large lake, a Yellow: (210 cm above current sea corner shoreline of Zealand, large near-shore and low- level) areas expected to be Denmark. While municipalities lying summer cottage area flooded at 20-year incidents on the west coast of Jutland with additional permanent in 2090. are accustomed to dealing habitation, large agricultural Red : (230 cm above current sea with storm surges from the areas, nature resorts, ground- level) areas expected to be North Sea, this and other and surface-water interests, flooded at 100-year incidents coastal areas had previously and tourist and cultural in 2090. been better protected from assets. The accumulated Blue arrows: surges and had dealt with cost of damages to private point at the locations where the water will enter first. them less frequently. The properties by 2090 is land behind the coastline estimated by a private has a delta-like lowland consultancy, NIRAS, to be character that makes the approximately EUR 242 million.

106 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure The Adaptation The participatory aspect of The People and Response the plan was part Institutions Kalundborg Municipality of the EU-INTERREG project Involved and the Danish Board of “BaltCICA” on climate DBT ensured a close dialogue Technology (DBT) carried adaptation in the Baltic Sea with the Kalundborg Municipal out a comprehensive and Region, which ran from 2009 Committee for Engineering path-breaking participatory to 2012 and included, and Environment from the very approach involving local inter-alia, a two-day beginning and throughout the stakeholders and citizens scenario-workshop and a participatory process. After the to prepare for a Municipal citizens’ summit. citizens´ summit, DBT Climate Change Adaptation In BASE, the participatory prepared an analysis of the Plan. process itself was examined, possible political implications The resulting plan was as well as the impact of of the voting results and adopted in 2014 by the participation on the final presented it to the Committee, Kalundborg Municipal adaptation plan. which took cognisance of Council. The focus was on the ability these recommendations and or willingness of the asked the city’s Department of authorities to incorporate Engineering and Environment local views into their short- to include these in the and long-term adaptation adaptation plan. The Depart- planning. ment established a small working group to draft the adaptation plan itself.

Citizen summit - citizens and politicians discuss future climate change impacts and response 107 hoto: Jørgen M adsen Jørgen P hoto: Scenario workshop where local stake- holders develop future adaptation options and scenarios

108 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure The Outcome of Action The participatory process had a tangible impact on the resulting climate adaptation plan. A very concrete result of citizens’ involvement, for example, is that the plan points out by name specific summerhouse areas where climate risks are so high that it may be necessary to reconsider the location. This measure was controversial due to the resulting loss in property value and would likely have never been included by policymakers alone, who might prefer residents to invest rather than divest in their proper- ties. The process also indicated the financial and legal challenge of changing the status of certain areas from summerhouses to wetlands.

109 hoto: Jørgen M adsen Jørgen P hoto: Location Leeds, United Kingdom

Protecting homes and businesses: Flood alleviation scheme for a city

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Flooding the ground for Sector affected: Disaster Risk Reduction adaptation Geographic scale: Local 2 Method: Economic Analysis Assessing Process direction: Top-Down risks and Funding: Multiple sources, vulnerability mainly central government and local city council

3 Identifying 5 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact University of Leeds Leeds, United Kingdom Olivia Rendon: [email protected]

110 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure Building wall defences near Leeds Train Station

Photo: Dr Martin Dallimer Dr Martin Dallimer Photo: 11111 View of the River Aire in Leeds city centre Photos: Dr Martin Dallimer Dr Martin Dallimer Photos:

The Climate cial land uses and invest- The Adaptation Challenge ments. Indeed flood risk is a Response The city of Leeds, UK is significant deterrent to the This case study looks at located in the floodplain of regeneration of parts of the the economics of three the River Aire. The case study city and extensive brownfield adaptation measures, area includes around 320,000 plots of formerly-developed two hypothetical and one cur- households, with about 3,000 industrial land. These areas rently being implemented. residential properties and have been identified as key The hypothetical measures 500 businesses as well as strategic locations for job are ecosystem-based key municipal infrastructure creation of regional and approaches (EBA), including at some level of flood risk. potentially national signif- green-blue infrastructure The area subject to flood risk icance; thus, flood risk is in the urban area and wood- is predicted to increase due currently generating high land planting upstream of the to climate change, which economic damages in the Aire catchment. The currently can increase flood damages/ area and is a deterrent to implemented measure refers disruptions and decrease sustainable economic devel- to the initial phase of the the desirability of commer- opment in the future. (grey infrastructure)

112 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure Flood Alleviation Scheme Individual members of the The Outcome (FAS) extending downstream public have also been of Action from the Leeds city centre engaged by the organisation The main construction works on the River Aire. of public meetings and for the FAS began in January The scheme aims to raise drop-in events. 2015, and the anticipated defences, replace two weirs project end date is May 2017. and re-grade/merge the River Aire with the Knostrop Cut basin to maximise the possible flood reduction.

The proposed works at the weirs will furthermore incorporate fish passes to improve the ecological potential of the River Aire and help it achieve Good Ecological Potential as per the Water Framework Directive requirements for 2027.

The People and Institutions Recently built wall defences Involved near Leeds The Leeds City Council Train Station developed the FAS proposal in close partnership with project partners such as the Environment Agency, the Canal and River Trust and Yorkshire Water Services Limited.

Local stakeholder groups that have been closely involved with the process include the Waterfront Association, the Planning and Policy Group, the Leeds, York and North Yorkshire General public dissemination Chamber of Commerce and of the FAS Leeds Civic Trust (Aire scheme in The Action Partnership Groups). Calls, Leeds city centre 113 Location Prague, Czech Republic

Adapting to a changing climate: Flood protection system in the city

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Flooding the ground for Sector affected: Disaster Risk Reduction, adaptation Water Management, Urban 2 Geographic scale: Local Assessing Method: Economic Analysis, risks Adaption Pathway and Process direction: Bottom-Up, Top-Down vulnerability Funding:  Public funding of flood protection system

3 Identifying 5 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CzechGlobe) Brno, Czech Republic Eliška Lorencová: [email protected]

114 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure Flooding in Prague – area with limited flood protection in Sedlec

Photo: Eliška Krkoška Lorencová Eliška Krkoška Photo: 115 Prague city centre is protected against floods by combination of fixed and mobile barriers

The Climate intensity of extreme events extreme flood events, to Challenge such as flooding. Wetter protect most parts of Prague Prague, the capital city winters, dryer summers with from floods with a 1 to 500 of the Czech Republic, is more precipitation extremes years return period. located in a temperate cli- and weather fluctuations in mate zone. Vltava River, the general are also expected. The flood control measures longest in the country, flows implemented include fixed through its historic centre. The Adaptation barriers (levees, dikes), mo- In 2002 Prague experienced Response bile barriers and additional severe 500-year flooding A flood protection system in measures such as closures with total damages of CZK Prague had been developed and pumping systems in the 24 billion (Eur 1 billion). for decades, but after the canalisation. The total length This event was recognised 500-year flood in 2002, im- of flood protection measures as one of the most expensive plementation of flood control (fixed barriers, solid con- weather-related disasters measures by the Prague crete walls and mobile bar- in the city’s history. municipality substantially riers) after the completion of Future climate scenarios sped up. Moreover, the orig- all stages is app. 19,255 km, furthermore predict an inal plans were upgraded to of which mobile measures increase in the number and increase resilience against are 6,925 km.

116 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure The People and prise, in the implementation barriers and safety valves Institutions of flood control measures on in the canalisation network. Involved the Vltava River. Some envi- Greener strategies or ap- The responsibility for flood ronmentally-oriented organ- proaches have been largely protection measures as isations and local initiatives missing on the Vltava River, implemented since 1997 of citizens raising sugges- as there are limited possi- is divided at the national tions are also involved in the bilities for implementation level between the Ministry adaptation process. of such measures in densely of Agriculture, which is In the case of Prague, built-up areas. responsible primarily for the the stakeholders involved implementation of technical included Prague City Hall, However, these approach- measures, and the Min- affected Prague districts, es are implemented when istry of the Environment, political representation, the revitalising smaller streams which together with various Czech Hydrometeorologi- in the city (e.g. Rokytka). non-governmental organi- cal Institute, Povodí Vltavy It is clear that green and sations and local initiatives - Vltava River Basin and blue infrastructure would promotes ‘‘green’’ adapta- professional companies such only serve as additional tion measures. Governance as Hydrosoft. support to the flood barriers responsibilities are highly but could still be useful in, fragmented between these The Outcome for example, tackling flash two actors, which results of Action floods caused by extreme in reduced efficiency in the The flood protection sys- precipitation. climate change adaptation tem protects most parts of Problems arising during the process. Prague from 500-year floods approval and permit process At the regional level, Prague at Vltava River. It consists of of the flood control system City Hall cooperates with the grey infrastructure; that is, included questions of prop- Povodí Vltavy, a state enter- mostly of fixed and mobile erty rights and land use.

Vltava river at Charles bridge

Photos: IPR IPR Photos: 117 Location Rotterdam, the Netherlands Towards optimal balance in flood risk management in the delta

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Flooding, Sea Level Rise, Storms the ground for Sector affected: Coastal Areas, adaptation Disaster Risk Reduction, Water Management, Urban 2 Geographic scale: Subnational region Assessing risks Method: Modelling, Participatory, and Economic Analysis, vulnerability Adaptation Pathway Process direction: Top-Down Funding:  Dutch Delta Programme 3 Identifying 5 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Deltares, Delft, the Netherlands Ad B.M. Jeuken: [email protected] Mark Zandvoort: [email protected]

118 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure The Maeslantkering closes the Meuse gateway to the Dutch hinterland for storm surges and shipping

Photo: Ewout Staartjes Ewout Photo: 119 The Climate The Adaptation Challenge Response The Rhine Meuse delta in the This case reflects on the Netherlands is the location Deltaprogramme Rijnmond- of Rotterdam, a populous port Drechtsteden, which handled city of enormous economic the long-term flood risk significance. Climate change management strategies projections suggest sea for the city of Rotterdam, level rise and increasing flood the Netherlands and its risks. Such impacts would surrounding area. cause more frequent closures The case Rotterdam falls of the storm surge barrier under the umbrella of the and limit shipping traffic, with nationwide Deltaprogramme, concomitant economic effects. whose objectives are to: Altered river discharges due • update protection standards to increasing precipitation and to include both climate melting water from the Alps change scenarios and will affect the closing regime increased population and of the storm surge barrier and economic value protected lead to a decrease of dis- from floods, and charges due to drought, which • assess measures as to may hamper inland shipping their most optimal balance and increase concentrations for the long-term protection of pollutants and salinity. The of the Rotterdam area in main impact is an increase in view of rising sea levels and flood risk due to higher peak more high and low extremes discharges. in river discharge.

Skyline of Rotterdam with unembanked areas along the urban waterfront

120 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure The People and consisting out of 11 members, The Outcome Institutions each representing a different of Action Involved stake and including all major Some of the specific Participation involved economic sectors, and advising solutions and actions governmental layers, the steering board of the planned or in the process principal stakeholder groups Rijnmond-Drechtsteden. of implementation are and members of the scientific Twice a year a large stake- innovative dike improve- community. On a regional holder meeting was held ments throughout the area; scale the governmental to both inform stakeholders continued nourishment at actors that enable imple- and receive input for the the seaward side of Rotter- mentation of the adaptation strategising process. dam; project studies and measures are provinces While participation via dele- disaster risk management and water boards. gates was very much present, for the Maeslant storm Civil actors were involved the inclusion of direct citizen surge barrier; and using the via a societal advisory board involvement was missing. widened river as a tidal park.

The area of Rotterdam with the port and unembanked areas along the river, lines indicate municipal borders. Adapted using public data from the governmental PDOK site

The Maeslantkering storm surge barrier might need to be closed more often due to sea level rise

121 Photos: Guus Schoneville Photos: Location Timmendorfer Strand, Germany Using active public participation in the co-development of coastal protection strategies for a touristic beach city

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Flooding, Sea Level Rise, Storms the ground for Sector affected: Coastal Areas, adaptation Disaster Risk Reduction, Urban 2 Geographic scale: Local Assessing risks Method: Modelling, Participatory, and Economic Analysis vulnerability Process direction: Bottom-Up Funding:  Regional government and City, EU funding via Cohesion Policy 3 Identifying 4 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Ecologic Institute Berlin, Germany Nico Stelljes: [email protected]

122 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure For protection of the dune trespassing is prohibited

Photo: Ecologic Institute Ecologic Photo: 123 Finished landscaping measure Photos: Ecologic Institute Ecologic Photos:

rise and storm floods. Before As part of the participatory The Climate the late 1990s, Timmendorfer approach, extensive analysis Challenge Strand had no flood protec- of the social and economic The municipality of Timmen- tion measures in place, so particularities of the town dorfer Strand is a German rising sea levels and intensive were reviewed and the design coastal resort town with storm events could lead to and implementation of a around 9,000 inhabitants. flooding. coastal defence measure was Tourism is the main economic In response, the municipality developed. The coastal de- sector. About 18% of the together with the state fence measure was designed municipal area is situated authority initiated a partici- in a way so as not to disturb less than 3 m above mean sea patory process in 1998-2011 the natural coastal landscape level (MSL). The population that involved the community of Timmendorfer Strand and and their property values in developing appropriate therefore not to bother either are under threat of climate climate change adaptation the inhabitants or tourists that change impacts like sea level measures. come to enjoy the seaside.

124 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure The Adaptation developed as a prerequisite The People and Response to ensure the acceptance of Institutions The adaptation response was local stakeholders. The total Involved the construction of a seawall cost of the project was EUR 30 While the initial idea for the that reached a maximum million. The sea defence wall project came from the state height of 0.8 m above the level cost EUR 18 million (of which authorities, the city was in of the pedestrian promenade. the community had to pay charge of carrying out the The natural landscape of EUR 3.5 million), and the cost planning and implementation. undulating sand dunes and of architectural and landscap- Technically, the city had ridges as well as the prom- ing activities amounted to an no prior experience in this enade influenced the careful additional EUR 12 million. Of kind of adaptation planning; design of the wall. For exam- these, the community had to however, the state agency ple, glazed retention walls cover a share of 50%. Other supported the process and were installed as an aesthetic funding came from EU cohe- initiated the participatory consideration, a measure sion funds and state funding. approach, which was a crucial and positive element in the success of the measure. Also, an economic evaluation was undertaken beforehand to weigh the costs and bene- fits of the measure and to increase transparency.

The Outcome of Action In summary, three key elements contributed to the Construction success of this adaptation of landscaping measure. First, an economic measures analysis of potential damages of the community was com- pared to the costs of coastal protection. With the partic- Glazed ipatory approach chosen, retention stakeholders were success- walls fully involved in the process and their wishes concerning the coastal defence measure were acknowledged by the community. This was possible because the community could ensure funding for the more costly measures from the beginning of the project.

12511 Location Venice, Italy Spontaneous adaptation by private and public actors in the city centre

1 preparing Adaptation Challenge: Flooding, Sea Level Rise the ground for Sector affected: Urban adaptation Geographic scale: Local 2 Method: Participatory, Assessing Economic Analysis risks Process direction: Bottom-Up and vulnerability Funding:  No public funding

3 Identifying 1 6 Adaptation adaptation Monitoring options stage and evaluation

4 Assessing 5 adaptation implementation options

BASE Research Partner Contact Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC) Venice, Italy Margaretha Breil: [email protected]

126 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure During flood events, lagoon water invades urban spaces

Photo: Catullo Roberto Catullo Photo: 12711 Inhabitants are used to periodic flood events Photo: Roberto Trombetta Roberto Photo: Photos: Margaretha Breil Margaretha Photos:

The Climate range of tidal excursion. of the buildings into closer Challenge The occasional flooding and/or more frequent The historic centre of Venice, of urban areas has signif- contact with salt water. Italy is built inside a coastal icant economic and social These damages are lagoon that is directly impacts, which increase expressed mainly in terms connected to the Adriatic with the severity of the of increases in maintenance Sea. Sea level rise related flood event and its duration. costs, where plaster and to climate change will Although much of the city bricks need to be replaced make flooding events more is adapted to high waters, more frequently, and build- frequent and more intense, flooding and humidity rising ing elements such as doors and high waters are pro- from the ground brings or floors may have a short- jected to exceed the historic higher, non-adapted parts ened lifetime.

128 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure The Adaptation (pietra d’Istria). Raising floor damages. According to cal- Response levels, installing vascas culations made in the BASE Spontaneous adaptation is (complete waterproofing of case study, these present already being undertaken the floor and the walls of the adaptation measures would by private and public actors unit) or pumps and cutting of only help avoid some 5% – about 42% of residential walls to insert impermeable of the potential damage buildings and 36% of com- barriers are all widespread costs under a sea level rise mercial buildings surveyed measures. scenario of 30 cm. Under a – to adapt their premises scenario of dry flood proof- to rising sea levels in the Most of the measures em- ing, this rate would go up to historic centre. ployed do not interfere with approximately 64%. The city has historically the aesthetics of the building adapted to periodic flooding and can also be employed The People and events with water-sensitive on cultural heritage build- Institutions urban and building design, ings. A survey conducted Involved e.g. choosing building by municipal authorities in This case study examines materials resistant to salt the early 2000s indicated spontaneous adaptation as water intrusion or humidity that the majority of mea- undertaken by public and rising from the ground, such sures implemented were private actors in residential as impermeable limestome those preventing less costly or commercial residencies.

During flood events, waterborne transport is blocked as boats cannot Photo: TheWiz83 TheWiz83 Photo: pass under the bridges 129 130 Coastal Zones/Human Settlements & Infrastructure important partsof reaching themost W alkways allow the city

Photo: Giovanni Mello households. not befeasible for all investment cost thatmay come withaconsiderable Furthermore, most options not prevent themtotally. reduce damagesbutwill buildings can considerably private floodadaptation for The study concludes that level rise. different scenarios ofsea very smallchanges under slightly above 25%,withonly and benefits would be the relation between costs sation ordryfloodproofing), units (fullimpermeabili- tial being appliedinallresiden- sive protection measures scenario ofthemost expen- scenario of 30cm.Undera under asealevel rise value ofresidual damages) (investment andnetpresent mately 5%ofthecosts corresponding to approxi - conditions, withbenefits damages underpresent day only asmallpartofpotential in place are able to avoid study, measures actually made intheBASEcase According to thecalculations of Action The Outcome

131

What lessons can we draw from the 23 inspiring European adaptation case studies?

A vibrant co-evolving Holistic ´Ecosystem’ Sites BASE provides clear evidence that Adaptation may demand deep changes bottom-up and top-down processes at various domains of social life, from emerge as a regenerative cycle. Research landscape ecology to economic, political, shows there is no conflict between local technological and cultural dimensions. action and top policies. Relations between A holistic perspective is key to ensure bottom-up initiatives and top-down thriving and resilient societies, today strategies are potentially symbiotic and in the future. and can form a vibrant and co-evolving Any action taken to adapt needs to ecosystem for collective action towards be capable of intertwining equity consider- a sustainable and resilient Europe. ations, and distribution of capacity building Regardless of the starting point, case study and vulnerability awareness. Case study experiences show it is critical to keep the research shows that adaptation solutions process going. Almost half of BASE European should not be limited to hard engineering case studies have some form of on-going interventions, e.g. dikes and seawalls. bottom-up ‘autonomous’ adaptation. Well-adapted societies may need to Measures were implemented by individuals question dominant social practices and or communities in rural and urban areas. redefine political power relationships, Mainstreaming climate change adaptation through increased dialogue and public will benefit greatly from socially innovative participation in decision-making. strategies, measures or networks that A sustainable way of living in altered arise from bottom-up processes. landscapes may even mean accepting Social innovation and multi-stakeholder there are limits to adaptation. For instance, involvement are fundamental pillars for some coastal settlements may face the collective action towards climate resilience. possibility of re-locating. It is therefore It is up to local, national and supranational vital that adaptation measures take stock policy, and regulatory frameworks to of mixed ‘recipes’, integrating grey, green encourage these initiatives and recognise the and soft solutions, which has been a need to both capacitate and learn from them. common trait in most BASE case studies.

132 Lessons learnt Beyond Snowballing from action one-size fits all to research (and vice-versa) There is no one-size fits all approach Interactions between real life action for climate change adaptation. Impacts and research processes are at the heart and their consequences differ across of sustainable adaptation. geographies, socio-economic, political Participatory action research develops and cultural contexts. Adaptation measures at the intersection of science and society, cannot be directly transferred to another to build on interdependencies between location without carrying out economic, research goals and real life needs and feasibility and public perception analyses. challenges. Even within the same case study, different In many BASE case studies this methodo- stakeholder groups are driven by diverse logical approach was of central importance, needs and will be affected in distinct ways and even more so when combined with by the outcomes of a policy or measure. economic and non-economic evaluation Similarly, methodologies need to be tools. It is critical that participation moves tailored to particular needs, as well as beyond the usual suspects and integrates to the stage of the adaptation process. a wide diversity of participants, including For example, green roof assessments in those most likely to be bypassed in traditional Cascais, Madrid and Jena yielded significant command-and-control planning practices cost disparities. Economic analysis such as (e.g. the elderly, farmers, fishermen); Cost-Benefit or Economic Valuations need and involving diverse knowledge systems to be weighted by equity, environmental (e.g. traditional and local knowledge). and social considerations, although they More than quantity, it is important to are useful to inform decisions. Likewise, have a representative group of participants, global and regional climatic models are while taking into account diverse socio- difficult to translate into useful data at the political and institutional contexts. local level. Context-specific data and an Transdisciplinary experiences set the on-going knowledge exchange between ground for a fruitful knowledge exchange practitioners, researchers, planners and between scientific and local and/or

Photos: Jena, Cascais, Alentejo case studies case Alentejo Jena, Cascais, Photos: policymakers is of central importance. traditional knowledge.

133 ADAPTATION INSPIRATION BOOK Lessons learnt

Keep track Can’t ignore of change policy Monitoring is a key need for developing Climate change adaptation has to do adequate funding mechanisms and with political choices and is not only promote political commitment, but also a matter of finding the right technical to ensure sustainability of the measures solutions. implemented. Participatory experiences such as European case study stakeholders those developed in Kalundborg, Cascais, recognised that keeping track of adaptation Ílhavo and Vagos, or Dartmoor, clearly processes, although challenging, is a show that adaptation decisions are political priority in order to inform decision-making in nature, because they affect different and subsidy mechanisms. Evaluating is stakeholders and citizens in different tricky and largely dependent on data ways. What might seem to decision-makers availability and quality, but also on time, as a choice between different technical resources (human, material, and financial) solutions, often has pros and cons for and budget constraints. different groups of people. A number of BASE case studies experimented with regulatory frameworks and policies can methodological approaches that integrate either hinder or promote local action. the possibility of future change One important strategy is to involve a (e.g. The Dynamic Adaptation Pathways; wide range of stakeholders and citizens Multi-criteria Analysis) and are useful at the early stages of making decisions for evaluation and monitoring. about measures. Yet, more methods and approaches Practitioners and decision-makers need should be developed and improved to to be well informed on local, national and address the challenge of monitoring supranational policies, taking stock of highly complex and uncertain processes. potential synergies and addressing potential bottlenecks and constraints posed by public policies.

134 Lessons learnt Share benefits Everything and risks is a story Collaboration, sharing and co-funding Narratives, framings and storylines are key words for successful adaptation. that accompany climate change adaptation Funding mechanisms should rely on a mix strategies are important triggers for of funding schemes, so that beneficiaries allocating resources. and those funding measures can share In most cities analysed (e.g. Copenhagen, the benefits and risks. Research shows Cascais, Jena, Roterdam ) adaptation most European adaptation processes emerges within the urban narrative of rely on public funding. the need for a wider transition towards There is still a large need for developing sustainable, green and smart metropolises. alternative funding mechanisms. Innovative This narrative promoted additional studies solutions, including new funding schemes, (such as economic analysis of measures), require support structures that allow the and pushed the allocation of financial incubation, maturation and a safe operating and human resources for developing space for new initiatives. Different stake- the adaptation process. Likewise, in rural holders will understand risks and benefits regions, climate change adaptation is framed differently. For investors the key note is within a narrative for more sustainable benefits that can be gained and risks rural societies. avoided, for local beneficiaries the main issue is investing in the future and in Telling the story securing their livelihoods and well-being. is important! Dissemination needs to be multidirectional, not only within the scale of the case study and its diverse stakeholder groups, but also in a larger scale, promoting to the ‘rest of the world’ what a particular locality, region or country is doing, and empowering such action. Photos: Ílhavo and Vagos case study case and Vagos Ílhavo Photos:

135 ADAPTATION INSPIRATION BOOK colophon

Editors Kiat Ng, Inês Campos and Gil Penha-Lopes Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) - Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL)

Case Study Editorial Board Lucy Smith, Galina Rudik and Chiara Mazzetti Ecologic Institute

Kiat Ng cE3c - FCUL cover Photos André Vizinho, Sara Saraiva, IPR, Guus Schoneville, Roberto Trombetta, North Ostrobothnian ELY centre, Ecologic Institute, Josef Bruna Photo: Eliška Krkoška Lorencová Photo: Eliška Krkoška 136 Colophon Case Study authors Agriculture & Forestry/ Coastal Zones/ Human Biodiversity & Ecosystem Water Resources & Health Settlements & Infrastructure André Vizinho, Inês Campos, Sahran Higgins, Tim Taylor Filipe Moreira Alves, Inês Campos, Filipe Moreira Alves, Ana Lúcia and Ben Wheeler André Vizinho, Ana Lúcia Fonseca Fonseca and Gil Penha-Lopes University of Exeter and Gil Penha-Lopes cE3c - FCUL cE3c - FCUL Tim Taylor and Sahran Higgins Roos M. den Uyl and Duncan University of Exeter Andreas Hastrup Clemmensen Russel and Anne Haugvaldstad Rutger van de Brugge, University of Exeter DBT Suzanne van der Horst and Ana Iglesias, Pedro Iglesias, Mark Zandvoort Anne Jensen Luis Garrote, Alvaro Sordo, Deltares Aarhus University Luis Mediero and Berta Sanchez Anne-Mari Rytkönen, Roos M. den Uyl and Duncan UPM Milla Mäenpää, Turo Hjerppe, Russel Anders Branth Pedersen, Noora Veijalainen, University of Exeter Helle Ørsted Nielsen, Inese Huttunen, Inês Campos, André Vizinho, Marianne Zandersen, Markus Huttunen, Tiia Vento, Ana Lúcia Fonseca, Filipe Moreira Mette Termansen and Mika Marttunen, Antti Parjanne Alves and Gil Penha-Lopes Jakob Stoktoft Oddershede and Virpi Lehtoranta cE3c - FCUL Aarhus University SYKE Oliver Gebhardt and Volker Meyer Eliška Lorencová, David Vačkář Ana Iglesias, Pedro Iglesias, UFZ and Blanka Loučková Luis Garrote, Alvaro Sordo, CzechGlobe Luis Mediero and Berta Sanchez Andreas Hastrup Clemmensen UPM and Jeanne Svalebech Zuzana Harmáčková, Eliška DBT Lorencová, David Vačkář and Aline Chiabai, Sebastien Foudi, Blanka Loučková Marc Neumann, Marta Olazabal Olivia Rendon, Jouni Paavola, CzechGlobe and Joseph Spadaro Dabo Guan and Xin Li BC3 University of Leeds Eliška Lorencová, David Vačkář and Blanka Loučková Eliška Lorencová, Marie CzechGlobe Hubatová, Blanka Loučková and David Vačkář CzechGlobe Mark Zandvoort, Femke Schasfoort and Ad Jeuken Deltares Grit Martinez, Jenny Tröltzsch and Nico Stelljes Ecologic Institute Margaretha Breil CMCC

137 ADAPTATION INSPIRATION BOOK colophon

Data Source BASE Adaptation EU FP7 Project BASE Inspiration Book www.base-adaptation.eu Coordination Climate Change Impacts Art-direction, Adaptation and Modeling graphic design Research Group (CCIAM) and illustrations Centre for Ecology, Marion Brogyanyi & Marty Evolution and Environmental kreativzentrale.at Changes (cE3c) Icons: Studio Lakmoes, Faculty of Sciences, the Netherlands University of Lisbon (FCUL) Lisbon, Portugal Printing Contact: Gil Penha-Lopes etigrafe [email protected]

BASE Project For bibliographic Coordination purposes, please cite Department of Environmental this book as follows: Science Ng, K., Campos, I., & Penha- Aarhus University Lopes, G. (Eds.). (2016). BASE Aarhus, Denmark adaptation inspiration book: Contact: Hans Sanderson 23 European cases of climate [email protected] change adaptation to inspire European decision-makers, A multistakeholder practitioners and citizens. group discusses Lisbon: Faculty of Sciences, coastal protection University of Lisbon measures using high resolution risk assessment maps © 2016 (Ílhavo and Vagos Depósito Legal: 417205/16 case study) ISBN: 978-989-99697-6-6

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Photo: André Vizinho ADAPTATION INSPIRATION BOOK BASE Research partners Photo: BASEPhoto:

BASE 23 European cases Second in the Adaptation Inspiration Book series developed by the Faculty of Sciences at University of Lisbon, this inspiration book shares lessons learnt and key messages distilled from four years of case study research carried out within the EU FP7 project BASE: Bottom-up climate adaptation strategies towards a sustainable Europe (2012-2016). Featuring a set of 23 case studies across European regions and sectors, it presents diverse climate change adaptation experiences. Case studies illustrate the relevance of local contexts. Focal methods selected for each case study range from participatory and social learning approaches, to economic assessment and implementation analyses. We hope this book will inspire, guide & motivate European decision-makers, practitioners and citizens towards a more sustainable Europe in a changing climate.