RACES CONGRESS NUMBER THE CRISIS A RECORD OF THE DARKER RACES

Volume Two SEPTEMBER, 1911 Number Five

CONCORDIA

INTER.GENTES AC.POPULOS Design by Walter Crane

THE SEAL ΟF THE RACES CONGRESS

ONE DOLLAR A YEAR TEN CENTS A COPY THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION for the ADVANCEMENT of COLORED PEOPLE

OBJECT.—The National Association COMMITTEE.—Our work is car­ for the Advancement of Colored People ried on under the auspices of the follow­ is an organization composed of men and ing General Committee, in addition to the women of all races and classes who be­ officers named: lieve that the present widespread increase Miss Gertrude Barnum, New York. of prejudice against colored .races and Miss Frances Blnscoer, New York. particularly the denial of rights and •Rev. \V. H. Brooks, New York. Prof. John Dewey, New York. opportunities to ten million Americans of 'Dr. John Lovejoy Elliott, New York. "Mr. Thos. Ewing, Jr., New York. Negro descent is not only unjust and a "Rev. John Haynes Holmes, New York. Mr. Hamilton Holt. New York. menace to our free institutions, but also Miss Maud It. Ingersoll, New York. •Mrs. Florence Kelley, New York. is a direct hindrance to World Peace •Mr. Paul Kennaday, New York. •Mrs. F. R. Keyser. New York. and the realization of Human Brother­ Dr. Chas. Len/, New York. Mr. Jacob W. Mack. New York. hood. •Mrs. M. D. Maclean, New York. •Mr. John E. Milholland. New York. Rev. Horace G. Miller, New York. Mrs. Max Morgenthau, Jr.. New York. METHODS.—The encouragement of Mr. James F. Morton. Jr.. New York. education and efforts for social uplift; the Mr. Henry Moskowitz, New York. Miss Leonora O'Reilly, New York. dissemination of literature; the holding of • Rev. A. < lay ton Powell. New York. •Mr. Charles Edward Russell, New York. mass meetings; the maintenance of a lec­ Mr. Jacob H. Sehlff, New York. Prof. E. R. A. Seligman, New York. ture bureau; the encouragement of vigi­ "Dr. Joseph Silverman. New York. Mrs. Anna Garlin Spencer. New York. lance committees; the investigation of com­ •Prof. J. E. Spingarn, New York. Mrs. Henry Villard. New York. plaints; the maintenance of a Bureau of •Miss Lillian D. Wald, New York •Mr. Wm. English Walling, New York. Information; the publication of THE "Bishop Alexander Walters. New York. Dr. Stephen S. Wise, New York. CRISIS ; the collection of facts and publi­ Miss M. It. Lyons, Brooklyn, N. Y. •Dr. 0 M. Waller, Brooklyn. N. Y. . cation of the truth. Mr. D. Macon Webster, Brooklyn, N Y. Mr. Geo. E. Wibecan. Jr.. Brooklyn. N. Y. Mrs. W. H. Talbert, Buffalo. N. Y. ORGANIZATION.—All interested Hon. Thos. M. Osborne, Auburn, N. Y. •Mr. W. L. Bulkley. Ridgefleld Park, N. J. persons are urged to join our organization Mr. George W. Crawford, New Haven. Conn- Miss Maria Baldwin, Boston. Mass. —associate membership costs $!, and Mr. Francis J. Garrison, Boston, Mass. Mr. Archibald H. Grimke, Boston, Mass. contributing and sustaining members pay Miss Adelene Moffat. Boston. Mass. "Mr. Albert E. Pillsbury, Boston, Mass. from $2 to $25 a year. Mr. Wm. Munroe Trotter, Boston, Mase. Dr. Horace Rumstead, Brookline, Mass. Miss Flizabeth C. Carter, New Bedford, Mass. FUNDS.—We need $10,000 a year Rev. Harvey Johnston. Baltimore, Md, Rev. Garnett R. Walter, Baltimore, Md. for running expenses of this work and par­ Prest. Chas. T. Thwlng, Cleveland, O. Mr. Chas. VV. Chesnutt, Cleveland, O ticularly urge the necessity of gifts to help Hon. Harry C. Smith. Cleveland, O. Prest. H. C. Kins. Oberlin. 0. on our objects. Prest. W. S. Scarborough, Wilberforce, O. •Miss Jane Addams. Chicago, 111. •Mrs. Ida B. Wells Barnett, Chicago. 111. OFFICERS.—The officers of the •Dr. C. U. Bentley. Chicago. IU. Miss Sophroiusha Breckenridge, Chicago. 111. organization are: Mr. Cla rence Darrow. Chicago, 111. Mr. Julius Rosen wald, Chicago, 111. Mrs. Celia Parker Woolley, Chicago, 111. National President — Mr. Moorfield Mr. F. L. McGhee. St. Paul. Minn. Miss Frances Bartholomew, Philadelphia, Pa. Storey, Boston, Mass. •Dr. N. F. Mossell, Philadelphia, Pa. •Dr. Wm. A. Sinclair, Philadelphia. Pa. Miss Susan Wharton, Philadelphia, Pa. Chairman of the Executive Committee— Mr. R. R. Wright. Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. W. Justin Carter, Harrisburg, Pa. Mr. Oswald Garrison Villard, New Rev. Harvey Johnson. D.D., Baltimore, Md Hon. Wm. S. Bonnet, Washington, D C York. Mrs. Carrie W. Clifford. Washington, D. C. Mr. L. M. Hershaw, Washington, D. C. Prof. Kelly Miller, Washington, D. C. Treasurer—Mr. Walter E. Sachs, New Prof. L. B. Moore, Washington, D. C. Justice W. P. Stafford. Washington, D C "Mrs. Mary Church Terrell, Washington, D. C York. •Rev. J. Milton Waklron. Washington, D. C. Prest. John Hope, Atlanta. Ga. Director of Publicity and Research—Dr. Mr. Leslie P. Hill. Manassas, Va. Mr. William Pickens, Talladega, Ala. W. E. B. DuBois, New York. •Executive Committee.

Secretary—Miss Mary W. Ovington, OFFICES: New York, Suite 311. 20 Vesey Street, New York. THE CRISIS A RECORD OF THE DARKER RAGES

Published by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, at 20 Vesey Street, New York City.

W. E. BURGHARDT DU BOIS, Editor [ OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD

C t>D Ed"0M . CHAARXLEBSAlDWRARD RUSSELL ™?™tFRANK M. TURNER^™r , Circulatio', n Mmile r %SS^hditora \) W S BRAITHWAITE ALBON L. HOLSEY, Advert..,,,, Manager ( KELLY MILLER

CONTENTS FOR SEPTEMBER, 1911

ALONG THE COLOR LINE 183

OPINION: The Coatesville Lynching 188 Vardaman : 188 A Symposium. 189 Ruling the "Lesser Breeds" 190 Iridescent Hues of the Rainbow 191 The "Sacred" Calf 192

THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE: Articles of Incorporation and By-laws 193 Letters 194

EDITORIAL 19S

DELEGATES TO THE RACES CONGRESS: Photograph 198

THE RACES CONGRESS: What Was the Races Congress? 200 The Object of the Congress 200 The Program of the Congress 201 The Men Who Were There 202 Some of the Papers 202 The Race Problems 207 The Social Side 208 Results of the Congress 209

WOMEN'S CLUBS: State Conventions 210 JOHN BROWN: Poem by Eugene F. Ware 212 WHAT TO READ 213

Agents wanted who can furnish references. Entered as second-class matter In the post office at New York City. 180 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER

Wilberforce University WILBERFORCE, OHIO

Opens first Tuesday in September

Located in Greene County, 3J4 miles from Xenia, Ohio. Healthful surroundings. Refined commu­ nity. Faculty of 32 members. Expenses low. Classical and Scientific, Theological, Preparatory, Music, Military, Normal and Business Depart­ ments. Ten industries taught. Great opportuni­ ties for High School graduates entering College^ or Professional Courses. Two new buildings for girls to be erected this year—one now in process of erection, and the other to be begun in the spring. Catalogue and Special Information Furnished. Address W. S. SCARBOROUGH, Prejident. Atlanta University Is beautifully located in the City of Atlanta, Ga. The courses of study include High School, Nor­ mal School and College, with manual training and domestic science. Among the teachers are graduates of Yale, Harvard, Dartmouth, Smith and Wellesley. Forty-one years of successful work have been completed. Students come from all parts of the South. Graduates are almost universally successful.

For further information address President EDWARD T. WARE

ATLANTA, GA.

FORWARD MARCH YOUR SON OFF TO NASHVILLE, TENN. Wilberforce University Sixty-five College Freshmen. A New Department of Sociology. A Notable Equipment in Land and The only school in the country for Buildings. Negro Youth which has a Military De­ partment equipped by the National Successful Graduates in Nearly Every Government, and commanded by a detailed United States Army Officer. State. Endorsed by the General Education DEPARTMENTS Board. MILITARY SCIENTIFIC For information address NORMAL TECHNICAL COMMERCIAL THEOLOGICAL GEORGE A. GATES, President. CLASSICAL MUSICAL PREPARATORY Banking taught by the actual operations in the Students' Savings Bank. Twelve Uirginia Union University Industries, 180 acres of beautiful campus, Ten Buildings. Healthful surroundings, RICHMOND; VA. exceptional community. Maintained in part by the S.tate of Ohio which supplies A College Department, of high standards and facilities for the thorough training of teachers. modern curriculum. A Theological Department, with all subjects Fall term begins September 19th, 1911. generally required in the best theological Write for Catalog. seminaries. An Academy, with manual training, giving W. S. SCARBOROUGH, President a preparation for life or for college. WM. A. JOINER, Superintendent, C. N, The positive moral and religious aim of the I. Department. school, its high standards of entrance and of class work, its fine new buildings and well- Address all communications to equipped laboratories and library, prepare a BOX 36, WILBERFORCE, OHIO. faithful student for a life of wide usefulness,

GEORGE RICE HOVEY President

Mention T E CRISIS. THE CRISIS ADVERTISER 181

Shaw University The National Training School This institution of learning, established in 1865, has industrial departments tor both young men and young women, as well as college, normal tnd preparatory departments. There are also Schools Offers special training to young of Law, Medicine, Pharmacy and Theology. The facilities have recently been increased. men and women as Settlement Other improvements are being planned that will Workers, Association Secretaries, be completed within the next two years. Applications should be made several months or Missionaries, Literary and Other a year in advance, for it has become impossible Branches. during the last few years to receive all who apply. The following departments are now The present enrollment is over 500. The academic year begins on the Thursday in successful operation: nearest the first day of October and continue! for thirty-two consecutive weeks. The chargea are Commercial, Literary, Music, Theological moderate. Catalogues furnished upon application. Religious Training and Industrial Address THE PRESIDENT FALL TERM OPENS OCTOBER 12 Shaw University, Raleigh, N. C SUMMER SCHOOL. The Summer School and Chautau­ qua opened July 5, 1911, and closes Lincoln Institute August 14. JEFFERSON CITY, MISSOURI The attractions and advantages Founded by the Soldiers of the 62d and 66th offered in the Summer School are Regiments of the IT. S. Colored Infantry. unsurpassed in the country for col­ Supported by the State of Missouri. Haa ored young men and women. Normal, Collegiate, Agricultural, Mechanical and Applications should be sent in at Industrial Courses. Buildings and equipment an early date. unsurpassed. Thirty teachers representing the Loan Scholarships have been es­ best schools of the country. Students from all tablished for deserving young men. sections of the country. For catalogue and fur­ and women. ther information address For further information address BENJAMIN FRANKLIN ALLEN, The President, National Religious President. Training School, Durham, N. C. Knoxville College Morgan Colleve and Branches JOHN OAKLEY SPENCER, Pb.D., President Beautiful Situation, Healthful Location COLLEGE AND PREPARATORY SCHOOL Baltimore, Md. The Best Moral and Spiritual Environment CHARLES EDMUND YOUNG, D.D., Dean A Splendid Intellectual Atmosphere LOCATION—One of the great educaUonal centers of the Noted for Honest and Thorough Work nation. COURSES—Collegiate, Classical, Latin, Scientific, Scien­ Offers full courses in the following de­ tific leading to appropriate degrees. NORMAL—Four years, fltUng for teaching. partments: College, Normal, High School, PREPARATORY—Jj'our years, fltUng for college or pro­ Grammar School and Industrial. fessional schools. Musical, vocal or instrumental, including orchestral Good water, steam heat, electric lights, instruments If desired. Musical courses special, or in connection with scientific and Uterary courses. good drainage. Expenses very reasonable. FACULTY—College and university-trained men and Opportunity for Self-help. women exclusively. Seven colleges and universities represented in the faculty. Fall Term Opens Sept. 27, 1911. TERMS—Very reasonable. Address the Dean. For information address PRINCESS ANNE ACADEMY President R. W. McGranahan (The Eastern Branch of the Maryland Agricul­ tural College) KNOXVILLE, TENN. Princess Anne, Md. THOMAS H. KIAH, A.B., Principal COURSES—Normal, four years, specially fitting for country schools. Preparatory, four years, fltUng for college and professional schools. Industrial, agricultural, theoreUcal and practical, horticulture, truck gardening, Atlanta lanttai (Mlwje dairying and stock breeding, blacksmithlng, wagon mak­ ing, carpentry, cabinet mairing, printing, for young men. ATLANTA, GEORGIA Domestic science, housekeeping, sewing, dressmaking, ndlUnery and home gardening, for young women. Established 1867 FACULTY—Specially selected men and women direct the departments. A School for Boys and Men TERMS—No tuition charges. Other fees reasonable. Address the Principal. ' DEPARTMENTS: GRADES FINE EQUIPMENT THE VIRGINIA COLLEGIATE AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE ACADEMY STRONG FACULTY Lynchburg, Va. COLLEGE DIVINITY SCHOOL FRANK TRIGG, M.A., Principal COURSES—Normal, four years, specially fitting for Societies, Debating Clubs and Athletics. teaching in Virginia. Preparatory, fltUng. for advanced secondary work. Industrial, gardening, agriculture, cook­ For further information address ing, sewing, both plain and fancy, basketry, dressmaking. TERMS—Moderate. Address the Principal. THESE SCHOOLS OPEN TUESDAY. SEPTEMBER JOHN HOPE, President. 20th, 1811.

Mention THE CRISIS. 182 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER

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Mention THE CBISIS. Along the Color Line

POLITICS. causing a dearth of illumination and ven­ Disfranchised colored men in Anna­ tilation. Such conditions cannot be polis, Maryland, are again threatening to healthful, and a city ordinance should bring suits for irregularities in keeping be passed to prohibit them and afford them from voting at the last election. everyone a proper return for rent paid. The majority of persons living on these Q Montgomery County, Alabama, has alleys are Negroes. Outbreaks of dis­ 53,000 Negroes; less than 100 of these ease among them will naturally spread have been enfranchised under the new to their white neighbors. I wished I suffrage law. had a camera with me that I might have been able to preserve the sights I

Texas State Federation of Col­ can land the 'men higher up,' and he in- ored Women's Clubs has met at Austin, Texas. They are seeking to establish a colored reformatory, and a well-to-do colored man has offered five acres of land near Houston for this purpose.

CRIME. The record for the lynching and burn­ ing of colored men in 1911 bids fair to surpass the record of any recent year. The last horrible affair took place in Coatesville, Pa.; a colored laborer while drunk fatally shot a night watchman. The man was pursued and attempted suicide. He was brought wounded to town and placed in the hospital. Thence he was taken by a mob led by a police­ man, dragged, chained to his cot, several miles, tortured and burned to death in the presence of a large concourse, includ­ ing women. His bones and the chain with which he was bound were dis­ A CARTOON IN THE NEW YORK HERALD 186 THE CRISIS tends to prosecute to the full extent of body, wrapped in cloth, was found in a the law all those arrested. On the ground well. Further search revealed the fact that the lynching was premeditated, he that the automobile had been sold in a will urge the jury to return indictments town one hundred miles away by stran­ for murder in the first degree. If they gers. Two white men have since been should do this the men would be hanged. arrested on suspicion. "If, as the district attorney contends, the leaders of the "mob were mostly boys,

Mr. Read speaks of the high possibilities fj The Texas Legislature has refused to of Negro art, and points out that Nigeria allow Mr.' B. T. Washington, principal is full of monuments of vanished cults, of Tuskegee Institute, to speak at the remains being constantly unearthed of State capitol. which the natives profess entire igno­ rance.

• THE COATESVILLE LYNCHING. moral development than he ever was be­ The Coatesville horror is the subject fore. This being true, it becomes appar­ of wide comment and of more whole- ent that the spread among the whites of souled denunciation than has often the lynching spirit and of the rage for greeted outrages against the Negro. The shutting out the Negro from gainful em­ New York Times says there is not "one ployment marks the progress of moral palliating circumstance," and that prob­ breakdown in the self-satisfied superior ably "nowhere in the United States was race." a man ever lynched with less excuse or with an equal heaping up of horror on VARDAMAN. horror." Walker was killed, it, says, "not The election of Vardaman of Missis­ because he was a murderer, but because sippi to the United States Senate by a he was a Negro murderer, and for the plurality of about 20,000 votes leads the same reason they display in killing him Detroit Journal to remark that "the hope a ferocity for which 'inhuman' is a word of the white race has disappeared from too mild and 'brutal' a slander on the the prize ring, but now pops up in Miss­ beasts." The World asks: "What are the issippi senatorial politics." Vardaman's thoughts, vengeful or gloomy, of the campaign, with its theatrical "white black men of the country as they ponder pageant." has been described in THE this outbreak of bestial frenzy, in which CRISIS. The New York Sun prints an the whole race is struck at through one account of the demonstration, written by wretched man? The law, which was a Northern newspaper man. He says: powerless to protect, must be strong to "It is impossible for people in our part punish. But no punishment can soon re­ of the country to appraise the import­ store the social order to the level from ance and effect of this theatrical, not to which such deeds thrust it toward the say melodramatic pageant, but down abyss." The Herald se«s evidence of here it was prodigious It material­ growing lawlessness against the Negro, ized the essence of Vardaman's cam­ and the Evening Post thinks that after paign. It was an apotheosis of the color the crime at Coatesville one would hardly line. It revived the terrors of the car­ feel safe in believing that a Negro may pet-bag period, and invested with vicari­ not some day be tortured to death on ous consequence the spooks of a long- Boston Common. • • buried past. But Vardaman knows how to play upon the passions and prejudices The Springfield Republican observes: of the red necks and the hill billies and "The North long since fell from the posi­ he is doing it with a master hand." tion where it could speak of white sav­ agery toward the Negro as peculiar to The editor of the New Orleans Pica­ the South. We can now, therefore, treat yune has an editorial which shows how of the Pennsylvania mob outbreak and Vardaman "plays on passions and preju­ Negro burning as a national extremity dices." A "Mississippi Wife" writes to in community crime and a broadly na­ the Picayune saying that the women of tional shame." her State supported Vardaman as "the foremost champion and protector in The Chicago Daily News in a strong Mississippi of the white women from the editorial says: "A peculiarly cruel and encroachments and assaults of the brutalizing crime is coming to be char­ Negroes and the evils of -whisky." acteristic of the white race in the United Whereupon the Picayune remarks: States. Perhaps the progressive white "Major Vardaman has repeatedly, and race will next burn a Negro on Plymouth for several years, declared his intention Rock. Lynching as the favorite crime of when he should become a Senator of the self-righteous whites is likely soon to United States to propose and work for claim recognition in every quarter unless the repeal of those amendments to the the self-righteousness which makes National Constitution which enfranchise lynching possible gives way sufficiently the Negro and assume the guardianship to make room for a little sober reflec­ of the Negroes' citizenship. It is doubt­ tion. This would disclose that the white less this announcement by the Major, race is in greater peril spiritually from who is now a Senator-elect, that has the terribly infectious lynching plague aroused the enthusiasm and special sup­ than is the Negro physically. Why is port of the women of his State." race prejudice spreading? The Negro The Picayune does not find this unnat­ to-day is at a higher point in mental and ural. "Ignorance," it says, "now dis- OPINION 189

franchises most Negroes, but the free men as men according to their desert educational advantages which are being and ability despite their color." given to the Negroes in all the Southern Professor Friedrich Hirth, who holds States will at no distant period in the the chair of Chinese in Columbia Uni­ future convert all male Negroes into vot­ versity, comes next: ers, and the incessant demands for politi­ "If you add the word 'imaginary' be­ cal and social equality which are being fore the word 'inherent,' I would cer­ dinned into their ears and minds will one tainly answer this question in the affirma­ day bear most evil fruits. Therefore, the tive. Some nations like, some indivi­ conflict over Negro suffrage is going, duals, suffer from megalomania, and this sooner or later, to be fought over, and alone is sufficient to create race preju­ it matters little whether it be brought dice." Professor Hirth, as the son of a on by Senator Vardaman or not." German father and a French mother, has However, most editors take a some­ no objection to miscegenation among what different view of the case. The European peoples. He does not know Philadelphia Record cannot see that the enough about the Negro problem, he Fifteenth Amendment is a fit subject for says, to express an opinion as to the attack, as long as "the white South is effect of a mixture of blood of black and in no danger from the Negro vote with white races. the grandfather clause grinding out its Mr. Edwin E. Slosson, literary editor appointed task." The Buffalo Express of the Independent, replies: observes: "This is organizing and cap­ "1. The root of race prejudice is fear. italizing race hatred for political pur­ It is an outward manifestation of an in­ poses about as shamelessly as it has ever ward misgiving as to the reality of the been done," and the Richmond Times- assumed superiority in some particular. Dispatch declares that "to make the bar­ This self-distrust may not be justified, baric picture perfect, Vardaman should but the existence of race prejudice is in ride up Pennsylvania Avenue to the cap- itself'a defect and, so far as it goes, a itol with a hundred and sixty ebony mark of inferiority. Mississippians chained to his car of triumph." "2. Of course it is. It dwarfs the prog­ ress of both races and dissipates energy through friction that might be employed A SYMPOSIUM. in useful work. The International, a journal published "3. None of the plans are feasible. The monthly in New York, has collected the problem cannot be solved by any such opinions of a number of distinguished political expedients, but a solution may gentlemen on the subject of race preju­ be rendered unnecessary by the simple dice. Three questions were asked: application of the old-fashioned princi­ (1) Does the existence of race prejudice ples of liberty, equality and fraternity. in a nation presuppose the inherent "It is no longer worth while quarreling superiority of the dominant race? (2) about the relative standing of existing Is race prejudice necessarily injurious to races because there is a greater differ­ the welfare of a community? (3) Mis­ ence between the highest and lowest of cegenation, deportation, segregation, any one race than between the mean of have variously been suggested as solu­ any two races." tions of the so-called Negro problem in Mr. Nissim Behar, director of the our country. Which of these do you national Liberal Immigration League, consider the most feasible; how would says: "The existence of race prejudice their several executions of these plans presupposes merely ignorance and is a affect the nation; can you suggest any human failing common to all nations and other plan? We quote the answers in races, though its expression may run the order given in the International: from silent contempt through vitupera­ Dr. W. E. B. DuBois sends the reply tion and physical abuse to actual mur­ which leads off the discussion: der." Mr. Behar thinks the color ques­ tion in the United States has always "1. The existence of race prejudice been discussed with so much emotion shows that the race which possesses it is that adequate scientific suggestions have afraid that it is not superior. never been made. "2. Race prejudice is the most injuri­ ous thing in modern history. In earlier Mr. John Spargo, the well-known So­ times race prejudice, hatred of the for­ cialist author, goes into the economic eigner and the despising of the stranger, side of the question: served for self-protection. They do not "A good deal of racial antagonism is so serve to-day. due to economic competition, or the fear "3. None of the three plans are solu­ of it, rather than to race prejudice per tions of the Negro problem. Miscegena­ se. Fear and hatred of the Jew are often tion is impossible unless both parties engendered by his superiority as a wish it. The economic and social cost trader. It would be very foolish, how­ of deportation would be too stupendous; ever, to ascribe all manifestations of race segregation is physically impossible. The prejudice and antagonism to economic other plan which I suggest is to treat competition or the fear of it. There is 190 THE CRISIS a real problem of race prejudice con­ "3. I know of no practicable solution fronting the American people. I am very of the so-called Negro problem, if by much afraid that it is on the increase— 'solution' is meant the effective applica­ intensified, possibly, by economic com­ tion of intelligence to the removal of a petition. difficulty. None of the suggested solu­ "All race prejudice is, in some of its tions strike me as practicable. Mis­ manifestations at least, injurious to the cegenation is undesirable and deporta­ welfare of the community in which it tion and segregation are not feasible. I exists. Whether anti-semitism takes the judge the problem will never be 'solved.' form of a pogrom, as in Russia, or so­ but that the two races in the South will cial ostracism and exclusion from sum­ discover a modus vivendi involving the mer resorts and hotels, as in America, minimum amount of friction." it is indubitably injurious and anti-social. Mr. Booker T. Washington, who closes And whether prejudice against the Negro the discussion, writes that "instead of takes the form of lynching where a directly answering the questions" he white man would get a legal trial with sends an essay on race prejudice which a right to defend himself, or exclusion he thinks will serve the purpose. Mr. from theaters, hotels and similar places, Washington goes over the history of it is likewise injurious to the community race prejudice in the past in Europe and because it is anti-social. says that prejudice can be eradicated only "I do not know that anyone to whom "when people get together on a practical serious attention need be paid would con­ working basis with each other." He tend that the existence of race prejudice continues: "The greatest example of the in a nation presupposes the inherent overcoming of' race prejudice is in my superiority of the dominant race." opinion in the Southern States. When Dr. Stephen S. Wise, the rabbi of the the Southern people imported into Amer­ Free Synagogue, thinks the questions ica the wild African they brought among humorous. He says: them a man more different, strange and "1 and 2- Far from the existence' of mysterious than any they had ever seen. race prejudice in a nation presupposing It took a very long time to accustom the inherent superiority, I should say that Southern people to Negro slavery. For the continuance of race prejudice is just nearly a hundred years thay tried to get as likely to argue inherent inferiority in along with the white bond servant from the prejudiced. This answers your sec­ England; but in the competition between ond question, too, not only is race preju­ the two races the African at that particu­ dice injurious to the welfare of a com­ lar time and in those particular circum­ munity, but it as an expression of low­ stances proved the more valuable man ered moral status and hence intensifies and he remained." the ill-fare which begets it. "3. As for miscegenation, deportation RULING THE "LESSER BREEDS." or segregation being possiDle solutions The New York Evening Post has a of the so-called race problem, these plans delicious editorial on the appointment of are equally unfeasible. The three 'words' Lord Kitchener to succeed the late Sir you name are equally feasible—their Eldon Gorst as British agent in Egypt. chief value lying in their polysyllabic ponderosity. Mr. Roosevelt, Mr. Price Collier and "other pillars of British imperialism" will "As for any other plan by way of approve the appointment, the Post solution of the so-called Negro prob­ thinks. "The necessity for putting a lem, why not cease trying solutions 'strong man' in charge of the Egyptian which are usually overfacile substitutes Government has long been apparent to for hard effort? The plan is the Ameri­ can plan, and that is fair play, equal those students of the Orient who have opportunity and the absolute demo­ taken their viewpoint from the works of cratization of the life of the American Rudyard Kipling and pursued their ob­ nation." servations in the pleasant company of British administrators and army officers. Professor Edward A. Ross, the well- In that unprejudiced environment there k.nown sociologist of the University of was borne in upon Mr. Roosevelt in Wisconsin, writes: Egypt and upon Mr. Price Collier in "1. The existence of race prejudice is India the iniquity and peril of allowing no proof of superiority in the race that native Bengalis or Egyptians to publish feels the prejudice. In many instances newspapers in their own vernacular and in history there has been reciprocal race to find fault with their alien rulers. This prejudice. was almost as atrocious as the gradual "2. Race prejudice implies something disappearance of that humble and un­ of a break in the social tissue and is questioning deference which it was de­ bound to hinder the normal democratic creed from all time should characterize development of the society in which it the_ bearing of subject Orientals toward occurs. It prevents the higher unity of their foreign masters. No wonder Mr. the people and makes the element of Roosevelt felt it his duty to sound a force more prominent in government. solemn warning. Sir Eldon Gorst's mild OPINION 191 and tolerant rule was breeding anarchy. opinion in India. To the Bengalis this The hour called for a strong man. was a partial destruction of their father­ land; in any case, this notoriously un- "Now that the strong man has ap­ military race has been thrown into a peared in the shape of Lord Kitchener, state of violent sedition. The Bengalis it would not be amiss to inquire into the are also a quick-witted race, and have fitness of this type of man for the diffi­ easily mastered the tools of modern revo­ cult work of governing a tropical people lutionism, the inflammatory proclama­ in this the second decade of the twen­ tion and the bomb. If we are to judge tieth century. There is no question here strong men by their achievements, it of moral issues or other sentimental is­ should be written of Lord Curzon that sues, but of that efficiency which in the he found India peaceful and left it aflame. strong man is supposed to compensate for the absence of qualities otherwise "Compared with this record in India, desirable. India serves as a good exam­ what is there to be said against the ad­ ple because during the last decade India ministration of Sir Eldon Gorst, who was had the good fortune to have her des­ so conspicuously not a strong man that tinies shaped, not by one strong man, it nearly broke Mr. Theodore Roosevelt's but by two. One was Lord Kitchener heart? Under the Gorst administration in his post as commander-in-chief of the there has been a good deal of nationalist British forces in the peninsula. The agitation, of newspaper warfare, of stu­ other was the late Viceroy, Lord Cur- dent manifestations, and just one lament­ zon. A great deal of the strong man s able case of assassination; India by this energy is always used up in shoving time has had fully half a dozen. And other strong men out of his way. And because no mailed-fist policies were that is what happened in India. Lord brought to bear in Egypt, the movement Curzon, during his second term, fell there has fallen back into safe channels, afoul of Lord Kitchener, and in the end and Lord Kitchener will succeed to a was compelled to resign. The spectacle peaceful heritage. The movement has of the two highest members of the Gov­ not died out. because civilization has not ernment engaged in bitter hostilities died out. To expect the Hindu or the could not be said to have increased Brit­ Egyptian forever to bow obsequiously to ish prestige in the eyes of the Indian the foreign Sahib or Sidi, forever to be natives; but that is a comparatively un­ content with having everything done for important matter. The point is that him and doing nothing for himself, is to Lord Kitchener had his own views about court folly and disaster. England has a the reorganization of the Indian army choice between a policy of repression and was allowed to carry them out. and a policy of wise concession and political education. "We do not recall by how many times the Kitchener reforms were supposed "For, in the last resort, no white to have multiplied the efficiency of the Power that rules over Eastern races can Indian army; but the multiple was a escape this dilemma: Either the people large one. It may be that the northwest you govern prospers under your rule or frontier was rendered quite impregnable it does not. If it does not, there is no against that Russian invasion which never excuse, of course, for remaining where has been and never will be within the you are. If it does prosper, there is no realm of probability. What is certain is power in the world that can permanently that the native Indian army to-day is per­ withstand the upward pressure of a peo­ meated with anti-English feeling and ple in whom national pride must keep with rank sedition. The Unionist press pace with national efficiency." at home has roundly declared that dis­ loyalty is more widespread among the native troops to-day than at any time IRIDESCENT HUES OF THE since the Sepoy rebellion; which forms RAINBOW. one kind of testimonial to the efficiency of Lord Kitchener's methods in India. The chairman of the Executive Com­ mittee is sometimes the recipient of com­ "Of the efficiency of that other strong munications from persons in the South man, Lord Curzon, there is still more who have the darkest suspicions of his striking evidence. The present unrest in designs on the American people through India, which undoubtedly constitutes a the medium of the National Association. very serious problem for its English Some of these letters we have published. masters, may be explained in part as a We now offer our readers another con­ result of Japan's triumph over Russia. tribution, not a letter this time, but an The whole Orient caught the reverbera­ article which appeared in the Issue, a tions of that historic shock. But there paper published, apparently, somewhere are very few people to deny the fact in Mississippi. J. Potts Holt is the author that what gave life and body to Indian of the essay, and he pencils a note discontent was the partition of, the pro­ to the chairman on the margin: "Read vince of Bengal, which Lord Curzon and digest and be decent, if you are pure made his pet measure, against the best white." 192 THE CRISIS

The Hon. J. Potts Holt has read scien­ "The most noted feud in Harris county, tific works, he says, but he doesn't ap­ one that has caused the death of three prove of them. "Professor Hyde, of men and the wounding of a fourth, bids England, now advances the theory that fair to come to an inglorious end, not by 'original man was dark brown in color, the punishment of anybody for taking or not white.' Be that as it may, Darwin attempting to take human life, but by the monkeyed with the subject of man as finding of one of the principals in the well. Their privilege. But common sense possession of a stolen and slaughtered nor reason should not be dethroned. We, calf. in this enlightened period, should not "Tragedy after tragedy might occur and lose our equilibrium thereby." the quick bail process let the killers loose He believes in the conservation of to kill again, but when one of the feudists races, and this leads him to describe, in laid felonious fingers upon a calf and was a burst of eloquence, the jim-crow caught in flagrant delictu, that was a dif­ heaven and hell: ferent story. "I now plead, in thunder tones, for the conservation of the races—for the genus "Texas must face the problem of a homo, man, ourselves. The line of de- revision of the entire penal code, or, at markation between the races should be, least, a change in enforcement methods. must be, written in box-car letters, of It is not enough to improve the conditions flaming fire, warning the earth and its in the penitentiaries. The laws that send sister spheres, sweeping up 'mid the cir­ men there should be improved, and the cling glories of halcyon heaven and ex­ very wisest and ripest and most humane tending down to the mudsills of re­ and enlightened judgment invoked to make morseful, unquenchable hell." the punishment fit the crime. The punish­ ment should not be so severe as to de­ As to miscegenation "no white person stroy the criminal in trivial matters and this side of putrid passion and perfidy's so uncertain as to be ridiculous and negli­ perdition" can do anything but "hit it gible in offenses that are really serious in the face" as soon as mentioned. and involve the shedding of human blood." Colonel Potts Holt says if God had "in­ tended in man all the iridescent hues of the rainbow" he would have been made t[ There was an attempt, fortunately un­ them that way originally. successfully, to forbid colored men in Richmond the use of the City Audito­ He says if you don't listen to him this rium. At one time the city attorney fair land will run red with rivers of seems to have decided that to share the blood. He says if you don't agree with auditorium would be to violate the him you produce "pandemonium for the segregation ordinance. "This- is a de­ real." (We do not . quite understand plorable legal mess," observes the Rich­ what that is, but we echo his conclusion mond Leader. "The Negroes are tax­ —"from such a kismet may rleaven de­ payers; they have as much right-to as­ liver us.") He says how any man of semble in the auditorium as to meet in common decency "from Maine to Cali­ the Capitol Square. We are not disposed fornia, or elsewhere, can sit still for a to criticize the legal process by which moment knowing there is a law on the the city attorney reached this remark­ statute books of his country permitting able conclusion, but we do not hesitate —suggesting that his daughter (if he is to say that if he is correct in his findings, a white man) marry a Negro, Japanese the sooner the Vonderlehr ordinance is or Chinese, or other of the darker color" amended the better for Richmond, and is beyond the power of a J. Potts Holt the better for that ordinance. The col­ to contemplate much less comprehend. ored people of this city'have rights that Such a man is a "blasting, blithering, the white people cannot afford to with­ blistering brute." hold." We regret that space forbids our giv­ ing more of the essay. Should the colonel

We give some of the articles and by­ The principal office of the corporation laws of the National Association for the shall be in the Borough of Manhattan, Advancement of Colored People, which, in the City, County and State of New as we have noted, was incorporated in York. June. The number of directors of the cor­ From the Articles of Incorporation. poration shall be thirty. The names of the persons to be direct­ We, the undersigned, being of full age ors of the corporation until its first an­ and desirous of associating ourselves to­ nual meeting are as follows: gether for the purpose herein below spe­ cified, pursuant to and in conformity with Mr. Moorfield Storey, Mr. John E. Mil- the Acts of the Legislature of the State holland, Bishop Alexander Walters, Os­ of New York relating to membership wald Garrison Villard, Mr. Walter E. corporations, do hereby certify and de­ Sachs, Dr. William E. B. DuBois, Mary clare that we are of full age and two- White Ovington, Rev. William H. thirds of us citizens and residents of the Brooks, Dr. John Lovejoy Elliott, Mr. United States and residents of the State Thomas Ewing, Jr., Rev. John Haynes of New York, and further as follows: Holmes, Mrs. Florence R. Keyser, Mr. P. Kennaday, Mrs. Frances R. Keyser, Mrs. That the principal objects for which Mary D. MacLean, Rev. A. Clayton the corporation is formed are voluntarily Powell, Mr. Charles Edward Russell, to promote equality of rights and eradi­ Prof. Joel E. Spingarn, Miss Lillian D. cate caste or race prejudice among the Wald, Mr. William English Walling, Dr. citizens of the United States; to advance Owen M. Waller, Mr. W. I. Bulkley. Mr. the interests of colored citizens; to se­ Albert E. Pillsbury, Miss Jane Addams, cure for them impartial suffrage; and to Mrs. Ida Wells Barnett, Dr. Charles E. increase their opnortunities for securing Bentley, Dr. Noah F. Mossell, Dr. Will­ justice in the courts, education for their iam A. Sinclair. Mrs. Mary Church Ter­ children, employment according to their rell, Rev. J. Milton Waldron. ability, and complete equality before the law. The annual meeting of the corporation To ascertain and publish all facts bear­ shall be held on the first Monday of ing upon these subjects and to take any January in each year. lawful action thereon; together with any In Testimony Whereof, we have made and all things which may lawfully be and signed this certificate in duplicate done by a membership corporation or­ and have hereunto set our hands and ganized under the laws of the State of affixed our respective seals this 25th day New York for the further advancement of May, 1911. of these objects. W. E. B. DuBois To take, receive, hold, convey, mort­ JOHN HAYNES HOLMES gage or assign all such real estate and OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD personal property as may be necessary WALTER E. SACHS for the purposes of the corporation. MARY WHITE OVINGTON . The corporate name by which the cor­ From the By-Laws. poration shall be known is NATIONAL Article I. ASSOCIATION FOR THE AD­ The corporation shall consist of the VANCEMENT OF COLORED PEO­ original incorporators and such persons PLE. as may accept membership in writing The territory in which the operations with the approval of the Directors, under of the corporation are principally to be and in accordance with these by-laws, conducted shall be the United States of and shall annually pay in advance such America. membership fee as may be fixed from The principal office of the corporation time to time by the Directors. and the center of its operations shall be in the City, County and State of New Article II. York, but the directors may establish At the first meeting of the corporation, branch or auxiliary offices elsewhere in held in January, 1912, there shall be the United States for the purpose of car­ elected and organized a Board of thirty rying on the work of the corporation, Directors, ten of whom shall be elected each to be managed by its local organ­ for one year, ten for two years and ten ization under such powers as lawfully for three years, and at each annual may be prescribed in the by-laws of the meeting thereafter ten Directors shall be corporation. elected for three years. The Board of 194 THE CRISIS

Directors shall administer the business year and the objects or persons to or and affairs of the corporation. for which such expenditure has been Local organizations may be formed un­ made; the names and .residences of new der authority of the Board of Directors, members, and any other information that each to be known as the (name of city the Board may require. Such reports or town) National Association for the shall be filed, and an abstract thereof Advancement of Colored People, under entered in the records of the meeting. such constitution, as the Board of Directors may approve.

TRIUMPH. not choose a noble day? Sunday, the LET the eagle scream! Again the festival of the risen Prince of Peace. burden of upholding the best Ah, the splendor of that Sunday traditions of Anglo-Saxon night dance. The flames beat and civilization has fallen on the sturdy curled against the moonlit sky. The shoulders of the American republic. church bells chimed. The scorched Once more a howling mob of the best and crooked thing, self-wounded and citizens in a foremost State of the chained to his cot, crawled to the edge Union has vindicated the self-evident of the ash with a stifled groan, but superiority of the white race. The the brave and sturdy farmers pricked case was perfectly clear; it was not him back with the bloody pitchforks that murder had been done, for we until the deed was done. Americans are not squeamish at mere Let the eagle scream! murder. Off and on we do more of Civilization is again safe. that kind of thing than most folk. "Oh, say, can you see by the dawn's Moreover, there was not much of a early light" that soap box of blackened murder—only the crazed act of a bones and dust, standing in the dew drunken man quite unpremeditated. and sunlight on the King's highway The point is he was black. to the City of Brotherly Love, while, Blackness must be punished. Black­ as the press reports, "all day long, not ness is the crime of crimes, as the only from Coatesville, but from all opeTa-bouffe senator-elect from Miss­ Chester County, and even from Phila­ issippi has amply proven. Why is it a delphia, people walked and drove out crime? Because it threatens white su­ to the scene of the burning. Men and premacy. A black might—why, civ­ women poked the ashes and a shout of ilization might be black! It is there­ glee would signalize the finding of a fore necessary, as every white scoun­ blackened tooth or mere portions of drel in the nation knows, to let slip unrecognizable bones. By noon the no opportunity of punishing this crime black, heap had been leveled and only of crimes. Of course, if possible, the the scorched ground was left to tell pretext should be great and over­ what had happened there." whelming—some awful stunning crime, Some foolish people talk of punish­ made even more horrible by reporters' ing the heroic mob, and the Governor imaginations. Failing this, mere mur­ of Pennsylvania seems to be real pro­ der, arson, barn burning or impudence voked. We hasten to assure our read­ may do; indeed, must do. ers that nothing will be done. There Once the pretext given, then let may be a few formal arrests, but the loose the majesty of American culture. men will be promptly released by the It must warm the hearts of every true mob sitting as jury—perhaps even as son of the republic to read how the judge. brawn and sinew of Coatesville rallied America knows her true heroes. to the great and glorious deed. It de­ Again, let the eagle scream! serves a poem; think of the hoary But let every black American gird farmers, toilworn with the light of a up his loins. The great day is com­ holy purpose in their eyes and pitch­ ing. We have crawled and pleaded forks in their hands. "The churches for justice and we have been cheer­ were nearly deserted," say the papers. fully spit upon and murdered and Splendid! Was' it not fitting that burned. We will not endure it for­ Coatesville religion should lend its dea­ ever. If we are to die, in God's name cons and Sunday-school superintends let us perish like men and not like ents to the holy crusade? Did they bales of hay. 196 THE CRISIS

THE WORLD IN COUNCIL. "Peace," but of ''Good Will Toward THE greatest event of the twen­ Alen." Finally it took steps toward tieth century so far was the the perfection of a world organization First Universal Races Con­ for interracial concord, investigation gress. It was more significant than and co-opeiation. the Russian-Japanese war, the Hague Every word uttered, every step Conference or the rise of Socialism. taken by this Congress is in direct It was significant not on account of opposition to the dominant philosophy the size of its meetings, well attended of race hatred, suppression and lynch­ as they were; not on account of the ing current in the United States. The weight of its utterances, weighty as sooner sane and honest Americans they were; not on account of the pub­ realize that the present policy of licity it received or the influence it America toward the Negro race is di­ spread. rectly contrary to Christian, Moham­ medan and Buddhist ethics, and is a The Universal Races Congress was disintegrating and degrading force great because it marked the first time which the best thought and conscience in the history of mankind when a of the world condemns, the sooner will world congress dared openly and ex­ such people join the National Associa­ plicitly to take its stand on the plat­ tion for the Advancement of Colored form of human equality—the essential People and fight for true liberty and divinity of man. decency. For the first time in history the rep­ Can anyone doubt the ripeness of resentatives of a majority of all the the time ? Awake, put on thy strength, nations of the earth met on a frankly O Zion! equal footing to discuss their relations to each other, and the ways and means of breaking down the absurd and PROMOTION OF PREJUDICE. deadly differences that make men hate COMPLACENT people sit before and despise each other simply because race prejudice with folded they do not look and think and act hands. How unfortunate,-they alike. say, but how unchangeable! Then Other world congresses there have they select the appropriate adverbs been, and they have not dared to at­ "always" and "never" to show the im­ tack this problem openly and honestly. possibility of great change in such The Church has repeatedly dodged and human attitudes within any reason­ temporized with race prejudice. The able time. State has openly used it for conquest, The trouble with such people is that murder and oppression. Great reform they have no idea of the active cam­ movements like the Peace and. Labor paign carried on quietly in this coun­ movement have again and again re­ try to foment race strife and increase fused to see in race prejudice their race prejudice in quarters where they greatest obstacle, their subtlest and would seldom, if ever, appear. deadliest enemy. We select, this week a single in­ Here at last is a full fair frontal stance of this: There is in Massachu­ attack on the nastiest modern survival setts a sleepy, charming old town of ancient barbarism. It was a great called Newburyport. It has a half day for humanity. It was a great day dozen or so quiet colored folk. It also even in the light of the expected criti­ has a paper called the Herald. There cisms that the Congress accomplished is in Nashville, Tenn:, a paper called nothing. It accomplished wonders. It the Nashville Tennessean and Ameri­ met successfully in peace and concord can. These two papers recently had and yet with unusual freedom of the following editorials—editorials, speech. It secured the co-operation of not articles, mind you: many of the leading people of the (Tennessean-American, July 28, 1911.) world and induced them to stand JHE NEGRO VOTE AN ANNOYING FACTOR. It is a significant fact-that 85 per cent, of the openly on its platfdrm not simply of Negroes in the Texas election on the prohibition EDITORIAL 197

amendment to the constitution voted against the proposition, and, when it is considered that the South as coming around to their point amendment was defeated by only about 5,000 votes of view. out of a total number cast exceeding 450,000 it will be keenly appreciated how annoying it is for , Who is doing this philanthropic such a factor to hold the balance of power in deciding such a grave question. work? Who is paying for it? Is it Equally as large a p

Some of the Delegates to the First Universal Races Congress Gathered at the Entrance to London University. THE RACES CONGRESS

By Our Own Correspondent

I.—What Was the Races Congress? countries, over thirty presidents of par­ liaments, the majority of the members Several years ago at Eisenach, Ger­ of the Permanent Court of Arbitration many, Dr. Felix Adler suggested a con­ and of the delegates to the Second gress of the races of the world. No Hague Conference, twelve British gover­ attempt was made to follow up this idea nors and eight British premiers, over for several years; then the Ethical Cul­ forty colonial bishops, some hundred and ture Society permitted one of its best thirty professors of international law, the organizers, Gustave Spiller, to devote leading anthropologists and sociologists, the officers and the majority of the coun­ cil of.the Interparliamentary Union, and other distinguished personages. As writers of papers, Mr. Spiller secured representatives from over twenty civiliza­ tions, and every paper referring to a par­ ticular people was prepared by some one of high standing belonging to that people. As president of the congress, the Right Honorable Lord Weardale, a well-known figure in the World's Peace movement, was secured. Among the vice-presidents was the Prime Minister of England, Mr. Balfour, leader of the opposition, Vis­ count Morl'ey of Blackburn, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Arch­ bishop of York, and others. The general committee included some of the greatest names of the world. On Wednesday, July 26, when Lord Weardale opened the first session of the Congress, he looked into the faces of a thousand people rep­ resenting fifty different races. .

IL—The Object of the Cohgress. What after all was the object of as­ sembling a congress of this character? To many people it seemed a visionary scheme; what practical outcome could there be? The Executive Committee stated the purpose of the Congress suc­ cinctly: "The object of the Congress will be to discuss, in the light of science and the modern conscience, the general rela­ W. E. B. DU BOIS tions subsisting between the peoples of "The American Negro" the West and those of the East, between two years to the organizing of such a so-called white and so-called colored peo­ congress. It was planned to hold the ples, with a view to encouraging between congress in the summer of 1911. Extra­ them a fuller understanding, the most ordinary difficulties faced the organizer. friendly feelings, and a heartier co­ He had no funds; he had no special operation." Lord Weardale in his intro­ clientele to appeal to, and he was em­ duction to the volume of papers has en­ barking upon what large numbers of larged upon this idea: "To those who practical people thought a fanciful, if not regard the furtherance of international an impossible, attempt. Then, too, other good will and peace as the highest of all human interests, the occasion of the First people feared and opposed it for political Universal Races Congress opens a vista and social reasons. Nevertheless, Mr. of almost boundless promise. Spiller went to work. Within two years he succeeded in en­ "No -impartial student of history can listing the support of no less than fifty deny that in the case of nearly all re- THE RACES CONGRESS 201

DE CHAKLES A. EASTMAN PEOF. EARL E. FINCH "The American Indian" "The Kacial Effects of Miscegenation" corded wars, whatever the ostensible rea­ vival of the activities and highly de­ sons assigned, the underlying cause of veloped qualities of the population of the conflict has been the existence of race great Empire of China! antipathies—using the word race in its "Nearer and nearer we see approaching broad and popular acceptation—which the day when the caste population of the particular circumstances, often in them­ East will assert their claim to meet on selves of trivial moment, have fanned terms of equality the nations of the into flame. West, when the free institutions and the "In the earliest times it took the form organized forces of the one hemisphere of one race attempting to subjugate and will have their counterbalance in the indeed enslave another; but even in mod­ other, when their mental outlook and ern wars, while questions of frontier, the their social aims will be in principle iden­ ambitions of rulers, or the rivalries of tical; when, in short, the color prejudice commercial policies, may have provoked will have vanished and the so-called the actual crisis, it will be found, in al­ white races and the so-called colored most every instance, that the pre-exist- races shall no longer merely meet in the ence of social and racial enmity has in glowing periods of missionary exposi­ reality determined the breach which par­ tion, but, in very fact, regard one another ticular incidents had merely precipitated. as in truth men and brothers. "As civilization progresses and the "Are we ready for this change? Have western world more fully recognizes its we duly considered all that it signifies, ethical responsibilities, it may be hoped end have we tutored our minds and that such influences will become an ever shaped our policy with a view of suc­ diminishing force; but the modern con­ cessfully meeting the coming flood? It science has to-day, in addition, other and is in order to discuss this question of quite new problems to solve in face of such supreme importance that the First the startling and sudden appearance of Universal'Races Congress is being held." new factors in the Eastern Hemisphere. III.—The Program of the Congress. "In less than twenty years we have The program, as laid down, sought witnessed the most remarkable awaken­ first to take up fundamental considera­ ing of nations long regarded as sunk in tions concerning the meaning of race. such depths of somnolence as to be only Then there followed certain general mat­ interesting to the western world because ters of racial progress like government, they presented a wide and prolific field political conditions, language, religion for commercial rivalries, often greedy, and miscegenation. The third session cruel, and fraught with bloodshed in their began with the special racial problems prosecution, but which otherwise *Mfe an in China, Japan, Turkey, Persia, India, almost negligible quantity in interna­ Egypt, Haiti, etc. Then the matter of tional concerns. interracial contact was spoken of: first, "How great is the change in the life­ the economic side, and then the bonds of time of a single generation, when, to science, art and technique. The fifth ses­ select two instances alone, we contem­ sion turned, to the question of the social plate the most remarkable rise of the conscience in relation to racial questions, power of the Empire of Japan, the pre­ and took up the problems of the Jew, cursor, it would seem, of a similar re- and of the Negro in Africa and America, 202 THE CRISIS

HON. G. K. GOKHALE WTJ TING-FANG "East and West in India" "Conditions of Progress in China" and also the question of indentured labor conversation. I remember at one dinner and drink. The last two sessions were party at the beautiful home of Felix given up to positive suggestions for per­ Moscheles there were eight people pres­ mitting interracial friendliness. ent and they were talking four languages nearly all the time. After all this came The really astounding thing about this program was the amount of agreement the difference of dress and the many and sympathy among papers from widely other subtle differences of civilizations; different sources. Seldom has there been the turban, the fez, the ceremonies of an international congress where there greeting, all gave a peculiar picturesque- was so much unity in the underlying ness to the assembly. thought and where the enthusiasm for The personalities which made the most the central idea was so manifest and so impression upon me were: Mr. Spiller, well expressed. Of course in the very the creator of the Congress, the inde­ multiplicity of the problems, and the fatigable worker, unselfish and devoted; large number of speakers, there were Dr. Seal, the Indian scholar, tall and manifest disadvantages; practically all brown, with a flowing white beard, full the speakers were limited to seven min­ of simple but wholesome enthusiasm; utes, and yet there must have been at Watanabe, the Japanese parliamentarian, least 150 speakers. Then, too, the a sweet-tempered scholar; Rubasana, speeches were in different languages, in­ the only Negro member of the Cape cluding a good deal of broken English. Colony Parliament; Hadji Mirza Yahya, The acoustics of the hall were not good the leader of. the Persian revolutionists; and the heat was intense. Under such conditions it would have been natural to General Legitime, of Haiti, and his inter­ have had a large number of people in esting daughter; the Secretary of State of bad temper and a great many misunder­ Liberia. Among the most forceful speak­ standings. This, however, was not so. ers were the Englishmen Robertson and and every one attending the sessions Hobson, and Mrs. Annie Besant. In the came away with a distinct feeling of up­ audience at various times were many dis­ lift and hope. tinguished persons: Prince Kropotkin, of Russia; Schreiner, of South Africa; Finot, of France; the Prince di Cassano; IV.—The Men Who Were There. Israel Zangwill, who was listened to with The personnel of the Congress was great attention. Wilberforce University marvelous. First, there was the natural sent four popular persons—-President difference in color, from the jet black of Scarborough, Mr. Finch and Chaplain General Legitime, of Haiti, to the blond and Mrs. Steward. To all these one must Germans and Norwegians. The infiltra­ add a large part of learned and philan­ tion of Negro blood was particularly thropic London, as. for instance, the noticeable; the two Egyptian Beys were Ranee of Sarawak, who is the daughter- evidently negroid, the Portuguese was in-law of Rajah Brooke; Frederic Harri­ without a doubt a mulatto, and the son, Sir Percy Bunting, since deceased; Persian was dark enough to have trouble Travers Buxton, and others. in the South. Next came the difference V.—Some of the Papers. in language: English, French. German and Italian were heard and used contin­ A resume of several of the more im­ ually in speeches, in discussion and in portant papers follows: THE RACES CON CRESS 203

DR. FELIX VON LUSCHAN, Germany.— tions have attained autonomy. Why not By what criterion can we distinguish be­ admit that it may be the same with the tween' "savage races" and "civilized so-called backward peoples? races?" Color? Beauty? Cleanliness? PROEESSOR CHARLES S. MYERS, England. Decency? Ability to write? Power of •—The author submits the following abstract reflection? Science is abandon­ propositions: (1) That the mental char­ ing these points of view and recognizes acters of the majority of the peasant the monogenetic origin of humanity. class throughout Europe are essentially White races and black races, dolichoce­ the same as those of primitive communi­ phalic and brachycephalic—all of them ties. (2) That such differences between come from the same stock. Circum­ them as exist are the result of differences stances, the environment, have caused in environment and in individual variabil­ some to advance more rapidly than ity. (3) That the relation between the others. When this is recognized we may organism and its environment (consid­ distinguish three principal varieties: The ered in its broadest sense) is the ultimate ancient Indo-European race, the African cause of variation, bodily and mental. race and the Asiatic race of the East, (4) That, this being admitted, the possi­ diverging from each other in the course bility of the progressive development of of thousands of years, but all of the all primitive peoples must be conceded, if same stock, and intermarrying in all only the environment can be appro­ directions. There has always, and every­ priately changed. where, been a constant mingling in con­ sequence of invasions, conquest, com­ PROFESSOR LIONEL W. LYDE, England.— mercial relations, etc. That is often a We are in a position to say that primitive condition of progress; England, France man was dark skinned, and that he, as he and Germany are remarkable for the began to make his way northward, began variety of their racial elements. Never­ to bleach, thus creating a semi-primitive theless, the barriers between races tend yellow type. This yellow man, exposed to persist, although there is an increas­ to conditions of cold and moisture, might ing mutual sympathy as the various races become entirely white. The human skin come to know each other. develops pigment to protect itself against a strong sun; and the quantity of pig­ ment in the skin varies with the intensity G. SPILLER, England.—Many races are, of the sun. It is therefore the men who at the present time, treated, or rather live in the hottest and least-shaded parts maltreated, as inferior races. Are there of the world—that is to say, in the Afri­ any sound arguments in favor of this can savana—that we find the blackest supposed inferiority? The common skin. The white peoples, on the con­ standard provided by university diplomas trary, are confined to a region where the shows almost all races, even the majority humidity of the atmosphere forms a of those which are regarded as inferior, screen against the rays of the sun. represented successfully in the univer­ Finally, between the Negro and the white sities of Europe and America. Equal in is the yellow man, who is a product of intellectual capacity, these races have desiccating grasslands with seasonal proved by their intrepidity, activity and extremes of temperature. ingeniousness in war, hunting, cultiva­ tion of the soil and commerce that they PROFESSOR EARL FINCH, United States.— are not inferior to the others in the Race crossing has furnished so high a spirit of initiative. In regard to morality percentage of the population of the world the sacred books of the East and other that the character of the product is of documents are penetrated by the most the greatest social importance. Some profound ethical sentiment; on the prac­ sociologists hold that the mixture of tical side, the so-called savages often dis­ races has always had, and must have, play more real humanity than civilized disastrous consequences; others have a people; and as to beauty, it is a question diametrically opposite opinion. The facts of conventional standards: a well-de­ support the first of these opinions. The veloped Japanese or Haitian is as hand­ crossing of an indigenous stock with a some as a European. The differences civilized race often gives rise to a pro­ between races are, therefore, mere dif­ geny superior in fertility and vitality to ferences of physical characteristics. It is the indigenous race itself. When the only the social and historical element latter is left to itself it often declines and that transforms man into a civilized disappears. The Maoris, Polynesians and being. Indo-Americans are convincing examples of this. But if the race mixes with JOHX M. ROBERTSON, England.—All con­ Europeans it displays an increased fer­ quering races are agreed, as a rule, in tility, as has been shown by many expe­ refusing autonomy to the conquered riences, especially in the case of the Pit- races. This autonomy, however, is the cairn Islands. If the crossing of races initial condition of an advanced social generally produces an inferior population organism and of intellectual and moral from the moral point of view, it is be­ progress. It is only after a long and cause prejudice and the withholding of painful apprenticeship that European na­ legal and social sanction restricts these 204 THE CRISIS

unions, formed under unfavorable condi­ machinery, it becomes necessary to get tions, to the inferior classes. In the rare rid of the surplus of manufactured prod­ cases in which regular unions have been ucts, and there is a struggle between the contracted between whites and natives various nations to gain possession of the the results have been excellent. markets. Further, the importance of MOHAMMED SOUROUR BEY, Egypt.—An commercial relations with primitive peo­ essentially agricultural country on ples has passed from importation to ex-

MOHAMMED SOUEOTJR BEY GENEBAL LEGITIME "Egypt" "Haiti" account of its fertility, Egypt has portation. And as persuasion was neces­ only two industries—the cultivation sary to induce these peoples to take our of rice and of sugar. But its real products, and as, in order to have new wealth consists in its cultivation of needs, they had to be "civilized," com­ cotton. The nation has no part either merce sought to exercise a pacific and in the making or the execution of laws. civilizing influence. Nevertheless, the The reforms that it claims are: A real wish to secure or reserve to themselves share in the government, a reorganiza­ new markets has dragged modern States tion of justice, gratuitous and obligatory into a policy of conquest and coloniza­ education, the creation of agricultural tion in an aggressive form. That seems and industrial unions to improve the-con­ to be a mistake. To establish profitable dition of the fellah, the founding of in­ commercial relations with a people it is stitutions of public assistance and the useless to take possession of it. Besides putting into force of sanitary measures. the expense of conquest and military GENERAL LEGITIME, Haiti.—In possession occupation, the unfriendliness of the con­ of a fertile soil and an ideal climate, the quered people will give a very poor'guar- Haitians have, nevertheless, a very im­ antee of the development of commerce. perfect social organization. Although The most profitable commerce for Euro­ schools have been multiplied in Haiti, peans is that with countries into which and many Haitians have completed their the commodities and arts of Europe have studies with success in Europe, and al­ been introduced under conditions of though some efforts have been made to peace and mutual sympathy. improve the routes of communication and the productiveness of the country had PROFESSOR FELIX ADLER, United States.— been greatly increased, its economic ac­ It is urgently necessary for us to have tivity is so imperfectly organized that a clearer conception of the ideal to be the population, devoid of method, direc­ realized in international relations; for if tion or capital, is discouraged and emi­ we make incessant and ruinous prepara­ grates. Enduring, active, plastic, having tions for a possible war, and find our­ immense natural wealth in his country, selves in a blind alley from which there the Haitian is, if his government gives is no escape, we owe it to a false mili­ him the opportunity, as capable as any tary ideal—a false ideal of national pres­ other man of attaining a high degree of tige, material growth, etc. What prin­ prosperity and civilization. ciple shall we put in its place? The appeal to sentiment and the progress of JOHN A. HOBSON, England.—The char­ democracy are not in themselves a safe­ acter of commerce has changed in our guard against war. It is not peace itself time. Industry having increased its pro­ that we must keep in view, but the object duction as a result of the invention of to be secured by peace. The ideal prin- THE RACES CON CRESS 205 ciple of international relations consists kind; the progress of Japan has had a in the progressive organization of these good deal to do with this transforma­ relations between peoples and races. tion. As to the blacks, they have long This organization involves two postu­ been the instruments of the cupidity, lates: (1) To attain the most extreme cruelty and luxury of the white; but their intelligence, deliberately neglected for ages, needs only to be awakened. THE LATE RIGHT HON. SIR CHARLES W. DILKE, Bart., England.—Slavery, which has been officially abolished, tends to re­ vive in disguised forms: "Forced labor" (unpaid, or paid, at less than the normal rate) for public works; porterage in Africa; forced labor in the form of .a rubber tax in the Congo basin. We find the same systems in other parts of the world for the purpose of increasing the production of minerals, cocoa and cotton; by imposing labor either on the natives, or on prisoners, or on Chinese or Hindoo immigrants. Public opinion in many countries is protesting against these practices, which seem to be bound up J. TENGO JABAVU with the system of large concessions. "Native Races of South Africa" England and France have made praise­ worthy efforts to suppress them. differentiation of types of culture, the SIR HARRY JOHNSTON, England.—The maximum of variety and richness in the Negro type is that which is most mark­ expression of human faculties. The peace edly set off from the white or Caucasian and progress of the world will depend on subspecies. Hence, no doubt, a certain the formation of a cultivated class of all repugnance felt in regard to races that civilized peoples. (2) This exchange be­ are impregnated with Negro blood, such tween different types of culture will as the Hindoos, Moors and even the serve to bring to light the weak points Jews. The negroid element is, neverthe­ in each, and may lead to their improve­ less, very widespread; it is found, more ment and healing. In accordance with or less ancient and more or less atten­ this principle two practical results seem uated, in southern Italy, southern France, desirable: The first is that civilized na­ Spain and even Great Britain. The physi­ tions should treat backward races with cal difference from the white is merely more humanity and intelligence, for the a question of taste. On the other hand, benefit of those races, and, in the long the Negro has a very lively feeling for run, for the sake of the whole of man­ music and the plastic arts, a great power kind. The second is that colonial admin­ of resisting disease, a high fertility and istrators should make a sympathetic considerable talent. The Negro race has study of the customs, manners, law and produced men of great ability in all religion of the peoples to whom they are departments. supposed to bring civilization.

SIR CHARLES BRUCE, England.—The his­ tory of civilization passes through three great successive phases: Extermination, servitude and amalgamation. Thus, in the West, the conquering and dominating conception of Athens and of Rome was ruined by the revolt of the northern bar­ barians; the amalgamation took place under the guidance of Christianity. In the same way the Jews, after the periods of conquest and subjection, tend every­ where to be assimilated to the different peoples. Now, this idea which increas­ ingly controls the relations of the west­ ern races to each other, should also con­ trol their relations with the peoples of the East. In this, however, the West has a new prejudice—that of color—to overcome. England was one of the first to apply this policy of amalgamation, in India. In regard to the yellow peoples Europe is, after a period of brutality, BRAJENDRANATH SEAL attaining to a conception of the same "Meaning of Race, Tribe and Nation" 206 THE CRISIS

J. TENGO JABAVU, South Africa.—The traders, were imported into Brazil to the Bantu, a race living in the extreme south number of nearly two millions. Their of Africa, number about six million souls. masters, who treated them as cattle, They were a robust, healthy, virile peo­ made concubines of the female slaves, ple, with advanced institutions; they had and the country was soon full of metis a high moral level; they were temperate (half-breeds). These were treated with and religious. But they lived a nomadic a certain liberality by the Portuguese, re­ life and had no written language. What ceived some education, were often eman­ have the whites done for them? Very cipated and had a happier time than their little. The mining system leaves much black ancestors. From the intellectual to be desired. They have few or no point of view they are often superior to political rights and no organized educa­ their white father and black mother; in tion. The Christian missions themselves regard to physique, they are graceful and have, in spite of their good intentions, vivacious; but they have not a great aimed chiefly at attacking and destroying, power of resisting disease, and it is not instead of improving, the organization of always possible to put implicit faith in these reputed barbarians. The solution their loyalty and probity. They have, would be to instruct these races in their nevertheless, rendered notorious service maternal tongue, concentrating at first to Brazil and have produced a large num­ on a small number who will afterward ber of capable men. Since the proclama­ devote themselves to teaching and guid­ ing the others. There has been some tion of the Republic they have taken an effort made to found a college, but ten important part in the direction of the thousand pounds are still needed. affairs of State. PROFESSOR J. S. MACKENZIE, England.— DR. MOJOLA ACBEBI, West Africa.—The The fundamental importance of moral problem is twofold. The task of Europe education in schools is now pretty gen­ is to establish its political dominion and erally recognized: (1) By the judicious an industrial and commercial develop­ study of international history and litera­ ment. For the African the problem is ture we may foster sentiments of hon­ to see what effect the contact with the esty, justice, humanity and respect for whites will have on his life, modified and one's self and others. (2) Moral educa­ attached in its essential features by this tion should lead to an appreciation of contact. European colonization would the essential likeness of the various races only gain by a more intimate and sym­ and classes, in spite of their superficial pathetic penetration of these races whose differences. (3) It is qualities of char­ civilization is so different. They vener­ acter that form the real basis of superi­ ate ancestors and heroes, cultivate secret ority in men of nations. (4) Different societies, practice polygamy (without peoples, different classes, different sexes, grossness), as is common in Islam, and and so on, have each a distinctive type of show certain superior characteristics personality, with a distinctive value of its even in their witchcraft, human sacrifices own. (5) The identity and the compre­ and cannibalism. hensive character of the human ideal are evolved in different and many forms. DR. W. E. B. DUBOIS, United States.— The Negroes number about ten millions EDWIN D. MEAD, United States.—The in the United States. Most of them First Universal Races Congress might descend from former slaves. They live form the nucleus of a vast international at the present time under a system of federation. All the members of the Con­ theoretical liberty, but it is restricted in gress ought to form the following resolu­ practice by certain legal dispositions and tions: "Each nation here represented by custom. They are well disposed tow­ shall organize a national society this year ard family life, in so far as they are and hold a national congress next year; enabled to enjoy it, and to education. a second international congress shall be They have churches of their own. About held three years from now." It is desir­ two hundred thousand of them are farm­ able that this Congress should be held ers, and fifty thousand are engaged in in the United States in 1914, as it is the commerce and the liberal professions. date when we shall celebrate the centen­ Their situation is most distressing in the nial of peace between the United States South, where they suffer civic incapacity, and Great Britain. injustice in the courts of law, economic PROFESSOR N. R. D'ALFONSO, Italy.— restrictions, discourtesy in public, etc. Speculative psychology teaches that the And 75 per cent.' of the Negroes live in man, to whatever race he may belong, the South. One theory proposes that has always the same psychological possi­ they should emancipate themselves by bilities. Subject from childhood to cer­ acquiring wealth, but it would seem that tain conditions of climate, environment intellectual emancipation should proceed and education, he can reach the highest hand in hand with economic indepen­ and most complex grades of civilization. dence. It is the action and reaction of the ex­ DR. JEAN BAPTISTE DE LACERDA, Brazil.— ternal world on the internal world of the During the first half of the last century, mind that issues in the creation of man. Negroes, bought in Africa by Portuguese Hence, if there are psychological dif- THE RACES CON CRESS 207

HADJI MIKZA YAHYA TONGO TAKEEE "Persia" "Japan"

ferences between races they are the out­ wonderful degree. First, perhaps, the come of the particular history of various problem of racial and national integrity peoples—a history that has entailed a dif­ stepped to the fore: "We built a great ferent education. The psychological wall once," said the keen Chinese repre­ basis being the same in all men, all, from sentative, "to keep out the world; a wall whatever part of the globe they may so vast that it has been said to be the come, may evolve in the same way and only work of man capable of being seen attain the same psychic results. In the from the moon; now you are building a same way racial hostilities and prejudices wall against us"—but in either case the are not due so much to organic heredity clear implication was, China stands and as to tradition and education. It is the must stand as an independent nation. So place of the Universal Races Congress with the Turks and the Persians there to recognize and spread this theory and was a certain frank appeal to the fair its consequences. judgment of men. We are a congeries of races, said the Turks repeatedly, VI.—The Race Problems. united in political bonds, and thus we typify the future of the world; and the When fifty races look each other in Persians appealed to a great past as ear­ the eye, face to face, there rises a new nest for a greater future. Yet it was conception of humanity and its prob­ significant that while they were speaking lems. For four days these representa­ Austria was moving all her influence to tives of the world walked and sat and force European interference in Albania, ate side by side and heard speech after the ex-Shah landed in Persia and the speech. There were few set expository Times was publishing articles to show talks. Men did not explain their prob­ England's neglected interests in the Per­ lems as to some third person—rather sian gulf. they expressed their own inner feeling at this contact of soul. Some objected to Next to questions of integrity came this. They said: "There are fine phrases problems of autonomy among the great after phrases and endless allusions to subject nations of India and Egypt. How human brotherhood, but after all there is long are these to be held in leading little scientific ordered explanation. We strings? How far can people not "Euro­ find our thoughts and sympathies pean" govern themselves? How danger­ aroused but unsatisfied." ous has been the rise of Japan? The This was inevitable. To explain means clear unanswerable argument of John double knowledge: knowledge of the Robertson, M.P., was but reason above problem, knowledge of the world to foaming waters, and one felt the repres­ whom the problem is being explained. sion of those who talked on these sub­ Strangers, therefore, cannot easily reveal jects. themselves to each other and the dele­ The next great question discussed, not gates to the Races Congress were largely so much directly as by implication, was strangers. that of religion. What right has one Yet in the continual meeting of stran­ religion to discredit another and force gers comes gradual illumination and itself on men, especially when it does what the formal speeches failed to do, not pretend to practice what it preaches? informal intercourse accomplished to a This was the repeated implication in con- 208 THE CRISIS

On the whole the view of the race problems of the world as revealed in the Congress was strongly reassuring; but the reason of this was clear. It was because the men themselves were there. In their absence a terrible indictment against "lazy" Negroes, "dishonest" Chinese and "incompetent" Asiatics could have been framed; but in the face of gentlemen from various human races of all shades and cultures, the fatal exceptions to sweeping rules of fitness continually occurred. The Southerner from the United States was forced to explain that all Negroes were not like this one; the Englishman was forced to show that Indians, fine as they might be PASTOR MOJOLA AGBEBI personally, had fearful caste hatreds. "The West African Problem" The wretchedness of the fellaheen had to be balanced against the culture of the Egyptian delegates, and everywhere men versation and speech. It was a hard found themselves facing old and familiar, thing to answer in face of the tolerance human problems which but helped to of the Mohammedan and the Buddhist. Perhaps its best answer was the Races make the essential world humanity Congress itself. plausible. After this the questions came nearer It seems no exaggeration to say that a home and the color line appeared. Who few world congresses like this-would do and what are these black and brown more for the unity of mankind and rea­ men? Are they really men? And, in sonable sympathy between races, would the same breath, is their ability due to do more for the stopping of war, slavery white blood or is white blood fatal to and oppression than any other single them? One could, after all, think one's movement. way through the political integrity of the East and the gradual freedom of In­ VII.—The Social Side. dia and Egypt, but could black men be The social side of a congress is usually free—were they worth freedom? The the most interesting and this was true of answer from the United States was sharp the Races Congress. The opening recep­ and strong and perhaps the most arrest­ tion was given July 25 at Fishmonger's ing thing in the whole Congress. If America is trying to treat civilized men Hall. There were fully a thousand as uncivilized simply on account of guests and it was a gorgeous sight. On color what effect will this have on the the day before Mr. and Mrs. Milholland world and on Africa? gave an interesting reception. Lord Weardale entertained the writers of Africa was to the Congress as to the papers the following night, and on world, the land of the Sphinx. It said Thursday there were two receptions; one little that was articulate, but all knew that it was the land of that new forced and exploited labor on which London and the world waxes luxurious, and that this exploitation is spread over Mexico and South America; is it not one with the economic exploitation of women and children and the mass of laborers gen­ erally? The question of the status of women leaped continually to the front. If wc speak of China, what of Chinese women? It was the women of India and child marriage that created the keenest interest, and no paper was more eagerly listened to than that which told of the up strug­ gling of the Negro women of the United States. On the other hand, the labor question was hardly touched in its main modern phases, although a strong, masterly ar­ gument was made to show that the eco­ nomic foundations of imperialism were as weak as those of the slave barons of the TERTJAKT KOBAYASHI South and as wicked. ' 'Japan'' THE RACES CONGRESS 209 at the Lyceum Club and one at Claridge's promote or hinder it, to request govern­ Hotel. On Friday there was an official ments to compile statistics on the sub­ dinner, and on Monday the Countess ject and to discourage hasty and crude of Warwick entertained the Congress at generalizations on the subject. Warwick castle. Beside these official (6) To point out the irreconcilability occasions there was an endless succes­ of the contention prevalent among the sion of luncheons, teas .and dinners, all various peoples of the world that their given quite regardless of the color line customs, their civilizations and their or racial lines, and in all cases the genu­ physiques are superior to those of other ine courtesy of the English hosts was peoples, and also to deprecate the loose noticeable. manner in which the term "race" is popu­ larly employed. VIII.—Results of the Congress. (7) To urge the paramount import­ The tangible result of the Congress ance of providing in all lands a universal was the forming of an international com­ and efficient system of education—physi­ mittee. This international committee has cal, intellectual and moral—as one of the the following nine objects: principal means of promoting cordial re­ (1) To urge the establishing of har­ lations within, and among, all divisions monious relations between the various of mankind. divisions of mankind is an essential con­ (8) To respect, or to endeavor to dition precedent to any serious attempt assimilate or change, the economic, to diminish warfare ,and extend the prac­ hygienic, educational and moral stand­ tice of arbitration. ards of immigrants, rather than to regard (2) To commend to individuals of them as indefensible or fixed. different races coming into passing or (9) To collect records of experiments permanent contact with one another showing the successful uplifting of rela­ conduct which shall be courteous and tively backward peoples by the applica­ respectful. tion of humane methods, and to urge the (3) To induce each people to study application of such methods universally. sympathetically the customs and civiliza­ It is also charged with the duty of tions of other peoples, since even the holding future Races Congresses at least lowliest civilizations have much to teach, once in four years with the following and since every civilization should be leading object: "To promote cordial re­ reverenced as having deep historic roots. lations among all divisions of mankind, (4) To emphasize that difference in without regard to race, color or creed, civilization does not, as is often sup­ and, in particular, to encourage a good posed, necessarily connote either inferi­ understanding between East and West." ority or superiority. It is fifially asked to establish an inter­ (5) To study impartially and on a national institution whose object shall be broad basis the physical and social effects to investigate and publish as well as form of race blending and the cases which local organizations throughout the world.

From "A HYMN TO THE PEOPLES" read before trie Races Congress

Save us, World Spirit, from our lesser selves! Grant us that war and hatred cease, Reveal our souls in every race and hue! Help us, O Human God, in this Thy Truce To make Humanity divine!

W. E. BURGHARDT Du Bois. WOMEN'S CLUBS STATE CONVENTIONS. By Mrs. W. A. HUNTON

Those familiar with the joys and bene­ ciation of the difficult problems involved fits of the summer conventions of club­ in such an effort, but is also able to see women can understand why jt is the clearly a great advance in the idea of preferred season for making more personal responsibility as well as in the real the great purposes and plans of the joy and efficiency of volunteer service. club movement. It is impossible to make All of this is simply marvelous when we the ideal real except by an actual coming remember that with great ideas and per­ together. The summer is best for this severance as their only capital these because it is the season of greatest leis­ State Federations have achieved, in so ure; the time for counting gains and short a period, so much that is really losses, and reviewing and revising for tangible and of positive value. the coming year in the light of past suc­ State conventions have been held the cess or failure. The summer convention past summer in every section of the takes the women into the fall work, country. Some have had scores of dele­ alert because of the interchange of ideas gates in attendance; others less than a and experiences and aglow with inspira­ score, but whether in the far South, tion. where the lash of oppression descends, or Some years ago the possibilities of the in New England, where the conscience State Federation in extending and unify­ that was so long our cheer and hope ing the club movement began to be felt. seems now strangely held in leash, or yet To understand how many of these possi­ in the far-off West where the problem bilities have been realized and others are has found its way, these conventions in process of realization, it is simply show but scant difference in their spirit necessary to sit in a convention of one and personnel. To an onlooker these of these Federations. There one catches women often appear overserious and a glimpse, not only of the splendid con­ restless, but it is rather an eagerness to structive agencies that have been set in grasp every fact and plan of the State motion for the betterment of humanity, Federation for the benefit of the local and is won to a more intelligent appre­ clubs who have honored them as dele-

DELEGATES OF THE ALABAMA STATE FEDERATION WOMEN'S CLUBS 211 gates. Long ago social functions were Conference with fourteen clubs. The largely tabooed by these conventions, last convention had sixty-four clubs rep­ not only because they infringed upon the resented. As a first offering for an in­ very limited time given to the sessions, dustrial home for the wayward colored but for the further reason that they ne­ girls of the State, $600 were laid on the cessitated trunks, when suitcases could table. Mr. C. H. Gilliam, of Roanoke, have otherwise served, and often embar­ presented the convention with a tract of rassed delegates who were not prepared land in Appomatox County on which to to attend such functions. The program varies in different sec­ tions. There are addresses by people who, because of honored careers, add dignity and prestige to the convention, or by those whose work serves as an inspiration. There are innumerable com­ mittee meetings; there is music, but by far the best features of the program are the reports that come from indivi­ dual clubs, from the various departments of the Federation, and especially the plans and outlook of that particular work which is for the common good of the State, and which is being fostered by the State Federation itself. A few facts with reference to several of the recent con­ ventions of State Federations will be amply sufficient to illustrate what has been written. The Mississippi convention, which met at Natchez in June, had representatives from twenty-five clubs in fifteen cities. In addition to the regular delegates there were present a large number of women from the country districts of the State, MBS. F. E. KEYSER where neighborhood work has been ex­ President New York State Federation tended. One would scarcely realize how far into the dark interiors of that State erect the proposed home. The State the clubwomen had carried the light of Board of Charities is manifesting great mothers' meetings, homekeeping and interest in the work, and there is scarcely morality except for the reports and ex­ a doubt but that this will develop into periences coming out of that State another State institution. convention. Thirty clubs from Washington, Utah and Colorado sent seventy delegates to After struggling for several years for a their combined convention, recently held boys' reformatory the Alabama Federa­ at Colorado Springs. Funds to the tion was able to report at its last con­ amount of $200 were distributed among vention that the institution, which they charitable institutions of these States. A had worked so faithfully to erect, had large and valuable collection of fancy found favor with the Governor and State work was on exhibition and was subject officials, and had been accepted by them to prize awards. Another feature of the to be supported as a State institution. convention was a round table on "Our Immediately these same women bowed Boys: Their Work, Play and Religion." themselves to the burden once more by The. Empire State Federation held resolving to work as assiduously as ever sway in the pretty little city of Yonkers for the erection of a reformatory for for two days. The program, which it girls—-another of Alabama's great needs. was gratifying to see so faithfully fol­ Another June convention was that of lowed, was the most practical and, withal, South Carolina. A few of the topics dis­ the most ideal we have read. The cussed show the trend of their work: annual address of the president, Mrs. "Child Study as a Preparation for Moral F. R. Keyser, was an exhaustive review Uplift," "What Steps to Elevate Our of conditions among colored people Young People?" "How to Safeguard Our throughout the country and especially Girls," and "The Mother, Daughter and New York State, and an appeal for a Social Purity." As a result of the club larger and more earnest effort among movement the kindergarten idea has clubwomen that not only stirred every taken root in South Carolina, and in hearer, but which was well worthy of every considerable town this special preservation. An important step was blessing for children is being supported taken in the decision of this Federation by local clubs. to investigate and provide for the needs The Virginia Federation was organized of Mother Tubman. Immediately after three years ago at the Hampton Negro the convention, the new president, Mrs. 212 THE CRISIS

Wm. H. Talbert, of Buffalo, made the wise .impossible. Much excellent work investigation; her findings were made stands to honor this Federation, and public and so soon a linen shower has now it proposes to give its means to the provided this old warrior with an abun­ extension of the settlement idea at dance of good things, and the Federation strategic points. The anti-lynching de­ will send twenty-five dollars per month partment has not only published a statis­ to further her comfort for the remainder tical pamphlet, but stirred the conven­ of her life. tion by exhibiting a list of the yast year's The Northeastern Federation, which lynchings. The Rev. Charles Stowe and convened in New Haven, can hardly be Mr. Joseph Manning were among the classed as a State Federation, being an guests of this convention. aggregation of local clubs from a large The speaking, the reports, the plans number of States, and yet its ideals are have been made, but the end of the con­ essentially the same, as well as its work. vention is but the beginning of work An organization of great power, it is with a fresher, richer, more embracing bringing the women of New England vision of the possibilities of the club into an actual oneness that were other­ movement.

JOHN BROWN The death of Eugene F. Ware, of Kansas, formerly Commissioner of Pensions, and author of "The Rhymes of Ironquill," suggests the publication in .THE CRISIS at this time of his poem, "John Brown."

JOHN BROWN. When over Africa States are not great Some future cycle Except as men may make them; Shall sweep the lake-gemmed uplands Men are not great except they do and with its surge; dare. When, as with trumpet But States, like men, Of Archangel Michael, Have destinies that take them— Culture shall bid a colored race emerge; That bear them on, not knowing why or where. When busy cities There, in constellations, All merit comes Shall gleam with spires and palaces and From braving the unequal; domes, All glory comes from daring to begin. With marts wherein Fames loves the State Is heard the noise of nations; That, reckless of the sequel, With summer groves surrounding stately Fights long and well, whether it lose or homes— win. There, future orators Than in our State To cultured freemen No illustration apter Shall tell of valor, and recount with Is seen or found of faith and hope and praise will. Stories of Kansas, Take up her story: And of Lacedsemon— Every leaf and chapter Cradles of freedom, then of ancient days. Contains a record that conveys a thrill. From boulevards And there is one O'erlooking both Nyanzas, Whose faith, whose fight, whose The statured bronze shall glitter in the failing, sun, Fame shall placard upon the walls of With rugged lettering: time. He dared begin— "JOHN BROWN OF KANSAS: Despite the unavailing, HE DARED BEGIN ; He dared begin, when failure was a HE LOST, crime. BUT, LOSING WON." THE CRISIS ADVERTISER 213

WHAT TO READ

BOOKS. "Negro in the New World," Review of Sir Harry Johnston's. Nature, Dec. Fothergill, Edward—"Five Years in the 28, 1910. Living Age, Jan. 21, 1911. Soudan." London. American Journal of Sociology, A criticism of British rule. The na­ March. tives are growing "insolent." "Farce of San Antonio." Independent, Honey, James A.—"South Africa Folk April 13. Tales." Baker. Negro folk lore. "People of Africa," Etc., Review of Theal's. Nature, Feb. 23. "Colored Boys' Broom Brigade." World PERIODICALS. To-day, January. "Local Study of the Race Problem in "Health Problems of the Negroes." J. A. Georgia." R. P. Brooks. Political Sci­ Kenney. Annals of the American ence Quarterly, June. Academy, March. "Southern Justice to the Negro." Out­ "Legislation Concerning Personal and look, June 17. Racial Problems." F. J. Stimson. "Message to the North." C. T. Crowell. Popular Law Making. Independent. May. "Negro Segregation in Cities." Chau- Negro suffrage. tauquan, March. RACE ADJUSTMENT By KELLY MILLER. Howard University, Washing­ Atlanta University ton, D. C. A Standard Book on the Race Questioo. PRICE 52.uO Studies of the Social Equality Scents An Appeal to Reason, open letter Negro Problems to John Temple Graves 10 cents Roosevelt and the Negro 10 cents 13 Monographs. Sold Separately. Forty Years of Xegro Education. 10 cents Address: Ultimate Race Problem 10 cents The Political Capacity of the A. G. DILL Xegro 10 cents Atlanta University, Atlanta, Ga. The Talented Tenth 10 cents

ADDRESS AUTHOR JOINING THE NAVT; OR, ABROAD WITH UNCLE SAM The Curse of Race Prejudice By JOHN H. PAYNTER, A.M. JAMES F. MORTON, JR., A.M., Author and Publisher First Race Contribution to Navy Forceful, rational, comprehensive. An arsenal of facts and unanswerable arguments. Invaluable Literature for propaganda. Read the chapter on "The Bug­ Ordered by the Government for Libraries of bear of Social Equality," which is a veritable eye- War Vessels opener. Thousands already sold. Agents wanted "It is a perfect picture of life on board everywhere. ship when I first went to sea. The story is PRICE 25 CENTS told so simply and in such good style, and Address the Author at 244 West 143d Street, holds its interest so, that I read it through New York. N. Y. at one Bitting."—Richardson Clover, Rear Admiral, U. S. N., Retired. TRADE JOURNAL Cloth Bound. 300 Pages. Fully Illustrated. SECOND EDITION Sent Postage Paid on Receipt of One Dollar SMALL'S NEGRO TRADE JOURNAL Address* care of A paper devoted to the commercial, financial and business world. SUDWARTH PRINTING GO. We list you and send you our paper once each WASHINGTON, D. C. month—all for $1.00 a year. Send us your business card. T. FREDERICK SMALL CO. 2225 Fifth Avenue New York City HELP WANTED

PAINE COLLEGE LOCAL REPRESENTATIVES for THE CRISIS AUGUSTA, GA. wanted in each locality. Normal, Preparatory, College and Theological Some agents sell over 800 copies monthly. Departments Write for particulars. Girls receive superior training in Domestic Address: Science." Instruction in Vocal and Instrumental Music. High Location, Large Oampus, Thorough FRANK M. TURNER Instruction. Session of 1911-12 begins Sep­ CIRCULATION MANAGER tember 26th. For full information write Suite 311 H. S. DUNBAR, Reg. 20 Vesey Street, New York

Mention THE CSISIS. 214 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER WHERE TO STOP

Our readers are urged to use these columns in outlining their vacation and travel plans. These hotels and stopping places are modern in every sense, and the traveling public is assured comfort and efficient service.

IJ For detailed information concerning resorts and hotels write

The Travel Editor of The Crisis, 20 Vesey St., New York

NEW YORK CITY

MARSHALL'S HOTEL 127-129 West 53d Street

NEW YORK CITY COMFORT—Large, airy rooms, offering genuine home comforts plus the conveniences and privileges of a modern hotel. SERVICE—In the hotel and dining room the "Marshall" service is an excep­ tional feature, which assures comfort and pleasure for our patrons. Restaurant open all night. Cuisine to satisfy the most discriminating VOCAL AND INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC EVERY EVENING Breakfast, 7:30 to 12:30, 30c. Luncheon, 12:30 to 3, 30c. Dinner, 6 to 8, 35c. Special Course Dinner Every Sunday and Holidays, 50c. Telephones 4693 - 4694 Columbus J- L. MARSHALL, Proprietor

THE CLIFF HOUSE "A quiet place for quiet people to dine'1 253 WEST 134TH STREET "THE BRADFORD" 73 WEST 134TH STREET NEWLY OPENED Between Fifth and Lenox Avenues NEW YORK Special summer rates to permanent or tran­ Oysters, Chops, Steaks, Rarebits, Salads, Club sient guests. Special attention to out-of-town Sandwiches, Etc. Regular Dinner, 25c, from tourists. Up-to-date private house in every 2 p. m. to 9 p. m. Meals Served at All Hours. reBpect. Telephone connection. Private Dining Room. Furnished Rooms To Let. Permanent or Transient. MRS. W. E. PERKINS, Prop. JOHN E. BRADFORD, Proprietor

Telephone 4121 Harlem THE ALLEN HOUSE "THE IDLE HOUR" 62 WEST 132D STREET Mrs. P. Brown SELECT, NEATLY FURNISHED ROOMS HANDSOME FURNISHED ROOMS All Improvements With All Improvements Wash-rooms, hot and cold water in every room Permanent and Transient Guests Accommodated FOR RENT BY DAY OR WEEK MEALS SERVED AT ALL HOURS Prices Moderate 77 WEST 134TH STREET NEW YORK MRS. M. A. ANDERSON JOHNSON 'Phone 2877 Lenox WHITE ROSE WORKING GIRLS' THE ROSALINE HOME 128 WEST 29TH STREET NEW YORK 217 East 86th Street Bet. Second and Third Avenues FURNISHED ROOMS Pleasant temporary lodgings for working girls, BY DAY OR WEEK with privileges, at reasonable rates. The Home solicits orders for working dresses, aprons, etc. EDWARD D. SMALL, Proprietor Address: MRS. FRANCES R. KEYSER, Supt. Telephone 5395 Chelsea 'Phone Chelsea 2957 THE LAWS HOUSE THE TEN EYCK HOUSE FURNISHED ROOMS 232 WEST 20TH STREET BY DAY, WEEK OR MONTH Between 7th and 8th Avenues NEW YORK Convenient to the Pennsylvania Neatly Furnished Rooms for Permanent Depot and All Car Lines or Transient Guests by Day or Week 245 WEST 20TH STREET NEW YORK MRS. THOMAS L. TEN EYCK, Proprietress MRS. L. D. LAWS, Proprietress

Mention T:H E CRISIS. THE CRISIS ADVERTISER 215

WHERE TO STOP—(Continued)

HARLEM PRIVATE HOUSE PHILADELPHIA, PA. Furnished rooms to let for gentlemen only. Hot and cold water in every room. Telephone Strictly Firat-claBa MRS. BERRY L. HICKS, Proprietress THE NEW DELMONICO HOTEL 258 WEST 133D STREET NEW YORK 16th and Ridge Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. Four doors from Eighth Avenue STRIOTLY PRIVATE AND HOME COMFORTS Ten large bedrooms, with electric light, Bteam heat and baths. THE SOUTHERN RESTAURANT Cafe on second floor. Best meals only. (Under New Management) This hotel is newly furnished and up to date 2229 FIFTH AVENUE in every particular. We solicit your trade. Permanent and transient rooms; they are the Between 135th and 136th Streets NEW YORK best. Try one of our meals. Real home cooking. Come and be convinced. (Ring bell after 12 m.) Our motto is to please you. Meals at all hours. L. B. SMITH, Prop. A. R. SMITH, Mgr. MRS. M. J. FERDINAND, Proprietress ILLINOIS THE VIRGINIA HOUSE J. N. Washington Mrs. J. N. Washington Proprietor Manager MRS. MARY E. HILL, Proprietress NEATLY FURNISHED ROOMS HOTEL WASHINGTON S262 WABASH AVENUE Good Old Southern Cooking CHICAGO "Just Like Home" First-class Service for First-class People 37 WEST 133D STREET NEW YORK Bates: 76c, $1.00 and $2.00 Per Day Telephone Aldine 516 NEW JERSEY OHIO

THE ROBINSON COTTAGE Home 'Phone B-3244 American—European 220 BEACH STREET, RED BANK, N. J. HOTEL PLEASANT Newly Opened P. H. WOOD Special Attention to Saturday and Sunday Parties NEW WITH MODERN EQUIPMENT Terms Reasonable 9-11 ERIE STREET MRS. M. H. ROBINSON, Proprietress TOLEDO, OHIO

LEGAL DIRECTORY

J. DOUGLAS WETMORE Real Estate and Probate Matters a Specialty ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-LAW ROBERT B. BARCUS

5 Beekman Street (Temple Court) ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-LAW New York City NOTARY PUBLIC Tel. 6222 Cortlandt Cable Address, Judowet Office: Room 502, Eberly Block Columbus, O.

FREDERICK L. McGHEE B. S. SMITH

ATTOENEY AND COUNSELOB-AT-LAW ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-LAW.

Union Block, Fourth and Cedar Streets Offices: Suite 610, Sykes Block St Paul, Minn. Minneapolis, Minn.

General Practice Notary Public GEORGE W. MITCHELL WILLIAM R. MORRIS ATTOBNEY-AT-LAW ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-LAW 1020 Metropolitan Life Building 908 Walnut Street Minneapolis, Minn. Philadelphia, Pa.

Mention TEE CRISIS. 216 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER

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CRISIS AGENT The Opportunity of a

THE CRISIS Lifetime Ten thousand acres at $10 per acre are now CHARLES D. LEVY 0 Ire red to thousands of progressive and indus­ trious colored people throughout the United Agent, New Orleans, La. States of America to substantially improve their condition, regardless as to whether they are in moderate circumstances or wealthy, by the REAL ESTATE Southern Land Development Co. whose capital stock is $2,500,000, incorporated under the laws of Arizona, with general office Valuable Texas Lands at 12-4 V. South Union Avenue, PUEBLO, COLO., has a holding of 167,402 acres of some of the For Sale best land to be found anywhere in the world, which they are now selling at $10 per acre; Large tracts of farm land in the best local­ $1.25 per acre down as first payment, the bal­ ities of the State for sale at very flattering ance in one, two or three years, at 0% interest. prices. Small tracts for good lands suitable for This land is located in the State of Campeche, farming, truck, fruits and any domestic product. Mex., and is known as La Montana Tract. It We have for sale a number of large farms al­ is noted for its dyewood. It "is just nine miles ready in cultivation, good houses and barns, from the Gulf on the Champ0ton River, four welts, and nice pasture lands, which can be hundred and fifty miles southeast of Mexico City. obtained at reasonable rates. City property a specialty. Business bits in the best part of QUALITY—These lands have eighteen kinds the city, improved and unimproved. Large lots of hardwood distributed throughout the property. suitable for factory property with switch They are producing oranges, limes, cocoanuts, f acilities. pears, corn, cotton, sugar cane, bananas, tobacco, 1 ice, and every other kind of tropical product; No investment can be more valuable than an also henci|uen, the greatest product of the investment in Texas real estate. Lands arc be­ country, which yields a net profit of $70 to $80 coming so valuable that they are doubling per acre. themselves in value in less than a year's time. The climate is excellent, plenty of rainfall For any investment in Texas property, write and no drought, cheap labor; the best chance T. B. Madison Real Estate Company, 2415 Elm on earth for the colored man to become wealthy Street, Dallas, Texas. and independent. Hundreds are going there to live, others are buying because it is a safe and profitable investment. An investment in New York City and its We want good, reliable agents throughout the suburban Real Estate offers the surest road to country. If you are interested write at once success and wealth. Lots, farm lands and houses to the for sale. Out-of-town correspondence invited. S. AUGUSTUS DUNCAN Southern Land Development Co. REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE BROKER PUEBLO, COLO. 2229 Fifth Avenue New York P. O. Box No 5.

Mention THE CRISIS. THE CRISIS ADVERTISER 217

EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES TYPEWRITERS

RELIABLE HELP at all times for the most discriminating employers. Out-of-town correspondence invited. $10 TYPEWRITERS «10 References thoroughly investigated ™*V ALL STANDARD MAKES «K-"-" Address: GUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR We actually save you 25 per cent, on all MISS I. L. MOORMAN rebuilt typewriters. Good as now. Will rent 463 Lenox Avenue New York you a inachino and allow rent to apply on purchase price. All typewriter accessories. THE TYPEWRITER SHOP Are you in need of \ HELP or POSITION? Is your friend in need of j "* 1 ' 2 Vesey Street (Astor House) New York If so, 'phone, call or write the SECRETARY WANTED MIDDLESEX EMPLOYMENT AGENCY 2229 Fifth Ave., near 136th St. WANTED—Competent business man to act as CHAS. A. KNOWLES, Mgr. Secretary and Assistant Manager of Brick References Carefully Investigated Company. Must invest at least $500. Only 'Phone 6370 Harlem correspondents furnishing references will be answered. This is a rare opportunity and SITUATIONS WANTED should be investigated at once. Address, Box 226, Mound Bayou, Miss.

YOUNG LADY desires position us teacher in an Industrial School. Two years' experience. MUSIC References furnished.

AddreBS: SONGS.—There is money to be made in song- E. K . care THE CRISIS MAGAZINE writing. 20 Vesey Street, New York If you write poems or compose music, Bend us your work for examination. If terms are satis­ factory we will publish and pay one-half profits. DRESSMAKING GOT HAM-AT TUCKS MUSIC CO. 136 WEST 37TH STREET NEW YORK MRS. L. FROST 248 W. 133d Street New York City MISS EDITH W. McKENNY FASHIONABLE DRESSMAKER Concert Pianist

Machine or hand-made gowns and 310 W. 119th Street New York City waists made in up-to-date styles Piano lessons given privately or in classes at reasonable rates. Music furnished for private parties. MRS. DOCIA A. McCLAIN 119 W. 134th Street New York City SCHOOLS Shall continue to operate the dressmaking and tailoring establishment known as N. Vaughan, YOUNG MAN, HAVE YOU A TRADE? 119 W. 134th Street, New York City, and in a By our method we teach the Barber Trade in six weeks. position to better satisfy her customers. We give you a complete set of tools and secure you a position in a shop. Call or write for particulars. EMBROIDERY NEW YORK BARBER SCHOOL Costello & Wise Cor. Bowery and Rlvlngton St. NEW YORK IDA B. CURTIS 15-18 W. 136th Street, Apt. A, New York City

Embroidering done to order; also instruction PICTURES Most beautiful works of art suitable for parlor given at reasonable price. Special attention and bedroom. Should be in every Negro home. to misses. Pictures 16x20. ' 'Jesus Died for Both.'' "Clinging to the Cross." "Beacon Light." "Booker T. Washington." "Protecting Angel," 1 'Heavenward.'' ' 'Onward.'' ' 'Jack Johnson." FUNERAL DIRECTORS ' 'The Colored Troop Charging up San Juan Hill." ' 'MoseB." ' 'The Little Shepherd." Thos. A. Lester, Manager Price, postpaid, 25 centB. Thomas Mangrum, Assistant 17 Beautiful Art Postcards, 15 Cents MAMIE L. ANDERSON Mottoes, Lovers, Comics, Christmas, New Year's, Thanksgiving and other holiday cards. LICENSED EMBALMER Seeing New York on a postal card; 25 in all. FUNERAL DIRECTOR Postpaid, 25 cents. 2293 Seventh Avenue New York City ALL MODERN IMPROVEMENTS AGENT WANTED LARGE FUNERAL PARLORS Our agents are coining money on these pic­ Brooklyn Branch Tel. 7949 Morn. tures and postcards. One agent made $15 in 4 7.3 Carlton Avenue ' Open All Night one day. Tel. 3870-W. Pros. JACOB GRIFFITH Sam. F. Taylor, Funeral Director 252 WEST 53d STREET NEW YORK

Mention THS CMISIS. 218 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER

Bom, 2220 Cen. 6322

SEND TJS 60 CENTS for a beautiful 1%-inch messaline Bilk shirred elastic belt, with a fine Van Noy Printing Go. gilt or gray pearl trimmed buckle. All colors. State size. Buckle alone 25c. If not satisfac­ tory, money refunded. Send for free catalogue. 100 Linen Finish Cards by Mall, 60c. PEEFECTION NOVELTY CO. 102-106 WOOSTEE STEEET NEW YORK COMMERCIAL PRINTING t& A CRISIS representative has visited the fac­ SOCIETY PRINTING tory of the Perfection Novelty Co., and was BOOK AND JOB PRINTING favorably impressed with the numerous bargains.

2315 MARKET ST. ST. LOUIS, MO. Seventeen Years' Experience WORK TURNED OUT PROMPTLY MRS. G. B. NEEDLES Late with Broadway houses CORNS, CALLOUSES, BUNIONS, CHIL­ PRACTICAL FURRIER BLAINS positively removed by using Dr. All kinds of furs remodelled, repaired and re- Moore's wonderful discovery or your money lined. White furs cleaned, equal to new. Coats refunded. Write to-day, explaining your trou­ guaranteed to fit. PriceB reasonable. bles, with stamped envelope, your name and 24 WEST 136TH STREET NEW YORK address. DR. E. L. MOORE CHI MONTCALM STREET, E. DETROIT, MICH.

The Rock City Sanitarium Corner Foster and Stewart Streets, NASHVILLE, TENN. A quiet health home for invalids and sufferers from chronic ailments. Located on an elevation, surrounded by spacious, $65.00 shady lawns. A value unequaled. Sold on Fully equipped for the successful $1.00 Profit Margin. Write treatment of diseases of the stomach, for prices and other styles. liver, kidneys, blood and nerves, by other Send for catalog. methods than drugs. C. R. Patterson & Sons The famous Battle Creek Methods—• water, in the form of baths of all kinds, GREENFIELD, OHIO sprays, douches, packs, etc., electricity, Largest Negro carriage concern in the United States massage, Swedish movements, dieting, etc., are used under the direction of a physician of fifteen years' experience in To Colored People these procedures and a graduate of the OR SALE—We have houses from $1,000 to Battle Creek Sanitarium. Surgical and * $30,000. Our city is the capital of Ohio obstetrical cases received in special and a great manufacturing center—plenty of work, a good place to locate for business. Can wards. Lady physician gives especial sell you a house for $50, $100 to $500 down, balance like rent. For investment and specu­ attention to diseases of women and chil­ lating houses or business places, $1,000 to $5,000 down, balance on long time payment. dren. Rates, $10 per week and upwards. Farm land prices from $1,000 to $10,000 up. For further information address Any of these are in good locations. Write for further information. THE ROCK CITY SANITARIUM THIS IS A COLORED ENTERPRISE. Nashville, Tenn. Telephone Walnut 87 EDWARD A. SHANKLIN VISITORS ALWAYS WELCOME Real Estate 1218Vs Mf. Vernon Ave. Columbus, Ohio

Mention Ciisn. Give the Child a Doll

The Most Beautiful of All the Toys on the Market Are the NEGRO DOLLS

For Illustrated Booklets, Prices and Other Information, Send Five Cents to the National Negro Doll Company 519 Second Avenue N., Nashville, Tenn. R. H. BOYD, President H. A. BOYD, Manager

O. M. Waller, M.D., Pres. A. M. Thompson, Treas. B. 0. Waller, M.D., Sec. Sphinx Silver Polish The unsurpassed renovator of silver and plated ware. No acids; no scratching; abso­ lutely harmless. Adopted in the largest hotels. Best for family use. Endorsed by silver­ smiths. Sells readily to the trade. Doubles your income. Agents wanted in every city and town. Fifty per cent, commission. Write to-day.

Manufactured by Sphinx Labor-Saving Soap Co., Inc. Of lice and Factory: 117 West Street, New York City

BROWN-SPENCER Correspondence School of Shorthand THE LORD'S PRAYER.. A system that can be learned during spare mo­ In the Bcnn FUman System o/Phonography— Corresponding Style. ments and thereby increase your salary from 50 to 100 per cent. A thorough knowledge of Shorthand makes the position sure and the one so skilled in great demand. You pay as you learn. Terms rea­ sonable. Write for particulars.

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Andrew F. Stevens, President.

Nathan F. MOSMO, M.D., Medical Director and Superintendent.

Frederick Douglass Memorial Hospital and Training School, Philadelphia, Pa.

HALF A MAN The Status of the Negro in New York

By MARY WHITE OVINGTON With a Foreword by Dr. Franz Boas, of Columbia University

"My father has always lived in the Miss Ovmgton's description of the status South," a young colored man once said to of the Negro in New York City is based on me, "and has attained success there; but a most painstaking inquiry into his social when I ceased to be a boy he advised me and economic conditions, and brings out in to live in the North, where my manhood the most forceful way the difficulties under would be respected. He himself cannot which the race is laboring, even in the large continually endure his position of inferior­ cosmopolitan population of New York, It ity, and in the summer he comes North to is a refutation of the claims that the Negro be a man. No." correcting himself, "to has equal opportunity with the whites, and be HALF A MAN. A Negro is wholly a that his failure to advance more rapidly man only in Europe."—From the Author's than he has, is due to innate inability.— "Introduction." From Dr. Boas' "Foreword."

12mo, cloth. Price $1.00 net. By mail, $1.12. LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., Publishers, NEW YORK

The above book may be purchased through any bookseller or will be mailed by THE CRISIS on receipt of the price and postage.

Mention THE CRISIS.