THTHEE MEXICAN-AMERICANMEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR:WAR: PATRIOTISMPATRIOTISM
DESPITEDESPITE RELIGIOURELIGIOUSS PERSECUTIONPERSECUTION
bbyy
RicharRichardd JameJamess MatsonMatson
A thesithesiss submittedsubmitted toto thethe facultyfaculty ofof TheThe UniversityUniversity ooff UtahUtah iinn partialpartial fulfillmenfulfillmentt ooff ththee requirementsrequirements forfor ththee degredegreee ofof
MasteMasterr ofof ArtsArts
DepartmentDepartment ooff HistoryHistory
TheThe UniversitUniversityy ooff UtahUtah
DecemberDecember 20082008 CopyrightCopyright © RicharRichardd JameJamess MatsoMatsonn 20082008
AlAlll RightsRights ReservedReserved THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL
SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE APPROVAL
of a thesis subm itted by
Richard James Matson
This thesis has been read by each member of the following supervisory committee and by majority vote has been found to be satisfactory.
- 0'(
Edward Davies, II
John Reed THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL
FIN AL READING APPROVAL
To the Graduate Council of the University of Utah:
I have read the thesis of Richard James Matson in its final form and have found that (I) its format, citations, and bibl iographic style are consistent and acceptable; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the supervisory committee and is ready for submission to The Graduate School.
Date Chair: Supervisory Committee
Approved for the Major Department
James Lehning ChairlDean
Approved for the Graduate Council
cO. � __ .
David S. Chapman Dean of The Graduate School ABSTRACABSTRACTT
ThThee purpospurposee ofof thithiss thesisthesis iiss ttoo providprovidee a comparativcomparativee cascasee studystudy ofof twtwoo distinctdistinct unitunitss consistinconsistingg ooff AmericaAmericann soldierssoldiers whowho foughfoughtt iinn religiouslreligiouslyy designateddesignated unitsunits,, bubutt onon oppositoppositee sidessides durinduringg ththee Mexican-AmericaMexican-Americann WarWar:: ththee MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn andand ththee SanSan
PatriciPatricioo BattalionBattalion.. BotBothh unitunitss araree uniquuniquee ttoo AmericaAmericann historyhistory.. YeYett despitedespite theirtheir uniquenessuniqueness,, thertheree araree a surprisinsurprisingg numbenumberr ooff similaritiesimilaritiess betweebetweenn themthem.. FroFromm theirtheir historhistoryy ofof persecutionpersecution,, predatinpredatingg ththee warwar,, ttoo ththee commocommonn sufferingsuffering andand experienceexperiencess alalll thethe soldierssoldiers endured,endured, theitheirr similarsimilar circumstancecircumstancess continuecontinuedd (alon(alongg witwithh notenotedd differences)differences) untiuntill eaceachh U.SU.S.. soldiesoldierr madmadee ththee fatefufatefull decisiodecisionn ooff eitheeitherr remaininremainingg loyaloyall oror defectingdefecting toto ththee enemy.enemy. ThisThis,, howeverhowever,, wawass nonott ththee enendd ttoo theitheirr similarities.similarities. BotBothh unitunitss hadhad governmengovernmentt leadersleaders assigneassignedd ttoo commancommandd themthem;; followinfollowingg ththee warwar,, thetheyy receivereceivedd poorpoor receptionreceptionss frofromm ththee peoplepeople thetheyy defendeddefended;; anandd ththee soldiersoldierss ooff botbothh unitunitss araree nonoww reveredrevered aass ethniethnicc heroes.heroes.
ThisThis studystudy iiss taketakenn fromfrom aann AmericaAmericann perspectivperspectivee ooff ththee wawarr andand focusefocusess onon
MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn soldiers'soldiers' trentrendd towartowardd nationanationall allegiancallegiancee ttoo ththee UniteUnitedd StatesStates ofof
AmericAmericaa frofromm 18461846 ttoo 1847.1847. AlthougAlthoughh thithiss conflicconflictt occurreoccurredd oveoverr 160160 yearyearss ago,ago, a comparativecomparative cascasee studstudyy cancan stilstilll teacteachh AmericanAmericanss somesome importantimportant lessons.lessons. GovernmentsGovernments musmustt demonstratedemonstrate toleranctolerancee andand respecrespectt foforr peoplespeoples'' ethnicitethnicityy andand religioureligiouss faithsfaiths toto ensurensuree conflictconflictss ddoo nonott appearappear aass culturaculturall oror "holy""holy" warswars.. ReligiousReligious influences,influences, soldiersoldier solidarity,, anandd individualindividual upbringingupbringingss areare important,, bubutt goodgood,, fairfair leadership,, providedprovided bbyy competentcompetent officers,officers, iiss ththee besbestt motivatomotivatorr thathatt cacann inspireinspire nationanationall allegiance.allegiance.
v TABLTABLEE OOFF CONTENTSCONTENTS
ABSTRACABSTRACTT ...... iviv
CHAPTERCHAPTERSS
11.. INTRODUCTIOINTRODUCTIONN ...... l1
22.. SASANN PATRICIPATRICIOO BATTALIOBATTALIONN ...... 1111
EnlistmenEnlistmentt ...... 1177 HarsHarshh anandd UnjusUnjustt TreatmenTreatmentt frofromm OfficerOfficerss ...... 1919 ReligiouReligiouss PersecutioPersecutionn ...... 2424 EthnicitEthnicityy ...... 2727 PooPoorr LivinLivingg Conditions,, HarHardd MilitarMilitaryy WorWorkk Conditions,, Drunkenness, Seduction,, anandd ImpressmenImpressment.t ...... 292 9 PooPoorr TreatmenTreatmentt foforr ththee SickSick anandd WoundeWoundedd ...... 3131 LacLackk ooff FoodFood anandd WateWaterr ...... 3333 InconsistencyInconsistency witwithh MonthlMonthlyy PaPayy anandd EEnticementnticementss frofromm ththee MexicanMexican GovernmenGovernmentt ...... 3434 InfringemenInfringementt ooff Contract,, AbandonmentAbandonment,, anandd DissatisfactionDissatisfaction ...... 3636 SummarSummaryy ...... 3838
3.3. MORMONMORMON BATTALIOBATTALIONN ...... 4141
Enlistment.Enlistment ...... 45 45 HarshHarsh andand UnjustUnjust TreatmentTreatment fromfrom OfficersOfficers ...... 4848 ReligiousReligious PersecutionPersecution ...... 5555 EthnicityEthnicity ...... 60 60 PoorPoor LivingLiving Conditions,Conditions, HardHard MilitarMilitaryy WorkWork Conditions, DrunkennessDrunkenness, Seduction,, andand ImpressmentImpressment ...... 66 66 PoorPoor TreatmentTreatment forfor thethe SickSick andand WoundedWounded ...... 7070 LackLack ofof FoodFood andand Water.Water ...... 7373 InconsistencyInconsistency withwith MonthlyMonthly PayPay andand EnticementsEnticements fromfrom thethe MexicanMexican GovernmentGovernment ...... 7777 InfringementInfringement ofof Contract, Abandonment,Abandonment, andand DissatisfactionDissatisfaction ...... 7979 SummarySummary ...... 8282 44.. CONCLUSIOCONCLUSIONN ...... 8844
NeitheNeitherr GovernmenGovernmentt CompletelCompletelyy TrusteTrustedd theitheirr UniquUniquee BattalioBattalionn ...... 8877 PostwaPostwarr TreatmenTreatment.t ...... 8 888 CommemoratioCommemorationn ooff MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn anandd SaSann PatriciPatricioo BattalioBattalionn ...... 9911 Concluding Remarks ...... 92 Concluding Remarks 92 APPENDICES APPENDICES A. MORMON BATTALION ROSTER INFORMATION ...... 95 A. MORMON BATTALION ROSTER INFORMATION 95 BB.. NATIONANATIONALL ORIGIORIGINN DEMOGRAPHIDEMOGRAPHICC OOFF MORMONMORMONSS ANANDD THTHEE MORMONMORMON BATTALIOBATTALIONN ...... 106106
CC.. MORMONMORMON SOLDIERSOLDIERSS LISTELISTEDD IINN THTHEE NAUVONAUVOOO TEMPLTEMPLEE ENDOWMEENDOWMENNTT REGISTEREGISTERR ...... 108108
DD.. NATIONANATIONALL ORIGIORIGINN DEMOGRAPHICDEMOGRAPHICSS OOFF KNOWKNOWNN SASANN PATRICIOPATRICIO SOLDIERSOLDIERSS ...... 112112
BIBLIOGRAPHBIBLIOGRAPHyY ...... 113113
Vllvii CHAPTECHAPTERlR 1
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
ThisThis thesithesiss provideprovidess a comparativecomparative casecase studystudy ooff twtwoo distinctdistinct militarmilitaryy unitunitss ofof
AmericaAmericann soldierssoldiers whwhoo foughtfought inin religiouslreligiouslyy designatedesignatedd unitsunits,, bubutt oonn oppositoppositee sides,sides, duringduring ththee Mexican-AmericaMexican-Americann WarWar:: ththee MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn anandd ththee MexicaMexicann Army'Army'ss SanSan
PatricioPatricio BattalionBattalion.. BotBothh unitunitss araree uniquuniquee iinn AmericaAmericann historyhistory.. ThThee MexicaMexicann governmentgovernment recruitedrecruited ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo soldierssoldiers frofromm amongamong UniteUnitedd StatesStates (U.S.)(U.S.) ArmArmyy deserters.deserters.
TheseThese soldierssoldiers werweree mostlmostlyy foreign-borforeign-bornn (predominantly(predominantly IrishIrish)) anandd ooff ththee CatholiCatholicc faith.faith.
MeanwhileMeanwhile,, ththee U.SU.S.. governmentgovernment recruiterecruitedd ththee MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn fromfrom amonamongg thethe displaceddisplaced MormoMormonn populatiopopulationn thatthat hahadd recentlrecentlyy beebeenn expelleexpelledd frofromm ththee statestate ooff Illinois.Illinois.
ThisThis studystudy taketakess anan AmericaAmericann (versus(versus ththee MexicanMexican)) perspectivperspectivee onon ththee wawarr anandd focusesfocuses onon MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn soldiers'soldiers' trentrendd towartowardd nationanationall allegiancallegiancee toto ththee U.SU.S.. fromfrom 18461846 toto
1847.1847. ButBut whwhyy dididd ththee MormoMomlOnn soldiersoldierss remairemainn faithful,faithful, whereawhereass manmanyy foreign-bornforeign-born soldierssoldiers whowho sufferesufferedd similarsimilar persecutionpersecutionss anandd harsharshh treatmenttreatmentss desertedesertedd anandd defecteddefected toto thethe enemy?enemy? HistorianHistorianss generallygenerally agreagreee thathatt harshharsh andand unjusunjustt treatmentreatmentt frofromm officerofficerss waswas ononee ooff ththee principaprincipall reasonreasonss soldiersoldierss deserteddeserted.. OtherOtherss includeinclude religioureligiouss persecution,persecution, ethnicityethnicity,, poopoorr livingliving conditions,conditions, harhardd militarmilitaryy worworkk conditionsconditions,, drunkennessdrunkenness,, poorpoor treatmentreatmentt forfor thethe sicksick andand woundedwounded,, lacklack ofof foodfood andand waterwater,, inconsistencinconsistencyy witwithh monthlymonthly 2 pay,pay, enticemententicementss thethe MexicanMexican governmentgovernment offered,offered, andand seduction.seduction. I ToTo thisthis list,list, wewe cancan addadd abandonment,abandonment, infringementinfringement ofof contract,contract, andand dissatisfactiondissatisfaction withwith theirtheir unitunit andand thethe war.war. AfteAfterr presentingpresenting a backgrounbackgroundd historhistoryy ofof ethnicethnic andand religiousreligious persecutionpersecution inin thethe decadesdecades precedingpreceding ththee warwar,, thesethese specificspecific areas22 ofof sharedshared commoncommon experiencesexperiences willwill bebe examinedexamined forfor eacheach uniunitt toto determinedetermine howhow differencesdifferences inin thesethese areasareas mamayy havehave influencedinfluenced ththee decisiodecisionn ttoo remairemainn loyalloyal oror ttoo defect.defect. TheThe relevancrelevancee ofof thesthesee issuesissues continuescontinues todaytoday asas thethe U.SU.S.. ArmArmyy strugglesstruggles withwith issuesissues ofof ethnicity,ethnicity, governmentgovernment treatmenttreatment,, andand religionreligion inin a ververyy diversdiversee militarmilitaryy force.force.
BothBoth ofof ththee battalionbattalionss areare uniquuniquee andand yeyett theythey havhavee a surprisingsurprising numbenumberr ofof similaritiessimilarities betweebetweenn them.them. TheThe foreign-bornforeign-born soldiers,soldiers, whowho comprisedcomprised ththee SanSan PatricioPatricio
Battalion,Battalion, andand ththee MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers enduredendured similarsimilar persecutionpersecutionss predatinpredatingg thethe warwar andand experiencesexperiences asas soldierssoldiers inin ththee U.S.U.S. Army.Army. ItIt waswas nonott untiuntill eacheach soldiersoldier madmadee ththee fatefulfateful decision,decision, duringduring thethe conflict,conflict, ttoo desertdesert andand defectdefect toto ththee enemyenemy thathatt theitheirr pathspaths trulytruly diverged.diverged. HadHad theitheirr circumstancescircumstances beebeenn eveneven slightlyslightly different,different, thetheyy mighmightt havehave chosenchosen anotheranother patpathh andand remaineremainedd loyalloya1.. 3 This,This, howeverhowever,, wawass nonott thethe endend ttoo theirtheir similarities.similarities.
FollowinFollowingg ththee warwar,, soldierssoldiers fromfrom botbothh unitsunits receivedreceived a similarlysimilarly negativnegativee receptioreceptionn fromfrom
1 I TimothyTimothy A.A. Garvin,Garvin, "An"An ImmortalImmortal BandBand ofof Rogues:Rogues: ImmigrantImmigrant DisaffectionDisaffection andand thethe SanSan PatricioPatricio BattalionBattalion inin ththee UniteUnitedd StatesStates - MexicaMexicann War,War, 1846-1848"1846-1848" (master's(master's thesisthesis,, CaliforniaCalifornia StateState University,University, 2004),94;2004), 94; RoberRobertt RyaRyall Miller,Miller, Shamrock and Sword: The Saint Patrick's Battalion in the u.s.U.S. - MexicanMexican War (Norman:(Norman: UniversityUniversity ofof OklahomaOklahoma Press,Press, 1989),1989), 150;150; andand PeterPeter F.F. Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March: JohnJohn Riley and the St. Patrick's Battalion (Washington:(Washington: Brassey's,Brassey's, 1999)1999),, x-xix-xi,, 170.170. 2 2 BecausBecausee theitheirr informationinformation isis notnot relevantrelevant,, thisthis studystudy willwill notnot analyzeanalyze threethree ofof thethe exoneratedexonerated (during(during theirtheir courts-martial)courts-martial) deserters,deserters, twtwoo ofof whowhomm werewere tootoo younyoungg forfor serviceservice (John(John Brooke,Brooke, CaseCase 2727 andand DavidDavid McElroyMcElroy,, CasCasee 31)31) anandd ththee otheotherr deemeddeemed a simpletonsimpleton (Lewis(Lewis Prafier,Prafier, CaseCase 41)41).. TheThe fifteen-fifteen- anandd sixteensixteen- year-olyear-oldd boyboyss claimedclaimed toto desertdesert witwithh ththee intentintent ofof goinggoing homehome (the(the MexicanMexicanss caughtcaught thethemm enen routroutee andand forcedforced thethemm ttoo joijoinn thethe SanSan PatricioPatricio Battalion)Battalion) andand thethe simpletonsimpleton diddid notnot understandunderstand whawhatt hehe wawass doingdoing andand shouldshould neveneverr havhavee beenbeen iinn ththee militarmilitaryy iinn thethe firstfirst placeplace.. U.SU.S.. DepartmenDepartmentt ofof War,War, JudgeJudge AdvocateAdvocate General'sGeneral's OfficeOffice,, Proceeding o/Generalof General Court-Martial at Tacubaya, Mexico, 1847, NationalNational Archives,Archives, FilFilee NumbeNumberr EE525EE525,, CaseCase 2727,, 128-133,128-133, CaseCase 3131,, 149-153,149-153, andand CaseCase 4141,, 198-202.198-202. 3 IInn Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic, JeremyJeremy AdelmaAdelmann explainsexplains ththee concepconceptt thatthat societiessocieties transitiotransitionn throughthrough anan endlessendless cyclecycle ofof forkingforking pathpathss andand "that"that thingthingss mightmight havhavee gongonee quitequite differentlydifferently undeunderr otherother circumstances."circumstances." JeremyJeremy AdelmanAdelman,, Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic (New(New Jersey:Jersey: PrincetonPrinceton UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 2006),2006), 1111.. 3 ththee peoplepeople thetheyy foughtfought ttoo protectprotect,, whicwhichh isis oppositeopposite frofromm ththee wayway ththee Irish,Irish, MexicanMexican,, andand
MormoMormonn populationpopulationss reverreveree ththee battalionbattalionss today.today.
ThThee onlyonly AmericaAmericann armyarmy battaliobattalionn everever recruiterecruitedd frofromm oneone specificspecific religiousreligious groupgroup,, whicwhichh announcedannounced itsits religiousreligious affiliationaffiliation iinn ththee unit'unit'ss titletitle,, isis ththee MormonMormon
BattalionBattalion.. AlAlll soldiersoldierss iinn ththee battalion,battalion,44 witwithh ththee exceptioexceptionn ofof ththee appointeappointedd officerofficerss inin ththee commandincommandingg staffstaff anandd ththee guidesguides,, belongebelongedd ttoo ththee ChurcChurchh ofof JesusJesus ChristChrist ofof Latter-Latter- dadayy SaintsSaints (referred(referred ttoo asas MormonsMormons,, Saints,Saints, andand LDS).LDS). BecausBecausee thethe uniunitt consistedconsisted ooff onlyonly membersmembers ofof a faithfaith thathatt manmanyy AmericanAmericanss regarderegardedd aass suspectsuspect,, ththee governmentgovernment questionedquestioned ititss loyalty.loyalty. HoweverHowever,, ththee MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn faithfullfaithfullyy serveservedd ththee U.SU.S.. governmengovernmentt iinn itsits wawarr againsagainstt MexicMexicoo andand wawass essentiaessentiall inin ththee conquesconquestt ooff ththee CaliforniaCalifornia territorterritoryy becausbecausee itit providedprovided ththee trooptroopss requirerequiredd ttoo establisestablishh lalaww anandd orderorder inin ththee newlnewlyy conqueredconquered lands.lands.
TheThe MormoMormonn BattalionBattalion iiss alsalsoo recognizedrecognized foforr conductinconductingg oneone ofof ththee longestlongest infantryinfantry marchemarchess iinn historyhistory (ove(overr 2,0002,000 miles)miles),, anandd foforr trailblazintrailblazingg a wagowagonn roadroad thathatt laterlater generationgenerationss ofof migrantmigrantss woulwouldd ususee ttoo movemove ttoo California.California. 55
ThThee SanSan PatriciPatricioo BattalioBattalionn isis alsalsoo uniquuniquee inin AmericaAmericann historyhistory becausbecausee itit waswas composecomposedd primarilprimarilyy ofof desertindesertingg U.SU.S.. soldierssoldiers.. DefectorDefectorss begabegann joininjoiningg ththee MexicanMexican
ArmArmyy beforbeforee ththee firsfirstt officiaofficiall battlbattlee ofof ththee warwar.. TheThe SaSann PatriciPatricioo BattalioBattalionn begabegann asas anan artillerartilleryy companycompany,, bubutt asas moremore defectordefectorss changechangedd sidessides anandd foreignersforeigners livingliving inin MexicoMexico
CityCity choschosee ttoo joijoinn ththee unitunit,, ththee companycompany expandedexpanded ttoo a battaliobattalionn ofof aboutabout 202000 soldiers.soldiers.
TheseThese "Irish"Irish DesertersDeserters"" foughtfought witwithh surprisingsurprising successsuccess anandd distinctiondistinction forfor MexicMexicoo againstagainst
4 WhilWhilee aatt ForFortt Leavenworth,Leavenworth, JohnJohn AllenAllen waswas baptizebaptizedd intointo ththee LDLOSS faitfaithh ttoo joijoinn thethe MormonMormon Battalion.Battalion. IInn California,California, hhee wawass ththee onlonlyy membememberr oftheof the battaliobattalionn court-martialecourt-martialedd andand excommunicateexcommunicatedd frofromm thethe MormoMormonn ChurchChurch.. SeeSee CarlCarl VV.. LarsonLarson,, Database of the Mormon Battalion: An IdentificationIdentification of the OriginalOriginal Members of the Mormon Battalion, 2ndnd ed.ed. (Sal(Saltt LakLakee CityCity,, UTUT:: U.Su.S.. MormoMormonn BattaiionBattalion,, 1997),1997), 1010.. 5 DavidDavid LL.. BiglerBigler andand WillWill Bagley,Bagley, Army of Israel: Mormon Battalion Narratives (Logan,(Logan, UTUT:: UtaUtahh StateState UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 2000)2000),, 17-18,23-29.17-18, 23-29. 4 theitheirr formerformer comradescomrades.. WitWithh ththee exceptionexception ooff ththee commandincommandingg officer,officer, ththee officerofficerss andand sergeantssergeants werweree commissionecommissionedd frofromm withiwithinn theitheirr rankrankss (John(John RileyRiley,, whwhoo wawass a privatprivatee inin ththee U.SU.S.. ArmyArmy,, wawass ononee ofof ththee first officerofficerss commissionecommissionedd andand bbyy ththee endend ooff ththee wawarr hehe helheldd ththee ranrankk ofof major)major).. ThThee soldiersoldierss iinn ththee SaSann PatriciPatricioo BattalioBattalionn participateparticipatedd iinn alalll thethe majomajorr encountersencounters witwithh botbothh GeneraGenerall ZacharZacharyy Taylor'sTaylor's anandd GeneralGeneral WinfielWinfieldd Scott'sScott's armiesarmies,, frofromm ththee BattlBattlee ofof MatamoroMatamoross untiuntill mosmostt ooff ththee battaliobattalionn wawass eithereither capturecapturedd (85(85 soldiers)soldiers) oorr killekilledd (35(35 soldiers)soldiers) durinduringg ththee BattleBattle ofof ChurubuscoChurubusco.. FollowinFollowingg ththee battle,battle,
ScottScott hahadd thethe 7722 defectorsdefectors (13(13 ofof thethe 8585 capturecapturedd soldierssoldiers werweree notnot desertersdeserters fromfrom thethe
U.SU.S.. Army)Army) court-martialedcourt-martialed.. AlthougAlthoughh ththee jurjuryy founfoundd 6565 ooff thethemm guiltguiltyy andand sentencedsentenced thethemm ttoo bbee hangedhanged,, fromfrom SeptemberSeptember 9-13,9-13, 1847,1847, onlonlyy 5050 ooff ththee soldiersoldierss (20(20 atat SanSan AngelAngel anandd 3030 aatt Tacubaya)Tacubaya) hangehangedd forfor theitheirr crimecrimess againstagainst ththee UniteUnitedd States.66
BecausBecausee ththee desertingdeserting AmericaAmericann soldiersoldierss dididd nonott leavleavee behindbehind anyany diariesdiaries oror journalsjournals,, iitt iiss impossiblimpossiblee ttoo knoknoww exactlexactlyy whywhy thetheyy desertedesertedd andand defecteddefected ttoo ththee enemy.enemy.
IInn considerinconsideringg ththee experienceexperience ofof ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo BattalionBattalion,, historianhistorianss usuallusuallyy emphasizeemphasize ononee ooff threthreee biasebiasedd positionspositions:: ththee soldierssoldiers werweree eitheeitherr heroesheroes,, victimvictimss ofof circumstancecircumstance,, oror traitorstraitors.. ScholarsScholars alsoalso disagredisagreee asas ttoo whethewhetherr desertiodesertionn waswas religiouslreligiouslyy motivatemotivatedd anandd thethe proposeproposedd reasonreasonss forfor desertiondesertion.. UntiUntill 1989,1989, mosmostt AmericaAmericann scholarsscholars embracedembraced ththee ideaidea thathatt ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo soldierssoldiers whowho,, followinfollowingg theitheirr owownn selfishselfish intentionsintentions (no(nott foforr religiousreligious motives)motives),, defectedefectedd ttoo ththee enemy,enemy, receivereceivedd aajust just punishmenpunishmentt whewhenn ththee ArmArmyy capturedcaptured andand hangehangedd thethemm aass traitors.traitors. A premiepremierr boobookk oonn ththee topitopicc anandd oneone thatthat espousesespouses thithiss opinionopinion
6 6 MichaeMichaell HoganHogan,, The Irish Soldiers of Mexico (Guadalajara,(Guadalajara, Mexico:Mexico: FondoFondo EditorialEditorial Universitario,Universitario, ]1997) 997),, 11,11,17 17,, 159-160;159-160; MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 28-2928-29;; StevensStevens,, The Rogue's March, 103103,265-271;, 265-271; andand EdwarEdwardd S.S. WallaceWallace,, "The"The BattalioBattalionn ooff SaintSaint PatricPatrickk inin ththee MexicaMexicann War,War,"" Military Affairs 14,14, nono.. 2 (Summer(Summer 1950):1950): 84.84. 5 iiss RoberRobertt RyaRyall Miller'Miller'ss Shamrock and Sword. 7 FollowinFollowingg RichardRichard McCormack's8McCormack's example,example, hhee basebasess manmanyy ooff hihiss conclusionconclusionss oonn ththee testimonietestimoniess provideprovidedd bbyy ththee originaloriginal court-martialcourt-martial recordrecordss anandd hhee developsdevelops a numbenumberr ooff reasonreasonss whwhyy thetheyy mighmightt havhavee deserted.deserted.
AlthougAlthoughh MilleMillerr givegivess littllittlee credicreditt ttoo religioureligiouss motivesmotives,, hhee iiss nonott aass stronglystrongly opposedopposed toto ththee ideideaa aass TeTedd HinckleHinckleyy whowho,, iinn a 19621962 articlearticle,, attemptattemptss ttoo countecounterr ththee mythmyth ooff religiousreligious persecutiopersecutionn bbyy relatinrelatingg manmanyy storiestoriess ooff religioureligiouss tolerance.99 InsteadInstead,, Miller'sMiller's boobookk tendstends ttoo mormoree closelcloselyy resemblresemblee ththee interpretatiointerpretationn foundfound iinn EdwarEdwardd Wallace'Wallace'ss 19501950 articlearticle,, "The"The
BattalioBattalionn ooff SaintSaint PatricPatrickk inin ththee MexicaMexicann War.War."" WallacWallacee arguesargues thatthat soldiersoldierss originallyoriginally desertedesertedd foforr reasonreasonss ooff self-interest,self-interest, anandd thathatt religioreligionn wawass laterlater useusedd ttoo excusexcusee thosethose actions. 1010
BeginninBeginningg iinn 1984,1984, revisionisrevisionistt historianhistorianss tooktook a newnew approachapproach ttoo ththee topic.topic.
DenniDenniss WynWynnn anandd TimothTimothyy GarviGarvinn sympathizesympathize witwithh ththee doomedoomedd desertingdeserting soldiers,soldiers, withouwithoutt depictindepictingg thethemm aass heroes. II11 InIn theitheirr worksworks,, ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo soldierssoldiers becamebecame victimvictimss ooff circumstancecircumstance.. ThThee variouvariouss reasonreasonss foforr desertiondesertion,, offeredoffered bbyy paspastt historianshistorians
(including(including religiousreligious motivations)motivations),, areare nonoww presentedpresented aass mitigatinmitigatingg circumstancecircumstancess asas thethe historianhistorianss includincludee sociasociall historyhistory ttoo betterbetter explaiexplainn ththee soldierssoldiers'' circumstances.circumstances. BotBothh WynnWynn
7 Miller,Miller, Shamrock and Sword.Sword. 8 RichardRichard BlainBlainee McCornackMcCornack,, "The"The SanSan PatricioPatricio DesertersDeserters inin thethe MexicaMexicann War,"War," The Americas 8,8, no.no. 2 (October(October 1951):1951): 131-142.131-142. 9 HinckleHinckleyy emphasizesemphasizes PresidentPresident Polk'sPolk's overturesovertures ttoo alleviatealleviate discriminationdiscrimination throughoutthroughout ththee article.article. SeeSee TedTed C.C. Hinckley,Hinckley, "America"Americann Anti-CatholicismAnti-Catholicism duringduring ththee MexicanMexican War,War,"" Pacific Historical Review 3131,, no.no. 2 (May(May 1962)1962):: 121-137121-137..
10 10 Wallace'Wallace'ss articlarticlee isis riddleriddledd witwithh inaccuracies:inaccuracies: hhee onlonlyy identifiesidentifies sixtysixty oofthef the seventy-twoseventy-two capturecapturedd SanSan PatriciPatricioo courts-martialcourts-martial casecasess anandd includeincludess a falsfalsee mytmythh abouaboutt JohJohnn RileRileyy servingserving aatt WesWestt PoinPointt priopriorr ttoo thethe warwar.. ThThee articlarticlee endsends withouwithoutt a concretconcretee conclusionconclusion,, allowinallowingg ththee readereaderr ttoo interpreinterprett ththee informationinformation iinn multiplmUltiplee waysways.. WallaceWallace,, "The"The BattalioBattalionn ooff SainSaintt PatricPatrickk iinn ththee MexicaMexicann War,War,"" 84-91.84-91. 11 11 GarvinGarvin,, "An"An ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ofof Rogues,Rogues,"" xvxv,, 00,, 93-993-944 andand DenniDenniss JJ.. WynnWynn,, "The"The SaSann PatricioPatricio Soldiers:Soldiers: Mexico'sMexico's ForeigForeignn Legion,Legion,"" Southwestern Studies, MonograpMonographh 7744 (EI(El PasoPaso:: UniversitUniversityy ofof TexaTexass aatt EEIl Paso,Paso, 1984).1984). 6 andand GarvinGarvin providprovidee additionaadditionall informationinformation oonn eventsevents precedinprecedingg anandd followingfollowing ththee war,war, includinincludingg AmericaAmericann countermeasures.countermeasures. 1212
SinceSince 1997,1997, revisionisrevisionistt AmericaAmericann historianhistorianss portraportrayy ththee SanSan PatricioPatricio BattalioBattalionn aass a bandband ofof patriotipatrioticc heroesheroes turneturnedd martyrsmartyrs.. ReligionReligion,, alonalongg witwithh ethnicethnic persecutionpersecution,, theythey argueargue,, causedcaused thethe soldierssoldiers ttoo defecdefectt ttoo ththee MexicaMexicann ArmyArmy.. IInn The Irish Soldiers of
Mexico, MichaelMichael HoganHogan seeksseeks ttoo countercounter Miller'Miller'ss claiclaimm thathatt ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo soldierssoldiers werweree traitorstraitors.. JohnJohn RileyRiley hahass becombecomee ththee centralcentral figure iinn ththee storystory,, bubutt HogaHogann useusess a plethorplethoraa ooff sourcesource materialmaterialss ttoo maintaimaintainn ththee focusfocus oonn alalll ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo soldiers.soldiers. HeHe explainsexplains hohoww a groupgroup ofof soldiersoldierss whwhoo werweree notnot alalll ethnicallyethnically IrisIrishh oorr religiouslreligiouslyy CatholicCatholic becambecamee a homogenoushomogenous uniunitt thatthat foughtfought undeunderr ththee symbolsymbol ofof thethe shamrockshamrock andand borboree thethe
13 namnamee ooff SaintSaint Patrick. 13 IInn contrast,contrast, DanieDaniell Alvarez'Alvarez'ss Memorias de John Reilly anandd PeterPeter
Stevens'Stevens' The Rogue's March highlighthighlight ththee lifelife ooff ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo Battalion'Battalion'ss IrishIrish leader,leader,
JohJohnn RileyRiley.. BotBothh bookbookss resemblresemblee extendedextended storiesstories,, meanmeantt ttoo extracextractt aann emotionalemotional responsresponsee fromfrom ththee readereaderr anandd gaigainn sympathsympathyy foforr ththee soldierssoldiers thathatt sufferedsuffered horrendoushorrendous ordealordealss durinduringg a timetime ofof warfare.warfare. 1414
Meanwhile,Meanwhile, eveneven thougthoughh thertheree araree numerounumerouss personapersonaljournals,15l journals,15 secondarysecondary sourcessources,, andand publipublicc records,records, thertheree hahass beebeenn littllittlee evolutionevolution iinn ththee laslastt 130130 yearyearss iinn thethe historiographhistoriographyy oofthef the MormoMormonn BattalionBattalion.. TheThe exploitsexploits oofthef the MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn duringduring
12 12 UnderUnder GeneraGenerall WinfieldWinfield Scott,Scott, ththee U.SU.S.. MilitarMilitaryy formeformedd ththee SpSpyy CompanCompanyy iinn MayMay,, 1847.1847. ThiThiss unit,unit, comprisecomprisedd ofof MexicanMexicanss (man(manyy ofof whowhomm werweree criminalscriminals oorr desertersdeserters fromfrom ththee MexicaMexicann ArmyArmy)) whwhoo providedprovided intelligence,intelligence, scoutescoutedd foforr enemenemyy locations,locations, andand acteactedd aass countecounterr guerrillasguerrillas,, counterecounteredd ththee advantagadvantagee MexicoMexico gainegainedd whewhenn thetheyy createcreatedd ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo BattalionBattalion.. SeeSee WynnWynn,, "The"The SanSan PatriciPatricioo Soldiers:Soldiers: Mexico'sMexico's ForeigForeignn Legion,Legion,"" 35-38.35-38. 13 13 HoganHogan,, The Irish Soldiers of Mexico.Mexico. 14 14 Alvarez'Alvarez'ss boobookk isis notnot crediblecredible becausbecausee itit failsfails ttoo citcitee a singlesingle sourcesource useusedd ttoo compilcompilee ththee bookbook.. DanielDaniel MolinMolinaa AlvarezAlvarez,, Memorias de John Reilly: Batallon de San Patricio (Mexico(Mexico:: InstitutInstitutoo ddee CulturaCultura ddee llaa CiudadCiudad ddee MexicoMexico,, 20022002)) andand StevensStevens,, The Rogue's March, x-xi.x-xi. 15 15 ThThee dedicatiodedicationn ofof somesome ooff ththee soldiersoldierss iinn faithfullfaithfullyy keepinkeepingg theitheirr journaljournalss isis amazingamazing.. WheWhenn RoberRobertt BlissBliss rarann outout ofof ininkk (bot(bothh blacblackk andand blueblue)) anandd couldcould nonott obtaiobtainn moremore,, hhee wrotwrotee ththee remainderemainderr iinn ththee onlonlyy fluidfluid hehe hahadd availableavailable,, hihiss bloodblood.. SeeSee J.J. CeciCecill AlterAlter,, "Journal"Journal ofof RoberRobertt S.S. BlissBliss,, witwithh ththee MormoMonnonn Battalion.Battalion."" UtahUtah Historical Quarterly 4, no.no. 3 (Jul(Julyy 1931):1931): 6767.. 7 ththee MexicaMexicann WarWar havhavee becomebecome anan importanimportantt parpartt ofLDSof LDS historicalhistorical lorelore.. MormonMormon historianshistorians,, attemptinattemptingg ttoo defindefinee thethe Church'Church'ss rolrolee iinn ththee settlementsettlement ofof ththee AmericaAmericann West,West, havehave writtenwritten ththee vasvastt majoritmajorityy ooff bookbookss andand studiestudiess oonn thethe battalionbattalion.. AAss inin ththee casecase ofof historicahistoricall writingwritingss abouaboutt ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo soldiers,soldiers, ththee MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn workworkss araree alsoalso nonott withouwithoutt biasbias.. However,However, whilwhilee somesome writerwriterss selectivelyselectively reporreportt onlonlyy thosthosee occurrencesoccurrences thathatt woulwouldd glorifglorifyy ththee battalion'battalion'ss experiencesexperiences,, otheotherr bookbookss andand articlesarticles presenpresentt a moremore balancebalancedd vievieww ooff whawhatt happenehappenedd oonn thathatt lonlongg marcmarchh west.west.
FollowinFollowingg ththee warwar,, twtwoo formeformerr soldierssoldiers anandd historianhistorianss presentepresentedd distincdistinctt workworkss onon ththee traveltravelss anandd accomplishmentsaccomplishments ofof ththee MormoMormonn BattalionBattalion.. PhilliPhillipp St.St. GeorgGeorgee Cooke,Cooke, thethe commandecommanderr ooff ththee MormoMormonn BattalionBattalion,, presentepresentedd ththee firstfirst boobookk onon ththee subjectsubject.. BasedBased onon hihiss wawarr journaljournal,, The Conquest ofo/New New Mexico and California in 1846-184816 16 provideprovidess anan officer'officer'ss andand non-Mormon'non-Mormon'ss perspectivperspectivee ooff ththee traveltravelss andand contributioncontributionss provideprovidedd byby thethe
MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers ttoo theitheirr nationnation.. ThThee vievieww presentepresentedd inin ththee boobookk isis a watered-downwatered-down versioversionn ooff whawhatt hhee actuallactuallyy wrotwrotee iinn hishis journaljournal,, whicwhichh RalpRalphh BieberBiebertt publishepublishedd inin
Exploring Southwestern Trails 1846-1854.17 17 ThThee secondsecond boobookk writtewrittenn durinduringg thithiss timetime perioperiodd wawass SergeanSergeantt DanieDaniell Tyler'sTyler's A Concise History ofo/the the Mormon Battalion in thethe
Mexican War.1818 Under the encouragement of John Taylor, President* of the Mormon Mexican War. Under the encouragement of John Taylor, President of the Mormon Church in 1881, Tyler compiled from known soldier journals what the Mormon Church Church in 1881, Tyler compiled from known soldier journals what the Mormon Church considers the accepted history of the Mormon Battalion experience. Written with a considers the accepted history of the Mormon Battalion experience. Written with a MomlOn soldier's perspective, the book lauds the dedication and loyalty of the Mormon Mormon soldier's perspective, the book lauds the dedication and loyalty of the Mormon
16 16 PhilliPhillipp St.St. GeorgGeorgee Cooke,Cooke, The Conquest a/Newof New Mexico and California in 1846-1848 (Bloomington,(Bloomington, IL:IL: RiRioo GrandGrandee PresPresss Inc.Inc.,, 1878).1878). 17 17 RalpRalphh PP.. BieberBieber,, Exploring Southwestern Trails 1846-1854 (Glendale,(Glendale, California:California: ArthuArthurr H.H. ClarkClark CompanyCompany,, 1938).1938). 18 18 SergeanSergeantt DanieDaniell Tyler,Tyler, A Concise History ofa/the the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War: 1846-18471846-1847 (Glorieta,(Glorieta, NeNeww MexicoMexico:: RiRioo GrandGrandee PressPress,, 1881).1881). 8 soldierssoldiers whowho,, despitdespitee ththee persecutiopersecutionn priopriorr ttoo ththee wawarr (whic(whichh iiss presentepresentedd inin ththee firstfirst quartequarterr ooff ththee book)book),, loyallyloyally supportesupportedd theitheirr nationnation.. BotBothh booksbooks,, althougalthoughh sympatheticsympathetic toto theitheirr owownn agendasagendas,, providprovidee a googoodd descriptiodescriptionn ooff ththee MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn experiencesexperiences andand includincludee somesome controversiacontroversiall accountaccountss thathatt araree nonott religiouslreligiouslyy biased.biased.
LikelLikelyy duduee ttoo ththee developindevelopingg MormoMormonn culturculturee andand controversiecontroversiess betweebetweenn ththee LDSLDS
ChurcChurchh andand ththee federafederall governmentgovernment,, foforr nearlnearlyy a centurcenturyy followinfollowingg thesthesee twtwoo books,books,
MormoMormonn historianhistorianss presentepresentedd a distorteddistorted (to(tooo positivepositive)) vievieww ofof ththee MormoMormonn BattalionBattalion experienceexperience.. BeginninBeginningg witwithh RH.B.H. RobertsRoberts'' The Mormon Battalion,19 19 whicwhichh promotepromotess thethe impendinimpendingg (1919)(1919) constructioconstructionn ooff ththee MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn MonumenMonumentt iinn SaltSalt LakLakee City,City,
UtahUtah,, scholarscholarss propagandizpropagandizee ththee MormoMormonn experiencexperiencee anandd portraportrayy thethe MormonMormon BattalionBattalion soldiersoldierss aass selflessselfless anandd faithfulfaithful warriorswalTiors;; thetheyy werweree trutruee patriotspatriots.. EveEvenn non-Mormonnon-Mormon historianshistorians,, likelike FrankFrank GoldnerGoldner,20, glorifglorifyy ththee dedicatiodedicationn andand accomplishmentsaccomplishments ofof thethe
MormonMormon soldiers.soldiers. MeanwhileMeanwhile,, PauPaull BaileyBailey,, iinn The Armies of God, demonstratedemonstratess hishis strongstrong religioureligiouss biasebiasess whewhenn hhee claimclaimss thathatt "only"only a bodbodyy ooff memenn steepedsteeped inin brotherhood,brotherhood, witwithh a faithfaith transcendintranscendingg reasonreason,, coulcouldd ever,ever, iinn likelike conditioncondition,, havhavee madmadee it.,,21it."21
BeginningBeginning iinn thethe 1990s,1990s, revisionisrevisionistt MormoMormonn historianshistorians presenpresentt a mormoree objectiveobjective andand inclusivinclusivee accountingaccounting ooff ththee MormoMormonn BattalionBattalion.. NormNormaa Ricketts'Ricketts' The MormonMormon
Battalion2222 provides a thorough collective chronological history based on known journals Battalion provides a thorough collective chronological history based on known journals and papers of Mormon Battalion soldiers. Along with demographical information, she and papers of Mormon Battalion soldiers. Along with demographical information, she creates an interesting work of social history that includes the wives and families that creates an interesting work of social history that includes the wives and families that 1199 B.HB.H.. RobertsRoberts,, The Mormon Battalion: Its History and Achievements (Salt(Salt LakLakee City,City, UtahUtah:: ThThee DeseretDeseret NewsNews,, 1919).1919). 2200 Goldner'sGoldner's boobookk includeincludess ththee transcribetranscribedd journajournall ooff HenrHenryy StandagStandagee (a(a membememberr ooff ththee MormoMormonn Battalion).Battalion). FranFrankk AlfreAlfredd GoldnerGoldner,, The March of the Mormon Battalion: From Council BluffsBluffi' to Cal(forniaCalifornia (New(New York:York: CenturCenturyy CompanyCompany,, 1928).1928). 2211 PauPaull BaileyBailey,, The Armies of God (Garden(Garden City,City, NeNeww YorkYork:: DoubledaDoubledayy & CompanyCompany,, 1968),1968), 169,169. 2222 NormNormaa BaldwiBaldwinn RickettsRicketts,, The Mormon Battalion: U.S,U.S. Army of the West, 1846-1848 (Logan,(Logan, UTUT:: UtahUtah StateState UniversitUniversityy Press,Press, 1996)1996).. 9 accompaniedaccompanied ththee soldierssoldiers onon theitheirr tretrekk towardtoward California.California. DavidDavid L.L. BigleBiglerr andand WillWill
23 Bagley'Bagley'ss Army of Israel, 23 a collectiocollectionn ooff sourcsourcee narrativenarrativess witwithh editededited commentaries,commentaries, chronologicallychronologically relatesrelates ththee MormoMormonn Battalion'Battalion'ss historhistoryy anandd hohoww thethe soldierssoldiers transformedtransformed ththee lanlandd anandd culturculturee inin ththee WestWest.. Finally,Finally, ShermanSherman L.L. Fleek'Fleek'ss History May Be SearchedSearched in Vain, writtewrittenn frofromm a militarmilitaryy perspectiveperspective,, questionsquestions ththee combatcombat effectiveneseffectivenesss ofof thethe
MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn andand whethewhetherr iitt wawass wiswisee ttoo organizorganizee a religioureligiouss uniunitt undeunderr a governmentgovernment constitutedconstituted ttoo separateseparate churcchurchh andand statestate.. AlthougAlthoughh hhee provideprovidess a goodgood summarysummary ooff eventeventss precedinprecedingg ththee Mexican-AmericaMexican-Americann WaWarr andand MormonMormon BattalionBattalion activitiesactivities durinduringg ththee warwar,, hhee (lik(likee Ricketts)Ricketts) followfollowss ththee examplexamplee ofof previoupreviouss historianshistorians andand stressestressess thatthat ththee MormoMormonn soldiersoldierss werewere mormoree loyaloyall ttoo theitheirr faithfaith thathann ttoo ththee federalfederal
24 government. 24
InIn theitheirr scholarlyscholarly worksworks,, MormonMormon historianhistorianss ddoo nonott generallygenerally focufocuss onon desertiondesertion sincsincee thertheree wawass onlonlyy ononee documentedocumentedd incidenincidentt iinn ththee MormoMormonn Battalion.Battalion. OnOn AugusAugustt 2323,,
1846,1846, barelbarelyy 1111 daysdays afteafterr leavinleavingg FortFort LeavenworthLeavenworth,, ThomaThomass GilbertGilbert (an(an emigrantemigrant fromfrom
CanadaCanada)) decideddecided ttoo leavleavee ththee battaliobattalionn andand wawass notnot seenseen again.2525 HoweverHowever,, forfor ththee resrestt ofof ththee armarmyy durinduringg ththee warwar,, desertiodesertionn waswas a majomajorr issue.issue. A highehigherr percentagpercentagee ofof AmericanAmerican soldiersoldierss desertedesertedd durinduringg ththee Mexican-AmericaMexican-Americann WaWarr thathann iinn anyany otherother foreigforeignn war.war.
BetweeBetweenn 18461846 anandd 1848,1848, approximatelyapproximately 8.8.33 percenpercentt ooff ththee U.SU.S.. armyarmy deserted,deserted, twictwicee thethe ratratee durinduringg ththee VietnaVietnamm War.War,z626 ThThee ArmArmyy ooff OccupationOccupation consistedconsisted ooff 40,9340,9344 regularregular soldierssoldiers andand 70,1270,1299 volunteervolunteerss (a(a totatotall fightingfighting forceforce ooff 111,063111,063 soldiers).soldiers). OfOf these,these,
5,335,3311 regularegularr soldierssoldiers (nearl(nearlyy 1313 percentpercent)) andand arounaroundd 4,204,2000 volunteervolunteerss (abou(aboutt 6 percent)percent)
2233 BigleBiglerr anandd BagleyBagley,, Army of Israel.Israel. 2244 ShermanSherman LL.. FleekFleek,, History May Be Searched in Vain: A Military History of the Mormon BattalionBattalion (Spokane,(Spokane, WAW A:: ArthuArthurr HH.. ClarClarkk Company,Company, 2006).2006). 2255 RickettsRicketts,, The Mormon Battalion, 4646,, 154154 andand LarsonLarson,, Database of the Mormon Battalion, 10-11.10-11. 2266 MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 2323,, 173-174.173-174. 1010 deserteddeserted.. 27 ItIt isis alsoalso importanimportantt ttoo notnotee thathatt 5,0005,000 IrisIrishh enlistedenlisted 28 iinn botbothh ththee regularegularr annyarmy andand volunteevolunteerr unitsunits,, andand nearlnearlyy 2200 percenpercentt (1,000(1,000)) deserted.2929 AlthougAlthoughh mosmostt ofof thesethese formerformer soldiersoldierss simplsimplyy disappeared,disappeared, a smallsmall percentagpercentagee defectedefectedd toto ththee enemyenemy anandd fonnedformed ththee nucleunucleuss ooff ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo Battalion.Battalion.
TheThe nexnextt chapterchapter wilwilll presenpresentt ththee taletaless ofof thesthesee soldiers.soldiers. BeginninBeginningg witwithh thethe historhistoryy ooff ththee wawarr anandd ththee ethnicethnic persecutiopersecutionn ofof IrisIrishh andand GermaGermann immigrants,immigrants, experienceexperiencedd frofromm 1820-18451820-1845,, thethe chaptechapterr wilwilll thethenn describedescribe ththee circumstancecircumstancess whichwhich influencedinfluenced ththee soldiers'soldiers' desertiondesertion.. TheThe thirthirdd chaptechapterr focusesfocuses onon ththee MormoMormonn Battalion.Battalion.
FollowinFollowingg ththee samesame fonnatformat aass ththee secondsecond chapterchapter,, iitt beginsbegins witwithh a historhistoryy oofthef the MonnonMormon experiencexperiencee precedinprecedingg ththee warwar,, thethenn explainsexplains ththee circumstancecircumstancess surroundingsurrounding ththee enlistmentenlistment ooff ththee MormoMormonn BattalionBattalion,, anandd finallyfinally describedescribess hohoww MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers reactereactedd ttoo thethe samesame circumstancecircumstancess thatthat influenceinfluencedd ththee foreign-bornforeign-born soldiersoldierss iinn theitheirr decisiodecisionn toto desertdesert.. TheThe tinalfinal chapterchapter provideprovidess a comparativecomparative studystudy oftheof the foreign-borforeign-bornn andand MormoMormonn soldiers'soldiers' experienceexperiencess anandd identifieidentifiess ththee kekeyy reasonreasonss whwhyy ththee MonnonsMormons remaineremainedd loyalloyal toto thethe governmentgovernment,, whereawhereass manmanyy foreign-borforeign-bornn soldierssoldiers desertedesertedd andand somsomee defecteddefected toto thethe enemyenemy.. FollowinFollowingg ththee synopsissynopsis ofof ththee studystudy,, ththee chaptechapterr thethenn highlighthighlightss hohoww thethe MonnonMormon
BattalioBattalionn andand SaSann PatriciPatricioo BattalioBattalionn experienceexperiencess duringduring anandd followingfollowing ththee wawarr continuedcontinued toto echoecho ononee another.another.
~27 Ibid.,Ibid., 23-2423-24 andand Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 2-32-3.. 28 28 IItt iiss importanimportantt ttoo notnotee thathatt ththee majoritmajorityy ooff IrisIrishh dididd remairemainn loyalloyal ttoo thethe UnitedUnited StateStatess governmentgovernment.. ThereThere werweree seventeenseventeen IrisIrishh companiecompaniess servingserving iinn ththee U.SU.S.. ArmyArmy,, whicwhichh consistedconsisted generallgenerallyy ooff IrishmeIrishmenn whowho hadhad assimilateassimilatedd intintoo AmericaAmericann societysociety;; thesthesee IrishmenIrishmen,, alonalongg witwithh otherother foreignersforeigners whwhoo hahadd receivereceivedd oror werewere awaitinawaitingg naturalizationnaturalization,, generallgenerallyy despiseddespised ththee defectordefectorss becausbecausee thetheyy increaseincreasedd ththee persecutiopersecutionn ooff GermanGerman anandd IrisIrishh citizenscitizens bbyy fosteringfostering ththee mytmythh thathatt thetheyy werweree untrustworthyuntrustworthy.. MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 174174;; Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 128;128; andand GarvinGarvin,, "An"An ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ooff Rogues,Rogues,"" 100.100. 2299 Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 2-32-3.. CHAPTERCHAPTER 2
SANSAN PATRICIPATRICIOO BATTALIONBATTALION
WhenWhen PresidenPresidentt PolkPolk,, anan ardentardent followerfollower ofof JacksonianJacksonian DemocracyDemocracy,, tootookk officeoffice inin
1845,1845, ththee nationnation clamoredclamored forfor expansion.3030 "Manifest"Manifest destiny,,,31destiny,"31 ththee beliefbelief inin America'sAmerica's
God-giveGod-givenn righrightt ttoo rulrulee thethe continent,32continent, demandeddemanded resolutioresolutionn ofof territoriaterritoriall disputes:disputes: thethe
U.SU.S.. clashedclashed witwithh MexicMexicoo overover ththee annexationannexation ofof TexasTexas (the(the U.S.U.S. alsoalso desireddesired ttoo gaingain controlcontrol ofof Califomia,California, havinghaving beenbeen unsuccessfuunsuccessfull atat purchasinpurchasingg thethe landland fromfrom Mexico);Mexico); andand ththee U.S.U.S. disagreeddisagreed withwith GreaGreatt BritaiBritainn overover controlcontrol oftheof the OregonOregon TerritoryTerritory (Great(Great BritainBritain claimedclaimed ththee CanadianCanadian bordeborderr extendedextended intointo northernorthemn CalifomiaCalifornia andand thatthat AmericanAmericanss werewere settlingsettling theitheirr lands).lands). PriorPrior ttoo PolkPolk takintakingg office,office, ththee outgoingoutgoing presidenpresidentt andand congresscongress approvedapproved ththee annexationannexation ofof Texas;Texas; MexicoMexico declareddeclared thatthat thithiss wawass anan actact ofof war.war. OneOne ofof thethe firstfirst thingsthings ththee neneww presidenpresidentt diddid wawass sendsend trooptroopss southsouth toto ensureensure MexicMexicoo diddid notnot prevenpreventt TexaTexass frofromm joininjoiningg ththee nationnation.. Later,Later, inin FebruarFebruaryy 1846,1846, hhee orderedordered ththee soldierssoldiers toto enterenter ththee contestedcontested zonezone northnorth ofof thethe RioRio Grande,Grande, oppositeopposite thethe MexicanMexican citycity ofof
MatamorosMatamoros.. OnOn AprilApril 25,25, 1846,1846, thethe MexicaMexicann ArmyArmy killedkilled eleveneleven U.S.U.S. soldiers.soldiers. Mexico'sMexico's attackattack onon AmericanAmerican forcesforces providedprovided PolkPolk ththee pretexpretextt toto taketake thethe nationnation toto war.war. SinceSince thethe
3300 WestwardWestward expansionexpansion allowedallowed statesstates ttoo prevenpreventt overpopulationoverpopulation andand effectivelyeffectively gegett riridd ofof undesirables.undesirables. Garvin,Garvin, "An"An ImmortaImmortall BandBand ofof Rogues,"Rogues," 34-36.34-36. 3311 "Manifest"Manifest destiny,"destiny," anan expressionexpression ofof SocialSocial Darwinism,Darwinism, encouragedencouraged thethe beliebelieff thathatt ththee Anglo-SaxoAnglo-Saxonn racerace wawass ethnicallyethnically andand religiouslreligiouslyy superiorsuperior ttoo otherother inferioinferiorr racesraces (including(including IrisIrishh andand German).German). Garvin,Garvin, "An"An ImmortalImmortal BandBand ofof Rogues,Rogues,"" 34-36,5534-36, 55 andand Hogan,Hogan, The Irish Soldiers of Mexico, 86.86. 3322 "Americans,"Americans, brilliantbrilliant oror simple,simple, envisionedenvisioned theirtheir nationationn fromfrom seasea ttoo sea,sea, andand fewfew worriedworried aboutabout thethe meansmeans toto accomplishaccomplish it."it." FleekFleek,, History May Be Searched in Vain, 52.52. 1212
U.S.U.S. waswas alreadyalready atat wawarr withwith Mexico,Mexico, PolPolkk wantewantedd ttoo avoidavoid wawarr witwithh GreaGreatt Britain.Britain.
However,However, joinjointt occupatiooccupationn ofof OregonOregon TerritorTerritoryy wawass causingcausing totooo manmanyy problemproblemss ttoo allowallow itsits continuance.continuance. FortunatelFortunatelyy foforr ththee U.S.U.S.,, JameJamess BuchanaBuchanann workeworkedd ououtt a compromisecompromise withwith ththee BritisBritishh iinn JuneJune ofof 1846,1846, agreeingagreeing ttoo setset ththee latitudinallatitudinal boundarboundaryy alongalong ththee 49thth parallel. 3333
WitWithh improveimprovedd relationrelationss betweebetweenn ththee U.SU.S.. andand BritisBritishh governments,governments, PolkPolk continuedcontinued ttoo propagandizpropagandizee wawarr witwithh MexicMexicoo aass a "patriotic"patriotic anandd honorablhonorablee venture.,,34venture."34
OnceOnce CongresCongresss approvedapproved Polk'Polk'ss wawarr billbill,, mosmostt AmericanAmericanss anandd politicianpoliticianss supportedsupported thethe wawarr effort.effort. MemberMemberss ofof CongresCongresss whwhoo opposeopposedd 35 thethe wawarr openlopenlyy denounceddenounced PolPolkk andand hishis administration,administration, bubutt mosmostt votevotedd ttoo supportsupport ththee army'army'ss needsneeds.. 36 Consequently,Consequently, CongressCongress authorizedauthorized foufourr increasesincreases iinn ththee sizesize ofof ththee regularegularr army,army, alonalongg witwithh ththee recruitmenrecruitmentt ofof
50,00050,000 volunteersvolunteers.. ThThee WarWar DepartmenDepartmentt directedirectedd ththee formationformation ooff infantrinfantryy anandd dragoondragoon regimentsregiments,, alonalongg witwithh batteriebatteriess ofof artillery.artillery. StatesStates hahadd nnoo problemsproblems meetinmeetingg theitheirr quotas;quotas; iinn fact,fact, thetheyy turneturnedd awaawayy somesome memenn becausebecause thetheyy hahadd totooo manmanyy volunteersvolunteers.. 37 AlthoughAlthough manymany AmericansAmericans supportedsupported ththee effort,effort, thertheree werweree somesome ethniethnicc anandd religioureligiouss communitiescommunities whwhoo hadhad littllittlee ttoo gaigainn bbyy supportinsupportingg a nationationn whicwhichh hahadd ignoredignored theitheirr calcalll foforr justice,justice, equality,equality, andand mercy.mercy.
33 RobertRobert W.W. Johannsen,Johannsen, To the Halls of the Montezumas: The Mexican War in the American ImaginationImagination (Ne(Neww YorkYork:: OxfordOxford UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 1985),7-8;1985), 7-8; RichardRichard BrucBrucee WindersWinders,, Mr. Polk's Army: The AmericanAmerican Military Experience in the Mexican War (Colleg(Collegee Station,Station, TX:TX: TexaTexass A & M UniversitUniversityy PressPress,, 1997)1997),5-12;, 5-12; FleekFleek,, History May Be Searched in Vain, 39-40.39-40. j4 34 TheThe PolkPolk administrationadministration useusedd ththee followinfollowingg meanmeanss ttoo propagandizpropagandizee ththee wawarr efforteffort:: newspapersnewspapers,, schools,schools, churcheschurches,, clubs,clubs, anandd otherother associations.associations. FleekFleek,, History May Be Searched in Vain, 5353.. 3355 ThisThis grougroupp includeincludedd abolitionistsabolitionists whwhoo worrieworriedd abouaboutt ththee expansionexpansion ooff slavery,slavery, membersmembers ooff ththee WhigWhig PartyParty,, andand NeNeww EnglanderEnglanderss whwhoo recognizerecognizedd nnoo self-interesself· interestt inin pursuinpursuingg a wawarr witwithh Mexico.Mexico. 3366 PoliticianPoliticianss hahadd learnelearnedd a lessolessonn durinduringg ththee WaWarr ofof 18121812,, whewhenn individualsindividuals whwhoo opposedopposed ththee wawarr werewere chargechargedd witwithh abettinabettingg ththee enemy.enemy. WindersWinders,, Mr. Polk's Army, 11-1211-12.. 37 37 OOff ththee 7,0007,000 memenn whwhoo volunteerevolunteeredd inin PennsylvaniaPennsylvania,, statestate officialofficialss werweree ablablee ttoo selecselectt 2,002,0000 ttoo representrepresent ththee statestate.. FleekFleek,, History May Be Searched in Vain, 52-53.52-53. 1313
IInn "American"American Anti-CatholicisAnti-Catholicismm durinduringg ththee MexicaMexicann War,War,"" TeTedd HinckleHinckleyy claimsclaims thathatt "the"the twtwoo decadesdecades beforbeforee ththee MexicaMexicann WaWarr areare renownerenownedd foforr theitheirr politicapoliticall liberalism,liberalism, economieconomicc growthgrowth,, andand romantiromanticc nationanationall optimism.,,38optimism." BecausBecausee ooff thethe diversitydiversity ofof
AmericaAmericann ProtestantismProtestantism,, denominationaldenominational liberalismliberalism allowedallowed forfor diversdiversee religioureligiouss groupsgroups sucsuchh asas thethe Mormons,Mormons, RomaRomann CatholicsCatholics,, andand JewsJews ttoo gaingain a smalsmalll measurmeasuree ofof acceptance.3399 As new ethnic immigrants arrived in the United States, new religious faiths acceptance. As new ethnic immigrants arrived in the United States, new religious faiths were established and national borders expanded, new territories incorporated diverse were established and national borders expanded, new territories incorporated diverse people (with nonmainstream Protestant beliefs) and the American "community" people (with nonmainstream Protestant beliefs) and the American "community" changed.40 But this measure of general acceptance did not prevent those with charcoal- changed.40 But this measure of general acceptance did not prevent those with charcoal- smeared faces of terror and hatred from torching Mormon homes and settlements, smeared faces of terror and hatred from torching Mormon homes and settlements, Catholic schools and churches, and Jewish businesses.41 Racial and religious Catholic schools and churches, and Jewish businesses.41 Racial and religious discrimination tore apart early American society. Racism sustained ethnic domination discrimination tore apart early American society. Racism sustained ethnic domination and repression within the national boarders. Mainstream society dehumanized and repression within the national boarders. Mainstream society dehumanized nonconformist groups to encourage mistreatment and validate the act of discrimination.42 nonconformist groups to encourage mistreatment and validate the act of discrimination.42 During the 1840s, thousands of destitute and diseased Irish left their ancestral During the 1840s, thousands of destitute and diseased Irish left their ancestral lands in search of a new home.43 Famine44 and unemployment caused these people to lands in search of a new home.43 Famine44 and unemployment caused these people to immigrate first to England and Scotland; but when they could not find sufficient immigrate first to England and Scotland; but when they could not find sufficient employment there, and they met with vicious persecution, they left Great Britain for employment there, and they met with vicious persecution, they left Great Britain for
38 HinckleyHinckley,, "American"American Anti-CatholicisAnti-Catholicismm durinduringg ththee MexicanMexican War,War,"" 136.136. 3399 Ibid.Ibid.,, 130130..
40 40 BenedicBenedictt Anderson'Anderson'ss Imagined Communities focusefocusess oonn ththee nationalisnationalistt movementmovementss inin EuropEuropee aroundaround thethe mid-nineteenthmid-nineteenth century.century. AndersoAndersonn explainsexplains iinn detaildetail hohoww czarisczaristt RussiRussiaa andand ththee HapsburgHapsburgss iinn AustriaAustria- HungryHungry madmadee concessionconcessionss ttoo consolidatconsolidatee ththee peoplpeoplee ofof differendifferentt ethnicitieethnicitiess intintoo ononee peoplepeople,, withoutwithout eliminatineliminatingg racismracism.. SeeSee BenedictBenedict AndersonAnderson,, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and SpreadSpread of Nationalism (Ne(Neww YorkYork,, NYNY:: VersoVerso,, 1983),83-84,86-88,99-111.1983), 83-84, 86-88, 99-111. 41 41 FleekFleek,, History May Be Searched in Vain, 56.56. 4422 AndersonAnderson,, Imagined Communities, 148-150,202.148-150, 202. 4433 L.L. PerrPerryy Curtis,Curtis, Apes and Angels (Washingto(Washingtonn D.C.:D.C.: SmithsoniaSmithsoniann InstituteInstitute Press,Press, 1997),29-31.1997), 29-31. 4444 ThThee "Irish"Irish PotatPotatoo Famine,Famine,"" otherwiseotherwise knowknownn asas ththee "Grea"Greatt Hunger,Hunger,"" begabegann inin 18451845 anandd killedkilled (through(through diseasdiseasee andand starvationstarvation)) arounaroundd 1,000,0001,000,000 Irish.Irish. 1414
45 America. 45 AlsAlsoo aroundaround thithiss timetime,, EuropeaEuropeann warwarss causecausedd otherother ethniethnicc groupgroupss toto immigratimmigratee ttoo neneww countriecountriess iinn searcsearchh ofof employment,employment, stability,stability, andand bettebetterr opportunities.opportunities. 46
BecausBecausee ooff thithiss massivmassivee influinfluxx ofof immigrantsimmigrants,, America'America'ss populatiopopulationn doubledoubledd inin sizesize eacheach decadedecade (durin(duringg ththee 1800s)1800s) andand bbyy 1846,1846, approacheapproachedd 21,000,000.4747 A larglargee portioportionn ofof thesethese immigrantimmigrantss (betwee(betweenn 800,000800,000 anandd 1,000,000)1,000,000) camecame frofromm Ireland,Ireland, anandd hahadd arrivedarrived betweebetweenn 18151815 andand 1846.1846. TheTheyy soughtsought ththee mythicamythicall "land"land ofof opportunitiesopportunities"" andand desireddesired assimilatioassimilationn intointo AmericaAmericann society;society; bubutt speculatorspeculatorss hahadd alreadyalready purchasepurchasedd allall availableavailable land,land, drivingdriving uupp pricesprices,, anandd jobjobss werewere shortshort becausebecause thethe economyeconomy wawass iinn a slumpslump.. ManyMany ooff ththee newcomernewcomerss hopehopedd thathatt ththee previoupreviouss Irish-CatholiIrish-Catholicc immigrantsimmigrants couldcould providprovidee themthem opportunitieopportunitiess aass thetheyy arrivedarrived inin AmericaAmericann portsports,, bubutt becausbecausee ooff self-interest,self-interest, thetheyy werewere
48 usuallusuallyy denieddenied anyany favor.favor. 48
TheThe previoupreviouss immigrantimmigrantss fearedfeared retributioretributionn frofromm ththee risinrisingg nativisnativistt movemenmovementt thatthat waswas mosmostt prevalentprevalent inin America'sAmerica's northeasternnortheastern statesstates,, bubutt spannespannedd ththee nation.nation. AAss thethe
AmericaAmericann economyeconomy becambecamee unstable,unstable, duedue partlpartlyy ttoo itsits shiftshift towardtowardss industrializationindustrialization andand thethe riserise ooff urbanurban society,society, paranoiparanoiaa grippegrippedd manmanyy AmericansAmericans,, andand thetheyy begabegann ttoo transfertransfer blamblamee forfor nationanationall anandd localocall problemproblemss ttoo immigrantsimmigrants.. OutsiderOutsiderss werweree a threathreatt ttoo thethe nation'nation'ss welfarwelfaree andand a burdeburdenn ttoo ititss competitivcompetitivee market.4949 GarvinGarvin explainsexplains thathatt thithiss wawass a
"period"period ofof AmericaAmericann historyhistory wherwheree notionnotionss ofof racisracismm andand discriminatiodiscriminationn transcendedtranscended colorcolor lineliness andand includeincludedd thosthosee ooff IrisIrishh andand GermaGermann descent..descent .... [as[as parpartt ooff thethe]] lowestlowest
45 Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 13-1513-15,22, 22 anandd CurtisCurtis,, Apes and Angels, 29-31.29-31. 4646 GarvinGarvin,, "An"An ImmortaImmortall BandBand ofof Rogues,Rogues,"" xvi.xvi. 4747 IInn ththee yeayearr 1846,1846, AmericaAmerica receivedreceived mormoree thathann 154,000154,000 immigrantsimmigrants,, witwithh mosmostt ooff thethemm comincomingg frofromm thethe BritisBritishh Isles.Isles. RicharRichardd EE.. BennettBennett,, Mormons at the Missouri, 1846-1852 11"AndAnd Should Should WeWe DieDie ...... " " (Norman(Norman:: UniversitUniversityy ofof Oklahoma,Oklahoma, 1987),6.1987), 6. 4488 Garvin,Garvin, "An"An ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ofof Rogues,Rogues,"" xviiixviii,, 1-2,1-2, 1111.. 4949 Ibid.Ibid.,, xvii-xviii.xvii-xviii. 1515 runrungg ofof society.,,5osociety."50 NativistNativistss useusedd discriminatiodiscriminationn ttoo establisestablishh a nationalistinationalisticc identityidentity,, oneone thathatt divideddivided AmericanAmericanss bbyy theitheirr ethnicities.5151 AlthougAlthoughh AmericanAmericanss consideredconsidered allall immigrantsimmigrants a menacemenace,, StevensStevens claimclaimss thathatt SamuelSamuel F.BF.B.. MorseMorse,, fathefatherr ooff ththee telegraptelegraphh andand oneone ooff ththee maimainn instigatorinstigatorss ooff ththee nativisnativistt movementmovement,, wawass responsiblresponsiblee foforr ththee shiftshift whichwhich transferretransferredd blamblamee foforr America'America'ss problemproblemss especiallyespecially onon ttoo thosethose whwhoo practicedpracticed
CatholicismCatholicism.. 52 AfterAfter havinghaving a babadd experiencexperiencee inin ItalyItaly,, MorsMorsee wrotwrotee Foreign ConspiracyConspiracy
Against the Liberties of the United States (1835),(1835), a two-volumtwo-volumee attackattack onon ththee CatholicCatholic
Church.Church. ManManyy ProtestantProtestantss 53 seizedseized Morse'Morse'ss ideaideass andand immediatelyimmediately becambecamee anti-Irishanti-Irish andand
54 antipapist. 54 ManManyy AmericanAmericanss considereconsideredd RomanRoman CatholicismCatholicism,, witwithh ititss theocratictheocratic structurestructure (which(which tendetendedd ttoo bbee insulainsularr anandd recognizrecognizee priesthoopriesthoodd sovereignty),sovereignty), a threathreatt toto
AmericaAmericann independenceindependence.. InIn somesome states,states, liklikee MassachusettsMassachusetts,, nativistnativistss pushed,pushed, unsuccessfullyunsuccessfully,, forfor legislatiolegislationn limitinlimitingg CatholiCatholicc anandd IrisIrishh immigration.immigration.5555
UnablUnablee ttoo stopstop ththee flofloww ofof immigrantsimmigrants,, nativistnativistss useusedd propagandpropagandaa ttoo spreadspread theirtheir causecause anandd negativelnegativelyy stereotypestereotype immigrantsimmigrants.. BecauseBecause mostmost ooff thethe IrisIrishh immigrantsimmigrants whowho arrivedarrived iinn AmericAmericaa werweree unskilleunskilledd laborerslaborers,, thetheyy competecompetedd witwithh blackblackss andand otherother CatholicCatholic immigrantimmigrantss foforr meniameniall jobsjobs.. ManyMany,, havinhavingg difficultiesdifficulties findinfindingg employment,employment, joinejoinedd gangs,gangs, witwithh ththee resulresultt thathatt ththee IrishIrish,, andand otheotherr immigrantsimmigrants,, werweree blameblamedd forfor a risrisee iinn crime.5656
ThThee localocall presspress,, whicwhichh includedincluded The Philadelphia Sun, Philadelphia Nativist, DemocraticDemocratic
Register, anandd The Protestant, supportedsupported nativisnativistt activitieactivitiess bbyy propagandizinpropagandizingg thesethese
5500 Ibid.Ibid.,, 131131.. 5511 Ibid.Ibid.,, 3,3, 28.28. 3522 StevensStevens,, The Rogue's March, 18-19.18-19. 5533 RepresentativesRepresentatives fromfrom foufourr ProtestanProtestantt denominations,denominations, vizviz.. ththee Episcopal,Episcopal, Presbyterian,Presbyterian, Methodist,Methodist, andand BaptistBaptist,, signesignedd a letterletter ooff recommendatiorecommendationn foforr thethe workwork.. SamuelSamuel F.BF.B.. MorseMorse,, "Foreign"Foreign ConspiracyConspiracy AgainstAgainst ththee LibertiesLiberties oftheof the UniteUnitedd States:States: ththee NumberNumberss ooff Brutus,Brutus,"" New-York Observer (1835),(1835), http://jmgainor.homestead.com/files/PU/Lks/FCALUS/FCALUSOO.hthttp:/Zjmgainor.homestead.com/files/PU/Lks/FCALUS/FCALUSOO.htmm (accessed(accessed AugusAugustt 2525,2008)., 2008). 5544 StevensStevens,, The Rogue's March, 18-1918-19.. 5555 GarvinGarvin,, "A"Ann ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ooff Rogues,Rogues,"" 6-76-7,, 1313.. 5566 StevensStevens,, The Rogue'sRogue '8 March, 24.24. 1616
57 issuesissues.. 57 AlonAlongg witwithh printinprintingg negativnegativee articlearticless andand literature,literature, publisherpublisherss followedfollowed thethe
EnglisEnglishh precedenprecedentt anandd portrayedportrayed ththee IrisIrishh aass simianssimians,, witwithh porcineporcine features,58features, inin politicalpolitical cartoonscartoons.. ArtistArtistss depicteddepicted thethemm aass dumbdumb,, brutisbrutishh apeapess thathatt werweree pronpronee ttoo reactreact,, followingfollowing theitheirr primitivprimitivee instinctsinstincts,, witwithh riotouriotouss violence. 5959 NativistNativistss alsoalso begabegann usinusingg derogatoryderogatory namesnames,, sucsuchh asas "Paddy""Paddy" andand "Bridget,""Bridget," ttoo identifidentifyy ththee Irish.6oIrish.60
AlthougAlthoughh somesome historianshistorians,, liklikee RicharRichardd JensonJenson,, claimclaim thathatt ththee criescries ofof discriminationdiscrimination havhavee beebeenn exaggerateexaggeratedd oveoverr timtimee anandd argueargue thatthat thertheree iiss nnoo concretconcretee proofproof ttoo substantiatesubstantiate somsomee ooff ththee myths,myths,6161 duringduring ththee earlearlyy anandd mid-1800mid-1800ss thertheree werweree numerousnumerous actsacts ofof momobb violencviolencee anandd nativist-instigatenativist-instigatedd persecutionpersecutionss ooff immigrantsimmigrants.. BeginninBeginningg inin
1824,1824, NeNeww YorYorkk ProtestantProtestantss provokedprovoked IrisIrishh riotriotss whewhenn theythey commemoratedcommemorated KingKing
William'William'ss victorvictoryy overover IrisIrishh CatholicsCatholics.. LaterLater,, iinn 1834,1834, MassachusettsMassachusetts mobmobss burnedburned downdown a CatholicCatholic girl'sgirl's academyacademy inin BostonBoston andand a conventconvent inin Charlestown,Charlestown, wherewhere a nunnun whowho wishewishedd ttoo leavleavee wawass supposedlysupposedly beinbeingg helheldd captivecaptive;; althoughalthough policepolice arrestedarrested eighteight peoplepeople foforr ththee arsonarson,, nonnonee werweree convicteconvictedd ooff a crimecrime.. FinallyFinally,, iinn 1838,1838, nativistnativistss applieappliedd politicalpolitical pressurepressure ttoo MassachusettMassachusettss GovernoGovernorr EdwarEdwardd EveretEverettt andand forceforcedd Boston'Boston'ss predominatelypredominately
Irish-borIrish-bornn militiamilitia (Montgomer(Montgomeryy GuardGuard)) ttoo disband;disband; theitheirr justificatiojustificationn wawass thathatt itit wawass tootoo dangeroudangerouss ttoo alloalloww armearmedd "foreigners""foreigners" ttoo gather.gather.6262
TensionsTensions continuecontinuedd ttoo risrisee durinduringg ththee 1840s.1840s. IncreaseIncreasedd anti-immigrantanti-immigrant propagandpropagandaa igniteignitedd escalatinescalatingg actactss ooff violencviolencee acrosacrosss ththee nationnation,, asas nativistsnativists claimedclaimed thatthat
5577 GarvinGarvin,, "A"Ann ImmortalImmortal BanBandd ooff Rogues,Rogues,"" 14.14. 588 "Because"Because pigpigss playeplayedd suchsuch a vitalvital parpartt inin thethe IrishIrish economy,economy, itit waswas allall tootoo easyeasy forfor comiccomic artistsartists ttoo equateequate IrisIrishh rebelrebelss witwithh ththee leanlean,, eveevenn emaciateemaciatedd pigpigss ooff ththee countrysidecountryside anandd ttoo endoendoww UniteUnitedd IrishmenIrishmen withwith snoutsnoutss insteainsteadd ooff noses.noses."" CurtisCurtis,, Apes and Angels, 3131.. 5599 Ibid.,Ibid., 29-31.29-31. 6600 StevensStevens,, The Rogue's March, 24.24.
61 61 JenseJensenn directldirectlyy refuterefutess ththee mytmythh thathatt signssigns discriminatindiscriminatingg againstagainst IrishIrish werweree postepostedd inin AmericanAmerican businessbusiness windowswindows.. RicharRichardd JensonJenson,, '''No'"No IrishIrish NeeNeedd Apply'Apply':: A MytMythh ooff Victimization,Victimization,"" Journal of Social HistoryHistory 3636,, nono.. 2 (Winter(Winter 2002)2002):: 405-407.405-407. 6622 GarvinGarvin,, "A"Ann ImmortalImmortal BandBand ooff Rogues,Rogues,"" 15-17.15-17. 1717
immigrantimmigrantss werweree un-Americanun-American murderersmurderers.. IncreasingIncreasing actsacts ooff violencviolencee betweebetweenn IrishmenIrishmen anandd native-bornative-bornn AmericanAmericanss occurredoccurred iinn MassachusettsMassachusetts,, MichiganMichigan,, Connecticut,Connecticut, Maryland,Maryland,
NeNeww YorkYork,, FloridaFlorida,, anandd IndianaIndiana.. FinallyFinally,, oonn MaMayy 3,1844,3, 1844, thousandthousandss ooff armedarmed,, torch-torch- carryincarryingg nativistnativistss pouredpoured intintoo ththee IrishIrish working-clasworking-classs districtdistrictss ooff Philadelphia,Philadelphia,
PennsylvaniaPennsylvania.. ThThee mobmobss intendedintended ttoo drivdrivee ththee IrishIrish ououtt ofof ththee citcityy bbyy forceforce,, bubutt thethe immigrantimmigrantss foughtfought bacbackk anandd afteafterr five daydayss ofof fighting,fighting, ththee mobmobss lefleftt witwithh theirtheir missionmission unaccomplishedunaccomplished.. TheTheyy diddid,, howeverhowever,, succeedsucceed iinn burninburningg downdown threthreee CatholicCatholic churches,churches, twtwoo rectoriesrectories,, twtwoo convents,convents, andand overover 202000 IrisIrishh shanties.shanties. AAss ththee buildingbuildingss burnedburned,, thethe city'city'ss policpolicee merelmerelyy watchewatchedd whilwhilee ProtestanProtestantt rioterrioterss preventepreventedd thethe fire departmentdepartment fromfrom containingcontaining anandd puttinputtingg outout ththee fires.fires. ThThee five daydayss ooff fightingfighting leftleft 150150 seriouslyseriously woundedwounded anandd aatt leasleastt 3300 deadeadd IrisIrishh immigrantsimmigrants.. ThroughouThroughoutt ththee earlyearly andand mid-1800smid-1800s,, ththee federalfederal governmengovernmentt dididd nothingnothing ttoo alleviatalleviatee immigranimmigrantt persecutionpersecution.. StateState governmentsgovernments retainedretained ththee authoritauthorityy ttoo govergovernn civilcivil disputesdisputes andand powepowerr overover individualindividual propertpropertyy rightsrights.. TheyThey alsalsoo controllecontrolledd ththee migratiomigrationn ofof peoplpeoplee withiwithinn statstatee boundaries.6363
EnlistmenEnlistmentt
WheWhenn tensiontensionss arosearose betweebetweenn ththee UniteUnitedd States,States, GreatGreat Britain,Britain, andand MexicMexicoo overover possessiopossessionn ooff CaliforniaCalifornia anandd ththee OregoOregonn Territory,Territory, nativistsnativists,, whwhoo adamantladamantlyy supportedsupported ththee warwar,, questionedquestioned ththee reliabilitreliabilityy ooff immigrantsimmigrants.. TheyThey attempteattemptedd ttoo paspasss lawlawss thathatt wouldwould limilimitt ththee numbernumber ooff immigrantimmigrantss whwhoo coulcouldd serveserve iinn ththee military.military.6464 HoweverHowever,, lawn1akerslawmakers
6363 Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 2121,, 2255 andand GarvinGarvin,, "A"Ann ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ofof Rogues,Rogues,"" 17,17, 2828.. 6464 HinckleyHinckley,, "American"American Anti-CatholicisAnti-Catholicismm durinduringg ththee MexicaMexicann War,War,"" 135-137135-137 andand Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue'sRogue's March,March,34. 34. 1818 rejecterejectedd ththee legislationlegislation whewhenn iitt becamebecame cleaclearr thathatt ththee armyarmy coulcouldd nonott raisraisee a sufficientsufficient
6565 numbenumberr ooff enlisteesenlistees frofromm nativnativee citizens.
WheWhenn AmericAmericaa formallformallyy declaredeclaredd wawarr againstagainst Mexico,Mexico, thethe governmentgovernment hahadd nono problemproblem recruitinrecruitingg "volunteers,"volunteers,,,66" bubutt thetheyy continuouslcontinuouslyy hahadd difficultiesdifficulties recruitingrecruiting regularegularr soldiersoldierss frofromm amongamong ththee native-bornative-bornn populationpopulationss anandd requirerequiredd immigranimmigrantt soldierssoldiers ttoo tIllfill ththee army'army'ss ranksranks.. 67 IrishIrish anandd GermanGerman immigrantimmigrantss becambecamee ththee targetargett recruits.recruits.
NearlNearlyy halhalff ooff ththee soldiersoldierss thathatt enlisteenlistedd iinn ththee U.SU.S.. ArmArmyy werweree foreign-born,foreign-born, andand ofof those,those, mostmost werweree fromfrom predominantlpredominantlyy CatholicCatholic backgroundsbackgrounds.. 68 ThesThesee foreign-bornforeign-born soldierssoldiers generallgenerallyy enlistedenlisted forfor a steadsteadyy paycheck,paycheck,6969 ththee promisepromise oofland,f land, andand earlyearly naturalizationaturalization-n - nonott ououtt ofof a sensesense ofpatriotism.of patriotism.7o70 AAtt a timtimee whewhenn ththee AmericanAmerican economyeconomy waswas suffering,suffering, businessebusinessess werweree failing,failing, andand unemploymenunemploymentt wawass rampantrampant,, ththee armarmyy wawass hiringhiring.. FoForr manymany hungry,hungry, unemployeunemployedd IrisIrishh andand GermaGermann immigrants,immigrants, ththee militarmilitaryy offeredoffered anan ideaideall jobjob opportunity.7171 These •immigrants, many of whom were veteran soldiers who had fought opportunity. These immigrants, many of whom were veteran soldiers who had fought in Europe, hoped to elevate their social status through military service.72 However, in Europe, hoped to elevate their social status through military service. However, foreign-born soldiers were ineligible for promotion to the officer ranks, and many were foreign-born soldiers were ineligible for promotion to the officer ranks, and many were forced to serve under less experienced and incompetent officers who used abuse to try forced to serve under less experienced and incompetent officers who used abuse to try and gain obedience. and gain obedience.
65 CaptaiCaptainn GeorgeGeorge AA.. McCallMcCall,, a recruiterecruiterr inin Philadelphia,Philadelphia, claimeclaimedd "tha"thatt thethe ranksranks ooff ouourr armarmyy coulcouldd notnot bebe fillefilledd witwithh memenn whoswhosee intelligencintelligencee andand industrindustryy enableenabledd thethemm ttoo fillfill ththee highehigherr placeplacess iinn ththee walkwalkss ofof life."life." AAss quotequotedd iinn WindersWinders,, Mr. Polk's Army, 60.60. 6666 NativNativee citizencitizenss abhorredabhorred regularegularr militarmilitaryy serviceservice,, considerinconsideringg ththee soldierssoldiers ttoo bbee wagwagee earnersearners andand "hirelings."hirelings."" Instead,Instead, nativnativee citizenscitizens preferrepreferredd ttoo serveserve aass independentindependent "volunteers,"volunteers,"" bbee subjectsubject ttoo lessless discipline,discipline, andand ttoo havhavee mormoree controcontroll oveoverr theitheirr termtermss ooff serviceservice anandd whwhoo theirtheir leadersleaders were.were. 6677 GarvinGarvin,, "An"An ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ooff Rogues,Rogues,"" 57.57. 6688 2244 percenpercentt IrishIrish,, 1010 percenpercentt GermanGerman,, 6 percenpercentt EnglishEnglish,, 3 percenpercentt ScottishScottish,, anandd 4 percentpercent fromfrom remainingremaining EuropeaEuropeann nationnationss anandd Canada.Canada. MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 9.9. 6969 ThThee militarmilitaryy paipaidd sevenseven dollardollarss a month,month, alonalongg witwithh food,food, lodginlodgingg andand healthealthh carecare.. WindersWinders,, Mr. Polk'sPolk's Army, 60.60. 7700 GarvinGarvin,, "An"An ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ofof Rogues,Rogues,"" 59-60.59-60. 7711 WindersWinders,, Mr. Polk's Army, 60.60. 7722 GarvinGarvin,, "A"Ann ImmOltalImmortal BanBandd ofof Rogues,"Rogues," xix.xix. 1919
HarshHarsh anandd UnjustUnjust TreatmentTreatment fromfrom OfficersOfficers
DurinDuringg ththee courscoursee ooff ththee warwar,, thertheree werweree twtwoo officersofficers whosewhose actionactionss directlydirectly influenceinfluencedd ththee livelivess ooff alalll ththee soldiersoldierss iinn ththee U.SU.S.. ArmyArmy:: GeneraGenerall ZacharZacharyy TayloTaylorr (Old(Old
RougRoughh anandd ReadyReady)) andand MajoMajorr GeneraGenerall WinfielWinfieldd ScottScott (Ol(Oldd FusFusss anandd Feathers)Feathers).. BothBoth werweree veteransveterans,, botbothh understoounderstoodd hohoww ttoo communicatcommunicatee effectiveleffectivelyy witwithh officers,officers, andand bothboth coulcouldd influencinfluencee theitheirr soldiersoldierss ttoo accomplisaccomplishh ththee missionmission.. UnfortunatelyUnfortunately,, fewfew ofof theirtheir juniojuniorr officersofficers emulateemulatedd theitheirr examplesexamples,, whicwhichh includeincludedd treatintreatingg immigranimmigrantt soldierssoldiers fairly.fairly.7373
SomeSome historianhistorianss mighmightt arguarguee thathatt theitheirr differendifferentt approachesapproaches ttoo haltinhaltingg desertiondesertion encourageencouragedd ethnicethnic violenceviolence,, bubutt inin truthtruth,, botbothh werweree tryintryingg toto ususee forcforcee ttoo prevenpreventt furtherfurther violenceviolence.. GeneralGeneral TaylorTaylor ordereorderedd deserterdeserterss toto bbee shot.shot. WheWhenn ththee governmengovernmentt questionedquestioned hihiss activitiesactivities (proclaiming(proclaiming ththee measuremeasuress totooo harsharshh andand unjust)unjust),, hhee boldlyboldly challengedchallenged thethe
7474 politicianpoliticianss ttoo comcomee uupp witwithh a suitablsuitablee alternative. LateLaterr inin ththee warwar,, MajoMajorr GeneralGeneral ScottScott employeemployedd ththee mormoree tactfutactfull approachapproach ofof remindinremindingg hihiss soldierssoldiers ofof thethe fatefate ofof ththee hangedhanged
SanSan PatricioPatricio desertersdeserters ((aa pendinpendingg threathreatt oofviolence).75f violence). Scott'Scott'ss pre-wapre-warr condemnationscondemnations ofof
"the"the officeofficerr corpcorpss foforr illegalillegal punishmentpunishmentss regularlregularlyy inflictedinflicted onon ththee enlisteenlistedd men"men" probablyprobably influenceinfluencedd hihiss leslesss harsharshh approacapproachh ttoo ththee issuissuee ooff desertion.desertion. 7676
73 ThrougThroughh hihiss exampleexample,, GeneraGenerall TayloTaylorr trietriedd ttoo teacteachh hihiss subordinatesubordinatess ttoo nonott alwaysalways reacreactt iinn a violentlyviolently rasrashh mannermanner.. IInn ththee courscoursee ooff tryintryingg ttoo physicallphysicallyy forcforcee anan IrisIrishh soldiesoldierr ttoo executexecutee aann orderorder thathatt hhee (the(the soldier)soldier) diddid nonott understandunderstand,, ththee soldiersoldier becambecamee frustratefrustratedd anandd struckstruck ththee generalgeneral.. WheWhenn ththee officers,officers, stunnedstunned bbyy whawhatt thetheyy hahadd jusjustt beheldbeheld,, preparepreparedd ttoo rurunn ththee offendinoffendingg soldiersoldier througthroughh witwithh theitheirr sabers,sabers, TaylorTaylor stoppestoppedd themthem.. ThThee soldiersoldier hadhad impresseimpressedd ththee generalgeneral witwithh hihiss shoshoww ooff forceforce,, andand TayloTaylorr toldtold thethe officersofficers thathatt onconcee trainedtrained,, ththee IrishmaIrishmann woulwouldd makmakee a finfinee soldier.soldier. StevensStevens,, The Rogue's March, 5555.. 7474 DispatcDispatchh frofromm GeneralGeneral ZacharZacharyy TaylorTaylor.. U.SU.S.. DepartmentDepartment ooff WarWar,, AdjutanAdjutantt General'General'ss Office,Office, InIn AnswerAnswer to the CallforCall for Information Relative to Deserters Shot Near Matamoros, May 31, 1846, NationaNationall Archives,Archives, CorrespondenceCorrespondence FilFilee NumbeNumberr 2793227932,, 1-3.1-3. 7755 U.SU.S.. DepartmenDepartmentt ofof WarWar,, AdjutanAdjutantt General'General'ss OfficeOffice,, General Orders Number 296, Headquarters of the the Army, Mexico, September 22, 1847, NationaNationall ArchivesArchives,, CorrespondencCorrespondencee FilFilee NumbeNumberr 27932.27932. 7676 MarMarkk AA.. VargasVargas,, "Th"Thee MilitarMilitaryy JusticJusticee SysteSystemm anandd ththee UsUsee ooff IllegaIllegall PunishmentsPunishments asas CausesCauses ofof DesertionDesertion iinn ththee U.SU.S.. ArmyArmy,, 1821-1835,"1821-1835," Journal of Military History 5555,, nono.. 1 (Januar(Januaryy 1991):1991): 22,19., 19. 2020
IInn thethe 1840s,1840s, ththee U.SU.S.. ArmArmyy wawass younyoungg andand goingoingg througthroughh changeschanges thatthat reflectedreflected changechangess iinn society.society. YounYoungg officers,officers, newlnewlyy graduategraduatedd frofromm WesWestt Point,Point,7777 tendetendedd toto bebe arrogantarrogant,, abusiveabusive,, andand unprofessionaunprofessionall iinn behaviorbehavior,, especiallespeciallyy whenwhen tryintryingg ttoo concealconceal theirtheir inexperience.7788 The ambiguous Articles of War provided minimal boundaries to inexperience. The ambiguous Articles of War provided minimal boundaries to punishments and procedures within the military legal system. 79 Officers, who were both punishments and procedures within the military legal system.79 Officers, who were both the prosecutor and judge, were free to impose cruel and unreasonable punishments, while the prosecutor and judge, were free to impose cruel and unreasonable punishments, while conducting limited or no investigations. Some officers took advantage of the vagueness conducting limited or no investigations. Some officers took advantage of the vagueness to interpret blatant forms of abuse as necessary summary punishments. When the number to interpret blatant forms of abuse as necessary summary punishments. When the number of troublemakers increased because of mistreatment, these officers generally imposed of troublemakers increased because of mistreatment, these officers generally imposed stiffer punishments. Situations were generally worse in frontier and more isolated areas. stiffer punishments. Situations were generally worse in frontier and more isolated areas. These extralegal punishments led some soldiers to desert and, in a few cases, to retaliate These extralegal punishments led some soldiers to desert and, in a few cases, to retaliate against the officers in charge. 80 against the officers in charge. As the army approached Mexico, abusive punishments became more common and As the army approached Mexico, abusive punishment8 s became more common and threats changed from verbal to physical occurrences. Q !1 To maintain control of their threatsoldiers,s change officersd fro andm sergeantsverbal to physicaemployedl occurrences common forms. T oof maintai discipline,n contro suchl oasf theilossr of pay,soldiers demotion,, officer sand an dcorrective sergeants training employe (suchd commo as holdingn form as signof discipline advertising, suc theh a ssoldier's loss of payinfraction,, demotion during, an doff-hours),82 corrective trainin whichg are (suc stillh a sin holdin use ing today'sa sign advertisin U.S. Army.g th Officerse soldier' alsos 89 infractiondemonstrated, durin arbitraryg off-hours) harshness, whic in hadministering are still in us punishment.e in today's U.SBesides. Army flogging. Officer ors also demonstrated arbitrary harshness in administering punishment. Besides flogging or 77 FromFrom 1838-1845,1838-1845, MajoMajorr RicharRichardd DelafieldDelafield waswas ththee superintendantsuperintendant aatt WesWestt Point.Point. HHee wawass a strictstrict disciplinariandisciplinarian whwhoo believebelievedd cadetcadetss needeneededd ttoo bbee punishepunishedd forfor evereveryy infraction.infraction. SomeSome ooff ththee punishmentspunishments imposeimposedd oonn cadetscadets includeincludedd confinemenconfinementt iinn "Dark"Dark"" prisonprison,, restrictionrestriction,, extrextraa guardguard dutyduty,, loslosss ofof rankrank,, denialdenial ooff privilegesprivileges,, anandd suspensiosuspensionn oror expulsioexpUlsionn frofromm ththee AcademyAcademy.. JameJamess LL.. MorrisonMorrison,, Jr.Jr.,, The Best School in the World: West Point, the Pre-Civil War Years, 1833-1866 (Ohio(Ohio:: KenKentt StateState UniversitUniversityy PressPress,, 1986),22,1986), 22, 4040,73-74., 73-74. 7788 WindersWinders,, Mr. Polk's Army, 61-62.61-62. 79 79 "Army"Army lalaww wawass a complexcomplex mazemaze ooff customscustoms,, mandatesmandates,, anandd ruleruless basedbased uponupon BritisBritishh traditions.traditions."" Vargas,Vargas, "The"The MilitarMilitaryy JusticJusticee System,"System," 7.7. 8080 Ibid.Ibid.,, 2-72-7,, 10-1510-15.. 81 81 Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 42.42. 82 82 Miller,Miller, Shamrock and Sword, 152152.. 2211 brandinbrandingg soldiersoldierss oonn thethe faceface (HD(HD forfor habituahabituall drinkerdrinker,, W foforr worthlessworthless,, anandd D forfor
QO OA deserter),83 soldiers who fell asleep on guard duty were sometimes shot,84 and if a soldier deserter), soldiers who fell asleep on guard duty were sometimes shot, and if a soldier made mistakes in drill, he could lose a month's pay (even first time offenders) or receive made mistakes in drill, he could lose a month's pay (even first time offenders) or receive discipline immediately if an officer or sergeant decided to slash him on his shoulder with discipline immediately if an officer or sergeant decided to slash him on his shoulder with his saber.85or But some of the more barbarous punishments (for even minor offenses) his saber. But some of the more barbarous punishments (for even minor offenses) included being "buck and gagged,,,86 placed on a "wooden horse,,,87 hung from a tree by included being "buck and gagged," placed on a "wooden horse," hung from nda tree byrd one's thumbs,88 or placed in a hole for 30 days. 89 Based on the popular ditty (2 and 3 one's thumbs,88 or placed in a hole for 30 days.89 Based on the popular ditty (2nd and 3rd verses), written by an unknown Irishmen, it is evident that these forms of discipline were verses), written by an unknown Irishmen, it is evident that these forms of discipline were commonly used: commonly used: "Sergeant, buck him and gag him," our officers cry "Sergeant, buck him and gag him," our officers cry For each trifling offense which they happen to spy, For each trifling offense which they happen to spy, Till with bucking and gagging of Dick, Pat, and Bill, Till with bucking and gagging of Dick, Pat, and Bill, Faith, the Mexican' ranks they will help to fill. Faith, the Mexican' ranks they will help to fill. TheThe treatmenttreatment thetheyy givgivee usus,, asas allall ofof uuss know,know, IIss buckinbuckingg andand gaggingaggingg forfor whippinwhippingg ththee foe;foe; ButBut theythey areare gladglad ttoo releasreleasee uuss whewhenn goingoingg ttoo fight.fight. TheyThey bucbuckk uuss andand gagagg uuss foforr malicmalicee oorr spite.9o90
ExcessiveExcessive abuseabuse ledled somesome soldierssoldiers ttoo risrisee uupp inin mutinmutinyy againstagainst theitheirr tyrannicaltyrannical leaders.leaders. ThThee mosmostt infamouinfamouss incidentincident involveinvolvedd ththee uprisinuprisingg againsagainstt ColoneColonell RoberRobertt T.T.
PainePaine,, oonn AugusAugustt 15,15, 1847.1847. PainPainee commandedcommanded a volunteevolunteerr regimenregimentt frofromm NortNorthh Carolina.Carolina.
8383 Ibid.Ibid.,, 153153.. 8484 GarvinGarvin,, "An"An ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ofof Rogues,Rogues,"" 70.70. 8585 Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 4455 andand WindersWinders,, Mr. Polk's Army, 6161.. 8686 ThThee erranerrantt soldiersoldier satsat witwithh "his"his lattelatterr endend restinrestingg upouponn hihiss parenparentt earth.earth. HiHiss heelheelss areare thethenn drawndrawn upup untiluntil theythey comecome iinn contactcontact witwithh hihiss posteriousposterious.. HiHiss handhandss araree thethenn taketakenn forwarforwardd ooff hihiss kneesknees anandd tietiedd witwithh a handkerchiefhandkerchief - a ropropee shouldshould bbee useusedd whenwhen ththee patienpatientt showsshows violenviolentt symptomssymptoms.. TheThe jojobb iiss thethenn finishedfinished bbyy runninrunningg a stickstick undeunderr hihiss kneekneess anandd oveoverr hihiss arms."arms." Miller,Miller, Shamrock and Sword, 153153.. 8787 AfteAfterr havinhavingg hishis handhandss tietiedd behinbehindd hihiss backback,, ththee delinquendelinquentt soldiersoldier mountemountedd a "woode"woodenn horsehorse"" thathatt waswas set-upset-up oonn ththee paradparadee ground,ground, anandd thethenn hahadd weightweightss tietiedd ttoo hihiss feetfeet.. HHee remaineremainedd oonn ththee "wooden"wooden horsehorse"" forfor oneone oorr moremore days,days, subsistingsubsisting oonn onlyonly watewaterr anandd threthreee crackerscrackers.. MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 152152.. 8888 GarvinGarvin,, "An"An ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ofof Rogues,Rogues,"" 72-76.72-76. 8989 DisciplineDisciplinerss usuallusuallyy coveredcovered ththee holholee (sometime(sometimess witwithh a door)door) anandd durinduringg theitheirr tertermm ooff confinementconfinement,, thethe erranterrant soldiersoldier subsistesubsistedd onon watewaterr andand crackerscrackers.. SoldierSoldierss coulcouldd receivreceivee thithiss punishmenpunishmentt foforr offenseoffensess aass trivialtrivial aass runninrunningg paspastt a "sentry"sentry withouwithoutt obeyinobeyingg prescribeprescribedd militarmilitaryy form.form."" MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 152152.. 9090 Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 5353.. 2222
InIn responsresponsee toto hihiss excessiveexcessive disciplinarydisciplinary actions,actions, officerofficerss anandd soldierssoldiers withinwithin hishis uniunitt triedtried
ttoo forcforcee hihiss removaremovall frofromm commancommandd anandd assassinatassassinatee himhim.. WheWhenn mutineermutineerss rarann intointo
complicationscomplications,, soldiersoldierss frofromm ththee neighborinneighboringg VirginiVirginiaa anandd MississippMississippii RegimentRegimentss joinedjoined ththee doomedoomedd mutinmutinyy effort.9191 AnotheAnotherr incidenincidentt thathatt createcreatedd a substantiasubstantiall uproaruproar,, althoughalthough
officersofficers quicklquicklyy suppressesuppressedd itit,, involvedinvolved aann officeofficerr stabbinstabbingg a tied-utied-upp soldiersoldier througthroughh thethe
hearheartt foforr resistinresistingg punishment.9292 IInn ththee endend,, loyalloyal soldierssoldiers whwhoo enjoyedenjoyed ththee establishedestablished
castecaste systemsystem (favorin(favoringg ththee American-bornAmerican-born,, ProtestanProtestantt soldier)soldier) usuallusuallyy suppressedsuppressed
mutiniesmutinies..
LeadersLeaders iinn abusivabusivee unitunitss generallgenerallyy operateoperatedd undeunderr a doubledouble standardstandard iinn givinggiving
punishmentspunishments.. OfficerOfficerss werweree leslesss likelylikely ttoo bbee punishepunishedd foforr commocommonn infractionsinfractions thanthan enlistedenlisted menmen,, anandd nativnativee soldierssoldiers receivereceivedd lightelighterr sentencesentencess foforr ththee samesame offensesoffenses thanthan thosthosee givegivenn ttoo foreign-borforeign-bornn soldiers.9393 IInn ononee instanceinstance,, twtwoo soldiersoldierss equallyequally involveinvolvedd inin thethe samesame thefttheft,, oneone IrisIrishh anandd ththee otherother American,American, receivereceivedd completelcompletelyy differentdifferent sentences.sentences.
TheThe native-bornative-bornn soldiesoldierr lostlost ononee month'month'ss papayy andand servedserved a sentencesentence ofof 1010 daysdays
imprisonmentimprisonment,, whereawhereass ththee foreign-bornforeign-born soldiesoldierr lostlost threethree month'smonth's paypay andand receivereceivedd twotwo
month'month'ss confinementconfinement,, endingending witwithh a dishonorabledishonorable dischargedischarge.. AnotheAnotherr exampleexample involvesinvolves twtwoo soldiersoldierss whowho,, whilwhilee drunk,drunk, strucstruckk anan officer.officer. ThThee native-bornative-bornn soldiersoldier receivedreceived
imprisonmentimprisonment,, followedfollowed bbyy a dishonorabledishonorable dischargedischarge,, andand ththee foreign-bornforeign-born soldiersoldier
receivereceivedd ththee firinfiringg squad.9494 MeanwhileMeanwhile,, defectorsdefectors toltoldd theitheirr formeformerr mess-matesmess-mates thathatt thethe
95 MexicaMexicann ArmArmyy treatetreatedd foreign-bornforeign-born soldiersoldierss fairlfairlyy andand witwithh greatergreater respect. 95 BlatantBlatant
9911 DispatcDispatchh fromfrom GeneraGenerall JohJohnn EE.. WoolWool.. U.SU.S.. DepartmenDepartmentt ooff WarWar,, AdjutanAdjutantt General'General'ss Office,Office, "In"In ReferencReferencee ttoo a MutinMutinyy inin ththee NortNorthh CarolinCarolinaa Regiment,Regiment,"" Orders Number 404, Buena Vista, August 16, 1847,/847, NationaNationall ArchivesArchives,, CorrespondenceCorrespondence FileFile NumbeNumberr 27932.27932. 9922 Garvin,Garvin, "A"Ann ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ooff Rogues,Rogues,"" 74.74. 9933 Ibid.,Ibid., 7171 anandd StevensStevens,, The Rogue's March, 5353.. 9944 Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 204-205204-205.. 9955 Ibid.,Ibid., 8585.. 2323 abuseabuse anandd disparitdisparityy inin treatmentreatmentt encourageencouragedd manmanyy soldierssoldiers ttoo desertdesert and,and, aass statedstated inin thethe populapopularr ditty'ditty'ss laslastt linlinee ooff ththee seconsecondd verseverse,, filfilll ththee MexicaMexicann ranks.ranks.
TwTwoo ofof ththee capturecapturedd SaSann PatriciPatricioo soldierssoldiers explaineexplainedd duringduring theitheirr courts-martialcourts-martial thathatt thetheyy deserteddeserted directldirectlyy becausbecausee officersofficers abusedabused themthem.. LachliLachlinn McLachlinMcLachlin allegedalleged thatthat hhee ranran awayaway becausbecausee a lieutenanlieutenantt iinn ththee companycompany hahadd abusedabused hihimm anandd threatenethreatenedd ttoo killkill him.9696 WilliaWilliamm HH.. KeecKeechh explaineexplainedd thathatt ththee nighnightt beforbeforee hhee came-ucame-upp missing,missing, hhee felfelll outout ofof ththee day'day'ss marchmarch.. WheWhenn hhee arrivearrivedd laterlater thathatt evening,evening, hhee waswas severelseverelyy disciplined.disciplined. A witneswitnesss foforr ththee prosecutioprosecutionn (during(during hihiss courcourtt martialmartial)) claimedclaimed thathatt whilewhile beinbeingg punished,punished,
KeechKeech declaredeclaredd thathatt "no"no mamann iinn ththee ArmArmyy woulwouldd havhavee ththee opportunityopportunity ofof tyintyingg hihimm upup again."again." TheThe nexnextt dayday,, hhee agaiagainn fellfell ououtt ooff ththee marcmarchh (claimin(claimingg hhee wawass sick)sick) anandd MexicanMexican
LancerLancerss capturedcaptured him.9797 AnotheAnotherr deserterdeserter,, PatricPatrickk MaloneyMaloney,, claimedclaimed thathatt hhee joinejoinedd thethe
SanSan PatriciPatricioo BattalioBattalionn becausbecausee hhee wawass unjustlunjustlyy punishepunishedd forfor attackingattacking hihiss sergeant.sergeant. WhenWhen hihiss commancommandd founfoundd hihimm guiltguiltyy ofof assault,assault, hehe lostlost sisixx month'month'ss papayy andand hahadd ttoo carrycarry aroundaround a thirtythirty poundpound ballball forfor a month,month, fromfrom reveillereveille toto retreat.retreat. 98 NoNott surprising,surprising, desertiondesertion ratesrates werweree alwayalwayss highehigherr iinn abusiveabusive units.9999
96 AccordinAccordingg toto testimontestimonyy provideprovidedd againstagainst LachliLachlinn McLachlinMcLachlin duringduring hihiss courcourtt martial,martial, thethe prisonerprisoner waswas a difficuldifficultt soldiesoldierr whwhoo wawass constantlconstantlyy beinbeingg disciplinedisciplinedd anandd foundfound iinn ththee GuarGuardd HouseHouse.. A fefeww daydayss priopriorr toto hishis desertion,desertion, leaderleaderss iinn hihiss uniunitt broughbroughtt hihimm uupp oonn chargechargess ooff mutinmutinyy - bubutt ththee chargescharges werewere laterlater withdrawnwithdrawn.. JudgJudgee AdvocateAdvocate General'sGeneral's OfficeOffice,, Proceeding ofa/General General Court-Martial at Tacubaya, CasCasee 1818,, 90-9390-93..
97 97 U.SU.S.. DepartmenDepartmentt ooff WarWar,, JudgJudgee AdvocatAdvocatee General'sGeneral's OfficeOffice,, Proceeding a/Generalof General Court-Martial at SanSan Angel, Mexico,Mexico. 1847, NationaNationall ArchivesArchives,, FilFilee NumbeNumberr EE531,EE531, CasCasee 1717,85-88., 85-88. 9988 MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 154.154. 9999 Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 172-173172-173.. 2244
ReligiouReligiouss PersecutionPersecution
AccordinAccordingg ttoo ththee Constitution'Constitution'ss FirsFirstt Amendment,Amendment,IOO100 AmericansAmericans araree entitledentitled ttoo thethe freefree exerciseexercise ooff religionreligion.. However,However, thithiss freedomfreedom hahass notnot alwaysalways beenbeen accessibleaccessible toto membermemberss ooff ththee U.SU.S.. armearmedd forcesforces.. PrioPriorr ttoo ththee wawarr witwithh MexicoMexico,, allall armyarmy chaplainchaplainss andand sanctionedsanctioned religioureligiouss serviceservicess (given(given ttoo thethe troopstroops)) werweree ooff ththee ProtestanProtestantt faith. 101101 OfficersOfficers habituallhabituallyy forcedforced theitheirr CatholiCatholicc soldiersoldierss ttoo attenattendd ProtestanProtestantt services.services. IIff soldierssoldiers refusedrefused oror failedfailed ttoo attenattendd ththee services,services, thetheyy werweree punishedpunished.. 102" EveEvenn officersofficers facedfaced court-martialcourt-martial forfor failurfailuree ttoo eitheeitherr attenattendd oorr forceforce theitheirr CatholicCatholic soldierssoldiers ttoo attendattend thesthesee services.services. ForFor exampleexample,, inin 1843,1843, whewhenn LieutenanLieutenantt JohJohnn PauPaull JonesJones O'Brien,O'Brien, a native-born,native-born, third-third- generatiogenerationn Irish-CatholiIrish-Catholicc (on(onee ofof ththee firstfirst CatholicCatholic officersofficers ttoo graduatgraduatee fromfrom WesWestt Point)Point) refuserefusedd ttoo forceforce hihiss CatholiCatholicc soldiersoldierss ttoo attenattendd ththee sanctionedsanctioned ProtestanProtestantt services,services, hishis chain-of-commandchain-of-command threatenethreatenedd ttoo brinbringg hihimm uupp oonn chargescharges.. LieutenantLieutenant O'BrienO'Brien challengechallengedd hihiss superiorsuperiorss oonn ththee threatenethreatenedd court-martiacourt-martiall anandd citedcited ththee ConstitutioConstitutionn toto defendefendd hishis actionsactions.. AlthougAlthoughh hihiss commandercommander eventualleventuallyy droppedroppedd alalll chargescharges,, iitt dididd notnot
103 causcausee ththee armarmyy ttoo changchangee itsits policiespolicies regardinregardingg religioureligiouss observation. 103 ThisThis lacklack ofof respecrespectt towardtowardss ththee foreign-bornforeign-born anandd CatholiCatholicc soldierssoldiers'' religioureligiouss preferencpreferencee leledd somesome soldierssoldiers ttoo questioquestionn theirtheir nationanationall loyalty.loyalty.
DurinDuringg ththee wawarr witwithh MexicoMexico,, ththee laclackk ofof CatholicCatholic chaplainschaplains gavgavee MexicaMexicann priestspriests swaysway oveoverr CatholicCatholic soldiers. 104104 MexicaMexicann churchechurchess becambecamee a refugrefugee foforr CatholicCatholic soldierssoldiers desiringdesiring religioureligiouss succorsuccor.. CatholicCatholic priestpriestss begabegann ttoo emphasizemphasizee ttoo waywarwaywardd American,American,
100 100 TheThe BilBilll ooff RightsRights,, ththee firsfirstt tetenn amendmentsamendments ttoo ththee ConstitutioConstitutionn ooff ththee UniteUnitedd States,States, becambecamee effectiveeffective onon DecemberDecember 15J 5,, 17911791.. 101101 Sometimes,Sometimes, eveneven ProtestanProtestantt faithsfaiths werweree discriminatediscriminatedd against;against; WilliaWilliamm T.T. Sprole,Sprole, a PresbyterianPresbyterian,, waswas firedfired frofromm teachinteachingg atat WesWestt PoinPointt ttoo makmakee rooroomm foforr anan "authorized""authorized" EpiscopalianEpiscopalian.. MorrisonMorrison,, The BestBest School in the World, 57.57. 101022 GarvinGarvin,, "A"Ann ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ooff Rogues,Rogues,"" 6565.. 103103 Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 3737,, 5858.. 104104 MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 156-159.156-159. 2255
CatholicCatholic soldiersoldierss thathatt thethe MexicaMexicann cultureculture offereofferedd anan environmentenvironment wherwheree theythey couldcould freelyfreely followfollow theitheirr faithfaith,, withouwithoutt ththee threatthreat ooff violence. 105105 A GermanGerman soldier,soldier, whowho remaineremainedd loyaloyall ttoo ththee U.S.U.S. governmentgovernment,, claimeclaimedd thathatt iitt wawass commoncommon practicpracticee forfor MexicanMexican priestpriestss ttoo urgurgee CatholicCatholic soldiersoldierss ttoo deserdesertt anandd defect.defect. AlonAlongg witwithh reiteratinreiteratingg ththee MexicanMexican government'sgovernment's offeredoffered inducementinducementss oofland,f land, chancechance foforr promotionpromotion,, anandd monemoneyy ttoo anyany
AmericaAmericann soldierssoldiers willinwillingg ttoo defecdefectt ttoo ththee MexicaMexicann ArmyArmy,, ththee priestpriestss toltoldd soldierssoldiers thatthat thethe wawarr "was"was wronwrongg anandd [that[that iitt waswas]] sinfulsinful ttoo fight againstagainst theitheirr religion."religion.,,106106 TwoTwo ofof thethe worsworstt culpritsculprits werweree FatherFatherss RafaeRafaell IgnaciIgnacioo CorteCortezz anandd EugenEugenee McNamaraMcNamara.. TheirTheir sermons,sermons, deliveredeliveredd ttoo GeneraGenerall Scott'sScott's trooptroopss aass thetheyy marchemarchedd frofromm JalapaJalapa toto PueblPueblaa inin
1847,1847, blatantlblatantlyy encourageencouragedd defectiodefectionn anandd earneearnedd thethemm ththee enmityenmity oftheof the U.SU.S.. Army,Army, whicwhichh activelyactively soughtsought theitheirr arrest.arrest. 107
ToTo countercounter ththee MexicaMexicann government'government'ss tactitacticc ooff usinusingg religioreligionn ttoo incitincitee desertiondesertion andand defectiodefectionn withiwithinn ththee rankrankss ooff ththee U.SU.S.. ArmyArmy,, PresidenPresidentt PolPolkk appointeappointedd twtwoo CatholicCatholic chaplains:chaplains: FatherFatherss JohJohnn McElroMcElroyy anandd AnthonAnthonyy ReyRey,, botbothh JesuitsJesuits.. AlthougAlthoughh neitherneither accompaniedaccompanied ththee armarmyy beyonbeyondd Matamoros,108Matamoros,108 theitheirr serviceservice earneearnedd thethemm ththee respecrespectt ofof
ProtestanProtestantt soldiersoldierss andand helpehelpedd dispeldispel ththee mytmythh thathatt ththee wawarr wawass aann AmericanAmerican crusadecrusade againstagainst Catholicism. 109109 FatheFatherr McElroy'McElroy'ss sermonsermonss encouragedencouraged loyaltyloyalty ttoo ththee U.SU.S.. governmentgovernment,, whilwhilee refutinrefutingg ththee perceiveperceivedd contradictiocontradictionn betweebetweenn loyaltloyaltyy toto CatholicismCatholicism
105 GarvinGarvin,, "An"An ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ooff Rogues,Rogues,"" 80.80. 106106 StevensStevens,, The Rogue's March, 165-166.165-166. 107107 MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 156-159.156-159. 108108 MexicaMexicann banditbanditss (unde(underr ththee likellikelyy influencinfluencee ooff MexicanMexican,, CatholiCatholicc priestspriests)) murderemurderedd FatheFatherr ReReyy justjust outsidoutsidee ofof MatamorosMatamoros,, whilwhilee hhee wawass eenn routroutee ttoo encouragencouragee a suspectsuspect uniunitt ofof regularregularss ttoo remairemainn loyal.loyal. MeanwhileMeanwhile,, FatheFatherr McElroyMcElroy,, sufferinsufferingg frofromm dysenterydysentery,, choschosee ttoo remairemainn iinn MatamoroMatamoross aass GeneralGeneral WinfieldWinfield ScotScottt lefleftt witwithh mosmostt ooff ththee armarmyy forfor VerVeraa CruCruzz anandd GeneraGenerall TayloTaylorr proceedeproceededd southsouth towardtowardss Saltillo.Saltillo. StevensStevens,, The Rogue's March, 180-181,180-181,205-206 205-206.. 109109 StevensStevens,, The Rogue's March, 132-133132-133.. 2626
anandd patriotipatrioticc action. I11 100 UnfortunatelyUnfortunately,, anyany benefitbenefit gainegainedd witwithh ththee appointmenappointmentt ofof thesethese twtwoo chaplainchaplainss wawass quicklyquickly loslostt whewhenn ProtestanProtestantt soldierssoldiers (especiall(especiallyy volunteers)volunteers) vandalizevandalizedd anandd robberobbedd CatholiCatholicc churcheschurches,, assaulteassaultedd priestspriests,, andand disrupteddisrupted churchchurch
111 services. II I TheseThese actionactionss alloweallowedd priestpriestss ttoo encouragencouragee furthefurtherr desertiondesertionss anandd defectionsdefections bbyy exclaiming:exclaiming: '"Wil'''Willl yoyouu consent..consent .... ttoo havhavee ththee holholyy riteritess ofof youyourr churchchurch abolisheabolishedd andand ththee signsign ofof youyourr redemptioredemptionn exterminated?exterminated? ...... TwTwoo fatesfates araree lefleftt opeopenn ttoo youyou:: ttoo bbee vilevile slaveslavess oorr independenindependentt Catholics.'Catholics. ",112" TheThe MexicanMexican governmentgovernment circulatedcirculated numerousnumerous religiouslreligiouslyy motivatemotivatedd pamphletpamphletss andand circularscirculars ttoo U.SU.S.. soldierssoldiers iinn botbothh GeneralGeneral Taylor'sTaylor's anandd Scott'sScott's armiesarmies.. ThiThiss propagandapropaganda,, aass demonstratedemonstratedd witwithh titletitless suchsuch asas "Mexicans"Mexicans toto
CatholiCatholicc Irishmen,Irishmen,"" stressestressedd ththee religioureligiouss anandd ethniethnicc discriminationdiscrimination foreign-bornforeign-born soldierssoldiers sufferesufferedd fromfrom theitheirr compatriotscompatriots,, whilwhilee claiminclaimingg MexicanMexicanss ttoo bbee theitheirr brotherbrotherss inin religion.re 119lOn.·· 113113
EvenEven whewhenn iitt wawass apparentapparent thathatt ththee UniteUnitedd StatesStates hahadd wowonn ththee warwar,, thethe continuingcontinuing strinstringg ofof deserterdeserterss greatlgreatlyy concerneconcernedd GeneraGenerall Scott.Scott. LikLikee Taylor,Taylor, ScottScott recognizerecognizedd thatthat religioureligiouss influencesinfluences andand actsacts ofof discriminatiodiscriminationn encourageencouragedd manymany soldiersoldierss ttoo desertdesert andand defecdefectt ttoo thethe enemy.enemy. SinceSince hehe dididd nonott havhavee a CatholiCatholicc chaplaichaplainn witwithh hishis army, 114114 hhee usedused anotheranother tactitacticc ttoo combatcombat ththee enemyenemy priestspriests.. HeHe,, alonalongg witwithh hihiss officerofficerss (wh(whoo diddid nonott havehave a choice),choice), attendedattended locallocal CatholicCatholic ChurchChurch servicesservices toto demonstratedemonstrate solidaritysolidarity withwith thethe
CatholicCatholic faitfaithh andand conqueredconquered MexicaMexicann peoplepeople.. WheWhenn thithiss exampleexample ofof solidaritysolidarity wawass notnot sufficientsufficient ttoo endend ththee stringstring ofof desertionsdesertions andand defections,defections, GeneraGenerall ScottScott addressedaddressed hishis
110 GarvinGarvin,, "A"Ann ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ofof Rogues,Rogues,"" 8585 anandd Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 132-133132-133.. 11III1 MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 162162.. 1,2 112 Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 167167.. 113113 MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 6666,, 7979.. 114 114 GeneraGenerall ScotScottt tootookk aann EpiscopaliaEpiscopaliann chaplain,chaplain, ReverenReverendd DrDr.. McCarthyMcCarthy,, witwithh hihiss armarmyy ttoo VeraVera Cruz.Cruz. Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 205-206.205-206. 2727 soldiersoldierss directldirectlyy anandd warnewarnedd thethemm nonott ttoo listenlisten ttoo insurrectionistsinsurrectionists.. HHee warnewarnedd hishis
CatholiCatholicc soldiersoldierss thathatt priestpriestss werweree erroneouslyerroneously tryintryingg toto ususee religionreligion ttoo encourageencourage desertiondesertion.. IInn frustrationfrustration,, ththee generalgeneral threateninglthreateninglyy reminderemindedd thethemm ooff ththee capturedcaptured SanSan
PatriciPatricioo soldiers'soldiers' fatefatess (hanged).1l5(hanged).115
IronicallyIronically,, followingfollowing ththee warwar,, ththee U.SU.S.. governmengovernmentt anandd ththee DepartmenDepartmentt ooff WarWar deniedeniedd thathatt religioureligiouss discriminatiodiscriminationn andand CatholiCatholicc priestlpriestlyy influenceinfluencess causedcaused soldierssoldiers toto deserdesertt anandd defect.defect. PerhapPerhapss ththee armyarmy recognizerecognizedd thathatt ititss actionactionss resulteresultedd iinn somesome soldiers'soldiers' disloyaltdisloyaltyy ttoo ththee nationnation,, oorr maybmaybee thetheyy fearefearedd thathatt sucsuchh anan openopen declaratiodeclarationn woulwouldd furtherfurther alienatalienatee oorr enrageenrage religiouslreligiouslyy persecutepersecutedd soldiers.soldiers. RegardlesRegardlesss ooff ththee truetrue reasonsreasons,, onon threthreee separateseparate occasions,occasions, officerofficerss iinn ththee AdjutanAdjutantt General'sGeneral's officeoffice claimedclaimed thathatt nono
111 6 evidencevidencee existedexisted ttoo justifjustifYy thithiss myth. 16 MeanwhileMeanwhile,, MexicaMexicann leadersleaders,, suchsuch asas GeneralGeneral
JosJosee JoaquiJoaquinn HerreraHerrera,, openlyopenly claimedclaimed thathatt ththee IrishmeIrishmenn trultrulyy foughtfought foforr MexicMexicoo andand
111 7 Catholicism. 17
EthnicityEthnicity
BesidesBesides appealinappealingg ttoo AmericaAmericann soldiers'soldiers' Catholicism,Catholicism, MexicaMexicann propagandapropaganda pamphletpamphletss targetetargetedd foreign-borforeign-bornn soldiersoldierss whwhoo werweree recipientrecipientss ofof nativisnativistt discrimination,discrimination, botbothh withinwithin AmericaAmericann societsocietyy andand ththee U.SU.S.. armearmedd forcesforces.. NativisNativistt officersofficers habituallyhabitually
115 U.Su.s.. DepartmenDepartmentt ooff WarWar,, AdjutanAdjutantt General'General'ss Office,Office, General Orders Number 296, Headquarters of thethe Army, Mexico, September 22, 1847, NationaNationall ArchivesArchives,, CorrespondencCorrespondencee FilFilee NumbeNumberr 27932.27932. 111166 TheThe AdjutanAdjutantt General'General'ss officofficee replierepliedd iinn ththee negativnegativee ttoo threthreee congressionalcongressional requestrequestss ttoo verifverifyy iiff religionreligion wawass a rooroott causcausee foforr ththee highighh numbenumberr ooff desertiondesertionss durinduringg ththee warwar.. TheiTheirr justificatiojustificationn forfor thithiss assertionassertion waswas thathatt nonenone ooff ththee hangehangedd defectordefectorss referencereferencedd religioureligiouss persecutiopersecutionn iinn theitheirr defensedefense duringduring theitheirr courtscourts- martialmartial.. U.SU.S.. DepartmenDepartmentt ooff WarWar,, AdjutanAdjutantt General'General'ss Office,Office, Memorandum, February 7, 1898, NationalNational ArchivesArchives,, CorrespondencCorrespondencee FilFilee NumbeNumberr 2793227932;; U.SU.S.. DepartmenDepartmentt ofof WarWar,, AdjutanAdjutantt General'sGeneral's Office,Office, Request for for Information Reference Whether Religious Scruples or Mexican Priests Responsible forfor Desertions During the War, February 26, 1898, 2ndnd EndorsementEndorsement,, NationaNationall Archives,Archives, CorrespondenceCorrespondence FilFilee NumbeNumberr AGAGOO 2793227932;; andand U.SU.S.. DepartmenDepartmentt ooff WarWar,, AdjutanAdjutantt General'General'ss OfficeOffice,, Reply to Inquiry, March 24,24, 1896, NationaNationall ArchivesArchives,, CorrespondencCorrespondencee FilFilee NumbeNumberr 34517.34517. 117117 StevensStevens,, The Rogue's March, 231231.. 2288 discriminatediscriminatedd againstagainst theitheirr foreign-borforeign-bornn soldierssoldiers.. InfrequentInfrequent ethnicethnic riotriotss occurredoccurred whenwhen officerofficerss anandd nativisnativistt soldierssoldiers mockemockedd ththee IrishIrish anandd GermaGermann soldiers'soldiers' mannemannerr ofof speech,speech, ridiculeridiculedd theitheirr abilitiesabilities,, anandd referrereferredd ttoo thethemm usinusingg ethniethnicc slursslurs.. FoForr example,example, anan ethnicethnic
GermaGermann soldiesoldierr "collared"collared anandd chokedchoked"" ColoneColonell MitchellMitchell,, 1st st OhioOhio RegimentRegiment,, afterafter thethe
ColoneColonell berateberatedd himhim,, usinusingg raciaraciall slurs,slurs, foforr failingfailing ttoo obeobeyy anan order.order. ThiThiss leledd ttoo anan ethnicethnic riot within the unit's ranks that was quickly suppressed. 11ll88 In anotheri •instance, two riot within the unit's ranks that was quickly suppressed. In another instance, two volunteer units, the Jasper Greens (composed of Scots-Irish immigrants) and Kenesaw volunteer units, the Jasper Greens (composed of Scots-Irish immigrants) and Kenesaw Rangers (predominantly Protestant), came to physical blows after the opposing units Rangers (predominantly Protestant), came to physical blows after the opposing units traded racial insults. The fight killed one soldier and injured both of the units' traded racial insults. The fight killed one soldier and injured both of the units' commanders (who were trying to break up the fight). I 19 Officers also demonstrated commanders (who were trying to break up the fight).119 Officers also demonstrated ethnic prejudices in the course of administering military justice. In addition to ethnic prejudices in the course of administering military justice. In addition to adjudicating prejudiced verdicts, military judges often denounced the offender's adjudicating prejudiced verdicts, military judges often denounced the offender's nationality.120 Incidents such as these, perpetrated by army officers and fellow soldiers, nationality.120 Incidents such as these, perpetrated by army officers and fellow soldiers, gave credence to the Mexican government's claim that it was the friendlier employer of gave credence to the Mexican government's claim that it was the friendlier employer of foreign-born soldiers. The Mexican government specifically solicited German and Irish foreign-born soldiers. The Mexican government specifically solicited German and Irish American soldiers to join their nation, which they claimed, unlike America, would American soldiers to join. theil'r nation ,. whic121h they claimed, unlike America, would reward t h em an d appreciate* t leu service.•12 1 reward them and appreciate their service.
118 ThiThiss eveneventt occurredoccurred earlearlyy iinn ththee warwar,, priopriorr ttoo ththee BattleBattle ooff MonterreyMonterrey (September(September,, 1846).1846). ColonelColonel MitchelMitchelll wawass severelyseverely woundewoundedd iinn ththee battlbattlee anandd commandcommand ooff ththee 1st st OhiOhioo regimenregimentt passepassedd ttoo LieutenantLieutenant ColoneColonell WellerWeller.. The Mexican War and Its Heroes: Being a Complete History of the Mexican War, Embracing all the Operations Under Generals Taylor and Scott, with a Biography ofo[the the OfficersOfficers (Philadelphia(Philadelphia,, PAPA:: LippincottLippincott,, GrambGramboo & CoCo. .., 1850),1850), http://books.google.com/books?id=yiATAAAAYAAhttp://books.google.com/books?id=yiATAAAAYAA J&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=colonel+mitchell+mexican+war&source=web&ots=MXjBna02U2&sig=mJ&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=colonel+mitchell+mexican+war&source=web&ots=MXjBna02U2&sig=mmm 0Vgc_yKN_c3SNP-9SLncGo2VY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA3,MOV gc _yKN _ c3SNP-9SLncGo2VY &hl=en&sa=X&oi=bookJesult&resnum=4&ct=result#PP A3,MI 1 (accesse(accessedd OctoberOctober 18,2008)18, 2008) anandd Garvin,Garvin, "An"An ImmortalImmortal BanBandd ooff Rogues,Rogues,"" 77.77. 119 119 GarvinGarvin,, "A"Ann ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ooff Rogues,Rogues,"" 7777 anandd Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 144144,207., 207. 120120 StevensStevens,, The Rogue's March, 5353.. 121121 MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 78.78. 2929
OneOne ofof thethe persistenpersistentt mythsmyths aboutabout ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo BattalioBattalionn iiss thathatt itsits makeupmakeup wawass predominantlpredominantlyy Irish.Irish. AccordinAccordingg ttoo demographicademo graphicall informationinformation,, althougalthoughh 7979 percentpercent ofof ththee battaliobattalionn consisteconsistedd ofof foreign-bornforeign-born deserterdeserterss fromfrom ththee AmericaAmericann army,army, onlonlyy 3939
122 percenpercentt werweree fromfrom Ireland. 122 HoweverHowever,, Miller'Miller'ss beliebelieff thathatt ththee numbenumberr shoulshouldd actuallyactually bbee higherhigher bearbearss mucmuchh considerationconsideration.. IItt iiss highlhighlyy probablprobablee thathatt manmanyy whwhoo claimedclaimed
CanadaCanada,, Britain,Britain, oorr eveevenn ththee UniteUnitedd StatesStates aass theitheirr nationationn ofof origioriginn whewhenn theythey enlisteenlistedd hadhad
123 lied in their records to cover-up desertion from the British military. 123 John Riley lied in their records to cover-up desertion from the British military. John Riley himself, in a letter to the Mexican president, claimed he led 48 Irishmen in his first battle himself, in a letter to the Mexican president, claimed he led 48 Irishmen in his first battle alone l24 (which is 8 more than the total number of verified Irish-born soldiers identified alone124 (which is 8 more than the total number of verified Irish-born soldiers identified in Appendix D). It is also highly probable that the 21 percent of the battalion that are in Appendix D). It is also highly probable that the 21 percent of the battalion that are listed as native-born soldiers were Catholic and Irish descendants, who most likely had listed as native-born soldiers were Catholic and Irish descendants, who most likely had experienced nativist discrimination. Some of these men might have identified themselves experienced nativist discrimination. Some of these men might have identified themselves as Irishmen (their heritage) when they joined the Mexican Army. as Irishmen (their heritage) when they joined the Mexican Army.
PoorPoor LivinLivingg Conditions,Conditions, HarHardd MilitarMilitaryy WorWorkk Conditions,Conditions, DrunkennessDrunkenness,, Seduction,Seduction, andand ImpressmentImpressment
LivingLiving conditionsconditions forfor soldierssoldiers,, botbothh iinn garrisogarrisonn anandd whilwhilee onon thethe marchmarch,, werewere harsh.harsh. EveEvenn beforbeforee thethe wawarr beganbegan,, whilwhilee thetheyy werweree inin whawhatt AmericaAmerica considereconsideredd parpartt ofof
Texas,Texas, soldiersoldierss resideresidedd inin tentstents thathatt provideprovidedd minimaminimall protectioprotectionn fromfrom fliesflies,, insects,insects,
1 9 S poisonous creatures, the elements, and the sun. 125 To make matters worse, a soldier's poisonous creatures, the elements, and the sun. To make matters worse, a soldier's work was usually tedious and required much physical labor. Besides constructing work was usually tedious and required much physical labor. Besides constructing
122 122 AppendiAppendixx DD,, TableTable 4:4: SanSan PatriciPatricioo BattalioBattalionn Demographics.Demographics. 123123 MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 3232.. 1 4 124 JohJohnn RileRileyy wrotwrotee ththee letteletterr ttoo ththee MexicaMexicann presidenpresidentt oonn AugusAugustt 2020,, 1848] 848.. MillerMiller,, ShamrockShamrock andand Sword,Sword, 3322 andand Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 103103.. 125 125 MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 99,14-]5, 14-15 anandd GarvinGarvin,, "An"An ImmortalImmortal BandBand ofof Rogues,"Rogues," 6363.. 3030 fortressefortressess 126 andand diggingdigging wellswells toto obtainobtain serviceableserviceable drinkingdrinking water,127water, soldierssoldiers marchedmarched hundredhundredss ofof milesmiles (sometimes(sometimes trailblazingtrailblazing newnew roads)roads),, performedperformed tedioutediouss guardguard duty,duty, andand constantlconstantlyy drilleddrilled (drill,(drill, drill,drill, andand mormoree drilldrill waswas somethingsomething soldierssoldiers complainedcomplained aboutabout often). 128128
TheThe poopoorr livinlivingg andand hardhard workwork conditionsconditions causedcaused manmanyy soldierssoldiers toto becomebecome disgruntledisgruntledd withwith theitheirr service.service. ToTo escapeescape theitheirr miserymisery,, mosmostt soldierssoldiers soughtsought reliefrelief byby consuminconsumingg alcohol;alcohol; however,however, forfor a fewfew soldiers,soldiers, alcoholismalcoholism wawass notnot sufficientsufficient toto lessenlessen theitheirr misermiseryy andand ththee disgruntleddisgruntled soldierssoldiers deserted. 129129 AccordingAccording toto thethe courts-martialcourts-martial recordrecordss ofof thethe capturedcaptured SanSan PatriciPatricioo soldiers,soldiers, 2828 oftheof the 7272 defendantsdefendants claimedclaimed alcoholalcohol (or(or ththee searchsearch forfor it)it) wawass involvedinvolved witwithh eithereither theitheirr desertiondesertion oorr impressmentimpressment intintoo serviceservice inin ththee MexicanMexican army.army. ManyMany ofof ththee defectorsdefectors claimedclaimed thatthat MexicaMexicann civilianscivilians andand LancersLancers capturecapturedd themthem whilwhilee theythey werweree intoxicateintoxicatedd andand eithereither directlydirectly forceforcedd themthem toto joinjoin theirtheir ranksranks,, oror tooktook themthem ttoo MexicoMexico CityCity wherwheree JohnJohn RileyRiley eithereither trickedtricked oror threatenethreatenedd themthem intointo joininjoiningg ththee battalion.battalion. 130130
StronStrongg drinkdrink alsoalso mademade thethe soldierssoldiers moremore susceptiblesusceptible toto thethe enticementsenticements ofof
MexicanMexican femalesfemales whwhoo encouragedencouraged themthem ttoo desert.desert. Scantily-cladScantily-clad MexicaMexicann sirens,sirens, whowho madmadee themselvethemselvess visiblvisiblee toto thethe AmericanAmerican soldiers,soldiers, proveprovedd a greatgreat temptationtemptation,, especiallyespecially ttoo unmarriedunmarried soldiers.soldiers. ThirtyThirty yearyearss afterafter thethe war,war, "Baldwin,,,131"Baldwin,"131 a SanSan PatricioPatricio deserter,deserter,
126 DurinDuringg thithiss timtimee periodperiod,, AmericaAmericann fortressefortressess werweree generallygenerally five-sidedfive-sided structures,structures, witwithh earthenearthen wallswalls ninenine feefeett highighh andand fifteenfifteen thickthick;; soldierssoldiers organizedorganized inin "fatigue"fatigue details"details" performeperformedd ththee majoritymajority ofof thethe manuamanuall labolaborr requirerequiredd forfor thethe fortress'fortress'ss construction.construction. 127 127 WindersWinders,, Mr. Polk's Army, 141141.. 128 128 MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 15,43,69,15, 43, 69, 165165.. 129 129 Garvin,Garvin, "An"An ImmortaImmortall BandBand ofof Rogues,"Rogues," 6262 andand Miller,Miller, Shamrock and Sword, 1515.. 130 130 JudgeJudge AdvocatAdvocatee General'sGeneral's Office,Office, Proceeding of General Court-Martial at San Angel; JudgeJudge AdvocateAdvocate General'sGeneral's OfficeOffice,, Proceeding of General Court-Martial at Tacubaya; andand Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue'sRugue's March,March, 218.218. 131 131 TheThe formerformer SanSan PatricioPatricio soldiersoldier tooktook ththee pseudonypseudonymm "Baldwin""Baldwin" toto protecprotectt hihiss trutruee identityidentity whenwhen thethe Chicago Tribune interviewedinterviewed himhim.. Miller,Miller, Shamrock and Sword, 148148.. 3131 admitteadmittedd toto ththee Chicago Tribune thathatt hhee desertedesertedd becausbecausee hhee longelongedd ttoo bbee witwithh ththee gailygaily dresseddressed senoritas.senoritas. BesideBesidess lookinlookingg forfor a possiblpossiblee partnerpartner,, ththee womewomenn encouragedencouraged thethe soldierssoldiers ttoo gegett drundrunkk anandd thethenn tootookk themthem ttoo locationslocations wherwheree MexicaMexicann LancerLancerss waitewaitedd toto capturecapture andand impresimpresss thethemm intintoo serviceservice iinn ththee MexicaMexicann Army. 132132 AAtt leastleast,, thathatt wawass thethe claim of Dennis Conahan, one of the captured San Patricio deserters. 133133 Whether this was claim of Dennis Conahan, one of the captured San Patricio deserters. Whether this was true or not was irrelevant to the jurors. They found that Cohanan's lusts and poor true or not was irrelevant to the jurors. They found that Cohanan's lusts and poor decisions were no excuse for desertion and defection. The army hanged him with the rest decisions were no excuse for desertion and defection. The army hanged him with the rest of the captured San Patricio soldiers at San Angel (September 9, 1847). of the captured San Patricio soldiers at San Angel (September 9, 1847).
PooPoorr TreatmenTreatmentt foforr ththee SickSick andand WoundedWounded
BesideBesidess loweringlowering moralemorale,, poopoorr livinlivingg anandd harhardd worworkk conditions,conditions, babadd waterwater,, poorpoor
I34134 diets,diets, impureimpure air,air, anandd babadd sanitationsanitation practicepracticess causecausedd manmanyy soldiersoldierss ttoo becombecomee ill. TheThe
U.SU.S.. ArmyArmy sufferedsuffered nearlnearlyy doubldoublee thethe numbenumberr oflossesof losses (10,000)(10,000) frofromm sicknesssickness andand injuriesinjuries thanthan dieddied directlydirectly inin battle. 135135 SoldiersSoldiers ignorantlyignorantly drandrankk fromfrom contaminatecontaminatedd waterwater sourcessources (sometimes(sometimes containingcontaining decomposingdecomposing corpses),corpses), andand volunteevolunteerr soldiersoldierss werewere exceptionallyexceptionally susceptiblesusceptible ttoo dehydratiodehydrationn whilwhilee marchinmarchingg becausbecausee thetheyy dididd nonott understandunderstand hohoww ttoo properlproperlyy ratiorationn ththee watewaterr thetheyy carriecarriedd inin theitheirr canteens.canteens. BesidesBesides ththee babadd water,water, improperlyimproperly cookecookedd rationrationss alsalsoo gavgavee manmanyy soldiersoldierss diarrhediarrheaa andand dysenterydysentery.. WithWith weakenedweakened immuneimmune systemssystems andand questionablquestionablee sexualsexual practices,practices,136136 soldiersoldierss werweree moremore susceptiblesusceptible ttoo illnessesillnesses,, suchsuch aass yelloyelloww fevefeverr andand venereavenereall diseasesdiseases.. ThiThiss resulteresultedd iinn thethe
132 MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 3131,, 148-149148-149 andand StevensStevens,, The Rogue's March, 98.98. I33 JudgJudgee AdvocatAdvocatee General'sGeneral's OfficeOffice,, Proceeding of General Court-Martial at San Angel, CasCasee 13,65-68.13, 65-68. 134 WindersWinders,, Mr. Polk's Army, 140-142.140-142. 135 MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 167167.. 136 SoldiersSoldiers commonlycommonly visitevisitedd prostitutesprostitutes andand contractedcontracted venereavenereall diseases.diseases. 3232 abandonmentabandonment,, alonalongg thethe sideside ooff thethe roadroad,, ofof manmanyy sicksick anandd exhaustedexhausted soldierssoldiers whowho fellfell ououtt ofof march.march. 137
InexperiencedInexperienced,, incompetentincompetent,, anandd negligennegligentt doctorsdoctors increaseincreasedd ththee sufferinsufferingg ofof sicksick anandd woundewoundedd soldiers,soldiers, causincausingg manmanyy deathsdeaths.. MosMostt medicamedicall practicepracticess hahadd nonott progressedprogressed in decades. Anesthesia13l388 was a new, rarely used procedure (usually involving whisky* at in decades. Anesthesia was a new, rarely used procedure (usually involving whisky at this time), amputation was a standard practice, and unsanitary conditions encouraged the this time), amputation was a standard practice, and unsanitary conditions encouraged the spread of diseases and fatal infections. 139 Besides failing to properly vaccinate soldiers, spread of diseases and fatal infections.139 Besides failing to properly vaccinate soldiers, doctors administered medical services that usually hurt patients more than helped them. doctors administered medical services that usually hurt patients more than helped them. Doctors treated yellow fever with calomel, fevers with arsenic and zinc, Doctors treated yellow fever with calomel, fevers with arsenic and zinc, dysentery/dianhea with sulfates of copper and acetates of lead, and diseases with dysentery /diarrhea with sulfates of copper and acetates of lead, and diseases with bleeding and opium. Doctors also neglected soldiers and enoneously returned them to bleeding and opium. Doctors also neglected soldiers and erroneously returned them to duty while they still required treatment. Conditions in field hospitals were so bad that duty while they still required treatment. Conditions in field hospitals were so bad that some soldiers prefened to escape from them and rejoin their military unit. When some soldiers preferred to escape from them and rejoin their military unit. When possible, soldiers also preferred self-care to doctor treatment. 140 Some ofthe soldiers possible, soldiers also preferred self-care to doctor treatment.140 Some of the soldiers deserted directly because of poor medical treatment they received or failed to receive. deserted directly because of poor medical treatment they received or failed to receive. During their courts-martial, Alexander McKee and William H. Keech both During their courts-martial, Alexander McKee and William H. Keech both claimed that they did not desert, but were instead sick, had fallen out of march, and that claimed that they did not desert, but were instead sick, had fallen out of march, and that Mexican Lancers captured them and, due to their impoverished state, they had to join the Mexican Lancers captured them and, due to their impoverished state, they had to join the
137 Miller,Miller, Shamrock and Sword, 156;156; Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 203203;; anandd WindersWinders,, Mr. Polk's Army,Army, 142-143,142-143, 157.157. 138138 Dr.Dr. WilliaWilliamm TT.. MortoMortonn (a(a dentistdentist)) firsfirstt developeddeveloped anesthesiologyanesthesiology iinn 1846.1846. HHee useusedd etherether,, andand thenthen chloroforchloroformm (1853(1853)) ttoo anaesthetizanaesthetizee hihiss patientspatients.. PrioPriorr ttoo ththee ususee ooff anesthesiaanesthesia,, mortalitmortalityy rateratess werweree highighh duedue toto doctors'doctors' inabilitinabilityy toto sufficientlysufficiently treatreatt hemostasishemostasis,, infectioninfection,, anandd operatiooperationn painpain.. ShanghaiShanghai YixiYixinn MedicalMedical TreatmenTreatmentt EquipmenEquipmentt Co.,Co., Ltd.Ltd.,, "Knowledg"Knowledgee ofof AnesthetiAnestheticc Analgesia,Analgesia,"" http://www.shhttp://www.sh- yixin.com/en/MedTec_Knowledge_02_en.asyixin.comJen/MedTec_Knowledge_02_en.aspp (accesse(accessedd SeptemberSeptember 17,2008).17, 2008). 139139 SpartacusSpartacus,, "America"Americann CiviCivill War,War,"" MedicaMedicall TreatmentTreatment,, http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USACWhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USACW medical.htmedical.htmm (accessed(accessed SeptemberSeptember 17,2008).17, 2008). 140140 WindersWinders,, Mr. Polk's Army, 146,146, 152-156,160.152-156, 160. 3333
MexicaMexicann army. 141141 MexicanMexicanss alsalsoo capturecapturedd sicsickk soldierssoldiers whewhenn officersofficers,, undeunderr doctors'doctors' endorsementsendorsements,, madmadee thethemm perforperformm theitheirr regularegularr duties. 142142 EveEvenn thougthoughh hhee wawass veryvery sick,sick,
HenrHenrii Venator'Venator'ss supervisorssupervisors puputt hihimm onon guardguard dutyduty.. WhilWhilee oonn duty,duty, hehe hearheardd a noisenoise andand wenwentt ttoo investigateinvestigate.. BecausBecausee iitt wawass soso dardarkk anandd hhee wawass iinn a weakeneweakenedd condition,condition, hhee lostlost hishis wayway anandd MexicaMexicann LancerLancerss capturecapturedd him.him.143143 MeanwhileMeanwhile,, HenrHenryy OctkerOctker admitted,admitted, durinduringg hihiss court-martialcourt-martial,, thathatt hhee hahadd desertedesertedd ththee armyarmy,, bubutt pleadepleadedd innocentinnocent ttoo ththee chargecharge ooff defectiondefection.. WhilWhilee aatt ththee RiRioo Grande,Grande, OctkerOctker brokbrokee hihiss collarbonecollarbone.. InsteadInstead ooff treatingtreating ththee injuryinjury,, doctordoctorss returnereturnedd hihimm ttoo hihiss uniunitt anandd officerofficerss forcedforced hihimm ttoo marcmarchh anandd dodo regularegularr duty.duty. HHee claimedclaimed thathatt hhee rarann awayaway becausbecausee hhee couldcould nnoo longelongerr suffersuffer ththee greatgreat paipam.n and harsh ars h treatment.treatment. 144144
LacLackk ofof FooFoodd anandd WaterWater
BesideBesidess causincausingg illnessillness,, ththee poopoorr qualitqualityy ofof drinkindrinkingg watewaterr andand rationsrations,, oorr eveevenn thethe laclackk ooff eitheeitherr formform ooff sustenance,sustenance, lowereloweredd moralmoralee andand forcedforced somsomee soldierssoldiers ttoo forageforage forfor foofoodd anandd watewaterr onon theitheirr own.own. ThThee scarcitscarcityy ofof watewaterr holeholess necessitatenecessitatedd thethe constructioconstructionn ofof neneww wellswells;; aatt timestimes,, soldierssoldiers marchemarchedd forfor hourhourss withouwithoutt replacinreplacingg ththee watewaterr inin theirtheir canteens.canteens. StevensStevens claimsclaims thathatt duringduring a 150-milI 50-milee marchmarch,, Taylor'Taylor'ss ArmArmyy ooff OccupationOccupation wentwent twenty-sitwenty-sixx hourhourss withouwithoutt water. 145145 WheWhenn watewaterr wawass available,available, iitt waswas usuallyusually brackisbrackishh anandd unpalatableunpalatable (soldiers(soldiers sometimessometimes mixemixedd iitt witwithh whiskwhiskyy ttoo buffebufferr ththee taste).taste).
RationsRations werweree nnoo better.better. SoldiersSoldiers ateate rancirancidd bacobaconn anandd beefbeef,, theitheirr hardtachardtackk wawass moldymoldy,, andand
141411 JudgJudgee AdvocatAdvocatee General'General'ss OfficeOffice,, Proceeding of General Court-Martial at San Angel, CasCasee 17,85-8817, 85-88 andand CasCasee 2626,, 129-134.129-134. 142142 Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 6161.. 143143 WitnesseWitnessess corroboratedcorroborated hihiss storystory,, bubutt ththee jurjuryy ruleruledd hihimm guiltyguilty andand hangehangedd himhim.. JudgJudgee AdvocateAdvocate General'sGeneral's OfficeOffice,, Proceeding of General Court-Martial at San Angel, CasCasee 1,1, 1-8.1-8. 141444 Ibid.Ibid.,, CasCasee 1919,93-97., 93-97. 145545 StevensStevens,, The Rogue's March, 69.69. 3434
atat timestimes,, officerofficerss cucutt theitheirr rations. 146146 IInn desperation,desperation, somsomee soldierssoldiers leftleft theitheirr unitunitss ttoo hunthunt forfor additionaladditional foofoodd sources.sources.
AccordinAccordingg ttoo theitheirr courts-martiacourts-martiall recordsrecords,, PatricPatrickk DaltoDaltonn andand AugustAugustee MorstadtMorstadt werweree capturedcaptured bbyy MexicaMexicann LancerLancerss whilwhilee theythey werewere searchingsearching foforr corn.corn. JamesJames McDowallMcDowall wawass capturedcaptured whilwhilee huntinhuntingg beebeeff aatt VerVeraa CruzCruz,, andand HezekiaHezekiahh AnkleAnkless whilwhilee hhee waswas huntinhuntingg deer.deer. JurorsJurors durinduringg thesthesee courts-martiacourts-martiall founfoundd alalll ooff ththee defendantdefendantss guiltguiltyy andand sentencedsentenced themthem toto bbee hangedhanged,, eveneven thougthoughh McDowalMcDowalll hadhad witnessewitnessess thathatt corroboratecorroboratedd hishis story.story. OneOne soldiersoldier eveevenn claimedclaimed ttoo seseee hihimm getget capturedcaptured,, bubutt failedfailed ttoo reporreportt ththee incidentincident iinn fearfear ofof officeofficerr retributioretributionn foforr ththee unauthorizeunauthorizedd huntinhuntingg expedition.expedition. InsteaInsteadd ofof considerinconsideringg theitheirr compellincompellingg stories,stories, ththee jurjuryy believebelievedd thathatt thesthesee hungrhungryy soldierssoldiers deserted.deserted.
WhetheWhetherr ththee MexicanMexicanss capturedcaptured thethemm (a(ass thetheyy allall claimed)claimed) oorr thetheyy surrenderedsurrendered
147 themselvethemselvess ttoo ththee enemy,enemy, thetheyy werweree defectordefectorss whwhoo neededneeded toto bbee punished. 147 UponUpon reviewinreviewingg ththee foufourr cases,cases, GeneraGenerall ScottScott onlonlyy remittedremitted Ankles'Ankles' sentence.sentence. BaseBasedd onon mitigatinmitigatingg circumstances,circumstances, ScottScott commutecommutedd hihiss sentencesentence toto 5050 lashelashess anandd brandingbranding thethe
148 letteletterr "D""D" oonn a cheek.cheek. 148
InconsistencInconsistencyy witwithh MonthlMonthlyy PaPayy andand EnticementsEnticements fromfrom ththee MexicaMexicann GovernmentGovernment
AlonAlongg witwithh providinprovidingg anan inconsistentinconsistent supplysupply ooff rationsrations,, ththee U.SU.S.. governmentgovernment paidpaid itsits soldierssoldiers miserlmiserlyy wageswages.. BeforBeforee ththee warwar,, manmanyy iinn CongressCongress continuedcontinued ttoo disregarddisregard thethe importanceimportance ooff a standingstanding regularegularr armarmyy foforr ththee nation'nation'ss defense.defense. TheTheyy sawsaw itit aass anan
141466 Ibid.Ibid.,, 44,44, 107107 anandd WindersWinders,, Mr. Polk's Army, 141141.. 147 147 JudgJudgee AdvocatAdvocatee General'sGeneral's OfficeOffice,, Proceeding ofafGeneral General Court-Martial at San Angel, CasCasee 66,, 29-3529-35;; CaseCase 1414,, 69-7469-74;; CasCasee 24,24, 119-124;119-124; andand JudgJudgee AdvocatAdvocatee General'sGeneral's OfficeOffice,, Proceeding of General CourtCourt- Martial at Tacubaya, CasCasee 16,16, 81-8581-85.. 148 148 U.SU.S.. DepartmenDepartmentt ooff WarWar,, AdjutanAdjutantt General'General'ss Office,Office, General Orders Number 281, Headquarters o[theof the Army, Tacubaya, September 8, 1847, NationaNationall Archives,Archives, CorrespondencCorrespondencee FilFilee NumbeNumberr 27932,3.27932, 3. 3355 unnecessarunnecessaryy draidrainn oonn taxtax incomeincome.. Therefore,Therefore, thetheyy authorizedauthorized a smalsmalll regularegularr armyarmy
(ignorantl(ignorantlyy dependindependingg oonn theitheirr untraineuntrainedd statstatee militiamilitiass ttoo providprovidee defensedefense iinn ththee eventevent ofof a foreigforeignn warwar)) anandd paipaidd theitheirr officerofficerss andand soldiersoldierss loloww wageswages.. TToo makmakee mattermatterss worseworse,, thethe
149 governmengovernmentt habituallhabituallyy failefailedd ttoo papayy soldierssoldiers onon timetime,, iiff aatt all. 149 SoldiersSoldiers wenwentt foforr monthsmonths withouwithoutt payments.150130 SomeSome disgruntledisgruntledd soldierssoldiers anandd officersofficers resigneresignedd oror deserteddeserted toto demonstratdemonstratee theitheirr displeasurdispleasuree witwithh ththee government'government'ss indifferencindifferencee ttoo theirtheir condition.condition.
PrivatPrivatee RicharRichardd HanlyHanly,, durinduringg hihiss court-martial,court-martial, stressestressedd thathatt hhee wawass duedue monemoneyy fromfrom thethe
U.SU.S.. governmengovernmentt whewhenn hhee joinejoinedd (after(after beinbeingg capturecapturedd anandd impresseimpressedd intintoo serviceservice)) thethe
151 MexicaMexicann Army. 151 MeanwhileMeanwhile,, iinn a rarraree casecase,, jurorjurorss droppedroppedd alalll chargechargess againsagainstt PrivatePrivate
152 Edward Ellis when he proved that, due to a clerical error in his enlistment, 152 he had Edward Ellis when he proved that, due to a clerical error in his enlistment, he had never received any pay nor actually belonged to the U.S. Army. 153 never received any pay nor actually belonged to the U.S. Army. Given these circumstances, it is no surprise that some soldiers chose to defect to Given these circumstances, it is no surprise that some soldiers chose to defect to the Mexican Army. In contrast to the American government's apparent indifference to its the Mexican Army. In contrast to the American government's apparent indifference to its defenders, the Mexican government paid its soldiers higher wages. In 1846, the Peso defenders, the Mexican government paid its soldiers higher wages. In 1846, the Peso exchanged for $.96 U.S. The difference in monthly pay between the U.S. and Mexican exchanged for $.96 U.S. The difference in monthly pay between the U.S. and Mexican soldier increased with rank, but was always higher for Mexico, from the rank of Private soldier increased with rank, but was always higher for Mexico, from the rank of Private (7 dollars U.S. versus 8.5 pesos Mexican) to Colonel (81 dollars U.S. versus 200 pesos (7 dollars U.S. versus 8.5 pesos Mexican) to Colonel (81 dollars U.S. versus 200 pesos
149 ThThee militarmilitaryy continuescontinues ttoo experienceexperience problemproblemss inin payingpaying itsits soldierssoldiers.. ThThee authoauthorr ooff thithiss thesithesiss wenwentt twotwo monthmonthss withouwithoutt papayy duduee ttoo a simplesimple clericaclericall errorerror,, andand failefailedd ttoo receivreceivee commancommandd supportsupport ttoo correctcorrect thethe problemproblem untiuntill hhee personallpersonallyy broughbroughtt iitt ttoo ththee attentioattentionn ooff hihiss BattalioBattalionn Commander.Commander. 150150 GarvinGarvin,, "A"Ann ImmortaImmortall BandBand ooff Rogues,Rogues,"" 64.64. 151151 JudgJudgee AdvocatAdvocatee General'General'ss OfficeOffice,, Proceeding of General Court-Martial at Tacubaya, CaseCase 2222,, 106\06-- 110.110. 1152 NoNo officerofficer waswas presentpresent whenwhen EllisEllis enlisted.enlisted. BecauseBecause hishis paperworkpaperwork lackedlacked anan officer'sofficer's authorizingauthorizing signatursignaturee andand hhee neveneverr sworeswore ththee oathoath ooff allegianceallegiance,, iitt wawass filefi ledd asas incompletincompletee anandd thethe governmentgovernment dididd notnot paypay him.him. 153153 JudgJudgee AdvocateAdvocate General'General'ss OfficeOffice,, Proceeding of General Court-Martial at Tacubaya, CaseCase 3333,, 160160-- 164.164. 3636
Mexican).Mexican).154154 ThiThiss wawass somethinsomethingg thathatt MexicaMexicann officialofficialss highlightedhighlighted inin ththee desertiondesertion propagandpropagandaa thathatt thetheyy distributedistributedd amonamongg ththee AmericaAmericann soldiers.soldiers. ThroughoutThroughout thethe war,war,
MexicaMexicann officialsofficials offeredoffered favorablfavorablee inducementinducementss ttoo encouragencouragee immigranimmigrantt soldierssoldiers toto defectdefect.. BeginningBeginning witwithh a smalsmalll trickletrickle,, mormoree anffildd mormoree soldierssoldiers laterlater begabegann ttoo riskrisk desertiodesertionn forfor moremore favorablefavorable conditionconditionss andand opportunitiesopportunities.. BesideBesidess highehigherr salaries,salaries, theythey proffereprofferedd monemoneyy bonuses,bonuses,I55155 opportunitieopportunitiess forfor ranrankk advancementl56156 witwithh ththee possibilitpossibilityy ofof
157 joininjoiningg a desertedeserterr unitunit,, generougenerouss landland grants, 157 civiliaciviliann clothes,clothes, a horsehorse,, a drinkdrink,, andand eveneven
• 158 a guide to assist the defector in reaching Mexico City or the Mexican army. ISS a guide to assist the defector in reaching Mexico City or the Mexican army.
InfringemenInfringementt ofof Contract,Contract, AbandonmentAbandonment,, anandd DissatisfactionDissatisfaction
WorsWorsee thathann failurfailuree ttoo consistentlconsistentlyy papayy ththee soldiersoldierss wawass ththee blatanblatantt infringemeninfringementt ofof theitheirr contractcontractss thathatt occurreoccurredd whenwhen GeneraGenerall WinfielWinfieldd Scott'sScott's ArmArmyy shippedshipped soutsouthh towardstowards
VeraVera Cruz,Cruz, enen routroutee ttoo MexicMexicoo City.City. SoldiersSoldiers witwithh enlistmentenlistmentss readreadyy ttoo expireexpire suddenlysuddenly hahadd thethemm extendeextendedd forfor ththee duratiodurationn ofof hostilitieshostilities.. IInn opeopenn rebelliorebellionn againstagainst thethe government'government'ss "stop-loss"stop-loss"" action,action, somsomee ooff thesthesee affectedaffected soldierssoldiers decideddecided toto deserdesertt onceonce
159159 ththee firstfirst opportunitopportunityy presentepresentedd itselfitself forfor a safsafee escape.
AsAs ththee wawarr continuedcontinued andand soldierssoldiers sawsaw ththee actionactionss andand inactioninactionss ofof bothboth governmentgovernmentss andand peoplespeoples,, alongalong witwithh ththee destructiondestruction leftleft behinbehindd fromfrom warfarewarfare,, manymany becambecamee disillusionedisillusionedd abouaboutt whawhatt recruiterrecruiterss hahadd convincedconvinced thethemm wawass a jusjustt warwar.. SuchSuch waswas
154 MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 3939.. 153 155 AntoniAntonioo LopezLopez ddee Santa-Anna'Santa-Anna'ss AprilApril,, 18471847 proclamatioproclamationn frofromm OrizavaOrizava offereofferedd 1010 dollarsdollars forfor desertiondesertion withouwithoutt arms,arms, anandd mormoree ifif armedarmed,, alonalongg witwithh 500500 dollardollarss anandd ranrankk ttoo anyonanyonee whwhoo leledd 101000 memenn ttoo alsoalso desert.desert. 156156 Foreign-borForeign-bornn soldierssoldiers werweree ineligiblineligiblee foforr promotiopromotionn ttoo officeofficerr rankrankss iinn thethe U.SU.S.. ArmyArmy.. WindersWinders,, Mr. Polk's Army, 61-62.61-62. 157157 AntoniAntonioo LopeLopezz ddee Santa-Anna'Santa-Anna'ss AprilApril,, 18471847 proclamatioproclamationn fromfrom OrizavaOrizava offeredoffered 202000 squaresquare acresacres ofof lanlandd ttoo ananyy desertedeserterr upouponn successfusuccessfull completiocompletionn ooff ththee war.war. 158158 MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 30-330-31 J,, 4646,, 4949,, 64.64. 151599 Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 181181.. 3737 thethe casecase witwithh ElizieElizierr S.S. Lusk,Lusk, whowho desertedesertedd becausebecause hhee wantedwanted ttoo gogo home.160160 Others,Others, liklikee JohJohnn RileyRiley,, claimeclaimedd thathatt theitheirr consciencconsciencee dictateddictated thathatt theythey deserdesertt ttoo ththee enemenemyy andand fighfightt forfor ththee "liberty"liberty ooff a peoplpeoplee whicwhichh hahadd wawarr broughbroughtt oonn thethemm bbyy ththee mosmostt unjustunjust aggression." 11661 1 SomeSome soldiersoldierss alsoalso begabegann ttoo taktakee offencoffencee witwithh ththee wholwholee conceptconcept ofof
"Manifest"Manifest Destiny,Destiny,"" sincesince iitt taughtaughtt thathatt God'sGod's wilwilll wawass thathatt ProtestantProtestantss (not(not Catholics)Catholics)
162 controcontroll ththee westerwesternn frontier.frontier. 162 ThThee continuoucontinuouss streamstream ooff desertionsdesertions,, despitedespite AmericanAmerican victoriesvictories,, demonstratedemonstratess ththee dissatisfactiodissatisfactionn felfeltt bbyy manmanyy soldiersoldierss withwith ththee war.war.
DissatisfactioDissatisfactionn witwithh theitheirr assigneassignedd uniunitt alsalsoo leledd somesome soldiersoldierss ttoo desertdesert.. AndrewAndrew
NolanNolan,, a woundewoundedd veteraveterann fromfrom ththee BattlBattlee ofof MontereyMonterey,, statestatedd iinn hihiss defensdefensee "that"that hhee waswas dissatisfieddissatisfied witwithh hihiss situatiosituationn inin K Company,Company,"" soso afterafter informininformingg officerofficerss ofof hihiss desireddesired coursecourse ooff action,action, hhee deserteddeserted ththee unitunit.. NolaNolann claimedclaimed thathatt hhee intendeintendedd ttoo rejoirejoinn a formerformer unitunit,, whicwhichh treatetreatedd hihimm betterbetter,, bubutt hhee wawass capturecapturedd bbyy MexicanMexicanss whilewhile eenn routroutee toto
Saltillo. 163163
WhilWhilee somsomee soldierssoldiers rarann awayaway,, desertindesertingg theitheirr unitunitss andand failingfailing ttoo honohonorr theirtheir contractcontract witwithh ththee governmentgovernment,, ththee armarmyy shouldshould bbee heldheld accountablaccountablee forfor ththee lossloss ofof somesome soldiersoldierss - specificallyspecifically thosthosee thathatt thetheyy abandoneabandonedd whilwhilee marchinmarchingg betweenbetween locationslocations.. AsAs previouslpreviouslyy stated,stated, duringduring lonlongg marchesmarches,, scoresscores ooff menmen collapsecollapsedd fromfrom dehydration,dehydration, sicknesssickness,, andand extremextremee heatheat.. AAss a commoncommon practicepractice,, unitunitss abandoneabandonedd thesthesee soldierssoldiers alongalong
160 LusLuskk admitteadmittedd durinduringg hihiss court-martiacourt-martiall thathatt hhee lostlost hihiss sensessenses andand deserteddeserted,, bubutt pleadepleadedd innoceninnocentt ttoo thethe chargchargee ooff desertiodesertionn ttoo ththee enemyenemy;; hhee claimeclaimedd thathatt hhee dididd nonott willinglwillinglyy joijoinn ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo BattalionBattalion.. TheThe jurorjurorss founfoundd hihimm guiltguiltyy anandd hangehangedd himhim.. JudgJudgee AdvocatAdvocatee General'General'ss Office,Office, Proceeding ofa/General General CourtCourt- Martial at San Angel, Mexico, CasCasee 11II,, 57-60.57-60. 161,61 FroFromm a letteletterr JohJohnn RileRileyy wrotwrotee ttoo ththee PresidenPresidentt ooff MexicoMexico.. Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 94.94. 162162 GarvinGarvin,, "An"An ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ofof Rogues,Rogues,"" 3434,, 36.36. 163163 JurorJurorss founfoundd NolaNolann guiltguiltyy ooff desertiodesertionn ttoo ththee enemyenemy,, anandd ththee ArmAnnyy hangehangedd hihimm iinn SanSan AngelAngel,, Mexico.Mexico. JudgJudgee AdvocatAdvocatee General'General'ss OfficeOffice,, Proceeding ofo/General General Court-Martial at San Angel, CaseCase 2222,, 109-113.109-113. 3838 ththee sideside ofof ththee road. 164164 BesideBesidess ththee casecasess alreadyalready mentionementionedd dealingdealing witwithh sicsickk soldierssoldiers
(Alexande(Alexanderr McKeMcKeee andand WilliaWilliamm HH.. Keech)Keech),, unitunitss alsoalso abandoneabandonedd drundrunkk oror lamelame soldiers.soldiers.
OOnn DecembeDecemberr 10,10, 1846,1846, JohJolmn Daly'Daly'ss uniunitt lefleftt hihimm onon ththee sideside ooff ththee roadroad duedue toto dmnkennesdmnkennesss andand inabilitinabilityy ttoo keekeepp uupp witwithh ththee unitunit.. WheWhenn hhee soberedsobered uupp sufficientlysufficiently toto continucontinuee hihiss marchmarch,, DalDalyy linked-ulinked-upp witwithh a groupgroup ofof sicsickk AmericaAmericann soldiersoldierss frofromm ththee 22ndnd
InfantrInfantryy RegimenRegimentt anandd boardeboardedd a steamboasteamboatt forfor transportransportt dowdownn riverriver.. AccordinAccordingg toto
Daly'Daly'ss testimonytestimony,, MexicanMexicanss capturecapturedd hihimm whewhenn hhee wenwentt ashorashoree fromfrom ththee sicksick boaboatt andand latelaterr forceforcedd hihimm ttoo joijoinn ththee MexicaMexicann Almy.165Army.165
GeneraGenerall ScottScott musmustt havhavee felfeltt somesome levellevel ooff responsibilitresponsibilityy foforr thesthesee soldiers'soldiers' situationssituations,, becausbecausee hhee commutecommutedd ththee sentencessentences ttoo 5500 lashelashess andand ththee brandinbrandingg ofof ththee letterletter
166166 "D""D" upouponn ththee faceface foforr twtwoo ooff ththee threthreee condemnecondemnedd defectors. ThesThesee threthreee soldierssoldiers werewere fortunatefortunate ttoo havhavee survivesurvivedd theirtheir abandonment.abandonment. UnitsUnits sometimessometimes sentsent "sick"sick wagonswagons"" backback ttoo colleccollectt thosthosee soldiersoldierss lefleftt behinbehindd durinduringg ththee day'day'ss marchmarch.. ThThee recoverrecoveryy crewscrews foundfound manmanyy ofof thesthesee sick,sick, lamelame,, andand dehydratedehydratedd soldiersoldierss deaddead,, eitheeitherr fromfrom naturanaturall causescauses oror becausbecausee banditbanditss anandd MexicaMexicann LancerLancerss hahadd murderemurderedd thethemm iinn theitheirr weakeneweakenedd condition.condition. 167167
SummarSummaryy
LifeLife forfor a foreign-bornforeign-born soldiersoldier iinn ththee U.SU.S.. ArmArmyy wawass ververyy precariouprecariouss duringduring thethe
Mexican-AmericaMexican-Americann WarWar.. BesideBesidess fearingfearing abandonment,abandonment, extendeextendedd termtermss ofof serviceservice,, andand receivinreceivingg loloww anandd inconsistentinconsistent paypay,, soldiersoldierss hahadd littlelittle protectioprotectionn frofromm tyrannicaltyrannical leadersleaders
164 164 StevensStevens,, The Rogue's March, 69.69.
165 165 JudgJudgee AdvocatAdvocatee General'sGeneral's OfficeOffice,, Proceeding o/Generalof General Court-Martial at Tacubaya, CasCasee 11,52-57.11, 52-57. 161666 AdjutanAdjutantt General'General'ss OfficeOffice,, General Orders Number 281,281,3 3 andand U.SU.S.. DepartmenDepartmentt ofof WarWar,, AdjutantAdjutant General'General'ss OfficeOffice,, General Orders Number 283, Headquarters ofo/the the Army, Tacubaya, September 11, 1847,1847, NationaNationall ArchivesArchives,, CorrespondencCorrespondencee FilFilee NumbeNumberr 2793227932,3., 3. 167167 WindersWinders,, Mr. Polk's Army, 143143.. 3939 whwhoo operateoperatedd undeunderr a doubldoublee standarstandardd andand imposeimposedd cruelcruel anandd unfaiunfairr punishmentspunishments.. SomeSome officerofficerss followedfollowed ththee nativisnativistt trentrendd anandd continuecontinuedd ttoo ethnicallyethnically andand religiouslreligiouslyy persecutepersecute andand ridiculridiculee foreign-borforeign-bornn CatholicCatholic soldiers.soldiers. AlthougAlthoughh PresidenPresidentt PolPolkk assigneassignedd twotwo
CatholicCatholic chaplainschaplains inin anan attempattemptt ttoo dispeldispel ththee ideideaa thathatt ththee wawarr wawass a crusadcrusadee againstagainst
Catholicism,Catholicism, officerofficerss stilstilll forcedforced CatholiCatholicc soldierssoldiers ttoo attenattendd ProtestanProtestantt serviceservicess andand allowed,allowed, througthroughh omission,omission, ProtestanProtestantt soldiersoldierss ttoo rorobb anandd vandalizvandalizee CatholiCatholicc churches.churches.
BecausBecausee ofof thesthesee actionsactions,, anandd ththee factfact thathatt neitheneitherr ooff ththee CatholicCatholic chaplainchaplainss accompaniedaccompanied ththee armyarmy beyonbeyondd MatamorosMatamoros,, MexicaMexicann priestpriestss continuecontinuedd ttoo gaigainn influencinfluencee oveoverr foreignforeign- borbornn CatholicCatholic soldierssoldiers whwhoo soughtsought religioureligiouss comfortcomfort durinduringg thethe war.war.
LikLikee alalll ththee soldierssoldiers servingserving iinn botbothh Taylor'sTaylor's anandd Scott'sScott's armiesarmies,, foreign-bornforeign-born soldierssoldiers alsalsoo lackelackedd thethe commoncommon comfortcomfortss ofof cleanclean anandd drdryy lodginglodging,, goodgood drinkingdrinking water,water, competentcompetent medicalmedical treatmenttreatment,, andand sufficientsufficient food.food. TheirTheir tentstents werweree infesteinfestedd witwithh rodentsrodents andand insectsinsects,, whicwhichh carriedcarried diseases.diseases. IncompetenIncompetentt andand negligennegligentt doctordoctorss mistreatemistreatedd manymany patientpatientss anandd commonlycommonly returnereturnedd themthem toto dutyduty beforbeforee healinhealingg themthem.. TheseThese soldierssoldiers werewere requiredrequired toto performperform normalnormal soldiersoldier worworkk (pulling(pulling guardguard duty,duty, performinperformingg drilldrill,, marching,marching, oorr buildinbuildingg defensivdefensivee fortificationfortification)) whicwhichh wawass ververyy tedioutediouss anandd physicallphysicallyy demanding.demanding.
SoldiersSoldiers sometimessometimes performeperformedd thesthesee laborlaborss afteafterr consumingconsuming rancirancidd rationrationss oror havinhavingg theirtheir rationrationss cutcut.. ThiThiss drovedrove somsomee soldiers,soldiers, inin desperationdesperation,, ttoo risriskk capturecapture bbyy ththee enemenemyy andand foragforagee foforr additionaladditional food.food.
ToTo escapescapee thethe misermiseryy associateassociatedd witwithh soldiersoldier liflifee andand ttoo forgeforgett ththee maltreatmentmaltreatment frofromm babadd officersofficers,, foreign-bornforeign-born soldierssoldiers turneturnedd ttoo alcoholalcohol.. One-thirOne-thirdd ofof ththee SaSann PatricioPatricio soldierssoldiers claimeclaimedd alcoholalcohol waswas involveinvolvedd witwithh theitheirr ultimatultimatee defectiodefectionn ttoo ththee MexicaMexicann Army.Army.
Others,Others, disgustedisgustedd bbyy theitheirr treatmentreatmentt (desertion(desertion rateratess werweree alwaysalways highehigherr iinn abusiveabusive units)units) 4400 anandd disillusioneddisillusioned witwithh ththee warwar,, openlopenlyy embracedembraced ththee highehigherr paypay,, chancchancee forfor advancement,advancement, anandd otheotherr incentivesincentives offereofferedd bbyy ththee MexicanMexican governmentgovernment.. TheseThese soldierssoldiers becambecamee ththee corecore ooff ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo Battalion.Battalion.
IInn contrastcontrast,, ththee MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn soldiersoldierss sufferedsuffered similarsimilar hardshiphardshipss andand persecutionspersecutions,, bubutt remaineremainedd loyaloyall ttoo ththee U.SU.S.. governmentgovernment.. TheThe seconsecondd halhalff ooff thisthis comparativcomparativee cascasee studystudy wilwilll nonoww identifidentifyy ththee MormoMormonn soldiers'soldiers' historyhistory,, experiences,, andand hohoww theythey reactereactedd ttoo comparablcomparablee conditionsconditions andand situations.situations. ItIt wilwilll alsoalso highlighhighlightt somesome ofof ththee differencedifferencess whicwhichh causecausedd thethe MormonMormonss ttoo remairemainn loyal.loyal. CHAPTERCHAPTER 3
MORMONMORMON BATTBATTALIO ALlaNN
BeforBeforee ththee warwar,, anotheanotherr religioureligiouss groupgroup witwithh a theocratitheocraticc structurestructure,, whicwhichh nativistsnativists fearedfeared threatenedthreatened AmericanAmerican independence, 168168 hahadd formeformedd withiwithinn ththee borderborderss ooff ththee UnitedUnited
StatesStates - thethe MormonsMormons.. FroFromm ththee datedate ofof itsits foundingfounding iinn 18301830 untiuntill ththee MexicaMexicann War,War, hostilhostilee neighborneighborss viciouslyviciously persecutepersecutedd andand througthroughh "quasi-legal,,169"quasi-legal"169 anandd extra-legalextra-legal meansmeans expelledexpelled membermemberss ooff ththee ChurcChurchh ooff JesuJesuss ChristChrist ooff Latter-daLatter-dayy SaintsSaints ououtt ooff theitheirr homeshomes anandd settlementssettlements.. l7O ThThee mormoree notablnotablee settlementsettlementss includeincludedd KirtlandKirtland,, OhioOhio;; JacksonJackson
County,County, MissouriMissouri;; FarFar West,West, MissouriMissouri;; anandd NauvooNauvoo,, IllinoisIllinois.. InIn eaceachh ooff thesthesee locations,locations, thethe SaintsSaints builbuiltt cities,cities, churcheschurches,, andand schools,schools, anandd livelivedd a forfmmm ooff communacommunall capitalismcapitalism whicwhichh etIectivelyeffectively intertwinedintertwined thethe churchchurch andand governmentgovernment.. BesideBesidess directindirectingg religiousreligious affairs,affairs, ththee propheprophett JosephJoseph SmithSmith asas ththee heaheadd oftheof the theocractheocracyy wawass directlydirectly involvedinvolved inin mosmostt ofof ititss venturesventures,, fromfrom bankinbankingg (the(the KirtlanKirtlandd banbankk eventuallyeventually collapsedcollapsed andand ledled ttoo a
168 SomeSome ofof thethe feafearr exhibiteexhibitedd bbyy locallocalss wawass nonott withouwithoutt meritmerit.. AAss MormoMonnonn settlersettlerss movemovedd intintoo JacksonJackson CountyCounty,, MissouriMissouri (wha(whatt thetheyy calledcalled NeNeww JerusaleJerusalemm oorr ththee citycity ooff Zion)Zion),, somsomee toltoldd theitheirr neighborneighborss thathatt ththee MormonMonnonss woulwouldd bbee ththee solesole inheritorsinheritors ooff ththee lanlandd anandd thatthat allall GentileGentiless woulwouldd eitheeitherr havhavee ttoo leavleavee oorr convertconvert ttoo MormonismMonnonism.. FleekFleek,, History May Be Searched in Vain, 5757.. 169169 "Governor"Governor LilburLilburnn BoggsBoggs,, aann icoiconn ooff disdaidisdainn foforr MormonsMormons,, issueissuedd hihiss infamouinfamouss 'extermination'extermination order,'order,' whicwhichh seeminglyseemingly authorizeauthorizedd anan "ope"openn seasonseason"" onon MormonMormonss iiff thetheyy dididd nonott flefleee frofi'omm ththee state."state." Baugh,Baugh, "the"the Haun'Haun'ss MilMilll MassacrMassacree anandd ththee ExterminatioExtenninationn OrdeOrderr ofof MissourMissourii GovernoGovernorr LilburLilburnn WW.. Boggs,Boggs,"" 1-51-5 asas quotequotedd inin Fleek,Fleek, History May Be Searched in Vain, 58.58. 170170 ThesThesee mobmobss ofof discontenteddiscontented citizenscitizens (many(many ooff whowhomm hahadd beebeenn ththee originaoriginall settlersettlerss oofthef the landland)) includedincluded notnot onlyonly ruffianruffianss andand desperadosdesperados,, bubutt alsoalso civicivicc leaderleaderss anandd upstandinupstandingg membermemberss oofthef the communitycommunity whowho believedbelieved thathatt a fanaticafanaticall theocractheocracyy woulwouldd gaigainn controlcontrol ooff localocall politicpoliticss andand threatethreatenn ththee rightrightss anandd valuevaluess ofof ththee community.community. 4242 numbenumberr ooff membermemberss leavingleaving ththee church)church) ttoo commandingcommanding thethe NauvoNauvooo LegioLegionn (which(which numberenumberedd betweebetweenn 3,000-4,0003,000-4,000 soldierssoldiers atat itsits peek,peek, andand waswas secondsecond inin sizesize ttoo thethe U.SU.S.. regular army).171171 Although the Mormons established local militias for their own regular army). Although the Mormons established local militias for their own protection, they were never sufficient to protect the Saints. With the exception of Far protection, they were never sufficient to protect the Saints. With the exception of Far West, where county militias faced each other in actual combat,172 the Saints were usually West, where county militias faced each other in actual combat,172 the Saints were usually slaughtered. 173 Joseph Smith sought redress and support from the federal government. slaughtered. " Joseph Smith sought redress and support from the federal government. He traveled to Washington D.C. and even met with President Martin Van Buren; He traveled to Washington D.C. and even met with President Martin Van Buren; although he showed how the Saints had been robbed of millions of dollars' worth of although he showed how the Saints had been robbed of millions of dollars' worth of property (along with the lives of scores of its members), in the end, the government property (along with the lives of scores of its members), in the end, the government offered nothing but consoling words. According to Fleek, "There was no legal or offered nothing but consoling words. According to Fleek, "There was no legal or political precedent by which the federal government could intervene." 174 political precedent by which the federal government could intervene."174 Nauvoo, Illinois was the last Mormon settlement lost prior to the Mexican War. Nauvoo, Illinois was the last Mormon settlement lost prior to the Mexican War. Initially, the residents of Illinois welcomed the Saints. They were industrious people and Initially, the residents of Illinois welcomed the Saints. They were industrious people and after a short time, they turned marshes into a beautiful and prosperous city. The Saints after a short time, they turned marshes into a beautiful and prosperous city. The Saints received a generous charter from the state, which allowed Mormon leaders to establish received a generous charter from the state, which allowed Mormon leaders to establish municipal courts, a university, and city militia. But again, as the Saints' numbers grew, municipal courts, a university, and city militia. But again, as the Saints' numbers grew, the locals began to fear their political influence and were revolted by rumors of the locals began to fear their political influence and were revolted by rumors of polygamy. The final straw was when the Nauvoo Expositor printed a story that polygamy. The final straw was when the Nauvoo Expositor printed a story that denounced Joseph Smith, the Mormon Church, and the practice of polygamy. 1751 75 Joseph denounceSmith orderedd Josep theh destructionSmith, the Mormoof the Nauvoon Church Expositor, and the presspractic ande o thenf polygamy instituted. martialJoseph
Smith ordered the destruction of the Nauvoo Expositor press and then instituted martial
171 Fleek,Fleek, History May Be Searched in Vain, 56-60.56-60. 172 172 ThThee MormonMormon militimilitiaa inin FarFar WestWest eventuallyeventually surrendered,surrendered, wawass disarmed,disarmed, andand leftleft ttoo ththee merciemerciess ofof thethe MissouriMissouri "mobocrats""mobocrats" - whwhoo showedshowed nnoo mercy.mercy. 173173 ForFor exampleexample,, onon OctoberOctober 31,31, 1838,1838, 1717 MormonMormon memenn andand boyboyss werewere killekilledd atat Haun'sHaun's MillMill Massacre.Massacre. 174174 FleekFleek,, History May Be Searched in Vain, 59.59. 171755 Ibid.Ibid.,, 60.60. 4433 lawlaw asas tensionstensions roserose.. AfteAfterr paradinparadingg ththee NauvoNauvooo LegioLegionn inin ththee citycity ttoo demonstratedemonstrate lawlaw anandd order,order, JosepJosephh SmitSmithh followefollowedd ththee statstatee governor'governor'ss ordersorders andand relinquisherelinquishedd thethe
NauvoNauvooo Legion'Legion'ss armarmss ttoo CaptaiCaptainn DunDunnn (an(an officerofficer iinn ththee statstatee militia)militia);; thithiss actionaction
176 affectively disarmed the Saints again and left them subject to mob persecution. 176 Joseph affectively disarmed the Saints again and left them subject to mob persecution. Joseph Smith was arrested and held at Carthage, then murdered by a mob of militiamen and Smith was arrested and held at Carthage, then murdered by a mob of militiamen and prominent citizens; of the five men arrested for the murders, county authorities allowed prominent citizens; of the five men arrested for the murders, county authorities allowed them all to escape justice. 177177 them allWith to escap the edeath justice of. Joseph Smith, leadership of the theocracy passed to Brigham
Young. WitHeh soon the deat decidedh of Josepit wash timeSmith for, leadershi the Saintsp otof thfinde theocrac a new landy passe whered to theyBrigha couldm practiceYoung. theirHe soo faithn decide and lived it freewas fromtime persecution.for the Saint 178s to Desperatefind a new for lan funds,d wher Younge they could 178 instructed Jesse Carter Little I 79 to appeal again to the federal government for assistance. practice their faith and live free from persecution. Desperate for funds, Young Little immediately gathered letters of endorsement from influential politicians who were instructed Jesse Carter Little179 to appeal again to the federal government for assistance. supportive of the Mormons' plight and then wrote President Polk a letter outlining the Little immediately gathered letters of endorsement from influential politicians who were persecutions suffered by the Saints, their need for assistance, and their desire to remain supportive of the Mormons' plight and then wrote President Polk a letter outlining the U.S. citizens. He exaggerated the number of Saints both in the U.S. and Great Britain. persecutions suffered by the Saints, their need for assistance, and their desire to remain He claimed that there were 12 to 15 thousand who had just left Nauvoo, 40 thousand U.S. citizens. He exaggerated the number of Saints both in the U.S. and Great Britain. currently in Great Britain awaiting migration, and thousands more scattered among the He claimed that there were 12 to 15 thousand who had just left Nauvoo, 40 thousand remaining states. According to Little, all of these people planned to migrate to Oregon currently in Great Britain awaiting migration, and thousands more scattered among the Territory.180 Little claimed that: remaining states. According to Little, all of these people planned to migrate to Oregon
Territory. Little claimed that:
176 PaulinPaulinee UdalUdalll SmithSmith,, Captain Jefferson Hunt a/theof the Mormon Battalion (Sal(Saltt LakLakee City,City, UTUT:: NicholaNicholass G.G. MorganMorgan,, Sr.,Sr., FoundationFoundation,, 1958)1958),, 38-40.38-40. 177177 FleekFleek,, History May Be Searched in Vain, 6161.. 178178 MoMobb violencviolencee hahadd lefleftt mosmostt ooff ththee SaintsSaints destitutedestitute.. BetweeBetweenn MissourMissourii anandd IllinoisIllinois,, JohJohnn WW.. HessHess,, a MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn soldiersoldier,, loslostt twtwoo homehomess anandd mosmostt ooff hihiss possessionspossessions.. JJ.. CecilCecil AlterAlter,, "John"John WW.. HessHess,, withwith ththee MormonMormon Battalion.Battalion."" Utah Historical Quarterly 4, nono.. 2 (Apri(Aprill 1931):1931): 47.47. 179179 LittlLittlee wawass ththee appointedappointed leaderleader ooff ththee SaintsSaints thethenn residinresidingg oonn ththee EasEastt CoastCoast ooff ththee UniteUnitedd States.States. 180180 JessJessee C.C. LittleLittle,, aass citecitedd inin BigleBiglerr anandd BagleyBagley,, Army ofa/Israel, Israel, 32-3532-35.. 4444
[Mormons[Mormons were]were] truetrue heartedhearted AmericansAmericans,, trutruee toto ourour country,country, truetrue ttoo itsits laws,laws, truetrue ttoo itsits gloriousglorious institutionsinstitutions - andand wwee havehave a desiredesire toto gogo undeunderr ththee outstretchedoutstretched wingwingss ofof thethe AmericaAmericann EagleEagle.. WeWe woulwouldd disdaindisdain ttoo receivereceive assistanceassistance fromfrom a foreignforeign powerpower,, althoughalthough itit shouldshould bbee profferedproffered,, unlesunlesss ouourr governmentgovernment shallshall tumturn us off in this great crisis and will not help us, but compel us to be foreigners.* 181181 us off in this great crisis and will not help us, but compel us to be foreigners. By first outlining the possible number of Mormons who would soon reside in the territory By first outlining the possible number of Mormons who would soon reside in the territory and then offering the veiled threat to seek British aid if the U.S. government was not and then offering the veiled threat to seek British aid if the U.S. government was not prompt to support the plight of its people, Little gained the attention of the president. prompt to support the plight of its people, Little gained the attention of the president. Little submitted this letter on June 1, 1846 while the U.S. border dispute with Great Little submitted this letter on June 1, 1846 while the U.S. border dispute with Great Britain still existed. A host of some 60 to 70 thousand people would be a powerful Britain still existed. A host of some 60 to 70 thousand people would be a powerful political element in the contested region. 182 Since the majority of Saints mentioned were political element in the contested region. Since the majority of Saints mentioned were British, their natural loyalties would be with the foreign power. However, Little implied British, their natural loyalties would be with the foreign power. However, Little implied that British Saints would accept American citizenship over British nationality, based on that British Saints would accept American citizenship over British nationality, based on their conversion of faith. 183 As a consequence, Polk agreed to meet with Little and their conversion of faith. As a consequence, Polk agreed to meet with Little and developed a plan to "conciliate them [the Mormons], and prevent them from assuming a developed a plan to "conciliate them [the Mormons], and prevent them from assuming a hostile attitude towards the U.S. after their arrival in California.,,184 The president offered hostile attitude towards the U.S. after their arrival in California."184 The president offered the Mormons enlistment in the army, under General Kearny (who was leading the the Mormons enlistment in the army, under General Kearny (who was leading the expedition against California); but the enlistment was supposed to occur upon arrival in expedition against California); but the enlistment was supposed to occur upon arrival in California. Enlistment would provide income to the newly arrived Saints, demonstrate California. Enlistment would provide income to the newly arrived Saints, demonstrate their loyalty to their nation, and give them credence as initial settlers in the new territory. their loyalty to their nation, and give them credence as initial settlers in the new territory. This was a concessionary tactic by the president, since the army already had a surplus of This was a concessionary tactic by the president, since the army already had a surplus of volunteers that were being turned back by the thousands. However, along with this offer volunteers that were being turned back by the thousands. However, along with this offer 181181 JesseJesse C.C. Little,Little, asas quotedquoted iinn BigleBiglerr andand Bagley,Bagley, Army of Israel, 34.34. 182 182 ThiThiss wawass nonott a neneww concept.concept. BetweeBetweenn 1844-1845,1844-1845, FatherFather EugeneEugene McNamara,McNamara, anan Irish-CatholicIrish-Catholic priest,priest, unsuccessfullunsuccessfullyy plotteplottedd witwithh thethe BritishBritish andand MexicanMexican governmentsgovernments toto resettlresettlee 10,00010,000 IrisIrishh immigrantimmigrantss inin California.California. ThiThiss schemescheme wouldwould havhavee supportedsupported bothboth ththee BritishBritish government'sgovernment's attemptattempt toto controlcontrol moremore ofof ththee OregonOregon TerritoryTerritory andand provideprovidedd a buffebufferr forfor thethe MexicanMexican governmentgovernment againstagainst theitheirr expansionisticexpansionistic northernnorthern neighbor.neighbor. Hogan,Hogan, The Irish Soldiers of Mexico, 144-144-145I 45.. 183183 FleekFleek,, History May Be Searched in Vain, 76.76. 184184 JameJamess KK.. Polk,Polk, asas quotedquoted inin BiglerBigler andand Bagley,Bagley, Army of Israel, 36.36. 4455 camecame certaicertainn stipulationsstipulations:: ththee sizesize ofof ththee uniunitt wawass limitedlimited ttoo ononee battaliobattalionn ooff 500500 soldierssoldiers anandd thetheyy werweree ttoo bbee commandecommandedd bbyy a regularegularr armarmyy officerofficer.. 185 HoweverHowever,, duedue ttoo a miscommunicatiomiscommunicationn inin ththee messagmessagee sensentt fromfrom ththee WarWar DepartmenDepartmentt ttoo GeneraGenerall KearnyKearny
(which(which benefittebenefittedd ththee Saints),Saints), ththee SaintsSaints enlistedenlisted iinn ththee MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn priopriorr ttoo theirtheir arrivaarrivall oonn ththee weswestt coast.coast. 186
EnlistmenEnlistmentt
WheWhenn CaptainCaptain JamesJames DD.. AlleAllenn first arrivedarrived aatt ththee Saints'Saints' camcampp iinn ththee IowaIowa
TerritorTerritoryy withwith ththee intentionintention ofof enlistingenlisting 500500 menmen,, ththee homeleshomelesss SaintsSaints demonstrateddemonstrated anan initiainitiall laclackk ooff enthusiasmenthusiasm.. MeMenn whwhoo laterlater joinejoinedd ththee battaliobattalionn describeddescribed theitheirr negativenegative initiainitiall reactionreactionss iinn theitheirr journaljournalss andand diaries.diaries. JohJohnn SteeleSteele said,said, "I"I wilwilll seseee thethemm iinn hellhell beforbeforee I wilwilll fire ononee shotshot againstagainst a foreignerforeigner forfor thethemm thosethose [sic][sic] whwhoo havhavee mobbed,mobbed, robbedrobbed,, plundereplunderedd andand destroyedestroyedd uuss allall ththee dadayy lonlongg andand nownow seeseekk ttoo enslavenslavee uuss ttoo fightfight for them.,,187187 Abraham Day III more bluntly stated, "Here is one man who will not go, for them." Abraham Day III more bluntly stated, "Here is one man who will not go, dam'um." 188188 Henry Bigler• expressed his concern for answering the call by stating, "Here dam'um." Henry Bigler expressed his concern for answering the call by stating, "Here were the Saints with their wives and children in an Indian country, surrounded by were the Saints with their wives and children in an Indian country, surrounded by savages, without a house, and a scanty [meager] supply of provisions .... to leave them savages, without a house, and a scanty [meager] supply of provisions. ... to leave them thus to go at the call of our country, to say the least, was rather trying.,,189 William Hyde thus to go at the call of our country, to say the least, was rather trying."189 William Hyde saw the situation as a skillfully devised trap; ifthe Saints failed to supply the requisite saw the situation as a skillfully devised trap; if the Saints failed to supply the requisite 500 soldiers, their adversaries would denounce them as national enemies, but if the 500 soldiers, their adversaries would denounce them as national enemies, but if the 181855 JameJamess KK.. PolkPolk,, asas citedcited iinn BigleBiglerr andand BagleyBagley,, Army of Israel, 35-37.35-37. 186186 WilliaWilliamm L.L. Marcy,Marcy, aass citecitedd inin BiglerBigler andand Bagley,Bagley, Army of Israel, 38-3938-39 187187 JohJohnn Steele,Steele, "Extracts"Extracts fromfrom thethe JournalJournal ooff JohJohnn Steele,"Steele," 6-76-7 aass quotequotedd iinn FleekFleek,, History May Be Searched in Vain, 5454 (Quote(Quotedd fromfrom anotheanotherr secondarysecondary sourcesource,, thithiss journajournall doesdoes notnot matcmatchh uupp witwithh ththee copycopy oonn holholdd inin ththee LDLDSS ArchivesArchives;; itit isis Fleek'Fleek'ss beliebelieff thathatt ththee journajournall coulcouldd bbee anan abridgemenabridgementt ooff ththee originaloriginal anandd kepkeptt withwith somesome unknowunknownn familfamilyy member).member). 188188 AbrahamAbraham DaDayy II[III Journal,Journal, typescripttypescript,, 6,6, HarolHaroldd B.B. LeLeee LibraryLibrary,, BrighaBrighamm YounYoungg UniversityUniversity,, ProvoProvo,, UT.UT. 189189 HenrHenryy WW.. BigleBiglerr JournalJournal,, JulJu[yy 1515,, 18461846,, asas quotedquoted iinn RickettsRicketts,, The Mormon Battalion, 2.2. 4466
ChurcChurchh provideprovidedd ththee soldierssoldiers,, thetheyy woulwouldd bebe "in"in theitheirr powepowerr ttoo bbee destroyeddestroyed aass theythey hadhad
190 donedone ouourr leadersleaders aatt Carthage." 190 WhaWhatt mosmostt SaintSaintss diddid nonott initiallinitiallyy knoknoww wawass thatthat
PresidenPresidentt YoungYoung hahadd solicitesolicitedd helhelpp fromfrom PresidenPresidentt PolkPolk,, andand thathatt thithiss offer ooff enlistmentenlistment
191 wawass ththee result. 191 OnceOnce thithiss becambecamee commocommonn knowledgeknowledge,, thankthankss toto BrighaBrighamm YoungYoung talkintalkingg ttoo ththee assembledassembled SaintSaintss andand ChurcChurchh leadershileadershipp activelactivelyy encouraginencouragingg enlistment,enlistment, a
UniteUnitedd StatesStates flaflagg (which(which hahadd beebeenn faithfullyfaithfully carriecarriedd durinduringg ththee exoduexoduss fromfrom Illinois)Illinois) waswas hoistehoistedd oveoverr thethe enrollmentenrollment tabltablee anandd CaptaiCaptainn AlleAllenn begabegann enlistingenlisting ththee 500500 soldierssoldiers necessarnecessaryy ttoo forformm ththee MormoMormonn Battalion.Battalion. 192
A numbenumberr ooff SaintsSaints whowho joinejoinedd thethe MormonMormon BattalioBattalionn first encounteredencountered CaptainCaptain
AlleAllenn aass thetheyy themselvethemselvess arrivedarrived atat CounciCouncill Bluffs.193193 AlthougAlthoughh ththee ideideaa ooff a MormonMormon
BattalioBattalionn intrigueintriguedd some,some, thetheyy choschosee nonott ttoo enlistenlist untiuntill afteafterr AlleAllenn hahadd gainedgained ththee supportsupport
194 ofof BrighaBrighamm Young. 194 Some,Some, liklikee GeorgGeorgee WashingtoWashingtonn TaggartTaggart,, arrivedarrived afteafterr botbothh AllenAllen andand YoungYoung hadhad issueissuedd theitheirr speechesspeeches andand enlisteenlistedd forfor mormoree patriotipatrioticc reasons.195195 IInn a letterletter writtenwritten ttoo hihiss wifewi fe,, FannyFanny,, oonn AugusAugustt 66,, 1846,1846, TaggartTaggart justifiejustifiedd hihiss enlistmentenlistment byby claimingclaiming::
I havehave forsakenforsaken forfor thethe timetime beingbeing MyMy possessionspossessions MyMy FamilyFamily andand atat thethe riskrisk ofof liflifee startstart foforr MexicMexicoo aass a uniteunitedd StatesStates SoldierSoldier witwithh 500500 ofof mmyy BrethreBrethrenn inin ordeorderr toto showshow thathatt ththee BlooBloodd ooff mmyy GrandfathersGrandfathers whwhoo foughtfought andand blebledd iinn ththee revolutionaryrevolutionary wawarr andand ththee spiritspirit ooff libertyliberty anandd freedofreedomm stillstill coursescourses iinn ththee veinveinss ooff somesome ofof theirtheir posteritposterityy thathatt areare callecalledd MormonsMormons,, I ggoo forwarforwardd oonn thithiss expeditionexpedition withwith ful[lful[l]] faithfaith
190 WilliaWilliamm HydHydee JournalJournal,, 1212 JulJulyy 1846,1846, typescript,typescript, 18,18, LeLeee LibraryLibrary,, BrighamBrigham YounYoungg University,University, Provo,Provo, UTUT.. 191 191 Ricketts,Ricketts, The Mormon Battalion, 2.2. 192 192 AbrahaAbrahamm DayDay I!IIII JournalJournal,, 6 andand Smith,Smith, Captain Jefferson Hunt ofa/the the Mormon Battalion, 56.56. 193 193 AlterAlter,, "John"John WW.. HessHess,, witwithh ththee MormoMormonn Battalion,Battalion,"" 49.49. 1 4 194 JameJamess FergusoFergusonn arrivearrivedd frofromm GreaGreatt BritaiBritainn iinn timtimee ttoo heahearr CaptaiCaptainn Allen'Allen'ss calcalll foforr soldierssoldiers.. HHee enlisteenlistedd asas a privatprivatee onon JulJulyy 9,9, 18461846,, ononee weeweekk afteafterr AlleAllenn securesecuredd BrighaBrighamm Young'Young'ss supportsupport.. WilWilll BagleyBagley,, A Bright, Rising Star: A Brief Life and a Letter ofa/James James Ferguson Sergeant Major, Mormon Battalion;Battalion; Adjutant General, Nauvoo Legion (Spokane(Spokane,, WashingtonWashington:: TheThe ArthuArthurr HH.. ClarClarkk CompanyCompany,, 2000)2000),, 6-7.6-7. 19 GeorgGeorgee WashingtoWashingtonn TaggartTaggart,, ""AA ShorShortt SketcSketchh ooff HiHiss TravelTravelss witwithh ththee ChurcChurchh ooff JesuJesuss ChrisChristt ofof LatterLatter- DaDayy SaintsSaints FebruarFebruaryy 17,17, 18461846 - JanuarJanuaryy 11II,, 1847,"1847," transcribetranscribedd frofromm journalsjournals,, 4-54-5,, MarriotMarriot Library,Library, UniversitUniversityy ooff UtahUtah,, SalSaltt LakLakee City,City, UT.UT. 4477
andand confidencconfidencee thathatt MyMy lifelife wil[lwil[l]] bbee preservepreservedd andand thathatt I shallshall agaiagainn havehave a joyfuljoyful meetinmeetingg witwithh yoyouu andand ElizElizaa AnAnnn andand enjoyenjoy a longlong andand happhappyy liflifee herheree upouponn thethe earth. 196196
ThThee callcall forfor enlistmentenlistment camcamee aatt a veryvery inconvenieninconvenientt timtimee forfor ththee Saints.Saints.
EveEvenn afteafterr ththee presidencpresidencyy ooff ththee MormoMormonn ChurcChurchh advocatedadvocated enlistment,enlistment, manmanyy stillstill lookedlooked
upouponn ththee situationsituation witwithh astonishmenastonishmentt anandd fear. 197197 NoNott onlonlyy hahadd thetheyy recentlrecentlyy beebeenn evictedevicted
frofromm theitheirr homeshomes,, bubutt ththee majoritmajorityy ooff thosthosee besbestt suitedsuited forfor enlistmentenlistment (young,(young, singlesingle
malesmales)) werweree iinn neighborinneighboringg statesstates searchingsearching forfor employmentemployment.. Consequently,Consequently, forfor thethe
MormonMormonss ttoo reacreachh ththee army'army'ss goagoall ofof 500500 soldierssoldiers,, aann inordinatinordinatee numbenumberr ooff fathersfathers hahadd toto
leavleavee theitheirr familiefamiliess ttoo serveserve ththee government.government. 198 DespitDespitee BrighaBrighamm Young'Young'ss endorsement,endorsement,
somsomee MormonMormonss continuedcontinued ttoo opposopposee enlistmenenlistmentt andand transferretransferredd theirtheir feelingfeelingss ofof
negativitnegativityy towardtowardss thosthosee whwhoo volunteeredvolunteered.. BesideBesidess lightllightlyy esteemingesteeming theitheirr service,service,
soldiers,soldiers, anandd theitheirr familiesfamilies,, becambecamee ththee targetargett ooff negativenegative remarks.199199 LieutenantLieutenant LorenzoLorenzo
ClarkClark,, a MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn veteranveteran,, remembererememberedd ththee followingfollowing storystory thathatt occurredoccurred priorprior ttoo thethe Battalion'Battalion'ss departuredeparture frofromm CouncilCouncil Bluffs:Bluffs:
A ladylady whwhoo belongedbelonged toto ththee BattalioBattalionn wawass inin conversationconversation witwithh anotheranother lady,lady, andand whewhenn interrogateinterrogatedd abouaboutt heherr husbanhusbandd goinggoing ttoo CaliforniaCalifornia,, anandd askeaskedd hohoww sheshe felt,felt, ththee replreplyy waswas,, thathatt shshee woulwouldd ratheratherr bbee a soldier'ssoldier's widowidoww thathann a coward'coward'ss wife.wife.2oo200
RegardlesRegardlesss ofof ththee dissidentsdissidents feelings,feelings, BrighaBrighamm YounYoungg proclaimeproclaimedd thathatt thethe
"Mormon"Mormon BattalionBattalion wawass organizeorganizedd frofromm ourour camcampp ttoo allaallayy ththee prejudiceprejudicess ofof ththee people,people, provprovee ourour loyaltloyaltyy ttoo ththee governmengovernmentt ooff ththee UniteUnitedd StatesStates,, anandd foforr ththee presenpresentt andand
196196 Ibid.Ibid.,, 1919.. 197197 BrighaBrighamm YoungYoung,, "The"The EnlistmenEnlistmentt ooff ththee MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn inin ththee ServicServicee ooff ththee UniteUnitedd States,"States," ApriAprill 5,5, 18481848 aass quotequotedd iinn GoldnerGoldner,, The March of the Mormon Battalion, 247247.. 198198 RobertsRoberts,, The Mormon Battalion, 2121.. 199 199 Tyler,Tyler, A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 351351.. 202000 Ibid.Ibid.,, 358.358. 4488
201 temporatemporall salvation" ofIsrael.,,202of Israel." FollowinFollowingg thethe enlistmentenlistment,, aass ththee battalionbattalion preparepreparedd toto depart,depart, BrighaBrighamm YounY Olli'1gg stressestressedd ththee importanceimportance ofof ththee officersofficers caringcaring forfor theitheirr soldiers.soldiers.
TheTheyy werweree toltoldd ttoo treatreatt thethemm asas ifif thetheyy werweree theitheirr fathers.fathers. 203
HarshHarsh andand UnjusUnjustt TreatmenTreatmentt frofromm OfficersOfficers
FouFourr officerofficerss commandedcommanded ththee MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn durinduringg itsits one-yearone-year enlistment.enlistment.
AccordinAccordingg ttoo orderorderss receivereceivedd frofromm GeneralGeneral KearnyKearny,, CaptaiCaptainn AlleAllenn (the(the firstfirst commander)commander) assumeassumedd ththee ranrankk ofof LieutenanLieutenantt Colonel,Colonel, witwithh ththee assigneassignedd positiopositionn ofof BattalionBattalion
CommanderCommander,, onconcee hhee hahadd enlisteenlistedd ththee MormoMormonn Battalion.Battalion. TheThe memenn ofof ththee MornlonMormon
BattalioBattalionn perceiveperceivedd ColoneColonell AlleAllenn aass a googoodd mamann whwhoo stoodstood uupp forfor ththee rightrightss ooff hishis soldiers.soldiers. WhilWhilee recruitingrecruiting,, AlleAllenn showedshowed empathyempathy towartowardd ththee SaintsSaints andand allowedallowed familiesfamilies ttoo accompanyaccompany ththee unit,unit, feedingfeeding somsomee ooff ththee privatprivatee animalsanimals aatt publipublicc expenseexpense.. HeHe obtaineobtainedd sufficiensufficientt provisionprovisionss forfor hihiss trooptroopss anandd "was"was neveneverr abusiveabusive oror tyrannicaltyrannical,, whichwhich iiss ththee cascasee witwithh nearlnearlyy alalll regulars."regulars.,,204204 TheThe MormonMormonss helheldd hihimm iinn greatgreat esteemesteem anandd whenwhen newnewss ofof hihiss passingpassing reachereachedd ththee battaliobattalionn oonn AugusAugustt 2323,, 1846,1846, WilliaWilliamm CorayCoray wrote,wrote,
"suffice"suffice iitt ttoo sasayy thathatt iitt causecausedd mormoree lamentatiolamentationn frofromm uuss thathann ththee lossloss ofof a GentileGentile everever dididd before."before." 205205
201 A popularpopular MormoMormonn conspiracconspiracyy theorytheory iiss thathatt BrighamBrigham Young'Young'ss ardentardent supportsupport foforr raisingraising thethe MormonMormon BattalioBattalionn foilefoiledd ththee politicapoliticall actionsactions ooff SenatorSenator ThomasThomas HH.. BentoBentonn (MO),(MO), whwhoo unsuccessfullunsuccessfullyy soughtsought governmengovernmentt sanctiosanctionn ttoo eliminateeliminate ththee MormonMormonss whilwhilee thetheyy winterewinteredd iinn ththee IowaIowa TerritoryTerritory.. AbrahaAbrahamm DayDay IIIIII JournalJournal,, 7 anandd WindersWinders,, Mr. Polk's Army, 191191.. 202022 RobertsRoberts,, The Mormon Battalion, 2323.. 202033 Tyler,Tyler, A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion, 128-129.128-129. 204204 RickettsRicketts,, The Mormon Battalion, 4747;; WilliaWilliamm HydHydee JournalJournal,, 2266 AugusAugustt 1846,1846, typescripttypescript,, 2222,, LeeLee LibraryLibrary.. 2<205b RickettsRicketts,, The Mormon Battalion, 47.47. 4499
WitWithh Allen'Allen'ss death,death, commancommandd passepassedd ttoo CaptaiCaptainn JeffersoJeffersonn HunHuntt (th(thee seniorsenior captain),206captain),206 whwhoo thethenn relinquisherelinquishedd itit ttoo LieutenanLieutenantt AndreAndreww JacksoJacksonn SmithSmith (U.S.(U.S. Army)Army) onon AugustAugust 30,30, 1846.1846. UndeUnderr LieutenanLieutenantt Smith,Smith, ththee MormoMormonn BattalionBattalion completedcompleted itsits marcmarchh ttoo SantaSanta FeFe,, NeNeww MexicoMexico,, bubutt nonott withouwithoutt significantsignificant drama.drama. MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers werweree notnot accustomedaccustomed ttoo armyarmy disciplindisciplinee oorr trainedtrained toto responrespondd ttoo generagenerall armyarmy commands.commands.
LifeLife undeunderr ththee strict,strict, authoritarianauthoritarian commandcommand ofof regularregular armarmyy officersofficers waswas difficult.difficult. ToTo makmakee mattermatterss worseworse,, LieutenantLieutenant SmithSmith wawass arrogantarrogant,, ambitiouambitiouss foforr rankrank,, vicious,vicious, self-self- centeredcentered,, impulsive,impulsive, andand totooo easilyeasily influencedinfluenced bbyy hihiss fellofelloww officersofficers (especially(especially thethe notoriounotoriouss DrDr.. GeorgeGeorge WW.. Sanderson).207Sanderson).207
OnOn OctoberOctober 99,, 1846,1846, LieutenantLieutenant ColoneColonell PhilliPhillipp St.St. GeorgGeorgee CookeCooke,, U.SU.S.. Army,Army, replacereplacedd LieutenanLieutenantt SmithSmith asas commandercommander ofof ththee MormonMormon BattalionBattalion.. ColonelColonel CookCookee waswas a strictstrict butbut fairfair disciplinarian.disciplinarian. AccordingAccording toto BiglerBigler andand Bagley:Bagley:
HeHe trackedtracked provisionprovisionss toto ththee ounce,ounce, gavgavee maintenancmaintenancee ooftoolsf tools andand equipmentequipment a highighh prioritypriority,, andand whewhenn waterwater wawass scarcescarce sawsaw ttoo itit thathatt ththee mulesmules anandd oxenoxen drankdrank first. AAtt thethe samesame timtimee hhee worrieworriedd everyevery dayday abouaboutt ththee welfarwelfaree ooff hihiss memenn andand agonizedagonized overover decisionsdecisions thatthat mighmightt puputt theitheirr liveslives iinn danger."208
UpoUponn assuminassumingg command,command, CookCookee notednoted ththee soldiers'soldiers' deficiencdeficiencyy inin drilldrill anandd tootookk timtimee toto traintrain ththee soldierssoldiers andand ensureensure thathatt thetheyy werweree battlbattlee readyready.. HisHis insistencinsistencee oonn ordeorderr andand systematicsystematic procedureproceduress ensuredensured ththee expedition'sexpedition's success.success. AlthougAlthoughh hhee spokespoke usinusingg a rarerare combinationcombination ooff profanitprofanityy witwithh invectives,invectives, hihiss dedicatiodedicationn ttoo hishis soldierssoldiers andand missiomissionn soonsoon
206 DurinDuringg CaptaiCaptainn Hunt'Hunt'ss shorshortt reigreignn ofof command,command, hhee resolveresolvedd twtwoo attempteattemptedd mutiniemutiniess frofromm withiwithinn thethe MormoMormonn rankrankss (Lieutenant(Lieutenantss CanfielCanfieldd andand GifCliftt ventureventuredd ttoo supplantsupplant theitheirr commanderscommanders,, CaptainCaptainss HigginsHiggins anandd Brown)Brown);; HunHuntt dismisseddismissed alalll chargescharges afterafter ththee officerofficerss proffereprofferedd apologieapologiess oveoverr ththee mattermatter,, admittingadmitting thathatt ththee situationssituations hahadd growgrownn completelcompletelyy outout ooff controlcontrol.. RickettsRicketts,, The Mormon Battalion, 44, 60.60. 202077 WilliaWilliamm TT.. AllisonAllison,, JeffreyJeffrey Grey,Grey, andand JaneJanett GG.. ValentineValentine,, American Military History: A SurveySurvey.from from Colonial Times to the Present (Uppe(Upperr SaddleSaddle RiverRiver,, NeNeww Jersey:Jersey: PearsoPearsonn PrenticePrentice HallHall,, 2007)2007),, 4141.. 202088 BiglerBigler andand Bagley,Bagley, Army of Israel, Israel, 146146.. 5050 earneearnedd ththee MormonsMormons'' respecrespectt anandd trust.truSt. 209209 HiHiss dedicatiodedicationn ttoo hihiss trooptroopss wawass rewarderewardedd withwith loyalty.loyalty. OOnn DecembeDecemberr 11,11, 1846,1846, a herherdd ooff wilwildd bullbullss attackeattackedd ththee battalionbattalion.. PrivatPrivatee FrostFrost wawass standinstandingg nexnextt ttoo ththee battaliobattalionn commandecommanderr whewhenn ththee bullbullss chargedcharged.. ColoneColonell CookeCooke toltoldd ththee privatprivatee ttoo runrun,, bubutt FrosFrostt remaineremainedd ttoo defendefendd hihiss commandercommander.. IInn hihiss journal,journal,
AbrahaAbrahamm DaDayy IIIIII ((aa membememberr ofof ththee MormoMormonn BattalionBattalion)) wrote,wrote, "Whe"Whenn ththee bulbulll wawass a shortshort distancedistance awayaway hhee [Frost][Frost] shoshott iitt througthroughh ththee braibrainn anandd iitt felfelll almostalmost aatt theitheirr feet ...... [the][the]
ColonelColonel toltoldd FrosFrostt hhee wawass ththee bravesbravestt mamann hhee everever saw.,,210saw."210 BuButt despitdespitee individualindividual actsacts ofof braverybravery,, CookCookee stilstilll wonderewonderedd howhow mucmuchh hehe couldcould trustrustt hihiss soldiers.soldiers. DaDayy recordedrecorded inin hishis journajournall thathatt "while"while passinpassingg througthroughh ArizonaArizona,, CookCookee askeaskedd MajoMajorr CloudCloud iifhef he coulcouldd relyrely upouponn thesthesee MormonMormonss iinn cascasee ooff aann attackattack.. ClouCloudd answered,answered, "'The"'The BattalioBattalionn wilwilll followfollow where you dare to lead. ",211Oil where you dare to lead.'"" This was not true, however, with Lieutenant Smith. The historian Bernard This was not true, however, with Lieutenant Smith. The historian Bernard DeVoto cynically claims that there is no tangible evidence that Lieutenant A.J. Smith was DeVoto cynically claims that there is no tangible evidence that Lieutenant A.J. Smith was not a good leader and that Smith did the best he could in a difficult situation. DeVoto not a good leader and that Smith did the best he could in a difficult situation. DeVoto also accuses the Mormon soldiers of employing "Israel's talent for insubordination" also accuses the Mormon soldiers of employing "Israel's talent for insubordination" against him and any officer who supported his decisions?12 Fleek, a retired military against him and any officer who supported his decisions.212 Fleek, a retired military historian (and also a Mormon), tends to agree that some of the tales of Lieutenant Smith's historian (and also a Mormon), tends to agree that some of the tales of Lieutenant Smith's cruelty have been exaggerated. He argues that the lieutenant's actions were customary cruelty have been exaggerated. He argues that the lieutenant's actions were customary for the times. Fleek contends that the main problem was that Lieutenant Smith did not for the times. Fleek contends that the main problem was that Lieutenant Smith did not meet the Mormons' expectations of the benevolent Christian gentlemen, and that his meet the Mormons' expectations of the benevolent Christian gentlemen, and that his leadership style (hardened by the frontier) was different than that of both Allen and leadership style (hardened by the frontier) was different than that of both Allen and
209 209 BieberBieber,, Exploring Southwestern Trails 1846-1854,1846-1854,69, 69, 147147,225,227, 225, 227 andand RickettsRicketts,, The MormonMormon Battalion, 9. 2,2100 AbrahaAbrahamm DayDay IIIIII Journal,Journal, 1818.. 212111 Ibid.Ibid.,, 27.27. 212122 BernardBernard DeVoto,DeVoto, The Year of Decision: 1846 (Boston,(Boston, MAMA:: LittleLittle,, BrownBrown & Co.Co.,, 1962),324.1962), 324. 5151
Cooke?13Cooke.213 ButBut ththee meremere factfact thatthat hehe coulcouldd havhavee acteactedd likelike ththee twtwoo officialofficial commandercommanderss ofof ththee battaliobattalionn (who(who werweree alsalsoo battle-hardenebattle-hardenedd frontierfrontier soldiers)soldiers),, bubutt choschosee nonott toto,, deflatesdeflates thithiss argument.argument. IItt iiss alsoalso likellikelyy (an(andd probablprobablee sincesince numerounumerouss sourcessources recounrecountt ththee samesame statementsstatements anandd actionsactions)) thathatt ththee MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers'' hostilithostilityy wawass justifiablejustifiable.. Smith,Smith, afterafter beinbeingg replacereplacedd aass ththee temporartemporaryy battaliobattalionn commander,commander, continuecontinuedd ttoo demonstratedemonstrate embittereembitteredd feelingfeelingss towartowardd ththee battaliobattalionn soldierssoldiers forfor theitheirr insubordinatioinsubordinationn whewhenn hehe wawass inin commancommandd andand ththee facfactt thathatt theythey votevotedd againsagainstt hihimm ttoo becombecomee thethe battalionbattalion quartermasterquartermaster^21414 (although(although hhee wawass appointedappointed ththee positiopositionn anyway)anyway) whewhenn LieutenantLieutenant
ColonelColonel CookeCooke tootookk commancommandd inin SantaSanta Fe?15Fe.
ItIt wawass durinduringg ththee notoriounotoriouss reigreignn ooff LieutenanLieutenantt SmitSmithh thathatt ththee majoritmajorityy ofof officerofficer abuseabusess occurredoccurred.. AlthougAlthoughh nobodnobodyy wawass shoshott oorr stabbedstabbed,, aass hahadd occurredoccurred witwithh foreign-foreign- borbornn CatholiCatholicc soldierssoldiers,, MormoMormonn soldiersoldierss stilstilll sufferedsuffered fromfrom abusiveabusive punishmentpunishmentss forfor sometimesometimess inconsequentiainconsequentiall offensesoffenses.. FoForr example,example, officersofficers tietiedd soldiersoldierss behinbehindd wagonswagons andand forceforcedd thethemm toto traveltravel allall dayday witwithh theitheirr packpackss onon theitheirr backsbacks ifif thetheyy failedfailed ttoo standstand when the officer of the day approached the guard quarters?169 1 ft On November 21,1846, when the officer of the day approached the guard quarters. On November 21,1846, Nathaniel Jones wrote in his journal that one man "was tied to a wagon wheel six hours Nathaniel Jones wrote in his journal that one man "was tied to a wagon wheel six hours in the night for purchasing a piece of pork from a Negro servant belonging to Lt. A.J. in the night for purchasing a piece of pork from a Negro servant belonging to Lt. A.J. Smith." 217 Meanwhile, Lieutenant Smith threatened to cut the throat of any soldier who Smith."217 Meanwhile, Lieutenant Smith threatened to cut the throat of any soldier who
212133 "During"During aann eraera whewhenn brandingbranding,, flogginfloggingg (o(onn rarraree occasions)occasions),, anandd summarysummary executionsexecutions werweree stillstill practicedpracticed,, Smith'sSmith's methodmethodss anandd disciplindisciplinee werweree nnoo harsheharsherr thathann thathatt ofof hihiss peers.peers."" FleekFleek,, History May Be Searched in Vain, 34.34. 212144 ManManyy soldiersoldierss expresseexpressedd disappointmendisappointmentt whewhenn LieutenanLieutenantt SmithSmith remaineremainedd witwithh thethe battalionbattalion,, afterafter LieutenanLieutenantt ColoneColonell CookCookee assumeassumedd command,command, andand replacereplacedd LieutenanLieutenantt GullGullyy aass battaliobattalionn quartermaster.quartermaster. LieutenantLieutenant GullyGully,, ththee quartermastequartermasterr appointeappointedd bbyy LieutenanLieutenantt ColoneColonell AllenAllen,, resigneresignedd hihiss commissioncommission inin protestprotest andand returnereturnedd ttoo ththee campcamp ooff SaintsSaints iinn IowaIowa.. WilliaWilliamm HydHydee JournalJournal,, OctobeOctoberr 9,9, 1846,27.1846, 27. 212155 JohJohnn SteelSteelee DiaryDiary,, OctobeOctoberr 12,12, 1846,1846, typescripttypescript,, 13,13, HaroldHarold BB.. LeLeee LibraryLibrary,, BrighamBrigham YounYoungg University,University, ProvoProvo,, UT.UT. 2,2166 WilliaWilliamm HydHydee JournalJournal,, NovembeNovemberr 33,, 1846,29.1846, 29. 212177 Alter,Alter, "The"The JournaJournall ofof NathanieNathaniell VV.. JonesJones,, witwithh ththee MormoMormonn Battalion,"Battalion," 7.7. 5252 disobeyedisobeyedd hihiss orderorderss anandd DrDr.. SandersonSanderson physicallphysicallyy threthreww soldierssoldiers outout ooff sicsickk wagonswagons unlesunlesss thetheyy tootookk hihiss medicinamedicinall dosedosess ooff calomecalomell anandd arseniarsenicc andand hehe deemeddeemed theirtheir conditioncondition sufficiensufficientt ttoo warranwarrantt a rideride.. SmithSmith alsoalso threatenethreatenedd sergeantsergeantss witwithh reductionreduction inin ranrankk ifif thetheyy dididd nonott upholupholdd hihiss orderorderss anandd reporreportt soldierssoldiers whwhoo refuserefusedd ttoo reporreportt ttoo sicksick callcall oror missemissedd guardguard duty?18duty.218
WheWhenn JohJohnn DD.. Lee219219 anandd HowarHowardd EgaEgann (wh(whoo werweree nonott membermemberss ooff ththee battalion,battalion, bubutt representativerepresentativess frofromm ththee MormoMormonn ChurchChurch andand BrighaBrighamm YoungYoung)) joinejoinedd thethe MormonMormon
BattalionBattalion eenn routroutee ttoo SantSantaa FeFe,, soldiersoldierss quicklquicklyy informeinformedd ththee religioureligiouss leaderleaderss ofof theirtheir mistreatmentmistreatment.. SomeSome ooff theitheirr argumentsarguments hahadd meritmerit;; SmitSmithh demonstratedemonstratedd inexperiencinexperiencee andand arrogancearrogance asas a leaderleader througthroughh hishis forceforcedd marchemarchess andand blatanblatantt threatthreatss ttoo soldierssoldiers andand unquestionable favoritism towards the battalion surgeon.220990 Lee attempted to take unquestionable favoritism towards the battalion surgeon. Lee attempted to take Lieutenant Smith to task and openly warned him of a pending mutiny. According to one Lieutenant Smith to task and openly warned him of a pending mutiny. According to one historian, Lee even threatened to cut their (Lieutenant Smith's and Dr. Sanderson's) historian, Lee even threatened to cut their (Lieutenant Smith's and Dr. Sanderson's) throats if they did not "cease to oppress the brethren.,,221 But Captains Hunt and Hunter throats if they did not "cease to oppress the brethren." But Captains Hunt and Hunter (Mormon officers) defended Smith's authority (not his actions), informing Lee that they (Mormon officers) defended Smith's authority (not his actions), informing Lee that they alone had the right to council him, and that they would order Lee and Egan placed under alone had the right to council him, and that they would order Lee and Egan placed under guard if they did not cease counseling mutiny.222 In response, Lee (assisted by James guard if they did not cease counseling mutiny. 2 In response, Lee (assisted by James Pace, Levi Hancock, Andrew Lytle, and William Hyde) attempted to replace Captain Pace, Levi Hancock, Andrew Lytle, and William Hyde) attempted to replace Captain Hunt with Lieutenant Gully, but Lee failed to gain enough support to carry out the plan. Hunt with Lieutenant Gully, but Lee failed to gain enough support to carry out the plan.
218 218 AbrahaAbrahamm DaDayy IIIIII JournalJournal,, 12;12; WilliaWilliamm HydHydee JournalJournal,, SeptembeSeptemberr 33,, 1846,24-25;1846, 24-25; anandd RickettsRicketts,, The Mormon Battalion, 5757.. 2191 JohnJohn D.D. LeeLee waswas laterlater foundfound guiltyguilty ofof participatingparticipating inin thethe MountainMountain MeadowsMeadows Massacre,Massacre, inin whichwhich MormonMormonss murderemurderedd manmanyy MissourMissourii pioneerpioneerss anandd promptepromptedd federafederall interventionintervention andand persecutionpersecution againstagainst thethe Mormons.Mormons. 222200 Ricketts,Ricketts, The Mormon Battalion, 56.56. 221 221 TherTheree isis a discrepancdiscrepancyy abouaboutt ththee enendd resulresultt ooff ththee conversation;conversation; accordinaccordingg ttoo RickettsRicketts,, SmithSmith jusjustt walkedwalked awaawayy afterafter listeninlisteningg ttoo thethe threatthreatss (Ricketts(Ricketts,, The Mormon Battalion, 56),56), bubutt DeVotDeVotoo claimsclaims thathatt thethe lieutenanlieutenantt wawass forcedforced ttoo "sit"sit anandd ttoo taktakee itit"" (DeVoto(DeVoto,, The Year of Decision, 326-327).326-327). 222 222 Ricketts,Ricketts, The Mormon Battalion, 5757;; DeVotoDeVoto,, The Year of Decision, 326-327.326-327. 5533
ThesThesee twtwoo MormoMonnonn commandercommanderss laterlater agaiagainn rarann interferencinterferencee (between(between ththee soldierssoldiers andand regularegularr armyarmy staffstaff)) anandd preventepreventedd a mutinmutinyy whewhenn soldierssoldiers refuserefusedd toto obeobeyy ththee requirementrequirement to consume Dr. Sanderson's medications.22399^ to consume Dr. Sanderson's medications. After arriving in Santa Fe, things noticeably improved. Lieutenant Colonel After arriving in Santa Fe, things noticeably improved. Lieutenant Colonel Cooke believed in assigning punishments that fit the offense. For instance, when guards Cooke believed in assigning punishments that fit the offense. For instance, when guards lost animals, their punishment was to recover them and catch up with the battalion on the lost animals, their punishment was to recover them and catch up with the battalion on the 224 march.224 Colonel Cooke established strict standards. On December 4, 1846, Cooke marchdeclared. thatColone the Adjutantl Cooke establishewould no dlonger strict receivestandards soldiers. On Decembe for guardr 4duty, 1846 unless, Cook theye woredeclare theird tha knapsackst the Adjutan andt thatwoul thed nsoldierso longe rcould receiv note soldier ride, evens for iftheyguard dutownedy unles horses?25s they i*i i 225 When soldiers purchased and started using horses without his authorization (April 23, wore their knapsacks and that the soldiers could not ride, even if they owned horses. 1847), he ordered the soldiers to return to base, dismount, and then sent them to their When soldiers purchased and started using horses without his authorization (April 23, assigned duty location on foot;226 Cooke then ordered the horses sold to the highest 1847), he ordered the soldiers to return to base, dismount, and then sent them to their 227 bidder. Unlike many officers of his time, Cooke also believed in enforcing rules from assigned duty location on foot;226 Cooke then ordered the horses sold to the highest top to bottom; he punished officers for the same infraction as enlisted soldiers.228 bidder.227 Unlike many officers of his time, Cooke also believed in enforcing rules from Even after Cooke assumed command, some soldiers still complained of leaders top to bottom; he punished officers for the same infraction as enlisted soldiers. making frivolous charges against them. Private John Borrowman was held nearly three Even after Cooke assumed command, some soldiers still complained of leaders weeks without trial for falling asleep while on guard duty. During his time incarcerated, making frivolous charges against them. Private John Borrowman was held nearly three he wrote in his journal of other soldiers held on what he considered frivolous charges. 229 weeks without trial for falling asleep while on guard duty. During his time incarcerated, 99Q he wrote in his journal of other soldiers held on what he considered frivolous charges.
223 "I"Itt tootookk allall ooff Jefferson'Jefferson'ss [Captai[Captainn Hunt'sHunt's]] patiencpatiencee anandd wisdowisdomm ttoo keekeepp ththee memenn fromfrom mutinymutiny againstagainst LieutenanLieutenantt SmithSmith anandd DrDr.. Sanderson."Sanderson." SmithSmith,, Captain Jefferson Hunt of the Mormon Battalion, 74.74. 222244 Bieber,Bieber, Exploring Southwestern Trails 1846-1854, 7171,81,93,, 81, 93, 136-137,136-137, 148,148, 151,151, 188.188. 222255 WilliaWilliamm CoraCorayy (a(a membememberr ooff ththee MormoMormonn BattalionBattalion)) claimeclaimedd thithiss ordeorderr wawass extremextremee tyrannytyranny.. SGTSGT WilliaWilliamm CorayCoray,, aass citecitedd iinn BigleBiglerr andand BagleyBagley,, Army of Israel, 156156.. 222266 ThThee MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn wawass nonott a DragooDragoonn unitunit,, bubutt aann InfantrInfantryy BattalionBattalion;; soldierssoldiers werweree nonott authorizedauthorized horsehorsess ttoo perforperformm assigneassignedd duties.duties. 227227 AlterAlter,, "The"The JournaJournall ofof NathanieNathaniell V.V. JonesJones,, witwithh ththee MormoMormonn Battalion,Battalion,"" 15IS.. 222288 TylerTyler,, A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 177177.. 222299 JournaJournall ofof JohJohnn BorrowmanBorrowman,, FebruarFebruaryy 7-26,7-26, 1847,1847, typescripttypescript,, pp.. 3-83-8.. ChurchChurch HistoricaHistoricall DepartmentDepartment,, SaltSalt LakLakee City,City, UT.UT. 5454
WheWhenn hhee wawass finallyfinally chargechargedd foforr hihiss dereliction,dereliction, BorrowmaBorrowmann claimeclaimedd thathatt sicknesssickness andand starvationstarvation frofromm travellintravellingg ssoo lonlongg oonn halhalff rationrationss causedcaused hihiss momentarmomentaryy weaknessweakness.. IInn thethe end,end, ColonelColonel CookCookee disapproveddisapproved hihiss finafinall punishmenpunishmentt anandd releasereleasedd hihimm withouwithoutt anyany punitivpunitivee action.action.
OOnn ononee occasionoccasion,, iinn a momenmomentt ofof compassioncompassion,, CookCookee sacrificedsacrificed a smallsmall portioportionn ofof hihiss fightinfightingg forcforcee andand alloweallowedd husbandhusbandss ttoo accompanaccompanyy theitheirr wivewivess ttoo PueblPuebloo whewhenn thethe battaliobattalionn split,split, beforbeforee leavinleavingg SantaSanta FFee foforr CaliforniaCalifornia.. AAtt first,first, hhee wawass againstagainst ththee ideideaa ofof allowinallowingg healthhealthyy soldierssoldiers ttoo accompanaccompanyy ththee womewomenn andand sicsickk ttoo PuebloPueblo.. HHee statestatedd thathatt hishis soldiers'soldiers' situatiosituationn wawass nnoo differentdifferent thathann hihiss anandd thathatt hhee hahadd leftleft hihiss wifewife andand familyfamily behindbehind.. HoweverHowever,, PrivatePrivatess JohJohnn HessHess anandd JohJohnn SteeleSteele convinceconvincedd hihimm ooff ththee contrarycontrary whewhenn theythey reminderemindedd hihimm thathatt ththee detachmendetachmentt wawass goingoingg intintoo enemyenemy territorterritoryy witwithh onlyonly sick and demoralized soldiers to watch them.2309^0 It is very unlikely that foreign-born sick and demoralized soldiers to watch them. It is very unlikely that foreign-born soldiers in the regular army would have ever received such an act of mercy from their soldiers in the regular army would have ever received such an act of mercy from their harsh and controlling leaders. However, the result of Lieutenant Smith's actions is harsh and controlling leaders. However, the result of Lieutenant Smith's actions is apparent in the decidedly negative approach members ofthe Pueblo Detachment felt apparent in the decidedly negative approach members of the Pueblo Detachment felt toward the government and their service. Having never really served under Lieutenant toward the government and their service. Having never really served under Lieutenant Colonel Cooke, and having forgotten the kind treatment from Lieutenant Colonel Allen, Colonel Cooke, and having forgotten the kind treatment from Lieutenant Colonel Allen, the detachment soldiers remembered the harsh treatment they had received from the detachment soldiers remembered the harsh treatment they had received from Lieutenant Smith, which was comparable to the persecution they had received prior to the Lieutenant Smith, which was comparable to the persecution they had received prior to the war. Although they did not mutiny, soldiers adopted John Steele's view when he said on war. Although they did not mutiny, soldiers adopted John Steele's view when he said on April 9, 1847 that, "Our Boys are all well and h[e]arty. More than fifty of them has got April 9, 1847 that, "Our Boys are all well and h[e]arty. More than fifty of them has got Horses and calculate to serve Uncal Sam no longer than the[y] can help.,,2319^1 Horses and calculate to serve Uncal Sam no longer than the[y] can help.""
232300 AlterAlter,, "Joh"Johnn WW.. HessHess,, witwithh ththee MormoMormonn Battalion,Battalion,"" 50-51.50-51. 23131 JohJohnn Steele,Steele, aass quotedquoted inin BigleBiglerr andand BagleyBagley,, Army of Israel, 320.320. 5555
ReligiouReligiouss PersecutionPersecution
LikeLike ththee foreign-borforeign-bornn CatholicCatholic soldierssoldiers inin ththee regularegularr army,army, MormonMormonss dididd notnot havhavee anan officiaofficiall chaplainchaplain ttoo representrepresent andand officiatofficiatee iinn theitheirr denominationadenominationall beliefsbeliefs.. TheyThey did, however, have a number of Mormon leaders, known as Seventies/23322 who were did, however, have a number of Mormon leaders, known as Seventies, who were members of the battalion and assisted in daily prayerful worship and Sunday services. members of the battalion and assisted in daily prayerful worship and Sunday services. Although the Mormon soldiers suffered massive religious persecution from nativists in Although the Mormon soldiers suffered massive religious persecution from nativists in New York, Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri prior to the war, because the Church supported New York, Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri prior to the war, because the Church supported the conflict and the battalion spent most of its time isolated from other army units, the the conflict and the battalion spent most of its time isolated from other army units, the non-Mormon officers generally allowed the Saints to freely practice their religion (even if non-Mormon officers generally allowed the Saints to freely practice their religion (even if they discounted their belief in prayerful healing of the sick). It is key to note that none of they discounted their belief in prayerful healing of the sick). It is key to note that none of the journals or other literary sources indicate that their officers ever forced the Mormon the journals or other literary sources indicate that their officers ever forced the Mormon soldiers to attend other Protestant services. soldiers to attend other Protestant services. Their faith, which centered on the teachings of the prophet, Joseph Smith, and the Their faith, which centered on the teachings of the prophet, Joseph Smith, and the lessons from the Book ofMormon, unified the Mormon Battalion soldiers into a tight, lessons from the Book of Mormon, unified the Mormon Battalion soldiers into a tight, supportive• cornmunity.2339^^ Many of the soldiers had already demonstrated their dedicationsupportive tocommunity their faith. by Manleavingy o ftheir the soldierancestrals ha familiesd alread yto demonstratemigrate westwardd their and establishdedicatio na tnewo thei Zion.r fait hHenry by leavin Greeng thei Boyle,r ancestra a nativel familie Virginian,s to migrat describede westwar how dhe an wasd establisdriven fromh a ne hisw Zionparental. Henr roofy Greeuponn accepting Boyle, a nativthe calle Virginian of what ,he describe consideredd ho wthe h e was everlastingdriven from gospe1.his parenta234 Meanwhile,l roof upon Johnacceptin Borrowman,g the call ao fBritish/Canadian what he considere immigrant,d the 9^4 everlasting gospel.' Meanwhile, John Borrowman, a British/Canadian immigrant,
232322 "The"The Seventies,Seventies, consistingconsisting ofof AreAreaa Presidencies,Presidencies, areare otheotherr LDLDSS ChurchChurch leadersleaders thathatt helhelpp ththee TwelveTwelve ApostleApostless witwithh theitheirr dutiesduties.. TheyThey serveserve iinn differentdifferent locationlocationss throughouthroughoutt ththee worldworld whereawhereass stakestake presidents,presidents, bishopsbishops,, anandd brancbranchh presidentpresidentss serveserve iinn ththee localocall communitiecommunitiess wherwheree thetheyy live.live."" RacheRachell Woods,Woods, "Organization"Organization ooff ththee LDSLDS Church,"Church," About.comAbout.com,, http://lds.about.com/od/organizationsauxiliaries/p/http://lds.about.eom/od/organizationsauxiliaries/p/ churcchurchh _leaders.htm leaders.htm (accessed(accessed SeptembeSeptemberr 29,29, 2008).2008). 232333 AccordinAccordingg ttoo AndersonAnderson,, religioureligiouss communitiecommunitiess requirrequiree spokespokenn languagelanguage andand writtewrittenn scriptscript ttoo becomebecome unifiedunified.. AndersonAnderson,, Imagined Communities, 12-14,22-26.12-14, 22-26. 2j2344 HHee justifiejustifiedd hihiss actionsactions bbyy statingstating,, "I"I lovelove ththee peoplepeople 1I aamm associateassociatedd witwithh anandd thethe principleprincipless ofof thethe GospeGospell bettebetterr thathann allall elseelse anandd mmyy heartheart leaptleapt forfor jojoyy whewhenn I contemplatedcontemplated thethe situationsituation I founfoundd myselfmyself inin,, 5656 rejecterejectedd hishis father'sfather's vasvastt inheritanceinheritance toto follofolloww ththee convictionconvictionss ofof hihiss conscience.235conscience. ThusThus itit wawass thatthat whewhenn religioureligiouss leadersleaders supportedsupported ththee government'government'ss requesrequestt forfor volunteers,volunteers, recruitrecruitss begabegann ttoo sign-up.sign-up. AccordinAccordingg toto FleekFleek,, MormoMonnonn volunteervolunteerss enlistedenlisted outout ofof religioureligiouss obedienceobedience,, whereawhereass mosmostt AmericanAmericanss joinejoinedd forfor reasonreasonss ooff patriotismpatriotism,, self-self- interest,interest, desirdesiree foforr adventureadventure,, oorr simplesimple boredomboredom.. 236 ChurcChurchh leaderleaderss useusedd religiousreligious serviceservicess ttoo encouragencouragee memenn ttoo enlist.237237 Some,Some, liklikee JameJamess S.S. BrownBrown,, expressedexpressed surprisesurprise atat botbothh ththee government'government'ss demandemandd andand ththee Church'sChurch's endorsementendorsement foforr raisinraisingg MonnonMormon volunteersvolunteers;238; howeverhowever,, many,many, likelike ZadocZadockk KK.. JuddJudd,, followedfollowed theitheirr faithfaith andand enlistedenlisted anywayanyway inin thethe MonnonMormon BattalionBattalion.. 239 ChurchChurch leadersleaders promisepromisedd ttoo carecare forfor ththee soldiers'soldiers' familiefamiliess whilwhilee thetheyy werweree awayaway anandd promisepromisedd thathatt theitheirr valuablvaluablee serviceservice woulwouldd funfundd thethe
Saints'Saints' migrationmigration ttoo theitheirr neneww home.home.
UnlikeUnlike CatholiCatholicc soldiers,soldiers, MonnonsMormons ardentlardentlyy supportesupportedd ththee conceptconcept ooff "Manifest"Manifest
Destiny.Destiny."" ManManyy soldierssoldiers sasaww ththee wawarr aass fulfillmentfulfillment ooff JosepJosephh Smith'sSmith's prophesprophesyy thathatt thethe
SaintsSaints woulwouldd finfindd safetsafetyy inin theitheirr "Promised"Promised Land"Land" withinwithin ththee mountaimountainn tops.topS.240240 BecauseBecause
comparecomparedd witwithh whawhatt iitt [had][had]...... been.been."" HenryHenry GreeGreenn BoylBoylee AutobiographyAutobiography,, originaloriginal journajournall entries,entries, DecemberDecember,, 1846,15,1846, 25, HarolHaroldd BB.. LeLeee LibraryLibrary,, BrighaBrighamm YounYoungg UniversityUniversity,, ProvoProvo,, UT.UT. 232355 Borrowman'Borrowman'ss fathefatherr promisedpromised thathatt "i"iff yoyouu wilwilll forgetforget thithiss foolishfoolish religioreligionn yoyouu taltalkk abouaboutt allall thithiss landland yoyouu seesee wilwilll bbee yoursyours,, iiff yoyouu insisinsistt anandd joijoinn thithiss churcchurchh I wilwilll cucutt yoyouu offoff withouwithoutt asas mucmuchh aass a shilling."shilling." AgneAgness DoloreDoloress BrowBrownn Cannon,Cannon, History of John Barrowman (Sal(Saltt LakLakee City,City, UTUT:: DaughterDaughterss ooff UtahUtah PioneersPioneers,, 1957),1957), 1I.. 232366 Fleek,Fleek, History May Be Searched in Vain, 27-28.27-28. 232377 JohJohnn FF.. YurtinusYurtinus,, "Her"Heree iiss OnOnee MaMann WhWhoo WilWilll NoNott GoGo,, Dam'um:Dam'um: RecruitinRecruitingg ththee MormonMormon BattalionBattalion inin IowaIowa Territory,Territory,"" BYU Studies 2211 (Fall(Fall 1981):1981): 482.482. 238238 Ricketts,Ricketts, The Mormon Battalion, 1-2.1-2. 139239 JudJuddd explaineexplainedd thathatt "Thi"Thiss wawass quitquitee a harhardd pilpilll ttoo swallowswallow - ttoo leaveleave wivewivess anandd childrechildrenn onon ththee wildwild prairies,prairies, destitutedestitute andand almosalmostt helplesshelpless,, havinhavingg nothinnothingg ttoo relrelyy oonn onlyonly ththee kindneskindnesss ofof neighborsneighbors,, andand gogo toto fightfight ththee battlebattless ooff a governmengovernmentt thatthat hahadd allowedallowed somesome ofof ititss citizenscitizens ttoo drivedrive uuss frofromm ourour homeshomes,, bubutt wordword comecomess frofromm ththee righrightt sourcsourcee anandd seemedseemed ttoo brinbringg ththee spiritspirit ofof convictioconvictionn ooff ititss truttruthh witwithh iitt anandd thertheree waswas quitquitee a numbenumberr ooff ouourr compancompanyy volunteeredvolunteered,, myselmyselff anandd brothebrotherr amonamongg them.them."" EsteEsterr BrownBrown JudJuddd andand ElvirElviraa NN.. JuddJudd,, aass quotequotedd iinn RickettsRicketts,, The Mormon Battalion, 6.6. 242400 LTLTCC MaMaxx WW.. JamisonJamison,, "Mormon"Mormon BattalioBattalionn VisitorVisitorss Center:Center: ManifesManifestt DestinyDestiny,, Heritage,Heritage, & Legacy,"Legacy," 77? AlthougAlthoughh manmanyy MormoMormonn historianhistorianss stresstresss thethe religioureligiouss aspectaspect ooff MormonMormon enlistmentenlistment anandd patriotipatrioticc service,service, anandd thetheyy araree accurateaccurate thathatt withouwithoutt BrighaBrighamm Young'sYoung's support,support, CaptaiCaptainn AlleAllenn woulwouldd havhavee lefleftt ththee MormoMormonn encampmentsencampments withouwithoutt a battaliobattalionn ofof recruitsrecruits,, ththee MormonMormon leaderleaderss andand soldiersoldierss demonstratedemonstratedd a subtlesubtle shiftshift inin loyaltieloyaltiess asas theythey continuedcontinued inin servicservicee ttoo ththee U.SU.S.. government.government. WheWhenn LieutenantLieutenant ColoneColonell AlleAllenn dieddied,, withwith ththee exceptionexception ooff LieutenanLieutenantt SamuelSamuel GullGullyy (wh(whoo immediatelyimmediately sentsent a letteletterr ttoo ththee LDSLDS leadership)leadership),, thethe MormoMormonn officerofficerss requesterequestedd guidanceguidance fromfrom ththee PresidenPresidentt ooff thethe U.SU.S.. ThisThis demonstratiodemonstrationn ooff primarprimaryy allegianceallegiance ttoo ththee PresidenPresidentt upseupsett ChurcChurchh leaders?41leaders.241 BrighamBrigham YoungYoung,, iinn replyingreplying ttoo GullyGully,, declaredeclaredd thathatt nnoo otheotherr regularegularr armyarmy commandercommander shouldshould lealeadd ththee uniunitt andand hhee askeaskedd ththee brethrebrethrenn ttoo nonott alloalloww anyoneanyone butbut Captain Jefferson Hunt (Mormon commander of Company A) to command them?42242 Captain Jefferson Hunt (Mormon commander of Company A) to command them. When Gully rejoined the unit and found Lieutenant Smith in command, he declared that, When Gully rejoined the unit and found Lieutenant Smith in command, he declared that, "Mr. Smith seems to be inclined to assume some authority over us, if he should, it will "Mr. Smith seems to be inclined to assume some authority over us, if he should, it will only be temporary, as we shall act wisely, considering our situation for the future.,,243 only be temporary, as we shall act wisely, considering our situation for the future." However, the Mormon soldiers chose not to heed the call of religious leaders in this However, the Mormon soldiers chose not to heed the call of religious leaders in this mstance. or m . two oth'" er SItuatIOns mvoI' vmg J 0 h n 0 . Lee 244 an,d lB'ater, ng h am Y oung245 . instance or in two other situations involving John D. Lee244 and, later, Brigham Young245 when they counseled mutiny against the federal government. when they counseled mutiny against the federal government. 242411 Goldner,Goldner, The March of the Mormon Battalion, 153153.. 242422 Tyler,Tyler, A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 155-156.155-156. 242433 Goldner,Goldner, The March of the Mormon Battalion, 151151.. 242444 JohJohnn DD.. LeeLee andand HowarHowardd EganEgan,, whwhoo traveletraveledd foforr a shortshort timetime witwithh ththee battalionbattalion,, counselecounseledd mutinmutinyy iinn responsresponsee ttoo ththee harsharshh treatmentreatmentt thetheyy receivereceivedd frofromm SmitSmithh andand DrDr.. SandersonSanderson.. RickettsRicketts,, The MormonMormon Battalion, 5757;; DeVotoDeVoto,, The Year ofo.fDecision, Decision, 326-327.326-327. 245245 AfteAfterr ththee PueblPuebloo DetachmenDetachmentt hahadd successfullysuccessfully passepassedd ththee winterwinter,, ththee commandecommanderr ooff ththee detachmentdetachment desireddesired ttoo knoknoww whithewhitherr hhee shouldshould taktakee hihiss soldiers.soldiers. BrighaBrighamm YounYoungg statedstated thatthat ththee brethrebrethrenn hadhad "accomplished"accomplished theitheirr designsdesigns inin gettingettingg ththee BattalionBattalion ttoo MexicMexicoo bubutt thathatt ththee brethrebrethrenn atat PuebloPueblo mustmust notnot 5858 ManManyy ofof thethe soldierssoldiers alsoalso chosechose ttoo disregardisregardd whatwhat thetheyy believedbelieved waswas ththee counselcounsel ofof ththee ChurchChurch regardinregardingg theitheirr migratiomigrationn ttoo UtaUtahh followinfollowingg theitheirr enlistmentenlistment.. WheWhenn thethe MormoMormonn Battalion'Battalion'ss yeayearr ofof enlistmentenlistment nearenearedd itsits completioncompletion,, GeneraGenerall KearnyKearny,, ColonelColonel Stevenson,Stevenson, andand LieutenantLieutenant ColonelColonel CookeCooke allall trietriedd ttoo encouragencouragee ththee soldiersoldierss ttoo reenlist.reenlist. TheyThey offeredoffered incentivesincentives ttoo ththee soldierssoldiers,, alonalongg witwithh promisepromisess ooff preferentiapreferentiall treatmentreatmentt forfor ththee SaintsSaints settlingsettling iinn northernorthernn Califomia?46California.246 LieutenanLieutenantt JameJamess PacPacee claimeclaimedd thathatt ColonelColonel Stevenson'sStevenson's speechspeech "was"was goodgood & nothingnothing bubutt goodgood reasoreasonn offereofferedd altho[ughaltho[ugh]] iitt dididd notnot sutesute [suit][suit] ththee BattalioBattalionn ttoo reenlist."reenlist.,,247247 ThomasThomas DunnDunn,, a soldiersoldier stationedstationed aatt SaSann Diego,Diego, wrotwrotee thatthat oonn SundaySunday,, JulyJuly 4,4, 1847:1847: MrMr.. McGil,McGil, a mucmuchh respecterespectedd citizencitizen ofof ththee placeplace,, whowho receivereceivedd a parpartt inin thethe salutes,salutes, expressedexpressed hihiss greatgreat desirdesiree foforr uuss ttoo remairemainn iinn ththee servicservicee anandd garrisongarrison thisthis placeplace,, aass wwee hahadd beebeenn solicitesolicitedd bbyy ththee ColCol.. [Stevenson].[Stevenson]. BuButt undeunderr thethe circumstancescircumstances wewe coulcouldd nonott feelfeel ththee libertyliberty ttoo dodo itit,, inin aass mucmuchh aass wwee consideredconsidered ourselvesourselves havinhavingg ttoo heeheedd ththee counsecounsell ofof ththee Church.Church. YeYett thertheree werweree somesome whowho expressedexpressed a stronstrongg determinationdetermination ttoo ddoo soso.. EveEvenn CaptCapt.. HunterHunter,, LieutenanLieutenantt BarrowBarrow [Barrus][Barrus] anandd CliffCliff [Clift],[Chit], regardlesregardlesss ooff ththee CounciCouncill ofof ththee Twelve.Twelve. 248 ReceivinReceivingg pressurpressuree fromfrom theirtheir commandingcommanding officersofficers,, ththee MormoMormonn officersofficers callecalledd a meetinmeetingg ttoo urgurgee reenlistment.249249 DaviDavidd Pettigrew,Pettigrew, whwhoo headedheaded ththee oppositionopposition,, explainedexplained thatthat "the"the meetinmeetingg waswas heldheld iinn thethe wall-tenwall-tentt anandd alalll hahadd ththee libertlibertyy ttoo speakspeak.. CaptaiCaptainn HuntHunt said,said, 'Now'Now isis ththee timtimee yoyouu complainerscomplainers craccrackk youyourr whips.whips.'' ManManyy spokespoke iinn turtumn andand therethere follofolloww BrowBrownn toto MexicoMexico,, butbut ggoo toto California.California. IIff ththee officerofficerss wilwilll nonott dodo rightright,, hhee instructeinstructedd AmasAmasaa ttoo callcall ououtt ththee memenn & chooschoosee officersofficers whwhoo woulwouldd ddoo rightright.. I(fthef the BattalioBattalionn araree atat SantaSanta FeFe thesthesee brethrebrethrenn [are[are]] toto ggoo therethere & brinbringg ththee BattalioBattalionn oonn alsoalso & iiff ththee PueblPuebloo CommanCommandd iiss gongonee thertheree ttoo pursupursuee thethemm andand bringbring thethemm backback,, anandd iiff GeneraGenerall KearnKearnyy isis thertheree & objectobjectss ttoo theitheirr returningreturning,, accordinaccordingg ttoo ouourr agreementagreement,, teltelll himhim wwee areare bounboundd foforr CaliforniaCalifornia,, andand throthroww allall ththee GentilGentilee officerofficerss ououtt ooff ththee BattalioBattalionn whewhenn yoyouu comcomee uupp toto it."it." WilWilll BagleyBagley,, The Pioneer Camp ofoJthe the Saints: The 1846 and 1847 Mormon Trail.lournalsTrail Journals ofo./Thomas Thomas Bullock (Spokane,(Spokane, WashingtonWashington:: ArthurArthur HH.. ClarkClarkee CompanyCompany,, 1997),1997), 178-179.178-179. 246 246 ThThee offeroffer ofof reenlistmenreenlistmentt includedincluded a warranwarrantt foforr eacheach soldiersoldier upouponn dischargdischargee ttoo receivreceivee 160160 acreacress ofof land.land. WilliaWilliamm TT.. Sherman,Sherman, asas citedcited iinn BigleBiglerr anandd BagleyBagley,, Army ofoJIsrael, Israel, 386.386. 247 247 JameJamess PacePace,, asas quotedquoted iinn BigleBiglerr anandd BagleyBagley,, Army ofoj Israel, 215.215. 248248 ThomasThomas DunnDunn,, ibid.ibid.,, 223-224.223-224. 249249 JameJamess PacePace,, asas citedcited inin BiglerBigler anandd BagleyBagley,, Army ojof Israel, 215215.. 5959 werewere twtwoo spiritsspirits manifestmanifest,, asas differentdifferent aass mid-damid-dayy frofromm Midnight.Midnight.,,25o" WilliamWilliam Hyde,Hyde, whwhoo alsoalso opposeopposedd reenlistmentreenlistment,, statestatedd thathatt onlonlyy ththee eyeeyess ooff thosthosee whwhoo wantewantedd ttoo seesee wisdowisdomm werweree openeopenedd bbyy hihiss speech.251251 TheThe battaliobattalionn split252252 overover ththee issueissue ofof reenlistmentreenlistment,, witwithh manmanyy favorinfavoringg botbothh sides.253253 AlthougAlthoughh somesome ooff ththee officersofficers supportedsupported ththee ideaidea (Jefferson(Jefferson HunHuntt eveevenn sentsent a letteletterr ttoo BrighaBrighamm YounYoungg whicwhichh includeincludedd thethe numerounumerouss incentiveincentivess andand askinaskingg forfor hihiss guidance254254)),, ththee majoritmajorityy ofof thethe soldierssoldiers desireddesired ttoo returreturnn ttoo theirtheir families.families. EnougEnoughh soldiersoldierss ttoo fillfill ononee compancompanyy decideddecided ttoo remairemainn inin CaliforniaCalifornia andand reenlistreenlist forfor anotheanotherr sixsix months.months.z25555 OtherOther soldierssoldiers andand officersofficers alsalsoo decidedecidedd ttoo remairemainn behinbehindd inin • • • • 256256 California to find employment, rather than migrate immediately to the Salt Lake Basin. California to find employment, rather than migrate immediately to the Salt Lake Basin. Dispelling the myth perpetrated by some Mormon historians, all these soldiers chose to Dispelling the myth perpetrated by some Mormon historians, all these soldiers chose to remain in California with the understanding that this action was contrary to the will of the remain in California with the understanding that this action was contrary to the will of the Church, and prior to their receipt of the epistle from Brigham Young, dated August 7, Church, and prior to their receipt of the epistle from Brigham Young, dated August 7, 1847, which stated, "If there are any men have not families among your number who 1847, which stated, "If there are any men have not families among your number who desire to stop in California for a season, we do not feel to object.,,257 The church records desire to stop in California for a season, we do not feel to object."257 The church records for nearly 45 percent of those who reenlisted either ended after reenlistment, or showed for nearly 45 percent of those who reenlisted either ended after reenlistment, or showed 250 DaviDavidd PettigrewPettigrew,, aass quotedquoted iinn BigleBiglerr andand BagleyBagley,, Army of Israel, 263-264.263-264. 252511 WilliaWilliamm HydHydee presentepresentedd a negativnegativee vievieww ooff ththee situationsituation whewhenn hhee wrotewrote,, "We"We hahadd alreadyalready servedserved ourour enemieenemiess oneone yeayearr anandd offeredoffered ouourr liveslives aass a sacrificesacrifice ttoo savesave ththee peoplpeoplee ooff GodGod,, accordinaccordingg ttoo ththee councilcouncil whicwhichh wwee hahadd receivereceivedd frofromm thosthosee thathatt hahadd a righrightt ttoo councilcouncil,, anandd wwee hahadd faithfullfaithfullyy fulfillefulfilledd thethe requirement.requirement."" HHee alonalongg witwithh DaviDavidd PettigrePettigreww anandd DanieDaniell TylerTyler spokspokee ououtt stronglystrongly denouncingdenouncing ththee idea.idea. HydHydee reasonereasonedd thathatt sincsincee theitheirr servicservicee satisfiedsatisfied botbothh ththee ChurcChurchh anandd ththee federalfederal governmentgovernment,, hhee wawass goinggoing ttoo returreturnn ttoo hihiss familyfamily.. WilliaWilliamm HydeHyde JournalJournal,, JunJunee 2929,, 1847,44.1847, 44. 252522 SergeanSergeantt MajoMajorr JameJamess FergusoFergusonn sidedsided witwithh ththee officerofficerss iinn ththee controverscontroversyy oveoverr enlistinenlistingg forfor anotheranother year'year'ss serviceservice;; followinfollowingg hihiss discharge,discharge, hhee choschosee ttoo remairemainn iinn CaliforniCaliforniaa foforr a timtimee andand wawass parpartt ofof ththee goldgold rushrush.. AfteAfterr hhee marriemarriedd hihiss firstfirst wifewife,, hhee finallyfinally migratemigratedd ttoo UtahUtah.. BagleyBagley,, A Bright,Bright. Rising Star, 12-13.12-13. 252533 GoldnerGoldner,, The March of the Mormon Battalion, 230-233230-233.. 252544 Smith,Smith, Captain Jefferson Hunt of the Mormon Battalion, 115-116.115-116. 252555 ThThee MormoMormonn VolunteeVolunteerr CompanCompanyy includeincludedd allall ththee reenlistereenlistedd soldiersoldierss frofromm throughouthroughoutt ththee battalion.battalion. 252566 CaptaiCaptainn HunteHunterr remaineremainedd iinn CaliforniaCalifornia andand entereenteredd federalfederal serviceservice aass IndiaIndiann AgentAgent.. BigleBiglerr andand Bagley,Bagley, Army of Israel, 267.267. 252577 BrighaBrighamm YoungYoung,, aass quotequotedd inin BigleBiglerr anandd BagleyBagley,, Army of Israel, 356356 anandd Tyler,Tyler, A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 315315.. 6060 thathatt thetheyy decidedecidedd toto remainremain iinn CaliforniaCalifornia ratheratherr thathann migratmigratee ttoo SaltSalt LakeLake CityCity (or(or anyany ofof ththee otherother MormoMormonn settlements).258settlements).258 AfteAfterr eighteight additionaladditional monthmonthss ofof enlistment,enlistment, thethe Monnon Volunteer Company in San Diego was discharged, but only 25 of the 822599 SO Mormon Volunteer Company in San Diego was discharged, but only 25 of the 82 started for Salt Lake Valley.26o started for Salt Lake Valley.260 EthnicityEthnicity AlthougAlthoughh thethe federalfederal governmentgovernment waswas indifferentindifferent ttoo MormonMormon persecutionpersecution,, JosephJoseph SmithSmith maintainemaintainedd thatthat ththee U.S.U.S. ConstitutionConstitution wawass divinelydivinely inspired;inspired; hhee supportedsupported "manifest"manifest destiny"destiny" andand remaineremainedd obedientobedient ttoo ththee directivesdirectives ofof thethe government'sgovernment's representatives26I261 (for example, he obeyed the governor of Illinois' request to disarm the representatives (for example, he obeyed the governor of Illinois' request to disarm the Nauvoo Legion). He also continued to preach that the United States offered favorable Nauvoo Legion). He also continued to preach tha262t the United States offered favorable conditions• to establish God's kingdom on earth.9^*9 Brigham Young later reconfirmed thesecondition beliefss to whileestablis recruitingh God's Saintskingdo form othen earth Mormon. Brigha Battalion.m Youn263 g later reconfirmed these beliefMemberss whil eof recruitin the LDSg ChurchSaints fo sawr th themselvese Mormon Battalion.as both Americans263 and Mormons (both a Memberreligiouss andof th ane LDethnicS Churc designation)h saw themselve and theys desiredas both bothAmerican autonomys and andMormon to s (both a religious and an ethnic designation) and they desired both autonomy and to 258 258 TheThe twtwoo soldierssoldiers whowho dieddied inin 18471847 (CPL(CPL FrostFrost andand PVTPVT Donald)Donald) areare notnot includedincluded inin thithiss percentagepercentage sincesince thetheyy diddid nonott havhavee anan opportunityopportunity toto demonstratedemonstrate theirtheir devotiondevotion followingfollowing theirtheir secondsecond enlistments.enlistments. SeeSee AppendiAppendixx A.A. 259 HistorianHistorianss disagreedisagree overover thethe exacexactt numbenumberr ofof soldierssoldiers thathatt reenlistereenlistedd andand whowho theythey werewere:: SergeantSergeant TylerTyler identifieidentifiess 81,81, RickettsRicketts identitiesidentifies 82,82, whereawhereass ththee demographicaldemographical informationinformation ofof CarlCarl LarsonLarson andand SusanSusan EastonEaston identifidentifyy 76.76. SusanSusan WardWard EastonEaston,, Members of the Mormon Battalion: A SesquicentennialSesquicentennial Remembrance (No(No place:place: privatelprivatelyy printed,printed, 1981);1981); Larson,Larson, Database of the Mormon Battalion; Ricketts,Ricketts, The Mormon Battalion, 265-266265-266;; andand Tyler,Tyler, A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the MexicanMexican War, 326-327.326-327. 260 260 AppendiAppendixx A andand Tyler,Tyler, A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 331331.. 261 261 ThThee Latter-daLatter-dayy Saints'Saints' TwelfthTwelfth ArticlArticlee ofof FaithFaith declaresdeclares thatthat MormonsMormons believebelieve "in"in beinbeingg subjectsubject toto kingskings,, presidentspresidents,, rulers,rulers, andand magistratesmagistrates,, iinn obeyingobeying andand honoringhonoring,, andand sustainingsustaining thethe law."law." JosephJoseph Smith,Smith, ThThee ArticleArticless ofof FaitFaithh ofof thethe ChurchChurch ofof JesusJesus ChristChrist ofof Latter-dayLatter-day Saints,Saints, asas quotedquoted inin The Pearl olGreatof Great Price (Salt(Salt LakeLake City,City, UTUT:: ChurchChurch ofof JesusJesus ChristChrist ofof Latter-daLatter-dayy Saints,Saints, 1994)1994),61., 61. 262 262 JosephJoseph SmithSmith asas quotequotedd inin TheThe DoctrinDoctrinee andand CovenantsCovenants 98:98: 4-104-10;; FleekFleek,, History May Be Searched in Vain, 54-5554-55.. 263263 JournalJournal HistoryHistory,, JulJulyy 18,18, 18461846 asas citedcited iinn BiglerBigler andand BagleyBagley,, Army allsrael,of Israel, 53;53; JournalJournal HistoryHistory,, JulyJuly 1I,, 18461846 asas citedcited inin BiglerBigler andand Bagley,Bagley, Army of Israel, 46.46. 6161 belonbelongg ttoo ththee UniteUnitedd StatesStates.. AlthougAlthoughh thetheyy hatedhated ththee locallocal governmentgovernmentss thathatt persecutedpersecuted themthem,, ththee MormonMOlmonss stillstill lovelovedd ththee nation.nation?64264 BrighaBrighamm YounYoungg proclaimeproclaimedd thathatt "The"The UniteUnitedd StateStatess wanwantt ourour friendshipfriendship,, thethe PresidentPresident wantwantss toto ddoo uuss googoodd andand securesecure ourour confidence."confidence.,,265265 TheThe PresidenPresidentt nownow offeredoffered ttoo assisassistt ththee SaintsSaints iinn migratinmigratingg ttoo a neneww lanlandd wherewhere thetheyy woulwouldd bbee ththee first settlerssettlers.. AAss ththee firsfirstt settlerssettlers,, thetheyy coulcouldd establisestablishh ththee normnormss foforr thethe communitcommunityy andand ensurensuree outsidersoutsiders woulwouldd nonott havhavee a pretexpretextt ttoo againagain attackattack ththee Saints.Saints. BrighaBrighamm YounYoungg believebelievedd thatthat ththee lanlandd woulwouldd shortlyshortly bbee underunder ththee controcontroll ofof ththee UnitedUnited StatesStates anandd hhee fearefearedd marginalizatiomarginalizationn oorr exclusionexclusion ofof ththee MormoMormonn societysociety withiwithinn Polk'sPolk's emerginemergingg nationally-imaginenationally-imaginedd communitycommunity.266. WishinWishingg ttoo joijoinn thethe nationationn inin itsits expansionexpansion acrosacrosss ththee westerwesternn continent,continent, BrighaBrighamm YounYoungg committedcommitted ththee Saints'Saints' loyaltloyaltyy toto ththee UnitedUnited StatesStates government.267267 IInn anan enlistmentenlistment speech,speech, BrighaBrighamm YoungYoung trietriedd ttoo reacreachh outout ttoo eacheach man'sman's senssensee ofof nationanationall allegiancallegiancee bbyy stating,stating, "I"Iff wwee wanwantt ththee privilegprivilegee ofof goinggoing wherewhere wwee cacann worshiworshipp GodGod accordinaccordingg ttoo ththee dictatedictatess ooff ouourr conscienceconscience,, wwee musmustt raisraisee thethe Battalion.268268 UnlikUnlikee thethe predominantlypredominantli26699 foreign-borforeign-bornn AmericaAmericann soldierssoldiers whwhoo formefomledd thethe nucleunucleuss ofof ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo BattalionBattalion,, 8383 percenpercentt ooff ththee soldiersoldierss whwhoo enlisteenlistedd iinn thethe MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn werweree native-bornnative-born;; thithiss 8383 percenpercentt camcamee fromfrom ththee smallersmaller native-bornnative-born 264 ThThee MormoMonnonn reactioreactionn ttoo ththee federafederall governmengovernmentt epitomizeepitomizess Adelman'Adelman'ss "duality""duality" ooff allegiancallegiancee concept.concept. IInn Sovereignty and Revolution in the IberianIberian Atlantic, AdelmaAdelmann explainsexplains thathatt LatiLatinn AmericanAmericanss dididd nonott viewview revolutionarrevolutionaryy conflictconflictss aass a strugglstrugglee betweebetweenn nationationn andand empireempire.. IInn fact,fact, ththee dualismdualism "made"made littllittlee sensesense forfor thosthosee whoswhosee loyaltieloyaltiess dididd nonott breabreakk dowdownn intintoo eithereither or.or. TheTheyy coulcouldd feefeell atat homhomee imagininimaginingg themselvesthemselves simultaneouslysimultaneously aass Spaniards,Spaniards, SpanishSpanish AmericansAmericans,, anandd citizenscitizens ofCaracusof Caracus ...... [and][and] insurgentsinsurgents oftenoften vowedvowed ttoo kilkilll 'corrupt''corrupt' officialofficialss eveevenn thougthoughh thetheyy werweree simplsimplyy carryincarryingg ououtt ministeriaministeriall orders,orders, whilwhilee proclaimingproclaiming theitheirr undyinundyingg loyaltloyaltyy ttoo ththee king.king."" AdelmanAdelman,, Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic, 9, 52.52. 262655 BrighaBrighamm YoungYoung,, asas quotedquoted inin BiglerBigler anandd BagleyBagley,, Army of Israel, 4848.. 262666 Anderson,Anderson, Imagined Communities, 101101.. 26 267 BrighaBrighamm YoungYoung,, aass citecitedd iinn BigleBiglerr anandd BagleyBagley,, Army of Israel, 4545,, 4488 anandd Fleek,Fleek, History May Be Searched in Vain, 70.70. 262688 YurtinusYurtinus,, "Here"Here iiss OnOnee MaMann WhWhoo WilWilll NoNott GoGo,, Dam'urn,Dam'um,"" 483483.. 262699 7799 percent.percent. 6262 7788 percenpercentt ooff ththee MormoMormonn population.27o270 ThisThis suggestssuggests thathatt native-bornative-bornn AmericanAmerican citizencitizenss werweree mormoree receptivreceptivee ttoo BrighaBrighamm Young'Young'ss calcalll ttoo servservee anandd demonstratedemonstrate nationalnational patriotismpatriotism.. BeforBeforee convertinconvertingg ttoo ththee MormoMormonn faith,faith, HenrHenryy BoyleBoyle desireddesired "to"to livlivee anandd diedie amonamongg mmyy kindrekindredd anandd ththee lanlandd ooff ouourr nativity."nativity.,,271271 SomSomee oofthef the soldierssoldiers werweree broughbroughtt upup iinn patriotipatrioticc familiefamiliess wherwheree theitheirr fathersfathers anandd grandfathergrandfatherss hahadd servedserved inin ththee RevolutionaryRevolutionary WaWarr and/oand/orr ththee WaWarr ofof 1812.27218 1 2.272 ThereThere werewere alsoalso amongamong thethe MormonMormon BattalionBattalion soldierssoldiers veterans who had personally served in the army during the Blackhawk War.273273 This veterans who had personally served in the army during the Blackhawk War. This supports Brigham Young's comment in his April 30, 1845 letter to Governor Thomas S. supports Brigham Young's comment in his April 30, 1845 letter to Governor Thomas S. Drew that "Our father's, nay some of us, have fought and bled for our country, and we Drew that "Our father's, nay some of us, have fought and bled for our country, and we love her Constitution dearly.,,274 love her Constitution dearly."274 Out of love for one's country, some parents encouraged their children to enlist in Out of love for one's country, some parents encouraged their children to enlist in the Mormon Battalion?75 Children born during patriotic times are sometimes named the Mormon Battalion.275 Children born during patriotic times are sometimes named after key political leaders. There are at least 18 soldiers in the Mormon Battalion who after key political leaders. There are at least 18 soldiers in the Mormon Battalion who bear patriotic names: Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas bear patriotic names: Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, 101m Quincy Adams, and even a Miles Standish.276 Like 1efferson Hunt, these Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, and even a Miles Standish.276 Like Jefferson Hunt, these 2/2700 SeeSee AppendiAppendixx B.B. 271 271 HenrHenryy GreenGreen BoylBoylee AutobiographyAutobiography,, DecemberDecember,, 1846,25.1846, 25. 272722 LieutenanLieutenantt JameJamess Pace'Pace'ss fathefatherr diediedd iinn 18141814 iinn a skirmishskirmish thathatt precedeprecededd ththee BattlBattlee ofof NeNeww Orleans,Orleans, DaviDavidd Pettegrew'Pettegrew'ss fathefatherr serveservedd undeunderr GeorgGeorgee WashingtonWashington,, anandd CaptaiCaptainn JeffersoJeffersonn Hunt'Hunt'ss fatherfather,, JohnJohn HuntHunt,, wawass a RevolutionarRevolutionaryy WaWarr coloniacoloniall soldiesoldierr whwhoo servedserved undeunderr GeneralGeneral MorgaMorgann atat ththee BattlBattlee ofof Cowpens.Cowpens. BigleBiglerr anandd BagleyBagley,, Army of Israel, 192;192; TylerTyler,, A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in thethe Mexican War, 346346;; anandd SmithSmith,, Captain Jefferson Hunt of the Mormon Battalion, 1-3.1-3. 272733 MiltoMiltonn KelleKelleyy andand DanielDaniel Tyler.Tyler. TylerTyler,, A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the MexicanMexican War, 195,229.195,229. 274274 InIn thisthis letterletter,, BrighaBrighamm YounYoungg requesterequestedd asyluasylumm foforr ththee MormonMormon refugeerefugeess iinn ArkansasArkansas.. Goldner,Goldner, The March of the Mormon Battalion, 4343.. 272755 SergeantSergeant MajoMajorr JameJamess FergusoFergusonn toltoldd ththee followinfollowingg storstoryy ooff JosepJosephh RichardRichardss andand hihiss mother:mother: A mothemotherr hahadd fivefive sons,sons, oneone murderemurderedd iinn MissouriMissouri,, twtwoo servingserving missionsmissions inin foreignforeign lands,lands, oneone totooo youngyoung andand stilstilll needinneedingg comforcomfortt anandd carecare,, ththee laslastt wawass heherr protectoprotectorr anandd providerprovider.. "Eve"Evenn iinn heherr ageagedd heart,heart, witherewitheredd anandd brokebrokenn aass itit waswas,, ththee lovlovee ooff countrcountryy burneburnedd deepdeep anandd strongstrong.. SheShe yieldedyielded upup heherr sonson andand neveneverr sasaww hihimm more.more."" Tyler,Tyler, A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 173173.. 272766 SeSeee AppendiAppendixx AA.. TherTheree araree additionaadditionall peoplpeoplee (named(named GeorgeGeorge,, JamesJames,, Thomas,Thomas, etc.etc.)) thathatt areare nonott countedcounted sincesince iitt iiss unknowunknownn whethewhetherr theitheirr naminnamingg wawass foforr patriopatriott reasons.reasons. 6363 menmen werweree activeactive iinn theirtheir locallocal politicpoliticss andand manmanyy werewere membermemberss oofthef the NauvoNauvooo Legion.Legion. WheWhenn BrighaBrighamm YounYoungg anandd CaptainCaptain AlleAllenn gavgavee ththee calcalll ttoo serve,serve, JeffersoJeffersonn HunHuntt wawass oneone ofof ththee firstfirst toto enlist;277enlist;277 AccordinAccordingg ttoo PaulinePauline Smith,Smith, daughterdaughter ofof CaptaiCaptainn HuntHunt,, "Despite"Despite ththee experiencesexperiences ooff persecutiopersecutionn iinn MissourMissourii anandd IllinoisIllinois,, hhee accepteacceptedd thithiss challengchallengee toto servservee hishis countrcountryy aatt anyany COSt.,,278cost." MormoMormonn soldiersoldierss identifieidentifiedd themselvesthemselves aass AmericanAmericanss througthroughh theirtheir actionsactions.. TheyThey activelyactively participateparticipatedd iinn IndependencIndependencee DaDayy celebrations;celebrations;279279 LevLevii HancocHancockk eveevenn wrotwrotee andand sansangg a patriotipatrioticc sonsongg afterafter ththee soldierssoldiers listenedlistened ttoo a recitarecitall oftheof the DeclaratioDeclarationn ofof Independence.2828o0 They celebrated General Taylor's281281 and General Kearny's victories Independence. They celebrated General Taylor's and General Kearny's victories (comparing their suffering with the trials experienced by the Mormon Battalion),282282 and (comparing their suffering with the trials experienced by the Mormon Battalion), and TOT fired a 21 gun salute when Kearney visited them at Los Angeles.283 Upon hearing the fired a 21 gun salute when Kearney visited them at Los Angeles. Upon hearing the rumor that Mexican troops were en route to retake California, many soldiers (like Robert rumor that Mexican troops were en route to retake California, many soldiers (like Robert Bliss) declared that " ... if they do they will have to fight hard for our Guns are loaded Bliss) declared that ". . . if they do they will have to fight hard for our Guns are loaded ready to apply the match any moment.,,284 The Mormon Battalion was a homogenous ready to apply the match any moment."284 The Mormon Battalion was a homogenous Mormon-American unit; unlike the ethnically diverse regular army units that foreign- Mormon-American unit; unlike the ethnically diverse regular army units that foreign- born Irish and German regular army soldiers had to deal with, soldiers in the Mormon born Irish and German regular army soldiers had to deal with, soldiers in the Mormon Battalion did not receive preferential treatment in their punishments because of their Battalion did not receive preferential treatment in their punishments because of their 277 Smith,Smith, Captain Jefferson Hunt of the Mormon Battalion, 56.56. 278278 Ibid.Ibid.,, 57.57. 279279 AccordinAccordingg ttoo H.HH.H.. BancroftBancroft,, eveneven afteafterr theitheirr dischargdischargee frofromm ththee ArmyArmy,, ththee formeformerr MormoMormonn BattalionBattalion soldierssoldiers continuedcontinued toto demonstratdemonstratee theitheirr nationanationall pridpridee bbyy usinusingg twtwoo brasbrasss canonscanons ttoo thundethunderr independenceindependence th througthroughh ththee highighh SieITasSierras oonn ththee 44th ooff JulyJuly,, afteafterr leavinleavingg Sutter'sSutter's Fort.Fort. RobertsRoberts,, The Mormon Battalion, 7171.. 282800 JamesJames PacePace,, asas citecitedd iinn BigleBiglerr anandd BagleyBagley,, Army ofqf1srael, Israel, 212155 andand GoldnerGoldner,, The March of the MormonMormon Battalion, 233233.. 282811 RoberRobertt BlisBlisss declaredeclaredd inin hihiss journajournall thathatt MondayMonday,, JuneJune 1414,, "was"was a dayday ooff rejoicinrejoicingg ttoo uuss aatt ththee NewNewss ofof Gen.Gen. Taylor'Taylor'ss VictorVictoryy overover 18,0018,0000 SpaniardSpaniardss withwith thundethunderr ooff ouourr CannoCannonn frofromm ththee ForFortt & TowTownn belobeloww ...... ththee CatholiCatholicc ChurchChurch hahadd leslesss GlassGlass thathann usuausuall whewhenn wwee ceaseceasedd firingtiring;; ththee CeremonyCeremony wawass concludeconcludedd aatt SunSun dowdownn bbyy firinfiringg ththee GunsGuns & lowerinloweringg ththee FlagsFlags;; witwithh 3 Cheers."Cheers." AlterAlter,, "Journa"Journall ofof RoberRobertt S.S. Bliss,Bliss, witwithh thethe MormoMormonn Battalion,Battalion,"" 9595.. 282822 TylerTyler,, A Concise History ofqfthe the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 256-262.256-262. 282833 Ibid.Ibid , 282 . 282844 AlterAlte;,, "Journa"Jo~rnall ooff RoberRobertt S.S. BlissBliss,, witwithh ththee MormonMormon Battalion,"Battalion," 92.92. 6464 ethnicity.ethnicity.285285 TheTheyy diddid,, howeverhowever,, stilstilll contencontendd witwithh raciaraciall slursslurs anandd nativisnativistt discriminationdiscrimination fromfrom MissourMissourii volunteevolunteerr unitunitss anandd soldierssoldiers (including(including DrDr.. Sanderson).Sanderson). BeforBeforee reachinreachingg ForFortt LeavenworthLeavenworth,, ththee MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn encounteredencountered itsits firstfirst incidenincidentt ooff discriminatiodiscriminationn whewhenn a MissouriaMissouriann refuserefusedd toto issuissuee flouflourr ttoo ththee unit'unit'ss supplysupply sergeantsergeant.. LieutenanLieutenantt ColoneColonell AlleAllenn dididd nonott alloalloww otherotherss ttoo discriminatediscriminate againsagainstt hishis MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers;; ttoo rectifrectifyy ththee situationsituation,, hhee orderedordered ththee MissouriaMissouriann toto delivedeliverr ththee flouflourr toto thethe MormoMormonn upouponn paipainn ooff beinbeingg puputt undeunderr guard.286286 FollowinFollowingg ColonelColonel Allen'Allen'ss death,death, ononee ooff thethe majomajorr reasonreasonss CaptainCaptain JeffersonJefferson HunHuntt relinquisherelinquishedd commancommandd ttoo LieutenantLieutenant A.JA.J.. SmithSmith wawass ttoo gaingain a regularregular armyarmy officeofficerr 287 anandd prevenpreventt ColonelColonel SterlingSterling PricPricee fromfrom succeedingsucceeding inin hihiss attemptattempt toto anneannexx ththee battaliobattalionn ttoo ththee MissourMissourii RegimentRegiment.. GivenGiven theirtheir paspastt relationshiprelationship,, anandd ththee facfactt thathatt manmanyy ooff ththee volunteervolunteerss inin Price'Price'ss RegimenRegimentt werewere mobocratmobocratss whwhoo hahadd persecutepersecutedd ththee SaintsSaints inin Missouri,Missouri, HunHuntt tooktook anyany alternativalternativee toto prevenpreventt thathatt disastroudisastrouss eventevent.. 288 AlthougAlthoughh ththee decisiodecisionn wawass nonott populapopularr witwithh BrighamBrigham YoungYoung,, whwhoo wantewantedd MormoMormonn officerofficerss ttoo commancommandd ththee battaliobattalionn afterafter Allen'Allen'ss untimelyuntimely death,289289 regular army officers added a level of protection for the Mormon Battalion from death, regular army officers added a level of protection for the Mormon Battalion from other volunteer units and also taught them how to interact better with regular army units. other volunteer units and also taught them how to interact better with regular army units. 285 TherTheree werweree seventeenseventeen volunteevolunteerr companiecompaniess whichwhich werweree predominantlpredominantlyy Irish-American;Irish-American; mosmostt ooff thethe soldiersoldierss withiwithinn thesthesee unitunitss remaineremainedd loyaloyall anandd discriminationdiscrimination withiwithinn themthem wawass minimalminimal.. Miller,Miller, ShamrockShamrock and Sword, 174174.. 282866 AbrahaAbrahamm DaDayy IIIIII JournalJournal,, 8-98-9 andand TylerTyler,, A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the MexicanMexican War, 132.132. 282877 UpoUponn ththee arrivaarrivall ooff LieutenanLieutenantt Smith,Smith, CaptaiCaptainn HunHuntt relinquisherelinquishedd commandcommand becausbecausee hehe hadhad neitherneither commissiocommissionn nonorr certificatecertificatess ttoo authenticatauthenticatee hihiss ranrankk inin dealindealingg witwithh otherother armarmyy unitsunits;; hhee alsoalso lackelackedd thethe knowledgknowledgee ttoo correctlcorrectlyy filfilll ououtt anandd submisubmitt necessarnecessaryy documents,documents, specificallyspecifically papayy rollsrolls.. "Supplies,"Supplies, requisitionsrequisitions,, tabletabless ooff organizatioorganizationn anandd manpowermanpower,, orderorder ofof battlebartle,, rankrankss anandd responsibilitiesresponsibilities,, anandd thethe ArticleArticless ooff WaWarr (th(thee lawlawss thathatt govergovernn soldiersoldierss whilwhilee inin activactivee service)service) werweree allall frofromm ththee regularregular establishment.establishment. ThougThoughh iitt wawass a uniquuniquee religioureligiouss organization,organization, itsits standardsstandards werweree setset bbyy commanderscommanders whowho werweree alalll frofromm ththee regularegularr armarmyy anandd nonott Mormons.Mormons."" FleekFleek,, History May Be Searched in Vain, 85-86.85-86. 282888 JeffersoJeffersonn HunHuntt anandd JessJessee DD.. HunterHunter,, asas citedcited iinn BigleBiglerr andand BagleyBagley,, Army of Israel, 99-101.99-101. 282899 BrighaBrighamm YoungYoung,, ibid.ibid.,, 97.97. 6565 WheWhenn ththee MormonMormon BattalioBattalionn arrivedarrived inin California,California, membermemberss ofof ththee MissouriMissouri volunteersvolunteers undeunderr ColonelColonel JohnJohn C.C. FremontFremont repeatedlyrepeatedly threatenethreatenedd toto attackattack thethe MormonMormon campscamps anandd wipwipee themthem outout ofof existence.29o290 AlthougAlthoughh thetheyy werweree neveneverr foolishfoolish enoughenough toto trytry anandd carrycarry outout theirtheir threatthreat,, somesome ofof ththee moremore belligerentbelligerent membermemberss ofof theitheirr uniunitt regularlyregularly startedstarted quarrelquarrelss witwithh thethe MormoMormonn soldiers.soldiers. BecauseBecause ofof theirtheir faithfufaithfull service,service, withwith relativelrelativelyy fewfew incidentsincidents ofof insubordinationinsubordination andand destructiondestruction (other(other militiasmilitias treatetreatedd thethe nativenative CaliforniansCalifornians veryvery roughly)roughly),, manymany ofof ththee regularegularr armyarmy officersofficers andand soldierssoldiers grewgrew toto respectrespect ththee MormoMormonn volunteervolunteer soldiers.soldiers. TheThe regularegularr soldierssoldiers whwhoo workeworkedd witwithh thethe MormonMormon Battalion,Battalion, Kearny'sKearny's DragoonsDragoons,, readilreadilyy sprangsprang toto thethe defensedefense ofof thethe MormonMormon soldierssoldiers whenwhen verballverballyy attackedattacked byby Fremont'sFremont's MissouriMissouri volunteers.291291 WheWhenn anyany ofof Freemont'sFreemont's menmen camecame aroundaround andand offeredoffered insultsinsults ttoo ththee Mormons,Mormons, DayDay claimedclaimed thethe dragoonsdragoons woulwouldd say,say, '''Stand'"Stand backback,, youyou areare religiousreligious men,men, andand wewe areare not;not; wewe willwill taketake allall 292 ofof youyourr fightsfights intointo ourour handshands.. YoYouu shallshall notnot bbee imposedimposed uponupon bbyy them.them.'" ",292 BesidesBesides winningwinning overover thethe supportsupport ofof theirtheir fellowfellow soldiers,soldiers, thethe MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers successfullysuccessfully dealtdealt witwithh falsefalse rumorsrumors andand perceptionperceptionss perpetrateperpetratedd bbyy theirtheir MissouriMissouri rivals.rivals. First,First, whilewhile theythey marchedmarched ttoo FortFort Leavenworth,Leavenworth, thethe MormonMormon BattalionBattalion impressedimpressed manymany MissouriMissouri residentresidentss witwithh theirtheir showshow ofof patriotismpatriotism towartowardd a governmentgovernment thathatt hahadd shownshown thethemm littllittlee protectionprotection.. 293 Later,Later, afterafter arrivingarriving inin California,California, ththee MormonMormon soldierssoldiers demonstrateddemonstrated kindneskindnesss andand fairnessfairness towardtoward ththee nativnativee CaliforniaCalifornia populoupopulouss ttoo dispeldispel thethe 290 Tyler,Tyler, A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 276.276. 292911 Smith,Smith, Captain JeffersonJ~fferson Hunt of the Mormon Battalion,Baltation, 113113.. 292922 AbrahaAbrahamm DayDay [IIIII JournalJournal,, 29.29. 293293 SomeSome MissourianMissourianss eveneven expressedexpressed feelingsfeelings ofof regreregrett forfor theitheirr paspastt actionsactions andand declaredeclaredd thathatt theythey wishedwished a returnreturn ofof theirtheir MormonMormon neighbors.neighbors. WilliamWilliam HydeHyde Journal,Journal, JulyJuly 29,29, 1846,1846, 19-2019-20 andand HenryHenry GreenGreen BoyleBoyle AutobiographyAutobiography,, JulyJuly 20,1847,38.20, 1847, 38. 6666 MissourMissourii volunteevolunteerr rumorrumorss thathatt "the"the MormonMonnonss werweree cannibalscannibals,, anandd especiallespeciallyy fonfondd ofof eatineatingg children.,,294children."294 PooPoorr LivinLivingg Conditions,Conditions, HarHardd MilitarMilitaryy WorWorkk Conditions,Conditions, DrunkennessDrunkenness,, Seduction,Seduction, anandd ImpressmentImpressment WheWhenn ththee MormoMonnonn soldiersoldierss firstfirst arrivearrivedd iinn California,California, theitheirr wilwildd andand destitutedestitute appearancappearancee mighmightt havhavee givengiven somesome erroneouerroneouss credenccredencee ttoo ththee slanderousslanderous MissouriMissouri rumor.rumor. ThThee MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers arrivearrivedd iinn CaliforniCaliforniaa almostalmost nakednaked.. ThThee endlesendlesss marchinmarchingg lefleftt mostmost 292955 of the men barefoot, and many of the soldiers had traded their clothing for food. of the men barefoot, and many of the soldiers had traded their clothing for food. Living conditions for the Monnon soldiers were oppressive, both after they arrived in Living conditions for the Mormon soldiers were oppressive, both after they arrived in California and especially during their over 2,OOO-mile march from Fort Leavenworth to California and especially during their over 2,000-mile march from Fort Leavenworth to Los Angeles. While the foreign-born regular soldiers (discussed in the previous chapter) Los Angeles. While the foreign-born regular soldiers (discussed in the previous chapter) complained of rodents and insects within their tents, most of the Monnon soldiers lacked complained of rodents and insects within their tents, most of the Mormon soldiers lacked even a tent to sleep in when they arrived in California?96 As the Monnon Battalion even a tent to sleep in when they arrived in California.296 As the Mormon Battalion continued across the mountains, soldiers subsisted on fewer and fewer provisions; continued across the mountains, soldiers subsisted on fewer and fewer provisions; meanwhile, because wagons broke down and their bodies grew weaker, soldiers left meanwhile, because wagons broke down and their bodies grew weaker, soldiers left behind equipment (including objects of personal value) daily. Robert Bliss (a member of behind equipment (including objects of personal value) daily. Robert Bliss (a member of the Monnon Battalion) claimed "it is all some men can do to get into camp at night the Mormon Battalion) claimed "it is all some men can do to get into camp at night although we are favored remarkable with health in the Anny we have been preserved in although we are favored remarkable with health in the Army we have been preserved in that way that all must acknowledge the hand of God in it.,,297 that way that all must acknowledge the hand of God in it." Besides the 2,OOO-mile march, the Monnon soldiers dug wells and blazed a Besides the 2,000-mile march, the Mormon soldiers dug wells and blazed a wagon trail that would open the West up to the rest of the nation. Trailblazing through wagon trail that would open the West up to the rest of the nation. Trailblazing through 292944 TylerTyler,, A Concise History ofq(the the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 276.276. 292955 Ibid.Ibid.,, 245245,, 264-265.264-265. 292966 BieberBieber,, Exploring Southwestern Trails 1846-1854,94-95,97,111,191.1846-1854, 94-95, 97, 111, 191. 292977 AlterAlter,, "Journa"Journall ooff RoberRobertt SS.. BlissBliss,, witwithh ththee MormoMormonn Battalion,Battalion,"" 8383.. 6767 9Q& • • rough, mountainous terrain required intense manuallabor.298 Demonstrating solidarity rough, mountainous terrain required intense manual labor. Demonstrating solidarity299 with his soldiers, Lieutenant Colonel Cooke used an axe to help clear a wagon passage with his soldiers, Lieutenant Colonel Cooke used an axe to help clear a wagon passage299 and joined with his soldiers in physically moving the wagons through an especially and joined with his soldiers in physically moving the wagons through an especially ditIicult rocky ridge. 30o The soldiers suffered significantly crossing the desert and difficult rocky ridge.300 The soldiers suffered significantly crossing the desert and mountainous regions, but none died thanks to the prudence of Colonel Cooke.30l mountainous regions, but none died thanks to the prudence of Colonel Cooke. The Mormon soldiers' fortitude constantly amazed Colonel Cooke. In his journal The Mormon soldiers' fortitude constantly amazed Colonel Cooke. In his journal he wrote that "Notwithstanding their fatigues a number of men walked back two miles for he wrote that "Notwithstanding their fatigues a number of men walked back two miles for their chance of getting water where I first stopped! They are almost barefoot, calTY their their chance of getting water where I first stopped! They are almost barefoot, carry their muskets, knapsacks, etc., and do not grumble.,,302^09 Levi Hancock also noted that the muskets, knapsacks, etc., and do not grumble." Levi Hancock also noted that the OAT soldierssoldiers woulwouldd marcmarchh 2020 milesmiles witwithh "not"not a worwordd ofof complaincomplaintt fromfrom ananyy man.man.,,303" EvenEven whenwhen thethe uniunitt wawass placeplacedd onon halfhalf rationrationss anandd expecteexpectedd a harhardd travetravell ahead,ahead, BlisBlisss claimed:claimed: WWee araree cheerfulcheerful & happhappyy notwithstandinnotwithstandingg wewe havhavee ttoo carrcarryy ouourr Guns!,]Guns[,] accoutrements[,accoutrements[,]] Napsacksf,Napsacks[,]] Canteens[,Canteens[,]] haversackhaversacks[,]s [,] & PusPushh ouourr WagonWagonss allall dadayy overover hillhillss whicwhichh areare nonott fewfew nonorr fafarr betweebetweenn & wwee expectexpect stillstill greatergreater difficultiesdifficulties whewhenn wewe leavleavee thithiss RiveRiverr ttoo croscrosss ththee Mountains.304304 OncOncee ththee battaliobattalionn alTivedarrived iinn CaliforniaCalifornia,, iitt hahadd ththee opportunitopportunityy ttoo partakpattakee iinn thethe samesame activitieactivitiess thatthat foreign-borforeign-bornn CatholicCatholic soldiersoldierss hahadd beebeenn performinperformingg sincesince ththee outsetoutset ofof thethe war:war: buildinbuildingg fortificatiofortificationn anandd practicinpracticingg drilldrill.. MormoMormonn soldiesoldierr commentscomments aboutabout drilldrill andand mormoree drilldrill areare reminiscenreminiscentt ttoo thosthosee useusedd bbyy alalll soldierssoldiers.. 305 HoweverHowever,, iinn ththee casecase 298 SmithSmith,, Captain Jefferson Hunt of the Mormon Battalion, 105105.. 292999 "Setting"Setting aann exampleexample myselmyselff [Cooke],[Cooke], thertheree wawass mucmuchh labolaborr dondonee onon iitt [the[the mountaimountainn passagepassage]] beforbeforee thethe wagonwagonss came;came; thathatt isis,, witwithh axeaxess wwee poundedpounded,, broke,broke, splitsplit,, anandd hewehewedd ththee rockrockss ttoo increasincreasee thethe opening."opening." Bieber,Bieber, Exploring Southwestern Trails 1846-1854,222.1846-1854, 222. 30000 AbrahaAbrahamm DaDayy IIIIII JournalJournal,, 2525.. 303011 Smith,Smith, Captain Jefferson Hunt of the Mormon Battalion, 105105.. 302302 BieberBieber,, Exploring Southwestern Trails 1846-1854, 164164.. 303303 LevLevii HancockHancock,, asas quotedquoted iinn BigleBiglerr anandd BagleyBagley,, Army of Israel, 74-7574-75.. 304304 AlterAlter,, "Journal"Journal ooff RoberRobertt S.S. BlissBliss,, witwithh ththee MormoMormonn Battalion,Battalion,"" 76-77.76-77. 305 305 AccordinAccordingg ttoo SergeantSergeant WilliaWilliamm Coray,Coray, iitt wawass "the"the firsfirstt timtimee [he[he]] wawass everever taughtaughtt ttoo turtumn around."around." BiglerBigler anandd Bagley,Bagley, Army of Israel, 192.192. 6868 ooff ththee poorlpoorlyy trainetrainedd MormoMormonn soldiers,soldiers, thethe lessonslessons werweree ververyy importanimportantt anandd demonstrateddemonstrated Colonel Cooke's concem for the well-being• of his soldiers?06• 306 Colonel Cooke's concern for the well-being of his soldiers. One way in which soldiers dealt with harsh work environments was through One way in which soldiers dealt with harsh work environments was through obstinacy. Lieutenant Colonel Cooke described his frustrations in his joumal on obstinacy. Lieutenant Colonel Cooke described his frustrations in his journal on November 1, 1846: November 1, 1846: It took me until half past nine o'clock to make these arrangements, which I had It took me until half past nine o'clock to make these arrangements, which I had repeatedly ordered eighteen hours before, and then had to do it myself. A dumb repeatedly ordered eighteen hours before, and then had to do it myself. A dumb spirit has possessed all for the last twenty-four hours, and not one in ten of my spirit has possessed all for the last twenty-four hours, and not one in ten of my orders has been understood and obeyed. All the vexations and troubles of any orders has been understood and obeyed. All the vexations and troubles of any other three days of my life have not equaled those of the said twenty-four hours. other three days of my life have not equaled those of the said twenty-four hours. My attention is constantly on the stretch for the smallest things. I have to order My attention is constantly on the stretch for the smallest things. I have to order and then see that it is done. There is a wonderful amount of solidity, ignorance, and then see that it is done. There is a wonderful amount of solidity, ignorance, negligence, and obstinacy which I have to contend with.307 negligence, and obstinacy which I have to contend with. Foreign-borForeign-bomn regularegularr soldiersoldierss coulcouldd havhavee expecteexpectedd somsomee typtypee ooff disciplinardisciplinaryy actioactionn forfor similasimilarr behaviobehaviorr - especiallyespecially sincsincee a mistakmistakee iinn drildrilll alonealone coulcouldd eareamn a soldiersoldier a slashslash frofromm a saber.saber. AnotheAnotherr wawayy MormoMormonn soldiersoldierss dealdealtt witwithh theitheirr miserablmiserablee situationsituation wawass ttoo getget drunkdrunk.. ContrarContraryy ttoo whawhatt manmanyy MormonMormonss woulwouldd likelike ttoo believebelieve,, ththee MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers drownedrownedd theitheirr sorrowssorrows ththee samesame aass alalll soldiersoldierss dididd duringduring thithiss timtimee periodperiod,, throughthrough consuminconsumingg alcoholalcohol.. FroFromm 44thth ooff JulJulyy celebrations,celebrations,308308 ttoo well-patronizewell-patronizedd MexicanMexican grocers,grocers,309309 ththee soldierssoldiers drandrankk everythineverythingg frofromm winwinee ttoo whiskywhisky.. HoweverHowever,, thankthankss ttoo thethe presencpresencee ooff ththee MormoMormonn brethrenbrethren,, witwithh ththee exceptioexceptionn ooff ononee well-documentewell-documentedd drunkendrunken 306 SoldiersSoldiers ddoo nonott usuallusuallyy understanunderstandd thathatt a leaderleader whowho carescares abouaboutt thethemm taketakess ththee timtimee ttoo traitrainn themthem;; itit taketakess a lolott mormoree timtimee anandd efforteffort ttoo traitrainn someonesomeone,, thathann ttoo dodo nothing.nothing. 307307 BieberBieber,, Exploring Southwestern Trails 1846-1854,1846-1854,83-84. 83-84. 308308 Tyler,Tyler, A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 287.287. 309309 DrDr.. SandersonSanderson enjoyeenjoyedd notinnotingg perceiveperceivedd hypocrisiehypocrisiess perpetuateperpetuatedd bbyy MormoMormonn soldiersoldierss iinn hihiss journaljournal.. OnOn OctobeOctoberr 33,, 18461846 hhee claimclaimss thathatt MormonMormonss purchasepurchasedd whiskwhiskyy fromfrom ththee travelintravelingg MexicaMexicann grocery.grocery. OnOn SeptembeSeptemberr 2020,, 18461846 hhee discoverediscoveredd twtwoo soldiersoldierss playinplayingg cardscards;; apparentlyapparently thetheyy attempteattemptedd ttoo disguisdisguisee thethe activitactivityy ttoo makmakee iitt appeaappearr liklikee thetheyy werweree restinrestingg iinn prayerprayer.. DrDr.. GeorgGeorgee BB.. SandersonSanderson Journal,Journal, SeptemberSeptember 20,20, 18461846 andand OctobeOctoberr 33,1846,, 1846, typescripttypescript,, 9-10,9-10, 15,15, MarriottMarriott LibraryLibrary,, SalSaltt LakLakee CityCity,, UT.UT. 6969 festfest afteafterr thetheyy arrivedarrived iinn CaliforniaCalifornia,, ththee MormonMormon soldiersoldierss drankdrank conservatively.conservatively. InIn hishis diary,diary, LieutenanLieutenantt PacPacee explained:explained: IInn ththee afternoonafternoon ththee seaneryseanery [scenery][scenery] ofof drunkennesdrunkennesss wawass lamentablelamentable.. TheThe screamscreamss & yellyellss ofof drunkedrunkenn MormonMormonss woulwouldd ofof [have][have] disgraceddisgraced thethe wilwildd IndianIndian mutcmutchh [sic][sic] moomoorr [sic][sic] a Lat[t]erdayLat[t]erday SaintSaint.. ThiThiss drunkennessdrunkenness wawass onon ththee 2233 & 2424 [March,[March, 1847].1847]. [On][On] ththee 2255 [th,][th,] thethe BattalionBattalion waswas sobersober & beganbegan toto actact likelike theythey began to know themselves.311 1 0A began to know themselves. Even when drinking, because Mormon society tended to be insular, they did not often Even when drinking, because Mormon society tended to be insular, they did not often separate themselves from their brethren. This made them easier to control and less separate themselves from their brethren. This made them easier to control and less vulnerable targets for Mexicans to capture than foreign-born soldiers who tended to be vulnerable targets for Mexicans to capture than foreign-born soldiers who tended to be more individual in their drinking activities. Lieutenant Colonel Cooke never mentions more individual in their drinking activities. Lieutenant Colonel Cooke never mentions any problems with drunken soldiers; he does, however, lament his habitually drunk and any problems with drunken soldiers; he does, however, lament his habitually drunk and mcompetent. gm'd es w h ose mlormatIOn . c· was a Iways questIOna . bl e:311 incompetent guides whose information was always questionable.311 Because of the insular society, and the fact that 42 percent312 of the Mormon Because of the insular society, and the fact that 42 percent312 of the Mormon soldiers were married, they were not very susceptible to being seduced by beautiful soldiers were married, they were not very susceptible to being seduced by beautiful young Mexican girls. Whereas the majority ofthe foreign-born Catholic soldiers who young Mexican girls. Whereas the majority of the foreign-born Catholic soldiers who deserted and defected were single (or believed single), the Mormon soldiers had brought deserted and defected were single (or believed single), the Mormon soldiers had brought over 30 oftheir wives with them with the intention of taking them to California. The over 30 of their wives with them with the intention of taking them to California. The remaining soldiers' wives and extended families that relied on federal aid through soldier remaining soldiers' wives and extended families that relied on federal aid through soldier pay and government authorization for temporary settling of Indian lands in the Iowa pay and government authorization for temporary settling of Indian lands in the Iowa Territory ensured the soldiers' faithful service. According to William Coray, "We durst Territory ensured the soldiers' faithful service. According to William Coray, "We durst 310 JameJamess PacePace,, aass quotequotedd iinn BiglerBigler anandd Bagley,Bagley, Army of Israel, 203203.. 313lI1 BieberBieber,, Exploring Southwestern Trails 1846-1854,86,100,113,161,163,178.1846-1854, 86, 100, 113, 161, 163, 178. 313122 SeeSee AppendiAppendixx A.A. 7700 nonott reberebell forfor feafearr ofof afterafter clappsclapps comincomingg onon ththee church."church.,,313313 WheWhenn ColonelColonel CookCookee sentsent thethe 314314 familiefamiliess ttoo wintewinterr atat PuebloPueblo,, hhee ensuredensured thathatt thetheyy receivereceivedd provisionprovisionss toto lastlast ththee season.season. AlthoughAlthough alalll ththee MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers remaineremainedd faithfulfaithful ttoo ththee U.SU.S.. governmentgovernment,, thosethose whwhoo latelaterr reenlistereenlistedd hahadd mormoree iinn commoncommon witwithh ththee foreign-borforeign-bornn CatholicCatholic soldiers.soldiers. ToTo begibeginn withwith,, arounaroundd 8888 percenpercentt ooff thosthosee whwhoo reenlistereenlistedd werweree unmarriedunmarried.. BecausBecausee theythey werweree unmarriedunmarried,, thetheyy hahadd leslesss incentivincentivee ttoo suffesufferr ththee hardshiphardshipss ofof a returreturnn triptrip;; thetheyy couldcould mormoree easileasilyy acceptaccept anandd demonstratdemonstratee theitheirr allegiancallegiancee ttoo ththee governmentgovernment whicwhichh suppliedsupplied theitheirr paycheckspaychecks.. AnotheAnotherr importanimportantt notnotee iiss ththee increasincreasee inin percentagpercentagee ofof foreign-bornforeign-born soldierssoldiers withiwithinn ththee MormoMormonn BattalionBattalion,, fromfrom 1818 ttoo 1919 percenpercentt (including(including threthreee ooff ththee fourfour German-born soldiers - two of whom remained in California) who reenlisted.313155 During German-born soldiers - two of whom remained in California) who reenlisted. During this time period, the army was very successful in luring the immigrant into national this time period, the army was very successful in luring the immigrant into national service. This service helped create within the immigrant a national identity and offered service. This service helped create within the immigrant a national identity and offered him opportunities of upward mobility within society. him opportunities of upward mobility within society. PoorPoor TreatmentTreatment foforr ththee SicSickk anandd WoundedWounded BotBothh ththee MormoMormonn anandd foreign-borforeign-bornn CatholicCatholic soldierssoldiers equallequallyy sufferesufferedd from poorpoor medicamedicall treatmentreatmentt duringduring ththee warwar.. AlthougAlthoughh ththee MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers diddid nonott havhavee ttoo suffersuffer ththee horrorhorrorss ooff ththee armyarmy field hospitalhospital,, theitheirr greatesgreatestt enemenemyy wawass theirtheir surgeonsurgeon whowhomm theythey nicknamenicknamedd "Dr."Dr. Death.Death."" BecausBecausee ofof DrDr.. GeorgGeorgee Sanderson'Sanderson'ss dominandominantt influenceinfluence,, thethe AssistanAssistantt Surgeon,Surgeon, DrDr.. MclntyrMcIntyree ((aa MormoMormonn botanibotanicc physiciaphysiciann whowho wawass moremore 3,3133 RickettsRicketts,, The Mormon Battalion, 8.8. 313144 AlthougAlthoughh ththee SaintSaintss tootookk ththee newnewss poorlpoorlyy (the(theyy wantewantedd ttoo havhavee a votvotee anandd holholdd a council),council), thithiss movemove probablprobablyy savedsaved ththee livelivess ooff manmanyy womewomenn anandd childrechildrenn sincesince thetheyy dididd nonott havhavee ttoo participatparticipatee iinn thethe trailblazintrailblazingg marcmarchh fromfrom SantSantaa FeFe,, NeNeww MexicoMexico ttoo CaliforniaCalifornia.. Smith,Smith, Captain Jefferson Hunt of the the Mormon Battalion, 7733 anandd JohJohnn SteeleSteele DiaryDiary,, OctoberOctober 12,1846,12-13.12, 1846, 12-13. 313155 SeeSee AppendiAppendixx A.A. 7171 competent)competent),, waswas restricterestrictedd fromfrom administeringadministering ttoo thethe needneedss ooff ththee soldiersoldierss iinn ththee battalion.battalion. Dr.Dr. SandersoSandersonn becambecamee enragedenraged ifif soldierssoldiers receivereceivedd medicinmedicinee fromfrom anyonanyonee bubutt himself.himself. OnOnee day,day, whewhenn hhee caughtcaught twtwoo soldierssoldiers ridingriding inin ththee bacbackk ooff a wagowagonn becausbecausee thetheyy werewere totooo sicsickk ttoo walwalkk anandd discovereddiscovered thetheyy hahadd receivereceivedd medicinmedicinee fromfrom DrDr.. MclntyreMcIntyre,, hehe becambecamee ververyy upsetupset.. HeHe broughbroughtt ththee issuissuee ttoo ththee attentionattention ooff LieutenanLieutenantt Smith,Smith, who,who, supportinsupportingg ththee doctordoctor,, statedstated,, "if"if ananyy mamann inin ththee battaliobattalionn dididd ththee liklikee againagain,, hhee woulwouldd cutcut his throat.,,316316 Smith also threatened to tie a rope around the neck of any soldier who his throat." Smith also threatened to tie a rope around the neck of any soldier who received their medicine in a like manner and drag them behind a wagon for a day. received their medicine in a like manner and drag them behind a wagon for a day. Meanwhile, Dr. Sanderson cursed prolifically and threatened to "send as many Meanwhile, Dr. Sanderson cursed prolifically and threatened to "send as many [Mormons] to hell as he could.,,317 On September 21, 1846, Samuel Rogers, while on [Mormons] to hell as he could."317 On September 21, 1846, Samuel Rogers, while on guard, overheard a discussion between Lieutenant Smith, Dr. Sanderson, and the adj utant. guard, overheard a discussion between Lieutenant Smith, Dr. Sanderson, and the adjutant. From the course of their conversation, Rogers understood that the forced marches were From the course of their conversation, Rogers understood that the forced marches were devised to make the men sick and force them to take the doctor's medicine. Rogers devised to make the men sick and force them to take the doctor's medicine. Rogers believed that "they seemed determined to kill the soldiers.,,318 believed that "they seemed determined to kill the soldiers."318 In a number of accounts, Dr. Sanderson is blamed for the death of at least one In a number of accounts, Dr. Sanderson is blamed for the death of at least one soldier, Private Alva Phelps. The soldier refused to take the surgeon's medicine, soldier, Private Alva Phelps. The soldier refused to take the surgeon's medicine, claiming that it was against his religion, but the doctor forced it down his throat anyway claiming that it was against his religion, but the doctor forced it down his throat anyway and he died shortly after the incident.319 This incident almost led to a mutiny. Captain and he died shortly after the incident. This incident almost led to a mutiny. Captain Hunt's daughter (Pauline Smith) claimed "It took all of Jefferson's rCaptain Hunt's] Hunt's daughter (Pauline Smith) claimed "It took all of Jefferson's [Captain Hunt's] patience and wisdom to keep the men from mutiny against Lieutenant Smith and Dr. patience and wisdom to keep the men from mutiny against Lieutenant Smith and Dr. 3166 AbrahamAbraham DayDay IIIIII JournalJournal,, 12;12; WilliamWilliam HydHydee Journal,Journal, SeptemberSeptember 3,3, 1846,24-25.1846, 24-25. 313177 WilliaWilliamm HydeHyde Journal,Journal, SeptemberSeptember 3,3, 1846,24-25.1846, 24-25. j18 318 SamueSamuell RogersRogers,, asas quotedquoted iinn RickettsRicketts,, The Mormon Battalion, 57.57. 313199 JeffersoJeffersonn HunHuntt andand JessJessee DD.. HunterHunter,, aass citecitedd iinn BigleBiglerr anandd BagleyBagley,, Army of Israel, 99-101;99-101; WindersWinders,, Mr. Polk's Army, 154;154; andand Larson,Larson, Database of the Mormon Battalion, 189.189. 7272 Sanderson.,,32oSanderson." DrDr.. SandersoSandersonn coverscovers ththee incidentincident a littlelittle differentlydifferently inin hihiss journaljournal:: "We"We hadhad ononee mamann dieddied whowho obstinatelobstinatelyy refuserefusedd ttoo taktakee medicinmedicinee untiuntill totooo latelate.. HHee diediedd ofof CongestioCongestionn FeverFever.. A greagreatt dealdeal ofof obstinacyobstinacy anandd superstitionsuperstition prevailprevailss amonamongg thethe MormonMormonss abouaboutt Medicine.Medicine. TheTheyy believbelievee oror pretenpretendd ttoo believbelievee iinn ththee efficacyefficacy ofof prayersprayers &c."&C.,,321321 ThThee ononee orderorder thathatt ththee MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers refuserefusedd ttoo obeobeyy wawass ththee requiremenrequirementt toto consumconsumee Dr.Dr. Sanderson'sSanderson's medicationsmedications.. AbrahaAbrahamm DaDayy IIIIII explainedexplained thathatt ththee sicksick wouldwould throthrowawayw away ththee doctor'doctor'ss powderspowders ratheratherr thanthan consumeconsume thethemm anandd thathatt whenwhen DrDr.. SandersonSanderson discoverediscoveredd thithiss hehe forcedforced ththee sicksick ttoo "take"take theitheirr medicinmedicinee outout ooff hishis oldold blacblackk spoonspoon inin hishis presence.presence.,,322" WheWhenn BenjaminBenjamin RobertRobertss becambecamee ill,ill, DrDr.. SandersonSanderson prescribeprescribedd ththee usualusual calomel,calomel, whicwhichh RobertsRoberts wiselwiselyy mostlmostlyy spatspat outout ooff hihiss moutmouthh afteafterr hehe passepassedd ththee doctor'sdoctor's tenttent.. ButBut hihiss conditioncondition worsenedworsened anandd eventuallyeventually,, afteafterr losinlosingg mormoree weight,weight, hhee "could"could spanspan hihiss legleg withwith hihiss fingerfinger andand thumthumbb andand slidslidee thethemm allall ththee wawayy uupp hihiss leg.,,323leg."323 WilliaWilliamm HydHydee besbestt expressedexpressed ththee generagenerall feelinfeelingg ofof ththee soldierssoldiers whewhenn hhee said,said, "My"My healthealthh hahadd nonoww beebeenn ververyy poopoorr foforr severalseveral daysdays,, bubutt I stillstill performeperformedd mmyy daildailyy tasktask withoutwithout complainingcomplaining.. ThThee ideaidea ooff mmyy comingcoming undeunderr ththee carecare ofof ouourr surgeonsurgeon wawass ououtt ofof ththee questionquestion.. ConsequentlyConsequently I toiledtoiled on,on, sicksick oror well."well.,,324324 LikLikee ththee foreign-borforeign-bornn CatholicCatholic soldiersoldierss iinn ththee east,east, somesome turneturnedd ttoo self-treatmentsself-treatments,, besidebesidess prayerprayer.. HealthHealthyy soldierssoldiers sometimesometimess stoodstood guarguardd dutdutyy foforr ththee sick,sick, allowingallowing thethemm ttoo hidhidee theitheirr poopoorr healthealthh frofromm thethe 320 Smith,Smith, Captain Jefferson Hunt of the Mormon Battalion, 74.74. 323211 DrDr.. GeorgeGeorge B8.. SandersonSanderson JournalJournal,, SeptemberSeptember 19,19, 1846,9.1846, 9. 323222 AbrahaAbrahamm DaDayy IIIIII JournalJournal,, 1212.. 323233 BenjaminBenjamin MorgaMorgann RobertRobertss DocumentsDocuments andand NewNewss Clippings,Clippings, typescripttypescript,, 22,, MarriottMarriott Library,Library, UniversityUniversity ooff UtahUtah,, SaltSalt LakLakee City,City, UT.UT. 323244 WilliaWilliamm HydHydee Journal,Journal, JanuaryJanuary 12,12, 1847,38.1847, 38. 7373 325325 surgeon. WheWhenn LieutenanLieutenantt SmithSmith discovereddiscovered thisthis,, hhee angrilangrilyy threatenethreatenedd ttoo putput thethe sergeantssergeants iinn ironsirons iiff thetheyy continuedcontinued ttoo writwritee falsfalsee reportsreports.. BecausBecausee tensionstensions continuedcontinued toto escalateescalate,, ththee MormoMormonn officersofficers helheldd a secresecrett meetinmeetingg anandd unanimouslunanimouslyy decidedecidedd ttoo adhereadhere ttoo ththee MormoMormonn Church'sChurch's councicouncill andand nonott taktakee ththee medicinmedicinee (thus(thus refusinrefusingg ttoo followfollow a direct order).326^9 ft direct order). Conditions improved once Lieutenant Colonel Cooke assumed command of the Conditions improved once Lieutenant Colonel Cooke assumed command of the battalion. He was a wise leader who understood that the soldiers and animals were battalion. He was a wise leader who understood that the soldiers and animals were becoming sick from fatigue, lack of food, and exposure to the elements. Although he becoming sick from fatigue, lack of food, and exposure to the elements. Although he maintained Dr. Sanderson on his staff, Cooke looked for ideas to improve the condition maintained Dr. Sanderson on his staff, Cooke looked for ideas to improve the condition of his soldiers. He also recognized the peril sick soldiers faced in trying to travel from of his soldiers. He also recognized the peril sick soldiers faced in trying to travel from Santa Fe to Los Angeles, while trailblazing routes for future migration. Cooke, therefore, Santa Fe to Los Angeles, while trailblazing routes for future migration. Cooke, therefore, sent three instaIJments of sick soldiers to winter, and get healthy, in Pueblo. This sent three installments of sick soldiers to winter, and get healthy, in Pueblo. This demonstration of mercy was more than most foreign-born regular soldiers could have demonstration of mercy was more than most foreign-born regular soldiers could have dared to hope for, especially since officers generally visited the sick tents to take soldiers dared to hope for, especially since officers generally visited the sick tents to take soldiers back to work. back to work. LacLackk ooff FooFoodd andand WaterWater AccordinAccordingg ttoo manmanyy ofof ththee historicahistoricall recordsrecords,, ththee soldierssoldiers'' illnesseillnessess werweree causecausedd byby exhaustion,exhaustion, malnutritionmalnutrition,, anandd dehydrationdehydration.. ExhaustionExhaustion,, especiallyespecially forfor ththee infantrinfantryy duringduring a timetime ofof warwar whenwhen theythey areare expectedexpected toto marchmarch greatgreat distances,distances, isis toto bebe expected.expected. ":125 OnOn DecemberDecember 10,10, 18461846 LieutenantLieutenant PacePace allowedallowed a friendfriend toto standstand guardguard forfor HenryHenry StandageStandage becausebecause hehe wawass sicksick;; thithiss happenehappenedd withouwithoutt informininfonningg DrDr.. SandersonSanderson ooff ththee soldier'ssoldier's sicksick status.status. GoldnerGoldner,, The MarchMarch of the Mormon Battalion, 192192.. 323266 OOnn AugusAugustt 19,19, 1846,1846, BrighaBrighamm YounYoungg sentsent a letteletterr ttoo ththee MormoMonnonn BattalioBattalionn officersofficers instructininstructingg themthem notnot ttoo taktakee DrDr.. Sanderson'Sanderson'ss medicinemedicine.. RickettsRicketts,, The Mormon Battalion, 5757 andand TylerTyler,, A Concise History ofafthe the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 146.146. 7474 RationsRations,, oonn thethe otheotherr hand,hand, shouldshould bebe plentifuplentifull ttoo providprovidee energenergyy anandd endurancendurancee toto thethe soldierssoldiers.. AccordinAccordingg ttoo botbothh PaulinPaulinee SmithSmith anandd DeVotoDeVoto,, ththee armyarmy hahadd limitedlimited suppliessupplies durinduringg ththee MexicaMexicann WaWarr anandd alalll unitunitss sufferesufferedd fromfrom a laclackk ofof availableavailable provisionsprovisions?27. ToTo compensatcompensatee foforr thithiss shortfall,shortfall, eaceachh ofof ththee commanders,commanders, includinincludingg LieutenanLieutenantt Smith,Smith, mademade iitt oneone ofof theitheirr prioritieprioritiess ttoo acquiracquiree rationrationss foforr theitheirr soldierssoldiers.. OnOn twtwoo separateseparate occasions,occasions, ththee commandercommander ofof ththee MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn forceforcedd ththee MissourMissourii VolunteeVolunteerr RegimenRegimentt toto share rations with Mormon soldiers.328^98 When Lieutenant Colonel Cooke assumed share rations with Mormon soldiers. When Lieutenant Colonel Cooke assumed command of the battalion, he quickly recognized that his biggest issue was the shortfall command of the battalion, he quickly recognized that his biggest issue was the shortfall of rations and water; issued insufficient supplies before leaving Santa Fe, he spent a lot of of rations and water; issued insufficient supplies before leaving Santa Fe, he spent a lot of his time acquiring and then trying to maintain rations, cattle, sheep, and mule/oxen teams his time acquiring an329d then trying to maintain rations, cattle, sheep, and mule/oxen teams to pull the wagons. ^90 to pull thThee wagons ft of rations. further exacerbated the problem. 0 n Iiour speCI'fi IC occaSIOns;. 330 330 Cooke notedTheft thatof ration soldierss furthe hadr eitherexacerbate over-consumedd the problem or stolen. On fou armyr specifi rationsc occasions,to feed private animals.Cooke note Ond thaDecembert soldier 23,s ha 1846,d eithe her over-consumewrote, "One companyd or stole whichn army should ration shave, to fee withoutd privat e animalswastage,. twenty-sixOn Decembe days',r 23 ,has 1846 eight!, he wroteWhat, "Oncan ea compancommandery whic doh with shoul a dpeople have, whowithou actt wastageand manage, twenty-si thus? xIf days' they , starve,has eight they! Whawill tbe ca uselessn a commande or stealr anddo witrob.,,33lh a peopl e who act 331 and managThise thusselfishness? If the byy starve a few, individualsthey will be forced useles thes or Colonelsteal an dto rob." reallocate rations throughoutThis the selfishnes battalion.s b yHungry a few individual soldiers dids force not dalways the Colone believel to their reallocat commandinge rations throughout the battalion. Hungry soldiers did not always believe their commanding 327 SmithSmith,, Captain Jefferson Hunt of the Mormon Battalion, 9393;; DeVoto,DeVoto, The Year of Decision, 324.324. 328328 ThThee firsfirstt wawass ththee instanceinstance previouslpreviouslyy citedcited involvinginvolving LieutenanLieutenantt ColoneColonell AllenAllen.. ThThee second,second, involvinginvolving LieutenanLieutenantt A.JA.J.. Smith,Smith, occurreoccurredd oonn SeptemberSeptember 16,16, 1846.1846. LieutenanLieutenantt SmithSmith requesterequestedd suppliessupplies fromfrom ColonelColonel SterlingSterling PricPricee andand ththee MissourMissourii VolunteeVolunteerr CavalryCavalry.. AfteAfterr ColoneColonell PricPricee deniedeniedd ththee requesrequestt andand statestatedd thatthat hhee wawass nonott haulinhaulingg provisionprovisionss forfor MormonsMormons,, LieutenanLieutenantt SmithSmith threatenethreatenedd ttoo "let"let looseloose ththee MormonsMormons"" onon thethemm alongalong witwithh artilleryartillery fire. TheThe MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn soosoonn afteafterr receivereceivedd thethe muchmuch neededneeded supplies.supplies. RickettsRicketts,, The Mormon Battalion, 5555.. 329329 BieberBieber,, Exploring Southwestern Trails 1846-1854, 70-7170-71,, 7474,, 79-8179-81,83-84,, 83-84, 108,108, 114,114, 153,153, 171700 andand AlterAlter,, "Journal"Journal ooff RoberRobertt S.S. BlissBliss,, witwithh ththee MormoMormonn Battalion,Battalion,"" 8181.. 330330 Ibid.Ibid.,, 107,107, 174 174,, 182,182, 190.190. 331331 Ibid.Ibid.,, 174.174. 7575 officerofficer.. SomeSome feltfelt thathatt thethe shortageshortagess ththee MormonMormonss experienceexperiencedd werweree excessiveexcessive,, sincesince rationinrationingg wawass imposeimposedd shortlshortlyy afteafterr leavinleavingg SantaSanta FFee andand thertheree werweree SpanishSpanish residencesresidences availableavailable wherwheree provisionprovisionss couldcould havhavee beebeenn obtained?32obtained. NoNorr diddid ththee soldierssoldiers wanwantt toto admitadmit thatthat thetheyy themselvesthemselves werweree responsiblresponsiblee foforr somsomee ooff ththee shortfallsshortfalls.. IInn hihiss journal,journal, CookeCooke recorderecordedd sevesevenn separateseparate occurrenceoccurrencess 333 whenwhen,, duringduring ththee nightnight,, guardsguards loslostt beevesbeeves andand mulemuless becausbecausee thetheyy failedfailed ttoo properlproperlyy pickepickett andand watcwatchh them.them. AAss thetheyy traveletraveledd acrossacross ththee desertdesert andand througthroughh ththee mountainmountainss onon halhalff and,and, later,later, less-than-halfrations,334less-than-half rations,334 soldierssoldiers tradetradedd theitheirr clothingclothing foforr a pittancpittancee ooff foodfood frofromm ththee locallocal Indians.Indians. BecausBecausee ooff theitheirr physicaphysicall wanwantt foforr sustenancesustenance,, ththee MormoMormonn soldiersoldierss consumedconsumed anythinganything andand everythingeverything ediblediblee (includin(includingg intestines).intestines). UnlikUnlikee ththee foreign-borforeign-bornn regularregular soldierssoldiers undeunderr GeneralsGenerals TaylorTaylor andand ScottScott whwhoo gogott inin troubletrouble whewhenn thetheyy scavengescavengedd forfor food,food, whewhenn possiblepossible,, ColonelColonel CookCookee alloweallowedd hihiss soldierssoldiers ttoo hunhuntt andand fisfishh ttoo supplementsupplement theirtheir shortfallshortfall iinn rationsrations.. However,However, iifhef he recognizerecognizedd thathatt thertheree wawass a shortfalshortfalll ooff watewaterr oror fodder,fodder, hehe woulwouldd orderorder hishis soldierssoldiers toto continucontinuee theitheirr march?35march.335 InIn January,January, ]1847 847,, LieutenanLieutenantt ColonelColonel CookeCooke wawass responsiblresponsiblee forfor a failefailedd initiativeinitiative thathatt costcost ththee battaliobattalionn hundredhundredss ofof poundpoundss ooff graigrainn (corn(corn andand flour)flour),, porkpork,, andand campcamp equipmentequipment thathatt woulwouldd havhavee greatlgreatlyy facilitatedfacilitated trailblazintrailblazingg effortsefforts iinn ththee mountainsmountains.. ToTo relieverelieve thethe exhaustedexhausted mulmulee teamsteams,, hhee deviseddevised a plaplann ttoo ususee raftraftss toto transportransportt ththee suppliessupplies 332 SGTSGT WilliaWilliamm Coray,Coray, asas citedcited iinn BigleBiglerr andand BagleyBagley,, Army of()f Israel, 156;156; AlterAlter,, "The"The JournaJournall ofof NathanielNathaniel VV.. Jones,Jones, witwithh ththee MormoMormonn Battalion,Battalion,"" 1010;; anandd WilliaWilliamm HydHydee JournalJournal,, NovembeNovemberr 33,, 1846,1846, DecembeDecemberr 2323,, 1846,1846, JanuaryJanuary 2222,, 18471847,29,36,39., 29, 36, 39. 333333 BieberBieber,, Exploringt-xploringSouthwestern Southwestern Trails 1846-1854,1846-1854,71,81,93,136-137,148,151,188. 71, 81, 93, 136-137, 148, 151, 188. 333344 AAtt timestimes,, ththee soldier'ssoldier's solesole sourcsourcee ooff sustenancsustenancee wawass beefbeef;; DaDayy complainedcomplained inin hishis journajournall abouaboutt notnot eveneven havinhavingg salsaltt ttoo seasoseasonn it.it. AbrahaAbrahamm DaDayy IIIIII .fournal,Journal, 2727.. 335335 BieberBieber,, Exploring Southwestern Trails 1846-1854, 131131,, 142142.. 7676 dowdownn riverriver.. ButBut ththee raftraftss gogott stuckstuck oonn sandbarsandbarss anandd ththee soldierssoldiers abandoneabandonedd mucmuchh ooff thethe suppliessupplies,, minuminuss 404000 poundpoundss ofof flourflour whicwhichh thetheyy recoveredrecovered,, ttoo returreturnn ttoo ththee unit?36unit. EveEvenn afterafter ththee uniunitt arrivearrivedd inin CaliforniaCalifornia,, problemproblemss witwithh supplsupplyy shipsships anandd groundground transportationtransportation sometimesometimess affectedaffected ththee soldierssoldiers'' rationsrations.. WheWhenn sucsuchh a situationsituation arosarosee inin March,March, 18471847 andand CookeCooke decideddecided ttoo reducreducee rationrationss again,again, somesome ooff ththee soldierssoldiers threatenedthreatened nonott toto drildrilll againagain unlesunlesss thetheyy receivereceivedd bettebetterr food.food. CookCookee reactereactedd quicklyquickly,, orderingordering thethe soldiers• placed under guard and put in the stockade; there were no more incidents.• • 337337 soldiers placed under guard and put in the stockade; there were no more incidents. Worse than the shortage of rations was the lack of available drinking water. Worse than the shortage of rations was the lack of available drinking water. Some officers (including Dr. Sanderson and Lieutenant Smith) made it a general practice Some officers (including Dr. Sanderson and Lieutenant Smith) made it a general practice to go on the advance parties. On these parties, they hunted meat for themselves and to go on the advance parties. On these parties, they hunted meat for themselves and arrived first at the watering holes. After sating their own thirst, and that of their animals, arrived first at the watering holes. After sating their own thirst, and that of their animals, Dr. Sanderson mocked the soldiers under his care, laughing at their sorrow:338 Dr. Sanderson mocked the soldiers under his care, laughing at their sorrow: It was quite amusing to see both man and beast, when we would approach places It was quite amusing to see both man and beast, when we would approach places where there had been water but now dry. Each would press forward to satiate where there had been water but now dry. Each would press forward to satiate their thirst. There were some places that retained a small quantity of something their thirst. There were some places that retained a small quantity of something resembling water which was eagerly swallowed.339 resembling water which was eagerly swallowed. WhileWhile crossincrossingg ththee desertdesert,, CookeCooke sentsent didigg partiepartiess aheadahead ttoo preparpreparee wellwellss forfor thethe approachinapproachingg battaliobattalionn anandd futurefuture unitunitss thathatt wouldwould follofolloww ththee trailtrail.. HHee ofteoftenn requiredrequired thesthesee teamteamss ttoo keepkeep diggindiggingg untiuntill thetheyy founfoundd watewaterr foforr hihiss beleaguerebeleagueredd troops.troopS?40340 OnOn oneone occasionoccasion,, AbrahamAbraham DayDay camcamee intintoo conflictconflict witwithh somesome officerofficerss oonn ththee advancedadvanced partpartyy whowho werweree lettingletting theirtheir mulemuless drindrinkk ththee watewaterr beforbeforee ththee memenn arrived.arrived. ThThee altercationaltercation escalatedescalated untiluntil LieutenantLieutenant ColonelColonel CookeCooke arrivedarrived andand said:said: 336 Ibid.Ibid.,, 194,194, 227.227. 337 GoldnerGoldner,, The March of the Mormon Battalion, 212-213212-213.. '38 J DrDr.. GeorgeGeorge BB.. SandersonSanderson Journal,Journal, NovembeNovemberr 23,23, 1846,30-31.1846, 30-31. 339 Ibid.Ibid.,, SeptembeSeptemberr 1919,, 1846,9.1846, 9. 340 Bieber,Bieber, Exploring Southwestern Trails 1846-1854,104-105,109,1846-1854, 104-105, 109, 111Ill,, 141,141, 164,204-205,214.164, 204-205,214. 7777 "What's"What's ththee mattermatter,, Day?"Day?" HHee answeredanswered,, makinmakingg ththee militarmilitaryy salute,salute, "There"There areare memenn lettinlettingg theitheirr animalanimalss drink,drink, anandd I thinthinkk memenn shouldshould bbee servedserved first."first." "Present"Present bayonetbayonetss anandd keekeepp thethemm backback"" wawass alalll CookCookee said,said, whicwhichh commancommandd wawass quicklyquickly andand roughlroughlyy obeyed.obeyed. 341341 WhilWhilee CookeCooke seemedseemed ththee herheroo oofthatf that dayday,, ththee eternaleternal pessimistpessimist,, SergeantSergeant JonesJones,, claimedclaimed thathatt oonn anotheranother dayday,, CookeCooke anandd hihiss officerofficerss letlet theitheirr mulesmules drinkdrink uupp allall ththee watewaterr beforebefore ththee menmen gogott ttoo ththee hole.342342 AAtt timestimes,, ththee soldiersoldierss marchemarchedd forfor daydayss witwithh littllittlee oror nnoo water.water. SergeantSergeant HydeHyde notenotedd iinn hihiss journajournall that:that: TheThe distancdistancee thathatt wwee hahadd travelledtravelled withouwithoutt watewaterr foforr ththee mulesmules,, andand bubutt a dropdrop forfor a smallsmall portionportion ofof thethe men,men, waswas notnot lessless thanthan 7070 milesmiles acrossacross a barrenbarren desert.desert. AfteAfterr wwee werweree encamped,encamped, ththee ColoneColonell saidsaid thathatt hhee believebelievedd thathatt anyany otherother companycompany undeunderr likelike circumstancescircumstances woulwouldd havhavee mutiniedmutinied.. BuButt iinn referencereference ttoo us,us, hhee saidsaid thathatt notwithstandinnotwithstandin~g wwee werweree worwornn down,down, wwee werweree readreadyy ttoo obeyobey anyany ordersorders thathatt mighmightt bbee given.given. 43343 TheThe MormoMormonn Battalion'Battalion'ss laclackk ooff foodfood andand watewaterr fafarr exceededexceeded ananyy ooff ththee sufferingsuffering enduredendured bbyy ththee foreign-borforeign-bornn CatholiCatholicc soldierssoldiers undeunderr Taylor'sTaylor's anandd Scott'sScott's armies.armies. TheyThey wenwentt daysdays withoutwithout waterwater,, whilwhilee diggindiggingg crewcrewss wentwent ttoo worworkk buildinbuildingg numerousnumerous wells.wells. InconsistencInconsistencyy witwithh MonthlMonthlyy PaPayy andand EnticementsEnticements fromfrom ththee MexicaMexicann GovernmentGovernment OneOne thinthingg MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers hahadd iinn commoncommon witwithh foreign-bornforeign-born,, CatholicCatholic U.S.U.S. soldierssoldiers servingserving iinn MexicMexicoo wawass thathatt thetheyy botbothh receivereceivedd ththee samesame miserlmiserlyy wage.wage. However,However, MormonMormon soldierssoldiers diddid nonott complaincomplain oveoverr theitheirr lowlow salaries.salaries. BeforeBefore thetheyy enlistedenlisted,, thethe SaintsSaints aass a societysociety werweree destitute.destitute. TheirTheir promisepromisedd salariessalaries andand thethe upfronupfrontt clothingclothing allowanceallowance ofof $3.50$3.50 a montmonthh provideprovidedd manmanyy MormonMormon familiesfamilies witwithh somesome much-neededmuch-needed '341 AbrahamAbraham DayDay IIIIII Journal,Journal, 24.24. AlthoughAlthough thisthis specificspecific incidentincident isis nonott mentionedmentioned inin hishis journaljournal,, basedbased onon previoupreviouss entriesentries,, DrDr.. SandersonSanderson wawass probablprobablyy ononee ooff ththee officerofficerss involvedinvolved;; hhee typicalltypicallyy travelletravelledd oonn thethe advancadvancee partpartyy anandd statestatess thathatt hhee woulwouldd allowallow hihiss animalsanimals ttoo drindrinkk beforbeforee ththee menmen arrived.arrived. DrDr.. GeorgGeorgee B SandersonSanderson JournalJournal,, NovembeNovemberr 2323,, 1846,30-31.1846, 30-31. 343422 AlterAlter,, "The"The JournaJournall ooff NathanieNathaniell VV.. JonesJones,, witwithh ththee MormoMormonn Battalion,Battalion,"" 7.7. 343433 WilliaWilliamm HydHydee JournalJournal,, DecembeDecemberr 2020,, 1846,1846, 3636.. 7878 cashcash.. A largelarge portioportionn ooff thithiss moneymoney,, nearlnearlyy 20,00020,000 dollarsdollars,, wawass sensentt backback ttoo CouncilCouncil 344344 BluffBluffss ttoo bbee distributedistributedd ttoo ththee soldiers'soldiers' familiefamiliess oorr otheotherr needneedyy Saints. HoweverHowever,, therethere araree a numbenumberr ooff accountsaccounts thathatt showshow churchchurch leaderleaderss werweree atat timetimess disappointedisappointedd withwith thethe amounamountt ofof monemoneyy ththee soldiersoldierss retaineretainedd (whic(whichh questionequestionedd theitheirr completcompletee devotiodevotionn ttoo thethe church)church).. PartPart ofof ththee reasoreasonn ththee MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers failefailedd ttoo sensendd expectedexpected monemoneyy toto theirtheir familiefamiliess anandd ththee ChurcChurchh wawass thathatt ththee governmentgovernment paipaidd ititss soldierssoldiers ververyy inconsistently.inconsistently. ThThee inconsistencinconsistencyy inin papayy experienceexperiencedd bbyy soldierssoldiers servinservingg iinn CaliforniaCalifornia wawass farfar greatergreater thathann thathatt experienceexperiencedd bbyy ththee soldierssoldiers fightinfightingg iinn MexicoMexico.. AfterAfter eigheightt anandd a halhalff monthmonthss ofof service,service, HenryHenry StandagStandagee complainedcomplained thathatt hhee hahadd stillstill onlonlyy receivereceivedd oneone anandd a halhalff monthsmonths pay.pay.345345 MeanwhileMeanwhile,, RoberRobertt BlisBlisss claimedclaimed thathatt ththee governmentgovernment finallyfinally paipaidd hihimm foforr sixsix monthmonthss servicservicee iinn MayMay,, 1847,1847, barelbarelyy twtwoo monthsmonths beforbeforee ththee unit'unit'ss discharge.346346 AAss thethe soldierssoldiers nearenearedd ththee endend ofof theitheirr enlistmentenlistment,, thetheyy retaineretainedd andand useusedd ththee monemoneyy ttoo outfitoutfit themselvesthemselves witwithh horseshorses,, cattle,cattle, anandd equipmentequipment,, purchasepurchasedd frofromm localocall MexicansMexicans inin preparatiopreparationn forfor theitheirr returreturnn trektrek ttoo Utah.Utah. ThereThere isis nnoo recorrecordd thathatt ththee MexicaMexicann governmengovernmentt eveeverr reachereachedd ououtt ttoo encourageencourage MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers ttoo defect.defect. HoweverHowever,, MormoMormonn soldiersoldierss dididd receivreceivee incentiveincentivess fromfrom thethe WarWar DepartmentDepartment ttoo remairemainn loyalloyal ttoo thethe U.SU.S.. government:government: ththee LDSLDS ChurchChurch receivedreceived permission• • to winter in the Iowa Territory until they could proceed westward; 347347 thanks permission to winter in the Iowa Territory until they could proceed westward; thanks ~344 Ricketts,Ricketts, The Mormon Battalion, 5-65-6 andand Taggart,Taggart, "A"A ShortShort SketchSketch ofof HiHiss TravelsTravels witwithh thethe ChurchChurch ofof JesuJesuss ChristChrist ooff Latter-DaLatter-Dayy SaintSaintss FebruarFebruaryy 17,17, 18461846 - JanuarJanuaryy 11,11, 1847,1847,"" 19-20.19-20. 145345 GoldnerGoldner,, The March of the Mormon Battalion, 213213.. 343466 AlterAlter,, "Journa"Journall ooff RoberRobertt SS.. BlissBliss,, witwithh ththee MormoMormonn Battalion,Battalion,"" 9292.. 343477 CaptaiCaptainn Allen'Allen'ss vaguvaguee timtimee specificationspecificationss alloweallowedd ththee SaintsSaints ttoo remairemainn foforr yearyearss onon ththee lanlandd aass churchchurch membermemberss migratemigratedd westward.westward. 7979 ttoo thethe agreementagreement CaptainCaptain AlleAllenn 348 reachereachedd witwithh ththee PottawatomiPottawatomiee Indians,Indians, ththee MormonsMormons raiseraisedd crops,crops, cutcut timbertimber,, anandd builbuiltt blockhouseblockhousess oonn IndiaIndiann lands;349lands;349 anandd thethe Saints'Saints' familiesfamilies dependedependedd oonn ththee moneymoney thatthat thetheyy earneearnedd ttoo survivsurvivee througthroughh thethe wintewinterr anandd laterlater migratemigrate ttoo ththee GreaGreatt BasinBasin.. TheseThese incentiveincentivess werweree extremelextremelyy effectiveffectivee becausbecausee nearlnearlyy 4242 percentpercent ooff thethe soldiersoldierss werweree married.35o350 BByy protectinprotectingg andand providinprovidingg foforr ththee soldiers'soldiers' families,families, ththee governmengovernmentt ensuredensured ththee loyaltyloyalty ooff ththee MormoMormonn soldiers.soldiers. ProtectioProtectionn ofof ththee familfamilyy andand one's home is a strong motivating factor in• national allegiance.351351 When the government one's home is a strong motivating factor in national allegiance. When the government promised to provide this protection, Mormon soldiers loyally supported the war effort. promised to provide this protection, Mormon soldiers loyally supported the war effort. InfringemenInfringementt ooff Contract,Contract, AbandonmentAbandonment,, anandd DissatisfactionDissatisfaction AlthougAlthoughh ththee MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers continuouslcontinuouslyy notenotedd inin theitheirr journaljournalss theirtheir numerounumerouss sufferings,sufferings, witwithh ththee exceptionexception ooff somsomee ofof ththee PueblPuebloo DetachmenDetachmentt soldierssoldiers andand SergeantSergeant NathanieNathaniell VarVaryy JonesJones,, thetheyy failedfailed ttoo expresexpresss dissatisfactiondissatisfaction witwithh ththee wawarr oorr theirtheir unitunit.. SergeantSergeant JonesJones,, whwhoo afterafter numerounumerouss conflictsconflicts witwithh hihiss compancompanyy commander,commander, LieutenantLieutenant DykesDykes,, wawass reducereducedd inin ranks,ranks, wawass a greagreatt pessimistpessimist.. AccordinAccordingg ttoo him,him, 352 officerofficerss dididd nothinnothingg righrightt anandd thethe landland inin CaliforniCaliforniaa wawass bad,bad, withwith totooo manmanyy capitalists?52capitalists. 348 MormonMormonss recognizerecognizedd thatthat leadersleaders,, sucsuchh aass presidentspresidents,, kingskings,, anandd magistratesmagistrates,, areare humahumann physicalphysical embodimentembodimentss oofthef the nationnation.. AlAlll officerofficerss iinn ththee UniteUnitedd StateStatess ArmArmyy areare commissionecommissionedd bbyy ththee presidenpresidentt andand araree duldulyy appointeappointedd representativerepresentativess ofof ththee samsamee whewhenn actinactingg iinn anan officiaofficiall capacitycapacity.. TheThe MormonsMormons understoounderstoodd thithiss conceptconcept,, whicwhichh leledd thethemm ttoo requesrequestt permissiopermissionn frofromm ththee presidentpresident,, througthroughh hihiss appointedappointed officialofficial (Captai(Captainn AllenAllen)) ttoo residresidee iinn IndiaIndiann landlandss inin 1846.1846. ThThee DoctrinDoctrinee anandd CovenantCovenantss 134:134: I-II.1-11. 343499 JournaJournall HistoryHistory,, JulJulyy 16,16, 184 18466 aass citedcited iinn BigleBiglerr andand BagleyBagley,, Army of israel,Israel, 5454;; YurtinusYurtinus,, "Here"Here iiss OneOne MaMann WhWhoo WilWilll NoNott GoGo,, Dam'um,Dam'um,"" 477-479477-479;; Smith,Smith, Captain Jefferson Hunt of(~rthe the Mormon Battalion, 5555;; MedilMcdilll ttoo HarveyHarvey,, Supt.Supt. ooff IndianIndian Affairs,Affairs, asas citedcited inin BigleBiglerr anandd BagleyBagley,, Army of Israel, 64.64. 350350 SeeSee AppendiAppendixx A.A. 351351 MicheMichell FoucaulFoucaultt explainsexplains iinn hihiss boobookk abouaboutt theoreticatheoreticall movementmovementss thathatt "The"The bloobloodd relatiorelationn longlong remaineremainedd aann importantimportant elemenelementt iinn ththee mechanismmechanismss ofof powerpower,, ititss manifestationsmanifestations,, anandd ititss ritualsrituals.. ForFor a societysociety iinn whicwhichh ththee systemsystemss ooff alliance,alliance, ththee politicapoliticall forformm ooff ththee sovereign,sovereign, ththee differentiationdifferentiation intintoo ordersorders andand castescastes,, andand ththee valuvaluee ooff descendescentt lineliness werweree predominantpredominant;; forfor a societysociety iinn whicwhichh faminefamine,, epidemicsepidemics,, andand violencviolencee madmadee deatdeathh imminentimminent,, bloobloodd constituteconstitutedd ononee ooff ththee fundamentafundamentall values.values."" MicheMichell Foucault,Foucault, The History ofafSexuality Sexuality (Ne(Neww YorkYork:: RandoRandomm HouseHouse,, 1990),1990), 147.147. 352 AlterAlter,, "The"The JournaJournall ooff NathanieNathaniell VV.. JonesJones,, witwithh ththee MormoMormonn Battalion,"Battalion," 10,10, 1313.. 8080 Meanwhile,Meanwhile, MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers iinn ththee PueblPuebloo Detachment,Detachment, whwhoo rememberedremembered ththee abuseabusess ofof LieutenantLieutenant SmithSmith anandd DrDr.. Sanderson,Sanderson, fearefearedd thathatt ththee governmengovernmentt woulwouldd forceforce thethemm toto extendextend theitheirr enlistmenenlistmentt (sinc(sincee thetheyy hahadd winterewinteredd inin PuebloPueblo)) oorr ggoo onon ttoo Mexico.Mexico. PrioPriorr ttoo andand duringduring ththee Mexican-AmericaMexican-Americann WarWar,, soldierssoldiers,, especiallyespecially volunteers,volunteers, enlistedenlisted forfor a sesett contractualcontractual numbenumberr ooff monthmonthss oror yearsyears.. WhenWhen thathatt timtimee ofof serviceservice expired,expired, soldierssoldiers expecteexpectedd ththee governmengovernmentt ttoo upholupholdd ititss contraccontractt andand releasreleasee thethemm fromfrom service.service. UnfortunatelyUnfortunately,, expirationexpirationss ofof soldierssoldiers'' enlistmentsenlistments dididd nonott effectiveleffectivelyy coincidecoincide witwithh actionactionss oonn thethe battlefielbattlefieldd anandd generalsgenerals requirerequiredd soldierssoldiers ttoo prosecutprosecutee ththee warwar.. InIn ordeorderr ttoo sustaisustainn ththee fightinfightingg forceforce,, generalgeneralss involuntarilyinvoluntarily extendeextendedd ththee enlistmentenlistmentss ofof somesome ofof theitheirr regularregular anandd volunteevolunteerr soldiers.353353 SomeSome soldierssoldiers sawsaw thithiss aass a breacbreachh ofof contractcontract anandd deserted;deserted; somesome ofof thesthesee deserterdeserterss chosechose toto joijoinn ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo Battalion.Battalion. WheWhenn ththee MormoMormonn Battalion'Battalion'ss yearyear ooff enlistmentenlistment nearenearedd completioncompletion,, somesome ofof thethe soldierssoldiers fearefearedd thathatt ththee governmentgovernment mighmightt trtryy ttoo extenextendd theitheirr enlistment.enlistment. IInn ColonelColonel Stevenson's354Stevenson's354 reenlistmenreenlistmentt speech,speech, oonn JunJunee 2929,, 1847,1847, hhee addressedaddressed theirtheir growingrowingg fears:fears: YouYourr tertermm ofof servicservicee wilwilll soonsoon closeclose ...... I havhavee ththee righrightt ttoo prespresss yoyouu intintoo thethe serviceservice forfor sixsix monthmonthss longerlonger,, iiff deemedeemedd necessarynecessary,, andand havhavee nnoo doubdoubtt bubutt I wouldwould bbee sustainedsustained iinn soso doingdoing,, bubutt believingbelieving,, asas I do,do, thathatt enoughenough,, iiff nonott alalll wilwilll re-enlistre-enlist withoutwithout,, I havhavee decideddecided nonott ttoo prespresss yoyouu ttoo serveserve longer.longer. I amam requirerequiredd ttoo makmakee a strongstrong efforteffort toto raisraisee atat leasleastt ononee companycompany,, andand thethe entireentire BattalioBattalionn ifpossible?55if possible.355 AAss ifif waitinwaitingg ttoo verifverifyy ththee colonel'colonel'ss integrity,integrity, nonnonee ooff ththee MormonMormon soldierssoldiers chosechose toto reenlisreenlistt priopriorr ttoo ththee unit'unit'ss dischargedischarge fromfrom serviceservice oonn JulJulyy 16,16, 1847.1847. ColoneColonell Stevenson,Stevenson, whwhoo hahadd givegivenn uupp hophopee ofof retaininretainingg anyany MormoMormonn soldiers,soldiers, wawass surprisesurprisedd whewhenn thethe followinfollowingg dayday,, CaptainCaptain DanieDaniell C.C. DaviDaviss broughbroughtt a totatotall ofof 8282 soldierssoldiers toto enlisenlistt (79(79 ~'35353 BiglerBigler anandd BagleyBagley,, Army ofa/Israel, Israel, 253253.. 353544 ColoneColonell JonathaJonathann DD.. StevensonStevenson replacereplacedd GeneraGenerall KearnyKearny asas commandecommanderr ooff AmericanAmerican forcesforces iinn CaliforniaCalifornia.. 353555 TylerTyler,, A Concise History ofa/the the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 293293.. 8181 veteranveteranss anandd threthreee formeformerr aides)aides) anandd formeformedd thethe MormoMormonn VolunteeVolunteerr Company?56Company. ItIt isis importanimportantt ttoo notnotee thathatt givegivenn ththee vehemenvehementt refusarefusall ofof manmanyy ooff ththee soldierssoldiers toto eveevenn considerconsider reenlistmentreenlistment,, hahadd StevensoStevensonn trietriedd ttoo extendextend ththee battalion'battalion'ss enlistment,enlistment, somesome,, iiff notnot many,many, soldiersoldierss mighmightt havhavee deserted.deserted. UnlikUnlikee ththee foreign-borforeign-bornn soldierssoldiers servinservingg iinn ethnicallethnicallyy diversdiversee regularregular armarmyy units,units, ththee MormoMornlonn BattalioBattalionn soldierssoldiers consideredconsidered themselvethemselvess parpartt ofof anan etlmicallyethnically uniteunitedd socialsocial community.community. DespitDespitee ththee incrediblincrediblyy severesevere travetravell conditionsconditions thetheyy endured,endured, includingincluding shortagesshortages ofof botbothh foodfood andand waterwater,, MormoMormonn soldiersoldierss refuserefusedd ttoo abandonabandon theitheirr brethren.brethren. WheWhenn soldiersoldierss collapsecollapsedd alonalongg ththee sidsidee ofof ththee trailtrail,, theitheirr fellowfellow soldierssoldiers woulwouldd ggoo backback andand recoverecoverr them:them: AfteAfterr quenchinquenchingg theitheirr ownown thirstthirst,, manmanyy tootookk canteencanteenss ofof water,water, oonn mulesmules,, anandd roderode bacbackk ttoo helhelpp ththee otherotherss inin,, manmanyy ofof whowhomm woulwouldd neveneverr havhavee gogott ttoo campcamp withoutwithout ththee waterwater,, thuthuss broughbroughtt ttoo themthem.. TerriblTerriblee wawass theitheirr suffering,suffering, bubutt nonott oneone hundredthundredthh parpartt ofof iitt cacann everever bbee toldtold;; nonorr cancan iitt bbee understoounderstoodd bbyy thosthosee whwhoo havehave neveneverr traveledtraveled overover hohott sands,sands, bubutt halhalff fedfed,, anandd almosalmostt withouwithoutt waterwater.. AbrahamAbraham DayDay waswas oneone ooff thosthosee whwhoo wawass besbestt ableable ttoo standstand suchsuch sufferingsuffering,, andand ofteoftenn wawass inin the lead and returned with water to those less able to endure than was he?57357 the lead and returned with water to those less able to endure than was he. Soldiers, like Sergeant Hyde, had the moral courage to ignore officers if they ordered Soldiers, like Sergeant Hyde, had the moral courage to ignore 358officer s if they ordered them to abandon their fellow soldiers when they were in need. or o them to Withabando then exceptiontheir fello wof soldier Lieutenants whe Smithn they and wer Dr.e in Sanderson, need. the officers within the MormonWit Battalionh the exceptio understoodn of Lieutenan the inherentt Smit responsibilityh and Dr. Sanderson soldiers had, the to officer care sfor withi eachn the Mormoother. Eagern Battalio to gainn understoo fame andd demonstratethe inherent responsibilithis ability toy lead,soldier Smiths ha dchose to car toe fodivider eac hthe battalion,other. Eage abandoningr to gain fam thee sickand anddemonstrat families,e hitos arriveability more to lead quickly, Smit hin chos Santae t oFe. divid Whene th e battalion, abandoning the sick and families, to arrive more quickly in Santa Fe. When 356 BigleBiglerr anandd BagleyBagley,, Army of Israel, 268268.. 353577 AbrahaAbrahamm DaDayy 11III1 Journal,Journal, 20.20 . j53588 OnOn OctobeOctoberr 99,, 1846,1846, GeorgGeorgee TaggarTaggartt notenotedd inin hihiss journajournall ththee moramorall couragecourage demonstratedemonstratedd bbyy SergeantSergeant HydHydee whewhenn hhee refuserefusedd ttoo follofolloww ththee ordeorderr ooff LieutenanLieutenantt OmaOmann (detachmen(detachmentt commander).commander). OmanOman wantedwanted HydeHyde ttoo taktakee commandcommand ooff ththee companycompany anandd leavleavee behinbehindd theitheirr LieutenantLieutenant,, whwhoo wawass tryintryingg ttoo fixfix hishis family'family'ss wagonwagon.. Taggart,Taggart, "A"A ShortShort SketcSketchh oofRisf His TravelTravelss witwithh ththee ChurcChurchh ofof JesuJesuss ChristChrist ooff Latter-DayLatter-Day SaintsSaints FebruarFebruaryy 17,17, 18461846 - JanuaryJanuary 1111,, 1847,"1847," 9.9. 8282 LieutenanLieutenantt ColoneColonell CookCookee facedfaced a similarsimilar situatiosituationn iinn DecemberDecember,, 1846,1846, hehe chosechose hishis soldierssoldiers oveoverr hishis egoego;; CookCookee contemplatedcontemplated separatingseparating thethe battaliobattalionn ttoo traveltravel mormoree quicklyquickly anandd reacreachh LoLoss AngelesAngeles iinn timtimee ttoo participatparticipatee iinn ththee fighting.fighting. HoweverHowever,, afterafter contemplatincontemplatingg ththee ideaidea hhee realizerealizedd "how"how cripplecrippledd ththee parpartt leftleft woulwouldd bbee iinn ththee lossloss ooff mymy [his][his] constanconstantt watchfulneswatchfulnesss ...... I [Cooke][Cooke] concludeconcludedd reluctantlyreluctantly,, I hophopee wiselywisely,, thatthat itit shouldshould nonott bbee done."done.,,359359 ThiThiss typtypee ooff dedicationdedication,, botbothh frofromm ththee soldierssoldiers anandd ththee leadersleaders wawass nonott apparenapparentt iinn ththee unitunitss witwithh rampanrampantt desertion.desertion. SummarySummary ThThee MormonMormon soldierssoldiers demonstratedemonstratedd througthroughh theitheirr longsufferinglongsuffering thathatt regardlessregardless ofof denominationadenominationall differences,differences, MormonMormonss werweree loyalloyal ttoo ththee federafederall government.government. MostMost historianhistorianss claiclaimm thathatt ththee MormoMormonn Battalion'Battalion'ss allegianceallegiance wawass basebasedd onon religioureligiouss devotion,devotion, anandd withouwithoutt ththee strongstrong supportsupport fromfrom churcchurchh leaderleaderss ththee soldiersoldierss woulwouldd nonott havhavee enlistedenlisted nornor remaineremainedd loyalloyal.. AlthougAlthoughh religioreligionn wawass thethe primarprimaryy factofactorr influencininfluencingg enlistment,enlistment, soldiesoldierr solidaritysolidarity,, individuaindividuall upbringingupbringing,, lovlovee oftheirof their families,families, andand googoodd leadershipleadership inspireinspiredd nationanationall allegianceallegiance.. Strict,Strict, butbut caring,caring, officerofficerss whwhoo delivereddelivered praispraisee accordinaccordingg toto merit363600 and discipline comparable to offenses helped reinforce the soldiers' loyalty to the merit and discipline comparable to offenses helped reinforce the soldiers' loyalty to the government. Most of the Mormon soldiers were American citizens, with strong ties of government. Most of the Mormon soldiers were American citizens, with strong ties of national loyalty. By providing steady income361 and protection for families wintering in national loyalty. By providing steady income361 and protection for families wintering in the Iowa Territory, President Polk ensured the loyalty of the Mormon soldiers. Even the Iowa Territory, President Polk ensured the loyalty of the Mormon soldiers. Even though they despised Lieutenant Smith and Dr. Sanderson, they remained loyal to their though they despised Lieutenant Smith and Dr. Sanderson, they remained loyal to their 353599 BieberBieber,, Exploring Southwestern Trails 1846-1854, 181181.. 360360 BeforBeforee GeneraGenerall KearnKearnyy lefleftt foforr WashingtonWashington,, hhee praisepraisedd ththee MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers asas patriotpatriotss anandd obedientobedient soldiersoldierss anandd promisepromisedd ttoo speaspeakk welwelll ooff thethemm iinn ththee capitalcapital.. AbrahaAbrahamm DaDayy IIIIII JournalJournal,, 30.30. 361361 TheThe ideideaa thathatt ththee MormoMormonn soidierssoldiers blindlblindlyy followefollowedd theitheirr faitfaithh cacann bbee refuterefutedd whewhenn thetheyy neglecteneglectedd toto givgivee allall ooff theitheirr moneymoney ttoo ththee churcchurchh anandd trustrustt thathatt theitheirr familiefamiliess woulwouldd bbee caredcared for.for. 8383 governmengovernmentt undeunderr ththee soundsound leadershileadershipp ooff LieutenanLieutenantt ColonelColonelss AlleAllenn anandd Cooke.Cooke. ThoseThose leaderleaderss inspireinspiredd devotiodevotionn bbyy botbothh theitheirr actionactionss anandd theitheirr orders.orders. A comparisocomparisonn ooff theitheirr oneone desertion362362 witwithh ththee nationanationall averageaverage ofof 8 percentpercent,, thethe facfactt thathatt thetheyy dididd nonott suffersuffer a mutinymutiny,, andand thathatt soldierssoldiers remaineremainedd iinn harm'harm'ss wawayy ttoo protectprotect theitheirr commandercommander (wh(whoo wawass a representativrepresentativee ooff ththee presidentpresident,, thethe embodimentembodiment ofof thethe nation)nation),, araree prooprooff ofof thithiss devotiondevotion.. DespitDespitee greagreatt physicaphysicall hardshiphardshipss anandd continuouscontinuous persecution prior to the war, as proof of their national allegiance, nearly a quarter363633 of persecution prior to the war, as proof of their national allegiance, nearly a quarter of the soldiers who reached California were willing to reenlist for another six months the soldiers who reached California were willing to reenlist for another six months service. Many of these soldiers remained in California even after the Mormon Church service. Many of these soldiers remained in California even after the Mormon Church called the Saints to migrate to Salt Lake City and establish their new Zion. called the Saints to migrate to Salt Lake City and establish their new Zion. Using this information, the subsequent chapter will now provide a cross- Using this information, the subsequent chapter will now provide a cross- comparison between the situations of the stalwart Mormon soldiers who remained loyal comparison between the situations of the stalwart Mormon soldiers who remained loyal to the U.S. government and the defecting soldiers who formed the San Patricio Battalion. to the U.S. government and the defecting soldiers who formed the San Patricio Battalion. It will also demonstrate how the experiences of these two distinct groups of soldiers It will also demonstrate how the experiences of these two distinct groups of soldiers remained similar after the defection, both during and following the war. remained similar after the defection, both during and following the war. 362 0.20.2%% 363 79 ooff ththee 333355 MormoMormonn soldiersoldierss iinn CaliforniaCalifornia reenlistedreenlisted.. RickettsRicketts,, The Mormon Battalion, 293293.. CHAPTECHAPTERR 4 CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION TherTheree araree manmanyy reasonreasonss whwhyy soldiersoldierss desertedesertedd durinduringg thethe coursecourse ooff ththee war.war. AlthougAlthoughh somsomee scholarsscholars whwhoo havhavee studiestudiedd ththee MormoMormonn oror SanSan PatriciPatricioo BattalionBattalionss mightmight argueargue religioreligionn wawass ththee greatesgreatestt factorfactor iinn determinindeterminingg soldiesoldierr loyalty,loyalty, qualityquality ofof leadershipleadership waswas thethe essentiaessentiall factorfactor thathatt alloweallowedd soldierssoldiers ttoo overcomeovercome theirtheir numerounumerouss trialstrials andand maintaimaintainn theitheirr nationanationall allegianceallegiance.. ReligiouReligiouss beliefbeliefss dididd influencinfluencee people'people'ss actions;actions; foreign-bornforeign-born soldiersoldierss becambecamee sympatheticsympathetic ttoo ththee plighplightt ooff fellofelloww CatholicsCatholics iinn MexicMexicoo andand religioureligiouss leaderleaderss convinceconvincedd disgruntleddisgruntled MormonMormonss ttoo enlisenlistt iinn ththee U.Su.s.. ArmyArmy.. However,However, 8080 percenpercentt ofof ththee Irish-AmericanIrish-American soldiersoldierss ignoreignoredd ththee MexicaMexicann priestspriests'' calcalll ttoo defectdefect andand remaineremainedd loyaloyall ttoo ththee predominantlpredominantlyy ProtestanProtestantt U.Su.s.. governmengovernmentt anandd MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers ignoredignored theitheirr ChurcChurchh leadersleaders'' callcallss foforr mutinymutiny,, migratiomigrationn ttoo SaltSalt LakeLake,, andand ththee forfeitureforfeiture ofof paypay.. TheThe overarchingoverarching influencinfluencee ofof leadershileadershipp iinn alalll ththee areasareas studiedstudied testifietestifiess thatthat thisthis wawass ththee pivotapivotall factofactorr whicwhichh determinedeterminedd defectiodefectionn oorr allegianceallegiance.. GoodGood leadersleaders diddid notnot abandoabandonn theitheirr soldiers.soldiers. TheyThey treatetreatedd theitheirr soldierssoldiers fairlyfairly,, pronouncinpronouncingg jusjustt andand reasonablereasonable punishmentspunishments.. TheTheyy dididd nonott allowallow society'society'Ss biabiass towardtowardss ethnicethnic andand religiousreligious discriminatiodiscriminationn ttoo influencinfluencee theitheirr decisionsdecisions,, nonorr dididd thetheyy alloalloww othersothers toto discriminatediscriminate againsagainstt theitheirr soldiers.soldiers. WhenWhen thetheyy coulcouldd nonott prevenpreventt somsomee harshharsh conditionconditionss oror governmentgovernment 8585 inactioninaction,, goodgood leadersleaders instilledinstilled loyaltyloyalty whenwhen theythey sufferedsuffered withwith theirtheir soldierssoldiers andand diddid everythingeverything withinwithin theitheirr powepowerr toto alleviatealleviate thethe situation.situation. AlthougAlthoughh botbothh ththee foreign-bornforeign-born andand MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers enduredendured similarsimilar persecutionspersecutions beforebefore thethe warwar andand experiencesexperiences duringduring ththee warwar,, thethe MormonMormon BattalionBattalion remainedremained loyaloyall thanksthanks ttoo goodgood leadershipleadership andand solidarity.solidarity. TheThe regularegularr army,army, ofof whicwhichh 5050 percentpercent ooff ththee soldierssoldiers werweree foreign-bornforeign-born,, sufferedsuffered frofromm mutiniemutiniess andand numerousnumerous desertionsdesertions primarilyprimarily becausbecausee ofof abusiveabusive leadership.leadership. TheThe MormonMormon BattalioBattalionn hadhad itsits shareshare ofof abusiveabusive leaderleaderss (Smith(Smith andand Sanderson),Sanderson), bubutt itsits twtwoo officialofficial commanderscommanders (Allen(Allen andand Cooke)Cooke) werewere strictstrict andand fairfair.. SomeSome ofof thethe seniorsenior officersofficers inin ththee regularregular armyarmy allowedallowed theirtheir soldierssoldiers toto ethnicallyethnically discriminatediscriminate againstagainst thethe foreign-bornforeign-born soldiers,soldiers, sincesince theythey themselvesthemselves participatedparticipated inin thethe action.action. Meanwhile,Meanwhile, althoughalthough otherother soldierssoldiers (most(most notablynotably MissouriMissouri volunteersvolunteers)) discriminateddiscriminated againstagainst them,them, thethe non-Mormonnon-Mormon officersofficers ofof ththee MormonMormon BattalionBattalion defendeddefended theitheirr soldierssoldiers fromfrom unwarranteunwarrantedd persecution.persecution. MormoMormonn soldiers,soldiers, whowho werewere predominantlpredominantlyy native-born,native-born, consideredconsidered themselvesthemselves Americans.Americans. EvenEven though,though, likelike thethe foreign-bornforeign-born soldiers,soldiers, thetheyy hadhad beebeenn persecuted,persecuted, thetheyy staunchlystaunchly believedbelieved inin theirtheir ConstitutionalConstitutional rightright ttoo freedomfreedom ofof religionreligion.. WhereasWhereas officersofficers inin ththee regularegularr armyarmy forcedforced CatholicCatholic soldierssoldiers ttoo attendattend ProtestantProtestant services,services, partlypartly thanksthanks toto theirtheir isolatioisolationn andand mostlymostly duedue toto thethe understandinunderstandingg ofof botbothh AllenAllen andand Cooke,Cooke, MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers werewere freefree ttoo practicepractice theitheirr religion.religion. DurinDuringg ththee warwar,, MormonMormon soldierssoldiers sufferedsuffered greatergreater physicaphysicall hardshiphardshipss thathann thethe foreign-bornforeign-born soldierssoldiers iinn thethe regularegularr army.army. TheyThey marchedmarched a greatergreater distance,distance, lackinlackingg moremore food,food, water,water, raimentraiment,, andand tentstents forfor nightlnightlyy covercover aass thetheyy blazeblazedd a wagowagonn trailtrail throughthrough mountainoumountainouss terrainterrain.. UnlikUnlikee manmanyy ofof ththee officersofficers iinn chargecharge ofof thethe foreign-bornforeign-born soldierssoldiers 8686 inin regularegularr armyarmy unitsunits,, CookeCooke waswas cognizantcognizant ofof hihiss soldierssoldiers'' situationsituation anandd endeavoreendeavoredd toto mitigatemitigate theitheirr circumstancescircumstances.. HHee boughboughtt foodfood andand pacpackk mulemuless whenevewheneverr possiblpossiblee andand allowedallowed soldierssoldiers toto hunhuntt foforr additionaladditional food.food. HeHe alsalsoo demonstratedemonstratedd hishis owownn solidaritysolidarity withwith hihiss MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers bbyy physicallphysicallyy assistinassistingg thethemm iinn clearinclearingg somsomee oftheof the mostmost difficuldifficultt mountaimountainn passespasses.. CookeCooke understoounderstoodd thathatt ththee severseveree conditionsconditions causedcaused manmanyy ofof hihiss soldierssoldiers ttoo becombecomee illill.. HoweverHowever,, ththee MormoMormonn soldiersoldierss stillstill sufferedsuffered equallyequally witwithh thethe foreign-bornforeign-born soldierssoldiers inin receivinreceivingg incompetenincompetentt andand harmfuhamlfull medicamedicall treatmenttreatment.. UponUpon arrivingarriving iinn CaliforniaCalifornia,, ththee MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers alsoalso complained,complained, jusjustt liklikee ththee foreign-bornforeign-born soldiers,soldiers, ooff constanconstantt drillindrillingg andand buildinbuildingg ooff fortifications.fortifications. HoweverHowever,, thetheyy werweree allowedallowed toto worworkk privatelprivatelyy forfor ththee communitycommunity duringduring theitheirr ofofff hourhourss ttoo supplemensupplementt theitheirr pay.pay. ThThee MormonMormon soldiersoldierss (along(along withwith ththee otheotherr soldierssoldiers participatinparticipatingg iinn ththee CaliforniaCalifornia TheaterTheater ofof ththee warwar)) receivereceivedd papayy lessless consistentlyconsistently thathann ththee regularegularr soldierssoldiers servinservingg inin MexicoMexico.. SoSo whwhyy werweree thetheyy notnot mormoree susceptiblesusceptible ttoo monetarmonetaryy enticemententicementss fromfrom thethe MexicanMexican government?government? BesidesBesides ththee factfact thathatt thertheree isis nnoo evidencevidencee demonstratindemonstratingg thathatt thethe MexicanMexican governmentgovernment everever madmadee anyany overturesovertures ttoo ththee MormoMormonn soldiers,soldiers, thertheree araree twotwo reasonsreasons.. FirstFirst,, inin promisinpromisingg ttoo protecprotectt ththee MormoMormonn settlementssettlements atat CounciCouncill BluffBluffss andand alloalloww safesafe travetravell ttoo ththee neneww territoryterritory,, ththee soldierssoldiers hahadd alreadalreadyy acceptedaccepted compellingcompelling incentiveincentivess fromfrom ththee U.SU.S.. governmentgovernment.. Second,Second, theitheirr solidaritysolidarity ensuredensured thathatt thetheyy remainedremained togethetogetherr asas a uniunitt andand peoplpeoplee iinn whawhatt thetheyy consideredconsidered enemenemyy lanlandd (no(no desertiodesertionn ofof individualsindividuals,, liklikee witwithh ththee foreign-borforeign-bornn soldiers).soldiers). ThisThis solidaritsolidarityy alsalsoo protecteprotectedd thethemm fromfrom possiblpossiblee capturcapturee whewhenn they,they, liklikee ththee foreign-bornforeign-born soldierssoldiers drownedrownedd theitheirr sorrowssorrows withwith alcoholalcohol,, andand frofromm abandonmentabandonment sincesince thetheyy refuserefusedd ttoo leaveleave theitheirr brethrebrethrenn behind.behind. Foreign-borForeign-bornn soldierssoldiers inin thethe regularegularr armyarmy werweree independentindependent individuals.individuals. AAss individuals,individuals, 8787 thetheyy werweree moremore easilyeasily seducedseduced intointo voluntarilvoluntarilyy joininjoiningg thethe MexicaMexicann governmengovernmentt oror placinplacingg themselvethemselvess iinn a situatiosituationn wherwheree thetheyy couldcould bbee capturedcaptured andand impressedimpressed intointo serVIce.service. SomSomee scholarsscholars mighmightt arguarguee afterafter readinreadingg thithiss synopsissynopsis ofof ththee thesithesiss thathatt a comparativecomparative studstudyy ofof thesthesee twtwoo battalionbattalionss isis nonott validvalid.. TheyThey mightmight claiclaimm thathatt thethe battalionbattalionss araree nonott similasimilarr enough.enough. BuButt thithiss iiss nonott truetrue.. FirsFirstt ofof allall,, thetheyy botbothh sufferedsuffered fromfrom brutalbrutal nativisnativistt persecutionpersecutionss priopriorr ttoo ththee warwar.. TheyThey eacheach experiencedexperienced similarsimilar circumstancescircumstances duringduring ththee warwar,, witwithh alternatinalternatingg severitiesseverities ooff suffering.suffering. BuButt mosmostt ooff all,all, thetheyy hahadd equaequall opportunityopportunity andand reasoreasonn ttoo mutinmutinyy oorr desertdesert.. BesideBesidess ththee proposedproposed mutiniemutiniess instigateinstigatedd byby JohJohnn DD.. LeeLee,, SamuelSamuel GullyGully,, andand eveevenn BrighaBrighamm YoungYoung,, hahadd thethe governmentgovernment attemptedattempted ttoo "stop-loss"stop-loss"" ththee MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn (a(ass thetheyy hahadd dondonee witwithh thethe foreign-bornforeign-born soldierssoldiers iinn Scott'sScott's army),army), insteainsteadd ooff reenlistinreenlistingg a compancompanyy ofof ththee battaliobattalionn inin July,July, 1847,1847, thetheyy couldcould havehave possiblpossiblyy loslostt ththee entirentiree unit.unit. SimilaritiesSimilarities betweenbetween ththee MormonMormon anandd foreign-bornforeign-born soldierssoldiers (wh(whoo wilwilll nonoww bebe identifieidentifiedd aass membermemberss ofof ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo BattalioBattalionn anandd associateassociatedd witwithh ththee nationationn theythey choschosee ttoo defend)defend) continuedcontinued eveneven afteafterr thetheyy defecteddefected.. BotBothh unitunitss hahadd governmengovernmentt leadersleaders assigneassignedd ttoo commancommandd themthem;; followingfollowing ththee warwar,, thetheyy receivereceivedd poopoorr receptionreceptionss fromfrom thethe peoplpeoplee thetheyy defended;defended; andand botbothh areare nonoww reverereveredd asas ethnicethnic heroes.heroes. NeitheNeitherr GovernmenGovernmentt CompletelyCompletely TrusteTrustedd theitheirr UniquUniquee BattalionBattalion BecausBecausee PresidenPresidentt PolPolkk questionedquestioned ththee loyaltyloyalty ooff a battaliobattalionn consistingconsisting ofof MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers,, hhee ordereorderedd thathatt regularegularr armarmyy officerofficerss woulwouldd bbee placeplacedd iinn commandcommand ofof 8888 ththee uniunitt insteainsteadd ooff volunteevolunteerr officers?64officers.364 ExcepExceptt forfor ththee montmonthh priopriorr toto thethe unit'sunit's dischargedischarge,, armarmyy officialsofficials wenwentt ttoo greatgreat lengthlengthss ttoo insureinsure thathatt regularregularss leledd ththee MormonMormon soldierssoldiers.. OfOf ththee scoresscores ofof volunteevolunteerr regimentregimentss anandd battalionsbattalions,, fewfew hadhad officerofficerss frofromm thethe regularegularr armyarmy assigneassignedd aass theirtheir commanders.commanders. 365 IInn thithiss mattermatter,, ironicallyironically,, ththee U.SU.S.. governmengovernmentt copiecopiedd paspastt grievancesgrievances thetheyy hahadd hahadd witwithh BritisBritishh treatmentreatmentt ofof colonialcolonial militiamilitiass priopriorr ttoo ththee SevenSeven YearYearss War.War. 366 ThThee MexicaMexicann governmengovernmentt treatedtreated ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo BattalioBattalionn afterafter a similarsimilar fashionfashion.. AlthougAlthoughh MexicaMexicann officialsofficials publiclpubliclyy defendedefendedd ththee patriotispatriotismm ooff ththee SanSan PatricioPatricio soldierssoldiers,, manmanyy harboreharboredd doubtdoubtss abouaboutt theirtheir trutruee loyaltiesloyalties.. 367 TToo placatplacatee otheotherr MexicanMexican officers,officers, Santa-AnnaSanta-Anna orderedordered thathatt a MexicaMexicann officerofficer,, FranciscFranciscoo MorenoMoreno,, shoulshouldd commandcommand thethe SanSan PatriciPatricioo BattalionBattalion.. Santa-AnnaSanta-Anna eveneven requiredrequired,, inin July,July, 1847,1847, thathatt SanSan PatricioPatricio soldierssoldiers sigsignn a contractcontract withwith ththee MexicanMexican governmentgovernment promisinpromisingg a six-monthsix-month enlistmentenlistment andand acceptanceacceptance ofof a MexicanMexican commander.commander.368368 PostwaPostwarr TreatmentTreatment AlthougAlthoughh ththee MexicaMexicann governmentgovernment useusedd ththee SanSan PatriciPatricioo BattalioBattalionn aass a propagandpropagandaa tootooll durinduringg ththee timtimee ooff hostilitieshostilities,, ththee militarmilitaryy uniunitt diddid nonott lonlongg survivesurvive thethe warwar.. ContrarContraryy ttoo currencurrentt beliefsbeliefs,, ththee majoritmajorityy ofof formerformer SanSan PatriciPatricioo soldierssoldiers werweree notnot welwelll receivereceivedd intointo MexicaMexicann societysociety afteafterr ththee warwar.. ConsidereConsideredd desertersdeserters,, banditsbandits,, andand alcoholicsalcoholics,, manmanyy lackelackedd moneymoney,, clothesclothes,, anandd friendsfriends,, andand werweree leftleft begginbeggingg iinn ththee streets.streets. 364 JameJamess KK.. PolkPolk,, aass citecitedd iinn BiglerBigler andand Bagley,Bagley, Army of Israel, 37.37. 363655 FleekFleek,, History May Be Searched in Vain, 27.27. 366 366 AllisonAllison,, GreyGrey,, andand ValentineValentine,, American Military History, 35-36,40.35-36,40. 367 367 GiveGivenn ththee facfactt thathatt membermemberss ooff ththee SaSann PatricioPatricio BattalioBattalionn becambecamee involveinvolvedd iinn a militarmilitaryy coupcoup,, followingfollowing ththee wawarr witwithh ththee UniteUnitedd StatesStates,, thithiss seemseemss ttoo havhavee beenbeen a valivalidd sentiment.sentiment. 368 368 GarvinGarvin,, "An"An ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ofof Rogues,Rogues,"" 110000, , Miller,Miller, Shamrock and Sword, 72-73,72-73, andand Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 162162.. 8989 ThThee MexicaMexicann governmengovernmentt latelaterr trietriedd ttoo makmakee amendsamends andand reorganizereorganizedd ththee SanSan PatricioPatricio BattalioBattalionn (leavin(leavingg JohJohnn RileRileyy aass ththee commander),commander), bubutt quicklquicklyy disbandedisbandedd iitt onceonce thethe battaliobattalionn becambecamee involveinvolvedd iinn aann attempteattemptedd coucoupp instigatedinstigated bbyy GeneralGeneral ParedesParedes.. TwoTwo yearsyears afterafter ththee warwar,, mosmostt ooff ththee livinlivingg SanSan PatriciPatricioo soldierssoldiers hahadd eitheeitherr beebeenn deportedeportedd oror voluntarilvoluntarilyy lefleftt Mexico?69Mexico. TheThe MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn soldierssoldiers receivereceivedd a similarsimilar receptioreceptionn whewhenn thetheyy arrivearrivedd inin ththee SalSaltt LakLakee ValleyValley.. BrighaBrighamm YoungYoung addressedaddressed ththee situationsituation whewhenn hehe remarkeremarkedd that:that: "Som"Somee havhavee imagined,imagined, asas I havhavee beebeenn informedinformed,, thathatt ththee BattalioBattalionn wawass notnot lookelookedd uponupon witwithh sufficiensufficientt favor,favor, bbyy ththee balancbalancee ooff ththee community.community."" 373700 YounYoungg hahadd probablprobablyy overhearoverheardd JohJohnn Riser'Riser'ss storystory abouaboutt hohoww ththee SaintsSaints firstfirst treatetreatedd ththee returninreturningg soldiers:soldiers: [Mormon[Mormon BattalioBattalionn soldierssoldiers]] hahadd a harhardd fatefate,, andand werewere despiseddespised bbyy thosthosee thatthat shoulshouldd havhavee beebeenn theitheirr friendsfriends,, foforr goinggoing onon Brigham'Brigham'ss CallCall ttoo savesave ththee ChurchChurch frofromm destructiondestruction bbyy theitheirr EnemiesEnemies.. TheTheyy werweree callecalledd ththee loloww HungrHungryy raggedragged SoldiersSoldiers thathatt knekneww nothinnothingg bubutt bloobloodd andand thunderthunder.. TheyThey hadhad beebeenn hirehiredd andand paidpaid foforr itit bbyy ththee monthmonth,, andand ththee [authorities][authorities] advisedadvised ththee younyoungg girlgirlss ttoo havhavee nothingnothing ttoo ddoo witwithh ththee soldierssoldiers.. ThiThiss wawass ratheratherr poopoorr consolatioconsolationn ttoo thosthosee thathatt hahadd leftleft friendsfriends andand allall behinbehindd foforr ththee sakesake ooff ththee salvatiosalvationn ofof ththee ChurchChurch,, anandd hadhad soldieresoldieredd a muskemuskett anandd live[live[d d]] a soldiersoldierss liflifee anandd endure[dendure [d] ] alalll ththee hardshiphardshipss thatthat wwee enduredendured,, andand ttoo sensendd thethemm theitheirr smallsmall pittancpittancee aass paypay,, foforr servicesservices rendererenderedd toto UnclUnclee SamSam,, ttoo thithiss samesame churcchurchh ttoo bbee devouredevouredd bbyy themthem,, andand nownow returreturnn inin disgracedisgrace ttoo thethemm anandd bbee hatehatedd anandd despisedespisedd bbyy thithiss samesame HolHolyy peoplepeople.. 0O ConsistancConsistancyy thothouu artart a jeweljewel.. 3717 DurinDuringg ththee MormoMormonn BattalionBattalion FestivalFestival,, FebruarFebruaryy 7,1855,7, 1855, BrighaBrighamm YounYoungg admittedadmitted thatthat "Perhaps,"Perhaps, iinn a fefeww instancesinstances,, thertheree mamayy havhavee beenbeen remarkremarkss madmadee abouaboutt somesome membersmembers ofof ththee BattalionBattalion,, fromfrom whicwhichh itit mamayy bbee inferredinferred thatthat thertheree mighmightt bbee personpersonss whwhoo ratherrather lightllightlyy esteemedesteemed thosthosee whwhoo wenwentt intintoo ththee servicservicee ooff ththee UntieUntiedd States.,,372States."372 AlthougAlthoughh thethe J369 Garvin,Garvin, "An"An ImmortalImmortal BanBandd ooff Rogues,"Rogues," 115;115; Miller,Miller, Shamrock and Sword, 131,133,137,139,147;131, 133, 137, 139, 147; anandd Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue'sRogue 's March, 290.290. 370370 TylerTyler,, A Concise History a/theof the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 351351.. 371,71 Riser,Riser, MemoirMemoir,, 129-13129-1300 aass quotequotedd inin BigleBiglerr anandd BagleyBagley,, Army ofa/Israel, Israel, 426.426. 372 372 Tyler,Tyler, A Concise History a/theof the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 351351.. 9090 statementstatement wawass conciliatory,conciliatory, YounYoungg himselhimselff wawass responsiblresponsiblee foforr oneone ooff thosthosee referred-toreferred-to remarksremarks.. HHee hahadd launchedlaunched intintoo a tiradtiradee againsagainstt ththee soldierssoldiers oftheof the battaliobattalionn andand theirtheir wivewivess whenwhen ththee returninreturningg soldiersoldierss challengedchallenged leadersleaders becausbecausee theitheirr familiefamiliess hahadd notnot allall beebeenn properlproperlyy carecaredd foforr iinn theitheirr absence:absence: I knowknow thatthat thethe lowestlowest scrapingsscrapings ofof HellHell werewere inin thatthat BotBot [Battalion],[Battalion], notwithstandinnotwithstandingg thertheree wawass somesome googoodd memenn amonamongg themthem.. TheThe soldiersoldierss wivewivess havehave lieliedd & TatleTatledd [sic][sic] abouaboutt mmee & BroBro.. [Albert[Albert P.P.]] RockwoodRockwood,, & SaidSaid thathatt wewe havehave cheatecheatedd & wrongewrongedd thethemm ououtt ooff theitheirr monemoneyy & therebtherebyy PoisonePoisonedd & souredsoured thethe feelingsfeelings ofof theitheirr Husband[s]Husband[s];; inin ssoo mucmuchh thathatt thetheyy givgivee wawayy ttoo ththee SameSame SpiritSpirit & commencecommence findinfindingg FaulFaultt witwithh theitheirr BrethreBrethrenn whwhoo hahass dondonee allall thetheyy coulcouldd toto 373 SustainSustain ththee Soldiers[']Soldiers['] FamilyFamilyss whilwhilee theitheirr HusbandHusbandss werweree gone.gone. TimeTime healhealss mosmostt woundwoundss anandd ththee Saints'Saints' attitudeattitude towartowardd theirtheir returnereturnedd veteransveterans improveimprovedd overover timetime.. FollowinFollowingg ththee warwar,, despitedespite theitheirr recenrecentt demonstratiodemonstrationn ofof patriotism,patriotism, aass ththee CatholicsCatholics'' experienceexperience slowlyslowly improved,improved,374374 ththee MormonsMormons'' relationrelationss witwithh ththee federalfederal -2 n C government worsened.375 When Johnston's Army approached Utah in 1858, the Church government worsened. When Johnston's Army approached Utah in 1858, the Church depended on this stalwart group of veterans to protect itself.376 In the end, regardless of depended on this stalwart group of veterans to protect itself.376 In the end, regardless of their treatment, many, like John Hess, felt that their military experience was one of the their treatment, many, like John Hess, felt that their military experience was one of the noblest and greatest acts of their lives. According to Hess, the sacrifice had added noblest and greatest acts of their lives. According to Hess, the sacrifice had added 373 BigleBiglerr anandd BagleyBagley,, Army of1srael,of Israel, 423423.. 374374 ThingsThings probablprobablyy wenwentt bettebetterr forfor ththee CatholicsCatholics becausbecausee thetheyy werweree totooo populoupopulouss ttoo uproouproott anandd eliminate;eliminate; instead,instead, ththee governmengovernmentt anandd otheotherr religioureligiouss affiliationaffiliationss hahadd ttoo learlearnn toleranctolerancee andand accepacceptt somesome forfonnm ofof compromisecompromise witwithh themthem.. WhereaWhereass ththee MormonsMonnons,, a smallersmaller denominatiodenominationn ooff peoplepeople,, hahadd alreadalreadyy beenbeen forcefullyforcefully migratemigratedd awayaway fromfrom ththee resrestt ooff AmericaAmericann society;society; onceonce isolatedisolated inin ththee RockRockyy Mountains,Mountains, otherother denominationsdenominations coulcouldd continucontinuee ttoo differentiatedifferentiate them.them. 375375 NativistsNativists,, bbyy singlingsingling ououtt thesthesee undesirablundesirablee minoritieminoritiess anandd spreadingspreading conspiracconspiracyy theories,theories, soosoonn gainedgained powepowerr anandd influenceinfluence.. A fefeww yearyearss followinfollowingg ththee warwar,, aann ArmArmyy ooff Occupation,Occupation, whicwhichh ironicallironicallyy includedincluded LieutenanLieutenantt ColonelColonel CookeCooke,, marchemarchedd intintoo thethe UtaUtahh TerritorTerritoryy ttoo establisestablishh martialmartial lawlaw anandd prevenpreventt secession.secession. ItIt wawass nonott untiuntill ththee 20thth centurcenturyy thathatt relationrelationss betweebetweenn ththee MormoMormonn ChurchChurch,, ththee federafederall governmengovernmentt andand otherother religioureligiouss denominationdenominationss begabegann ttoo improveimprove.. DaviDavidd BrioBrionn DavisDavis,, "Some"Some ThemeThemess ooff CounterCounter- SubversionSubversion:: AAnn AnalysiAnalysiss ooff Anti-MasonicAnti-Masonic,, Anti-CatholicAnti-Catholic,, anandd Anti-MormoAnti-Mormonn Literature.Literature."" MississippiMississippi Valley Historical Review 4747,, nono.. 2 (Septembe(Septemberr 1960):1960): 205-217.205-217. 376376 BigleBiglerr anandd BagleyBagley,, Army of Israel, 428-429.428-429. 9191 meaninmeaningg becausebecause "Israel"Israel wawass oonn ththee alteralter ooff sacrifice,sacrifice, andand thethe MormoMormonn Battalion,Battalion, ofof ITT whicwhichh I wawass a membermember,, wenwentt aass a 'Ra'Ramm inin ththee Thicket'Thicket' anandd IsraelIsrael wawass saved.,,377saved." CommemorationCommemoration ooff MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn andand SanSan PatriciPatricioo BattalionBattalion HistorHistoryy makinmakingg anandd historhistoryy writinwritingg areare entwinedentwined.. CommunitieCommunitiess inventinvent theirtheir historieshistories basebasedd onon hohoww thetheyy imaginimaginee eventsevents transpiredtranspired,, nonott alwayalwayss hohoww thetheyy occurred.occurred. Societies often use hindsight in an attempt to create their national or local identities. 378378 Societies often use hindsight in an attempt to create their national or local identities. Such was the case for the Irish, Mexicans, and Mormons. These societies, having Such was the case for the Irish, Mexicans, and Mormons. These societies, having suffered loss and persecution, have created a source of national and community pride suffered loss and persecution, have created a source of national and community pride from the service provided by either the San Patricio or the Mormon Battalion. from the service provided by either the San Patricio or the Mormon Battalion. Following the 1855 Mormon Battalion Festival, organizations such as Daughters Following the 1855 Mormon Battalion Festival, organizations such as Daughters of Utah Pioneers and the Mormon Battalion Association ensured that the sacrifices and of Utah Pioneers and the Mormon Battalion Association ensured that the sacrifices and contributions of the Mormon Battalion were not forgotten. Since its inception in June contributions of the Mormon Battalion were not forgotten. Since its inception in June 2000, Utah annually celebrates a Mormon Heritage Day.379 During the commemoration, 2000, Utah annually celebrates a Mormon Heritage Day.379 During the commemoration, descendents of the original Mormon Battalion soldiers gather, recount stories about their descendents of the original Mormon Battalion soldiers gather, recount stories about their ancestors' trials and contributions, and bask in their patriotism. Church authorities ancestors' trials and contributions, and bask in their patriotism. Church authorities 377 AlterAlter,, "John"John WW.. HessHess,, witwithh ththee MormoMormonn Battalion,Battalion,"" 5353.. 378 378 AccordinAccordingg toto AdelmanAdelman,, onceonce a societsocietyy iiss establishedestablished,, ththee peoplpeoplee ususee "hindsight"hindsight ttoo explainexplain hohoww thetheyy gotgot themselvethemselvess intintoo a presenpresentt thetheyy onlonlyy dimldimlyy grasp.grasp."" AdelmanAdelman,, Sovereignty and Revolution in the IberianIberian Atlantic, 22,, 219.219. 379 51st 379 KristeKristenn Stewart,Stewart, "Flags,"Flags, DrumDrumss andand CannoCannonn SalutSalutee 1 MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn HeritagHeritagee DayDay:: EvenEventt honorshonors 500500 MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers enlisteenlistedd ttoo assistassist U.SU.S.. ArmArmyy iinn MexicaMexicann War,War,"" Salt Lake Tribune, Sunday,Sunday, JunJunee 25,25, 2000.2000. 9292 usuallusuallyy providprovidee a religioureligiouss messagemessage,, andand mythsmyths,38o, alongalong withwith facts,facts, areare perpetuateperpetuatedd inin thethe oral and written stories given by members of the Mormon Battalion Association.381381 oral and written stories given by members of the Mormon Battalion Association. Meanwhile, the San Patricio Battalion is revered both in Ireland and Mexico "as a Meanwhile, the San Patricio Battalion is revered both in Ireland and Mexico "as a heroic band of rebels that deselied the cruel Americans to take up the noble cause ofthe heroic band of rebels that deserted the cruel Americans to take up the noble cause of the defense of Mexico.,,382 Although reviled by many Mexicans at the end of the war, their defense of Mexico." Although reviled by many Mexicans at the end of the war, their legend has grown over time as history has been rewritten and the San Patricio soldiers legend has grown over time as history has been rewritten and the San Patricio soldiers have become mythical heroes to a nation lacking national pride following the "War of have become mythical heroes to a nation lacking national pride following the "War of American Aggression.,,383 Since 1959, when the Mexican government erected a American Aggression." Since 1959, when the Mexican government erected a memorial plaque384 in the San Angel suburb of Mexico City that lists and honors the San memorial plaque in the San Angel suburb of Mexico City that lists and honors the San Patricio soldiers, they are remembered twice annually with colorful ceremonies: on Saint Patricio soldiers, they are remembered twice annually with colorful ceremonies: on Saint Patrick's Day and August 20th (anniversary of the Battle of Churubusco). Meanwhile, Patrick's Day and August 20th (anniversary of the Battle of Churubusco). Meanwhile, th 385 Ireland remembers them on September 13 , the anniversary of their hanging. Ireland remembers them on September 13th, the anniversary of their hanging.385 ConcludingConcluding RemarksRemarks DespitDespitee beinbeingg twotwo distinctdistinct ethnicethnic groups,groups, thethe MormoMormonn andand SanSan PatricioPatricio soldierssoldiers experiencedexperienced a strikingstriking numbenumberr ofof similarities.similarities. AtAt timestimes,, thetheyy werweree inverseinverse images,images, whereawhereass atat otherother momentsmoments,, thetheyy werweree nearlynearly identical.identical. A lotlot cancan bbee learnelearnedd aboutabout nationanationall allegianceallegiance andand disloyaltydisloyalty bbyy comparingcomparing thethe actionsactions ofof MormoMormonn andand foreign-bornforeign-born 380 MythMythss includedincluded:: governmengovernmentt conspiracyconspiracy theories,theories, actionsactions inin California,California, virtuousnesvirtuousnesss ofof thethe soldiers,soldiers, andand JohnJohn DD.. Lee'Lee'ss gatheringatheringg ofof ththee MormoMormonn BattalionBattalion payrollpayroll inin SantaSanta Fe.Fe. 381381 MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn AssociatioAssociationn HeritagHeritagee DayDay,, Saturday,Saturday, JuneJune 14,2008,14, 2008, AssemblyAssembly Hall,Hall, TempleTemple Square,Square, SaltSalt LakeLake CityCity,, UTUT,, 10:00-1110:00-11:3 :300 A.MA.M.. ThisThis year'syear's commemoratiocommemorationn focusedfocused onon "Manifest"Manifest DestinyDestiny ofof thethe West:West: 1846-18481846-1848 FromFrom SeaSea toto ShiningShining Sea."Sea." 383822 Garvin,Garvin, "An"An ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ofof Rogues,Rogues,"" 132.132. 383383 "The"jhg ^Warar 0off America Americann AggressionAggression"" iiss aa titltitlee useusedd bbyy MexicaMexicann historianhistorianss foforr ththee Mexican-AmericaMexican-Americann WarWar.. Garvin,Garvin, "An"An ImmortaImmortall BanBandd ofof Rogues,Rogues,"" 120,120, 132-133132-133.. 383844 TranslateTranslatedd frofromm Spanish,Spanish, ththee plaquplaquee states:states: IINN MEMORYMEMORY OFOF THETHE IRISIRISHH SOLDIERSSOLDIERS OFOF THETHE HEROIHEROICC SANSAN PATRICIPATRICIOO BATTALION,BATTALION, MARTYRMARTYRSS WHWHOO GAVEGAVE THEIRTHEIR LIVELIVESS FORFOR THETHE CAUSECAUSE OOFF MEXICMEXICOO DURINDURINGG THTHEE UNJUSUNJUSTT AMERICAAMERICANN INVASIOINVASIONN OFOF 1847.1847. Miller,Miller, Shamrock and Sword,Sword, 179.179. 383855 MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 171799 andand Stevens,Stevens, The Rogue's March, 294.294. 9933 CatholicCatholic soldiersoldierss durinduringg ththee Mexican-AmericanMexican-American WarWar whowho sufferedsuffered similarsimilar circumstancescircumstances andand afflictionsatllictions.. BuButt iiss itit faifairr ttoo givegive alalll ththee blamblamee toto thosethose soldierssoldiers whwhoo dididd nonott followfollow thethe examplexamplee ooff ththee MormoMormonn BattalioBattalionn soldierssoldiers andand decideddecided thathatt foforr theitheirr ownown besbestt interestinterest theythey woulwouldd deserdesertt anandd defectdefect ttoo ththee enemyenemy?? DoesDoes societsocietyy beabearr somesome ofof ththee blamblamee forfor establishinestablishingg ththee initiainitiall situatiosituationn thatthat temptetemptedd ththee soldiersoldier ttoo changchangee theitheirr allegiance?allegiance? WoulWouldd ththee fatefate oftheof the SanSan PatriciPatricioo soldierssoldiers havhavee beebeenn differentdifferent hadhad theitheirr circumstancescircumstances beenbeen slightlyslightly differentdifferent oror societsocietyy hahadd chosenchosen anotheanotherr pathpath anandd treatetreatedd ititss CatholicCatholic immigrantsimmigrants witwithh moremore respecrespectt anandd fairness?fairness? InIn ordeorderr forfor societysociety anandd ththee militarmilitaryy toto improveimprove,, thetheyy neeneedd ttoo learlearnn fromfrom theitheirr mistakemistakess andand theitheirr successes.successes. ThiThiss studystudy identifiedidentified manmanyy contributingcontributing factorsfactors thathatt influenceinfluencedd MexicaMexicann WarWar soldierssoldiers inin theirtheir decisiodecisionn ttoo remairemainn faithfulfaithful toto ththee U.SU.S.. governmentgovernment oorr ttoo desertdesert ttoo thethe enemyenemy.. HoweverHowever,, thethe ononee factorfactor thathatt overshadowovershadowss alalll otherotherss wawass ththee issueissue ofleadership.of leadership. GoodGood,, faifairr leadershipleadership,, provideprovidedd bbyy competencompetentt officers,officers, encourageencouragess soldierssoldiers ttoo faithfullyfaithfully dischargedischarge oathoathss swornsworn ttoo nationanationall governmentsgovernments.. MeanwhileMeanwhile,, governmentgovernmentss thathatt provideprovide incentivesincentives andand curcurbb discriminatiodiscriminationn ofof ethnicethnic andand religioureligiouss minoritieminoritiess engenderengender trustrustt andand loyaltyloyalty fromfrom theitheirr soldiers.soldiers. HowHow peoplpeoplee perceivperceivee ththee governmentgovernment,, inin lightlight ofof religionreligion,, isis importantimportant~; governmentsgovernments musmustt demonstratdemonstratee toleranctolerancee anandd accommodataccommodatee peoplespeoples'' religiousreligious faithfaithss ttoo ensureensure conflictconflictss dodo notnot appeaappearr aass "holy"holy warswars"" againsagainstt specifispecificc faithsfaiths.. AlthoughAlthough thisthis conflicconflictt occurredoccurred oveoverr 160160 yearyearss ago,ago, a comparativecomparative cascasee studystudy betweebetweenn thesthesee twotwo uniqueunique unitunitss composedcomposed ooff AmericaAmericann soldiers,soldiers, whwhoo endedended uupp fightingfighting onon oppositoppositee sides,sides, cancan stilstilll teachteach AmericanAmericanss somesome importanimportantt lessonslessons.. AAss AmericaAmericann interestsinterests taktakee soldierssoldiers toto fighfightt inin differentdifferent partpartss ooff ththee worldworld,, whethewhetherr iinn SouthSouth AmericaAmerica,, AsiaAsia,, oorr currentlycurrently inin thethe MiddlMiddlee East,East, iitt iiss importanimportantt nonott ttoo alienatalienatee ananyy AmericansAmericans,, butbut alsoalso specificallyspecifically thosthosee whowho 9494 havehave ethnicethnic oror religiousreligious tiesties toto thethe regionregion inin question.question. IfIf AmericansAmericans andand thethe governmentgovernment failfail toto learnlearn fromfrom thethe past,past, historyhistory isis doomeddoomed toto repeatrepeat itself.itself. APPENDIAPPENDIXX A THETHE MORMOMORMONN BATTALIONBATTALION ROSTEROSTERR INFORMATIONINFORMATION 386•3 OiC TABLETABLE 1:1: ThThee MormonMormon BattalionBattalion RosterRoster InformationInformation NAMNAMEE BIRTBIRTHH MARRIEMARRIEDD HeadquarterHeadguarterss DetachmentDetachment CookeCooke,, PhilliPhillipp GeorgGeorgee LTCLTC (U.S.A.)(U.S.A.) 1313 JJUN UN 18091809(Leesburg (Leesburg,, VA)VA) Allen,Allen, JameJamess DD.. LTCLTC (U.S.A.)(U.S.A.) Smith,Smith, AndreAndreww JJ.. 1LI LT (U.S.A.)(U.S.A.) 2288 APAPRR 18181818 (Buck(Buckss CountyCounty,, PN)PN) ? (Ann(Ann MasoMasonn Simpson)Simpson) Stoneman,Stoneman, GeorgeGeorge 1LI LTT (U.S.A.)(U.S.A.) 8 AUGAUG 18221822 (Chautaugua,(Chautaugua, NY)NY) ? (Mary(Mary OliverOliver Hardisty)Hardisty) Sanderson,Sanderson, GeorgGeorgee BB.. SurgeoSurgeonn (U.S.A.(U.S.A.)) (Live(Livedd iinn PiatPlattt Co.Co.,, MissourMissourii priopriorr toto war)war) MclntireMcIntire,, WilliaWilliamm L AsstAss!.. SurgeonSurgeon 2277 AUAUGG 181 1I (Oswigo(Os wi go,, NY)NY) 2233 JAJANN 1846*1846* (Lucinda)(Lucinda) ColtonColton,, CharleCharless EdwiEdwinn OfficiaOfficiall AidAid 18341834 (Macob(Macob,, MI)MI) 18551855 (Mary(Mary AnAnnn Kellogg)Kellogg) CompanComllanyy A OfficerOfficerss HuntHunt,, JeffersoJetTersonn CPTCPT 2200 JAJANN 18031803 (Bracke(Brackenn Co.Co.,, KY)KY) 1I DECDEC 18231823 (Celia(Celia MountsMounts @)@) OmanOman,, GeorgGeorgee WW.. 1ILT LT 3300 JAJANN 18021802 (Luzern(Luzernee Co.Co.,, PAlPA) 1212 JAJANN 1846*1846* (Malinda(Malinda GrahaGrahamm Dickey)Dickey) ClarkClark,, LorenzoLorenzo 2L T 2255 MAMAYY 18061806 (Grafton,(Grafton, NH)NH) 1616 FEFEBB 18518566 (Mar(Maryy Hunt)Hunt) WillisWillis,, WilliaWilliamm WesleWesleyy 3LT3LT 1616 AUAUGG 18111811 (Shawneetown(Shawneetown,, IL)IL) 2299 MARMAR 18331833 (Margare(Margarett Cherry)Cherry) FergusonFerguson,, JameJamess SGMSGM 2288 FEFEBB 18281828 (Belfast(Belfast,, Ireland)Ireland) (Luc(Lucyy Nutting)Nutting) GlinesGlines,, JameJamess HH.. SGMSGM 1717 APAPRR 18221822 MerrimacMerrimac,, NH)NH) 2200 DEDECC 18451845 (Elizabet(Elizabethh AnAnnn Myers/Mayer)Myers/Mayer) WrightWright,, PhinehaPhinehass R.R. IIS's1 SGTSGT 1515 JAJANN 18161816 (Chautaugue(Chautaugue,, NY)NY) ndnd Brown,Brown, EbenezaEbenezarr 2 SGTSGT 6 DECDEC 18021802 (Herkimer(Herkimer Co.,Co., NY)NY) 2200 JUJULL 18231823 (An(Annn WeaverWeaver;; PhebPhebee @)@) AllredAllred,, ReddicReddickk NewtoNewtonn 3'd3rd SGTSGT 2211 FEFEBB 18221822 (Bedfor(Bedfordd Co.Co.,, TN)TN) 2211 JULJUL 18431843 (Juli(Juliaa AnAnnn Bates)Bates) McCordMcCord,, AlexandeAlexanderr 44'h,h SGTSGT 1515 JAJANN 18118111 (NY)(NY) ? (Libyl/Sybil(Libyl/Sybil Bradenburg)Bradenburg) HuntHunt,, GilbertGilbert IS'1S, CPCPLL 1I 1I APAPRR 18251825 (Edward(Edwardss Co.Co.,, IL)IL) 2233 APAPRR 18471847 (Lydi(Lydiaa A.A. Gibson)Gibson) ndnd ! Frost, LafayeneLafayette N. 2 CPLCPL 1616 MAMARR 18251825 (Knox(Knox Co.Co.,, TN)TN) ----- WeirWeir,, ThomasThomas 33'drd CPLCPL 2266 JUJULL 18091809 (Barons(Barons,, KY)KY) 18451845 (Elizabet(Elizabethh CarolinCarolinee Clark)Clark) MuirMuir,, WilliaWilliamm SS.. 44'hlh CPLCPL 1919 JUJULL 18221822 (Stirling(Stirling,, Scotland)Scotland) 1I JANJAN 18441844 (Jane(Jane Robb)Robb) 386 Easton,Easton, Members of the Mormon Battalion; LarsonLarson,, Database of the Mormon Battalion; andand Ricketts,Ricketts, The Mormon Battalion, 283-293283-293.. InformatioInfonnationn wawass combinecombinedd from thesthesee sourcessources (which(which hahadd reviewedreviewed militarymilitary,, churchchurch,, andand governmengovernmentt recordsrecords)) ttoo creatcreatee thithiss compilecompiledd list.list. • NamesNames iinn boldbold printprint identifyidentify thosethose soldierssoldiers whowho reenlistedreenlisted inin JulyJuly 18471847 intointo thethe MormonMormon VolunteerVolunteer Company.Company. • NamesNames italicizeditalicized indicateindicate soldierssoldiers whowho reenlistedreenlisted andand theirtheir recordsrecords endend inin California;California; thosethose additionallyadditionally markedmarked withwith aann ! identifidentifyy ththee soldiersoldierss whwhoo remaineremainedd behinbehindd andand diediedd iinn CaliforniaCalifornia,, ratheratherr thathann migratingmigrating ttoo SaltSalt LakLakee oror otherother MormoMormonn settlements.settlements. • MarriageMarriage datesdates identifiedidentified withwith anan * identifyidentify couplescouples thatthat werewere marriedmarried onon thesethese datesdates inin thethe NauvooNauvoo records.records. • AnAn @ signsign followingfollowing thethe woman'swoman's name,name, identifiesidentifies thethe wiveswives whowho accompaniedaccompanied theirtheir husbands.husbands. 9966 TablTable 1I cocontinuentinuedd NAMNAMEE BIRTBIRTHH MARRIEMARRIEDD AverettAverett,, ElishEl isha MMusiciausiciann 12 DEC 11818100 (Murra(Murrayy Co., TN)TN) 1919 JAJANN 18461846** (Sara(Sarahh Jane Witt)Witt) RichardsRichards,, JosepJosephh W MusicianMusician 2255 MAYMAY 11828299 (Berks(Berkshirhire Co.Co.,, MA)MA) PrivatePrivatess AllenAllen,, AAlberlbernn 2222 MAMAYY 11808022 (Cornwa(Cornwallll,, CCTT)) I1 JANJAN 11846846** (Marcia(Marcia AAllenll en)) r-.AlleAllen n JamesJames AllenAll en,, Rufuss C.C. 2222 OCTOCT 18218277 (Delawar(Delawaree CoCo.., NY)NY) 311 MAMARR 18185533 (Lavern(Lavernaa Yearsly)Yearsly) AllredAll red,, JameJamess RileyRiley 2288 JAJANN 18182277 (Bedto(Bedforrdd Co.,, TN)TN) AllredAllred,, JameJamess TillmaTillmann SanfordSanford 2288 MAMARR 18182255 (Bedfordd Co., TN)TN) 2233 NONOVV 18184455 (Eliz(E lizaa BB.. ManwaringManwaring @)@) AllredAllred,, ReubeReubenn WarrenWarren 9 NOVNOV 18182277 (Bedfo(Bedforrdd Co.,Co., TN)TN) 7 FEBFEB 1846 (E(Elzadilzadie EmmalinEmmaline FoForrdd @@) BaileyBailey,, JJameamess 2299 JUJULL 11818177 (Hillsborough(Hi llsborough,, NH)NH) Beckstead,, GordoGordonn SilasSilas 2255 NONOVV 18218255 (O(Ontariontario,, Canada)Canada) 2244 AUAUGG 18521852 (Barbar(Barbaraa Park)Park) Beckstead,, OriOrinn MortimerMortimer 2 FEBFEB 18183300 (Williamsburg(W illiamsburg,, CaCanadanada)) ? (Jane(Jane ElleEllen Roberts)Roberts) Bevan,, JamesJames 19 OCTOCT 18182211 (Herefordshire(Herefordshire,, EEnglandngland) 9 MAMAYY 18185500 ((MarMaryy SShieldshields)) BickmoreBickmore,, GiGilberlbertt 2200 JUJULL 18182277 (Morga(Morgann Co.Co., IILL)) 1313 MAMARR 11848499 (Kat(Katharinharinaa J.. Huntsman)Huntsman) BlanchardBlanchard,, MerviMervinn SSimeoimeonn 1I NOVNOV 18241824 (Wi(Windsorndsor, CT)CT) Brass,Brass , BenjaminBenjamin 2222 SEPSEP 18101810 (Ham(Hampdenpden,, MA)MA) Bronson/BrownsonBronson/Brownson,, ClintoClintonn DoneralDoneral 117/171188 DEDECC 18218244 (Mento(Mentorr Lake,, OH)OH) 2255 SEl'SEP 18518500 (Lo(Louisuisaa AAndrewsndrews)) Brown,, JJohohnn 2244 AUAUGG 181 9 (Q(Quebecuebec,, Canada)Canada) Brown,Brown , William WaltonWalton 2 NONOVV 18182288 (A(Alexandrialexandria,, VVA A)) Bryant/Bryan, John S. 17 SEPSEP 18218255 (C(Clearfieldlearfield,, PA)PA) ButterfieldButterfield,, JacoJacobb KempKemp 17 FEBFEB 1813/1813/44 (Far(Farmingtonmington,, MMEE)) 19 MAMARR 11848400 (Louis(Louisaa Walker)Walker) CalkinsCalkins,, AlvAlva CChauncehaunceyy 3030 SEPSEP 18251825 (Catera(Caterauguuguss Co.,, NY)NY) 2 APAPRR 18185544 (Mart(Marthha M.M. SkidSkidmoremore)) CaCalkinslkins,, EdwiEdwinn RuthvinRuthvin 6 MAYMAY 18182200 (Cay(Cayugugaa Co. , NY)NY) ? (Lou(Louisaisa)) CaCalkinslkins,, JameJamess WoodWood 2222 NONOVV 18271827 (Cateraugu(Caterauguss Co.Co., NY)NY) 13 MAMAYY 11858522 (Eliz(Elizaa Jane GiGilmorelmore)) CaCalkinslkins,, SySylvanulvanus 3300 DEDECC 18218233 (A(Auroraurora,, NY)NY) 2222 JANJAN 18518511 (Hanna(Hannahh ElizabetElizabethh Kilbourn)Kilbourn) CasCasper/Casparper/Caspar,, WilliaWilliamm WallaceWallace 12 MAMARR 11828211 (Richlan(Richlandd Co., OH)OH) 2299 AUAUGG 18418444 (Sara(Sarahh AnAnnn Bean)Bean) ChaseChase,, HyruHyrumm BarryBarry 1144 MAMARR 18231823 (Fulto(Ful ton Co.,, IL)IL) CClarklark,, JJoseposephh 2266 APAPRR 11828288 (Clinto(Clintonn Co., OOHH) 1717 OCOCTT 18491849 (Sara(Sarahh MM.. ToTophampham) Clark,Clark, RileRileyy GarnerGarner 2299 JULJUL 18218299 (C(Clintolinton Co.,, OH)OH) 2020 MAMARR 11858500 (Amand(Amanda Williams)Williams) CoColemanleman,, GeoGeorgrgee 2 MAMARR 18171817 (No(Norfolkrfolk,, EEnglandngland) 1840 (Mar(Maryy Reeves)Reeves) CoxCox,, HendersonHenderson 6 NOVNOV 18291829 (Warren CoCo.., IN)IN) CCurtisurtis,, JosiahJosiah 5 AUGAUG 18301830 (C(Chautauguahautaugua,, SSheridanheridan, NY)NY) II11 APRAPR 11858500 (Mary(Mary EsEstestes)) DeckerDecker,, ZachariaZachariahh BruynBruyn 2222 JUNJ UN 1817 (U(Ulstelster Co., NY)NY) 4 SEPSEP 1842 (Nancy(Nancy Bean)Bean) Dobson/DodsonDobson/Dodson,, JosephJoseph 2266 AUAUGG 18018044 (C(Cheshireheshire,, EngEnglandland) 1836 (E(Elizabetlizabethh FFurney/Frainurney/Frain) Dobson/DodsoDobson/Dodsonn ElElii 2929 OCTOCT 18281828 (Ye(Yellowbanksllowbanks,, OH/OweOH/Owensboronsboro,, KY)KY) EarlEarl,, JameJamess CaCalvilv inn 2727 MAMARR 18218222 (Logan CoCo.., OH)OH) 2266 APRAPR 1849 (Mary(Mary ElizabetElizabethh ParsoParsonsns)) EgbertEgbert,, RoberRobertt CowCowdeden 12 MAMAYY 18218211 (S(Sullivanullivan,, ININ)) 1I APRAPR 1846 (Sevia(Seviah CCunninghamunningham)) Fairbanks,, HenryHenry 3 DDEECC 11828266 (Morris,(Morris, NNJJ)) 12 FEFEBB 18518522 ((RhodRhodaa Ann Davis)Davis) FrederickFrederick,, DaviDavidd IraIra 1155 SEPSEP 18180011 (Me(Mendonndon,, NY)NY) (Mar(Maryy AnAnnn Winner)Winner) GarneGarnerr,, DavidDavid 3030 JAJANN 1181818 (Lexington(Lexington,, Rowan,, NC)NC) 18/218/222 OCTOCT 18418422 (Doll(Dolly Durfee)Durfee) GoodwinGoodwin,, AAndrendreww 2299 NONOVV 18118 188 (Ha(Hamiltomiltonn Co.Co., OH)OH) (E(ElizabethIizabeth) ) GordonGordon,, GGilmailman 18 JAJANN 18218211 (Guyug(GlIYllgaa Co., NY)NY) (Sophia(Sophia)) HamptonHampton,, JamesJames 4 APAPRR 17179977 (PA)(PA) 1616 MAY Y 18118 19 (C(Clarissalarissa)) Hawkins,, BeBenjaminj aminn 331! JUJULL 1802 (Saratog(Saratogaa Co.Co.,, NY)NY) 18411841 (Mar(Maryy AnnAnn CCharlolharlotee Dana)Dana) Hewett,, ElElii BucknerBuckner 2277 JUJULL 18218266 (Brownn CoCo.., OH)OH) Hickenlooper,Hicken/ooper , William F. 13 FEFEB 18218233 (Armstrong(Armstrong,, PA)PA) HickenlooperHickenlooper,, WilliamWilliam H.. 2222 SEPSEP 18041804 (Westmorelan(Westmorelandd Co.,, PA)PA) 2299 AUAUGG 11828299 (Sarah(Sarah HawkinHawkinss)) Holden,, ElijaElijahh EEdwardwardd 2277 MAMARR 11828266 (Pendleto(pendletonn Co.Co., KY)KY) 5 OCTOCT 11848488 (Ca(Cathrinthrine M.M. TThatcherhatcher) HoytHoyt,, HenrHenryy PikePike 2 AUAUGG 18118155 (O(Oneidaneida,, NY)NY) 2211 AUAUGG 18421842 ((II.. ElizabetElizabethh Lincoln)Lincoln) Hoyt,, TimotTimothhy SabSabinine 4 MARMAR 1811818 (Boo(Boonvillenvi lle,, OneidaOneida,, NY)NY) 51145/14 APR 18418499 (Elizabet(Elizabethh L.. Sperry)Sperry) HudsonHudson,, WilforWilfordd HeathHeath 19 SESEPP 18181818 (Harriso(Harri sonn Co., IINN)) 2299 NONOVV 18418422 (Julian(J ulianaa GraybiGraybillll) 9797 TablTablee 1I continuedcontinued -- NAMNAMEE BIRTBIRTHH MARRIEMARRIEDD Hulet/HulettHulet/Hulett,, SchuylerSchuyler 2244 AUAUGG 18261826 (Nelson(Nelson,, PortagePortage,, OH)OH) 3131 JU.lULL 18531853 (Jane(Jane Wadell)Wadell) HuntHunt,, MarshallMarshall 1212 APAPRR 18291829 (Edwards(Edwards Co.,Co., IL)IL) 18511851 (Sarah(Sarah AnAnnn Runyon)Runyon) IvieIvic., RicharRichardd A.A. 1010 FEFEBB 18251825 (Bedfor(Bedfordd Co.Co.,, TN)TN) 1616 JUJUNN 18461846 (Elizabet(Elizabethh Dobson)Dobson) JacksonJackson,, CharlesCharles A.A. 2277 AUAUGG 18161816 (Portage(Portage,, OH)OH) 1-- JohnsonJohnson,, HenryHenry MitcheMitche 12JUL12 JUL 18211821 (Dearbor(Dearbornn Co.Co.,, IN)IN) KelleyKelley,, NicholasNicholas 18171817 (Edward(Edwardss Co.Co.,, IL)IL) (Sarah@)(Sarah @) KelleyKelley,, WilliamWilliam 6 APAPRR 18281828 (Isle(Isle ofof Man,Man, England)England) 18571857 (Christina(Christina Peterson)Peterson) IKibhey,!Kibbey, JamesJames 1717 JUJULL 18241824 (Niagara(Niagara,, NY)NY) (Wife(Wife iinn CA?)CA?) LakeLake,, BarnabasBarnabas 2/32/3 JJUN UN 18271827 (Ontario,(Ontario, Canada)Canada) 3311 MAMARR 18501850 (Fanny(Fanny EE.. Snyder)Snyder) Lemmon,Lemmon, JameJamess WilliamWilliam 1616 MAMAYY 18271827 (Corydon(Corydon,, IN)IN) 18518511 (Rosanna(Rosannahh Avrey)Avrey) MaxwellMaxwell,, MaxieMaxie (Montreal(Montreal,, Canada)Canada) f--- MayMayfield, field, Benjamin F.F. 2277 JUJUNN 18261826 (Jackso(Jacksonn Co.Co.,, TN)TN) MossMoss,, DavidDavid 1717 SEPSEP 18181818 (Yorkshire(Yorkshire,, England)England) 1717 JUJUNN 18521852 (Julia(Julia AnAnnn Whittaker)Whittaker) NaegleNaegle,, JohJohnn ConradConrad 1414 SESEPP 18218255 (Alberscweiler(Alberscweiler,, PfalzPfalz,, BavariaBavaria)) 18531853 (Mary(Mary LouisLouisaa Kepple)Kepple) OylerOyler,, MelcherMelcher 2277 JAJANN 18141814 (TN)(TN) (Elizabeth)(Elizabeth) - -- PackardPackard,, HenryHenry 6 MA Y 18251825 (Gcauga(Geauga Co.,Co., OH)OH) (Almira(Almira Mecham)Mecham) PiersonPierson,, EbenezeEbenezerr LL.. 2288 OCOCTT 18201820 (Killingsworth(Killingsworth,, CT)CT) Ritter,Rider, JohnJohn 5 DECDEC 18201820 (Burks(Burks Garden,Garden, VA)VA) RoweRowe,, CariataCariatatt CondersetConderset 1111 MAMAYY 18231823 (Perr(Perryy TownshipTownship,, IN)IN) (Mary(Mary Napier)Napier) Sessions,Sessions, JohnJohn 2222 AUAUGG 18211821 (Whit(Whitee Co.Co.,, IL)IL) JULJUL 18461846 (Mar(Maryy EmelinEmelinee Sessions)Sessions) Sessions,Sessions, RichardRichard 2828 APAPRR 17991799 (Logan,(Logan, KY)KY) 1144 APAPRR 18211821 (Lucreti(Lucretiaa Haws)Haws) SessionsSessions,, WilliaWilliamm B.B. 2233 AUAUGG 18271827 (Whit(Whitee Co.Co.,, IL)IL) AbouAboutt 18551855 (Cathrin(Cathrinee Yoger)Yoger) -- Sexton, George B. 2277 MAMAYY 18281828 (Ontario(Ontario,, Canada)Canada) ShepherdShepherd,, MarcuMarcuss ddee LafayetteLafayette 1010 OCOCTT 18241824 (Willoughby(Willoughby,, OH)OH) 3 MARMAR 18511851 (Han-iet(Harriet EdithEdith Parrish)Parrish) Steele,Steele, GeorgeGeorge E.E. 1616 JUJULL 18261826 (Cincinnati(Cincinnati,, OH)OH) (Syrina(Syrina Biggs)Biggs) Steele, Isaiah C. 1 AUGAUG 18301830 (Cincinnati,(Cincinnati, OH)OH) SwarthoutSwarthout,, HamiltonHamilton 3300 SESEPP 18281828 (Huron(Huron,, OH)OH) Taylor, Joseph 4 JUN 1825 (Warren Co., K Y) 24 MAR 1844 (Mary Moore) Taylor, Joseph 4 JUN 1825 (Warren Co., KY) 24 MAR 1844 (Mary Moore) -- Thompson,Thompson, Joh.lohnn CrowCrow 1616 MA Y 18211821 (Montgomer(Montgomeryy Co.Co.,, VVAA) ) 2200 MAMARR 18451845 (Ann(Ann BroyhillBroyhill Clark)Clark) VrandenburgVrandenburg,, AdnaAdna 4 AUAUGG 18191819(AIste (AlsterCo.,r Co., NY)NY) WeaverWeaver,, FranklinFranklin 2929 MAMAYY 18291829 (Allegany,(Allegany, NY)NY) 1212 MAMARR 18418488 (Christiana(Christiana RR.. Reed)Reed) WeaverWeaver,, MilesMiles 2222 MA Y 18261826 (Allegany,(Allegany, NY)NY) 55.1AN/JUN JAN/JUN 18481848 (Sarah(Sarah Clark)Clark) WebbWebb,, CharleCharless YoungYoung 8 MAYMAY 18191819 (Malone,(Malone, Franklin,Franklin, NY)NY) 2929 SESEPP 18521852 (Adelin(Adelinee Freeman)Freeman) 1----- WheelerWheeler,, MerrilMerrilll W.W. 1414 NONOVV 1825/61825/6 -- WhiteWhite,, JosephJoseph 3030 MAMAYY 18018011 (Boston(Boston,, MA)MA) 5 JULJUL 18291829 (Ruby(Ruby ElnoraElnora Stearns)Stearns) WhiteWhite,, SamuelSamuel StephenStephen 8 APRAPR 18211821 (Chittenden(Chittenden Co.,Co., VT)VT) 6 FEBFEB 1846*1846* (Rebeckah)(Rebeckah) WilleyWilley,, JeremiahJeremiah 6 NOVNOV 18041804 (Northfield,(Northfield, Merach,Merach, NH)NH) 2828 APAPRR 18391839 (Samantha(SamanthaCall Call)) 1---- WilsonWilson,, AlfreAlfredd C./G.C./G. 1133 SESEPP 1823/1823/55 (Bedford(Bedford,, NY)NY) 1liMA1 MAY 18418488 (Jane(Jane G.G. Howard)Howard) WinnWinn,, DenniDenniss WillsonWillson 1111 DEDECC 18218266 (Madiso(Madisonn Co.Co.,, AL.)AL) 2 .IANJAN 18491849 (Margaret(Margaret Bateman)Bateman) ~'oodworth,Woodworth, LysanderLysander 3 FEBFEB 18281828 (Ashtabula,(Ashtabula, OH)OH) WristonWriston,, IsaaIsaacc N.N. 1313 OCOCTT 18251825 (Hopkinsville(Hopkinsville,, KY)KY) WristonWriston., JohJohnn P.P. CompanComllan),y B -- OfficerOfficerss HunterHunter,, JessJessee D.D. CPTCPT 5 JULJUL 1804/61804/6 (Hopkinville,(Hopkinville, KY)KY) 2 FEFEBB 18461846 (Lydia(Lydia@ @)) LuddingtonLuddington,, ElaElamm 1ILT LT 2233 NONOVV 18061806 (Litchfield(Litchfield,, CT)CT) (Mary(Mary ElizElizaa ClarkClark @)@) Barrus/BarrisBarrusfBarris,, RueRuell 2LT2LT 1111 AUAUGG 18211821 (ChautauovaCo.(Chautauova Co.,, NY)NY) 1010 AUAUGG 18591859 (Ellen(Ellen Martin)Martin) f--- MerrillMerrill,, PhilemoPhilemonn CC.. 3LT3LT 1212 MAR/NOMAR/NOVV 18201820 (Byron,(Byron, Genesee,Genesee, NY)NY) 2020 OCTOCT 18401840 (Cyrena(Cyrena Dustin)Dustin) st ~ Coray/CoreyCoray/Corey,, WilliaWilliamm 1"1 SGTSGT 1133 MAMAYY 18231823 (Stube(Stubenn Co.Co.,, NY)NY) 22 JUN 1846 (Mitissa Burton @) r---- 22 JUN 1846 (Milissa Burton @) HydeHyde,, WilliaWilliamm 2ndnd SOTSGT 1II1 SESEPP 18181818 (Livingston(Livingston,, NY)NY) 2233 FEFEBB 18421842 (Elizabet(Elizabethh HH.. Bullard)Bullard) ~h.Smith, AlberAlbertt 33.-drd SGTSGT 1818 NONOVV 18041804 (Franklin(Franklin Co.Co.,, MA)MA) 1111 MAYMAY 18261826 (Esthe(Estherr Dutcher)Dutcher) 9898 TablTablee 1I continuedcontinued NAMNAMEE BIRTBIRTHH MARRIEMARRIEDD -- GreenGreen,, EphraiEphraimm 44thlh SGTSGT 5 MARMAR 18071807 (Jefferson,(Jefferson, NY)NY) (Mar(Maryy Smith)Smith) Rainey,Rainey, DaviDavidd PP.. 1\"s t CPLCPL I1 FEBFEB 18181818 (Maury(Maury Co.,Co., TN)TN) 2 JANJAN 1846*1846* (Margaret(Margaret Andrews)Andrews) DunnDunn,, ThomasThomas JJ.. 2ndnd CPLCPL 2 JANJAN 18221822 (Phelps,(Phelps, Ontario,Ontario, NY)NY) 1I JJU U L 18401840 (Betsy(Betsy Briggs)Briggs) Chase,Chase, JohJohnn DarwiDarwinn 3edrd CPLCPL 1010 AUAUGG 18118155 (Addison(Addison,, VT)VT) 1717 FEFEBB 1846171846/7 (Almira(Almira HigginHigginss @)@) WilcoxWilcox,, EdwarEdwardd 44thth CPLCPL 1313 DEDECC 18191819 HunterHunter,, WilliaWilliamm MusicianMusician 2525 DECDEC 18301830 (son(son ofofCP CPTT HunterHunter & KissiahKissiah Brown)Brown) TaggartTaggart,, GeorgeGeorge WashingtoWashingtonn MusicianMusician 6 NOVNOV 18161816 (Sharon-Hillsboro,(Sharon-Hillsboro, NH)NH) 7 MAYMAY 18431843 (Harriet(Harriet AtkinsAtkins Bruce)Bruce) -- PrivatePrivatess AlexanderAlexander,, HoracHoracee M.M. 1515 FEBFEB 18118122 (Montgomery(Montgomery Co.Co.,, VA)VA) 1414 SEPSEP 18341834 (Nanc(Nancyy RR.. Walker)Walker) AllenAllen,, ElijahElijah 7 FEBFEB 18261826 (Cattaraugus(Cattaraugus Co.,Co., NY)NY) 2 MAYMAY 18521852 (Eliza(Eliza AnnAnn Bickmore)Bickmore) AllenAllen,, FranklinFranklin 1515 APAPRR 18081808 (Tompkins(Tompkins,, NY)NY) SESEPP 18411841 (Rebecca(Rebecca Myers)Myers) AllenAllen,, GeorgeGeorge 1616 APAPRR 18021802 (Wooster(Wooster,, England)England) BiglerBigler,, HenrHenryy WilliamWilliam 2288 AUAUGG 18151815 (Harriso(Harrisonn Co.,Co., VA)VA) 9 SEPSEP 18531853 (Jane(Jane Whipple)Whipple) Bingham,Bingham, ErastusErastus 3300 SEPSEP 18221822 (St.(St. JohnsburyJohnsbury,, VT)VT) 2299 OCOCTT 18431843 (Olive(Olive Horey1 lorcy Freeman)Freeman) BinghamBingham,, ThomasThomas 1919 JUJULL 18241824 (Littleton,(Littleton, Grftn.Grftn.,, NH)NH) 6 SEPSEP 18491849 (Caron(Caron H.H. Holladay)Holladay) BirdBird,, WilliamWilliam 1818 JUJULL 18231823 (Chenning,(Chenning, NY)NY) 2288 SEPSEP 18511851 (An(Annn Roylance)Roylance) BlissBliss,, RoberRobertt StantonStanton 1I AUGAUG 18051805 (Montville,(Montville, CT)CT) 2299 JANJAN 1846*1846* (Mary(Mary AnnAnn Paine)Paine) BoleyBoley,, SamuelSamuel 2525 DEDECC 18241824 (Lancaster,(Lancaster, PAlPA) Borrowman,Borrowman, JohnJohn 1313 MAYMAY 1814/61814/6 (Glasgow(Glasgow,, Scotland)Scotland) 9 JANJAN 18491849 (Agnes(Agnes ThompsonThompson Park)Park) BrackenberryBrackenberry,, BenjamiBenjaminn B.B. 2277 APAPRR 18271827 (Huron(Huron,, OH)OH) ? (Phebe(Phebe JaneJane Allcn)Allen) BrownBrown,, FrancisFrancis 2 NOVNOV 18271827 (Orleans,(Orleans, NY)NY) 18581858 (Mancheeta(MancheetaMcGill McGill)) BushBush,, RichardRichard 1313 MAMARR 18261826 (Ulste(Ulsterr Co.Co.,, NY)NY) 2233 MAMARR 18451845 (Adeline(Adeline Johnson)Johnson) BybeeBybee,, JohJohnn McCanMcCan 1717 FEFEBB 18291829 (Monroe,(Monroe, HartHart,, KY)KY) 1717 OCOCTT 18491849 (Polly(Polly Smith)Smith) Callahan,Callahan, ThomaThomass WilliamWilliam 2200 APAPRR 18141814 (Fulton(Fulton,, NY)NY) 18371837 (Lucinda(Lucinda Shipman)Shipman) CampCamp,, JameJamess GreerGreer 1212 JAJANN 18281828 (Dresden(Dresden,, TN/TuscaloosaTNlTuscaloosa,, ALAL)) ? (Nanc(Nancyy Boswell)Boswell) Carter,Carter, IsaaIsaacc PhiloPhilo 1II1 MAMARR 18218299 (Ruthland(Ruthland,, VT)VT) 6 OCTOCT !8561856 (Lyman(Lyman Matilda)Matilda) Carter,Carter, RichardRichard 8 AUGAUG 18201820 (Newbury,(Newbury, Oxford,Oxford, ME)ME) 2299 NONOVV 18401840 (Hanna(Hannahh Parker)Parker) Cheney,Cheney, ZacheusZacheus 2222 APAPRR 18181818 (Cayug(Cayugaa Co.Co.,, NY)NY) 1111 JUJULL 18418488 (Mary(Mary AnAnnn Fisher)Fisher) ChurchChurch,, HadeHadenn WellsWells 2299 AUAUGG 18171817 (Franklin,(Franklin, TN)TN) 1919 DEDECC 18441844 (Sarah(Sarah AnAnnn Arterbury)Arterbury) ClarkClark,, GeorgGeorgee ShefferSheffer 7 NOVNOV 18161816 (Jefferson(Jefferson Co.,Co., OB)OH) 2200 MAMARR 18501850 (Susanna(Susannahh Dalley)Dalley) ColtonColton,, PhilanderPhilander 1919 OCOCTT 18111811 (Niagara(Niagara,, NY)NY) 3 JULJUL 18331833 (Poll(Pollyy MatildaMatilda Merrill)Merrill) CurtisCurtis,, DorDorrr PurdyPurdy 2211 JANJAN 18191819 (Cayug(Cayugaa Co.Co.,, NY)NY) 2288 JAJANN 18418466 (Cathrine(Cathrine AdeliAdeliaa Haight)Haight) DaltonDalton,, HenrHenryy SimonSimon 3 APRAPR 18271827 (Broom(Broom Co.,Co., NY)NY) 1212 MARMAR 18481848 (Elizabeth(Elizabeth JaneJane Kettleman)Kettleman) Dayton, WilliamlWillardWillianvWillard J.n.J./T. APAPRR 18218288 (Cattaraugus(Cattaraugus Co.Co.,, NY)NY) DunhamDunham,, AlbertAlbert 2233 MAMAYY 18281828 (Allegany(Allegany,, NY)NY) Dutcher, Thomas P. 1818 MAY 18261826 (Boylston(Boylston,, OswegoOswego,, NY)NY) EastmanEastman,, MarcusMarcus N.N. 5 MARMAR 18251825 (Sheffield,(Sheffield, CT)CT) Evans,Evans, IsraelIsrael 2 OCOCTT 18281828 (Columbiana(Columbiana Co.Co.,, OH)OH) 1I JANJAN 18491849 (Matilda(Matilda AnnAnn Thomas)Thomas) Evans, WilliamWilliam 1I MARMAR 18181818 (Herfordshire,(Herfordshire, England)England) FifeFife,, PetePeterr MuirMuir 5 APRAPR 18061806 (Pathead,(Pathead, Lothian,Lothian, Scotland)Scotland) (Mary(Mary Hunter)Hunter) FollettFollett,, WilliamWilliam A.A. 1II1 NONOVV 18251825 (Portage(Portage,, OH)OH) 2299 SESEPP 18451845 (Nancy(Nancy MariaMariahh Faucett)Faucett) FreemanFreeman,, ElijaElijahh NN.. 1717 APAPRR 18221822 (Caledori(Caledoriaa Co.Co.,, VT)VT) 1717 APAPRR 18441844 (Mary(Mary Bingham)Bingham) GarnerGarner,, PhillipPhillip 1II1 OCOCTT 18081808 (Rowan(Rowan Co.Co.,, NC)NC) 4 APAPRR 18301830 (Mary(Mary Hedrick)Hedrick) GarnerGamer,, WilliaWilliamm A.A. 2222 JAJANN 18171817 (Davidson(Davidson Co.,Co., NC)NC) 4 SEPSEP 18318322 (Sarah(Sarah Workman)Workman) HanksHanks,, EphraiEphraimm KnowltonKnowlton 2211 MAMARR 18261826 (Lake(Lake Co.Co.,, OH)OH) 2 SEPSEP 18481848 (Harriet(Harriet AmeliaAmelia Decker)Decker) HaskellHaskell,, GeorgGeorgee W.W. 1616 OCOCTT 17917977 (Grafton(Grafton Co.Co.,, NH)NH) AbouAboutt 18161816 (Sally/Sara(Sally/Sarahh Runnels)Runnels) HarrisHarris,, SilasSilas 1414 OCTOCT 18241824 (Lawrence(Lawrence Co.Co.,, IN)IN) 2 SEPSEP 18491849 (Sarah(Sarah Aldridge)Aldridge) Hawk,Hawk, NathanNathan 2299 OCOCTT 18231823 (Washington(Washington Co.Co.,, IN)IN) 9 JANJAN 18431843 (Elizabeth(Elizabeth Conrad)Conrad) HawkHawk,, Willian1William 3 NOVNOV 17991799 (Botcourt,(Boteourt, VVA A)) 7 OCTOCT 18271827 (Margaret(Margaret Harris)Hams) r--' HinckleyHinckley,, ArzArzaa ErastusErastus 1155 AUAUGG 18218266 (Leeds,(Leeds, OntarioOntario,, Canada)Canada) 1I MARMAR 18531853 (Amelia(Amelia Woodhouse)Woodhouse) Hoffheims/HofheinzHoffheims/Hofheinz,, JacobJacob 4 DEDECC 18121812 (Baden,(Baden, Gennany)Germany) 18351835 (Mary(Mary AnAnnn ElizabetElizabethh Stevenson)Stevenson) 9999 TabTablle 1I cocontinuentinuedd NAME BIRTHBIRTH MARRIEDMARRIED Hunter,, EdwarEdwardd Jr.Jr. 2299 MAMARR 11828211 (Delawar(Delawaree Co., PA)PA) 5 NOVNOV 11848433 (Mary(Mary AAnnnn Whitesides)Whitesides) Huntsman,, IsaiahIsaiah 1414 SEPSEP 18182266 (Richland(Richland,, OH)OH) 16 JJAANN 18418488 (Re(Rebeccbeccaa CarterCarter AAmesmes)) Jones,, DaviDavidd H.. 4/4/55 MAMARR 18218244 (Delawar(Delawaree Co., NY)NY) KeysorKeysor,, GuGuy MessiahMessiah 6 OCTOCT 18161816 (B(Blaclackk Rock, EErierie, NY)NY) 1I SEPSEP 1185851 (Mary(Mary Ann EElvinlvin)) KingKi ng,, JohJohnn MMorriorriss 2233 SESEPP 11808099 (Benningto(Benningtonn CoCo..,, VT)VT) 1I 1I FEFEBB 18318333 (Sara(Sarahh AnAnnn Jewell)Jewell) Kirk,, TThomahomass 1818 MAMAYY 18118 15 (Staffordshire(Staffordshire,, EEnglandngland) Lawson,JohLawson, Johnn 2200 JUJUNN 18018055 (Wash(Washingtoingtonn Co.., NY)NY) 11828277 (Sarah LeaLeall) MartinMartin,, JesseJesse BiBigleglerr 1111 APAPRR 11828255 (Harrison(Harrison Co., VVA A)) 17 DEDECC 18418488 (Soph(Sophronironiaa Moore)Moore) McCarty,, NeNelsolson 2222 SEPSEP 1813/18118 13/ 18188 (O(Ontariontario,, Canada/iCanada/Irelandreland)) 18418433 (Mary(Mary JanJanee MorriMorriss)) Miles, SamuelSamuel Jr.Jr. 8 APRAPR 11828266 (A(Atticattica,, GeGeneseenesee, NY)NY) 6 SEPSEP 18491849 (Han(Hannanahh M.M. CoColbornlborn)) MorrisMorris,, ThomasThomas 1515 OCOCTT 17991799 (G(Glmrgsh.lmrgsh.,, SoSoututhh WaWalesles)) 4 AUAUGG 11827/827/8 (Frances(Frances Hall)Hall) Mount, Hiram BB.. 1I JANJAN 18099 (Gea(Geaugugaa Co.,, OOnterionterio, NY)NY) ~~rdockMurdock,, JohJo hnn RiggsRiggs 13 SEPSEP 18218266 (Orange(Orange,, OH)OH) 13 NONOVV 18418499 (Almir(Almira HH.. Lott)Lott) Murdock,, Horice/OrricHorice/Orricee ClappClapp 2244 DEDECC 11828244 (Geauga(Geauga,, OOrangerange,, OOHH) 16 JUJUNN 18185500 (Margaret(Margarettt A.A. Molen)Molcn) MyersMyers,, SaSamuemuell 1I OCTOCT 11828255 ((PikePike,, OOHH)) Noler,Noler , CChristianhristian 18131813 (Germany)(Germany) Owens,, RobertRobert 1010 JUJULL 11818 18 (Ken(Kentt Co., DDEE)) 18318377 (Catherin(Catherine AnAnnn WiWilliamslliams)) Park,Park , JamesJames P. J"1st 5 MAYMAY 18231823 (London,, EEnglandngland)) Park,, JameJamess P.. 2ndnd 211 DEDECC 18218211 (Lanark(Lanark,, ScotScotlandland) 211 SEPSEP 11848499 (Ag(Agneness FFindlayindlay)) PiersonPierson,, EEphraiphraimm 2288 OCOCTT 18218255 Madison,, NY)NY) 5 DECDEC 18481848 (Nancy(Nancy AnnAnn FoFoutzutz)) PiersonPierson,, HarmoHarmonn D. 311 AUAUGG 11818 18 (Killingsworth(Killingsworth,, CT)CT) 311 AUAUGG 18418488 (Louisa(Louisa WhiWhitakertaker)) Prouse/ProwsProuse/Prows,, WilliaWi lliamm Cook 1II1 JUJUNN 18218277 (Ka(Kanawhanawha,, VAVA)) 6 JUJUNN 18618677 (Lo(Louisui saa MalindMalindaa RowenRowenaa JameJamess)) Reed,, CaCalvilvinn 1616 OCOCTT 11828211 (S(Sulvanui van,, NH)NH) 1II1 JUJULL 11848411 (Mar(Maryy CCurtisurtis)) Richards,Richards , PeterPeter F.IT.F./T. 6 APRAPR 18180088 (Edi(Edinburghnburgh,, ScotlaScotlandnd) Rogers,, SamueSamuell HollisterHollister 1I MARMAR 18191819 (Por(Portagtagee Co.,, OH)OH) 7 MARMAR 11858500 (Ann MatildaMatilda Doolittle)Doolittle) SiSimmonsmmons,, WilliamWilliam AAlpheas/Alphalpheas/Alphass 2288 JUJ UNN 11828266 (Ontario(Ontario,, Canada)Canada) 2266 APR 18501850 (Mar(Maryy ElizabetEIizabeth h GroveGroverr) Sly,, JJameamess CaCalvilvinn 8 AUGAUG 11808077 (Way(Waynne CoCo..,, NY)NY) 2255 MAMARR 1182.8299 (Mar(Maryy Bassett)Bassett) SmithSmith,, AzarAzariaiah 1I AUGAUG 18281828 (Oswego(Oswego CoCo..,, NY)NY) Steers,Steers , AndrewAndrew JJ.. (C(Clintolintonn Co.., NY)NY) Stevens, LymanLyman 7 FEBFEB 11818 12 (Danby,, Tompkin,, NY)NY) 2211 JUJUNN 18318366 (Martha(Martha DurfeeDurfee/Dwarf/Dwarf)) StiStillmanllman,, DexterDexter 2323 MAMARR 11808044 (Colebrook(Colebrook,, CT)CT) 12 NONOVV 18261826 (Barbar(Barbaraa RedfieRedfieldld) Stoddard,, Rufus 15 JAJANN 11828277 (Ontario(Ontario,, CanadaCanada)) 13 OCOCTT 18518533 (Mart(Marthha EElizabetli zabethh Weaver)Weaver) Study,, DavidDavid 2 DECDEC 18182266 (Owll CCreekreek,, Richland,, OH)OH) 2288 JUJUNN 18418499 (Mar(Maryy AnAnnn EttEttlemanleman)) WalkerWalker,, WilliaWilliamm Holmes 2288 AUAUGG 11828200 (Caledonia(Caledonia,, VT)VT) 1I NOVNOV 11848433 (Ol(Olivivee HoveyHovey Farr)Fair) WattsWatts,, JohJohnn S. 4 JUNJUN 18101810 (Huntington,, EEnglandngland)) Wheeler, JohnJolm L. 311 JULJUL 18051805 (So(Southdownuthdown,, CT)CT) WhitneyWhitney,, FranciFrancis T.T. 2244 MAMARR 18018055 (Philips(Philips,, SSmrst.mrst.,, MMEE)) 17 FEFEBB 18271827 (Abiga(Abigaiill BBlanchardlanchard)) Wilcox,, HenryHenry 1133 JAJANN 18131813 (O(Orleanrl eanss Co.Co.,, NY)NY) (Clariss(Clari ssaa Redfield)Redfield) Willis/WillesWillis/Will es,, Ira JJoneoness 211 JAJANN 11818 12 (Alban(AJbany Co., NY)NY) 15 DEDECC 11849(Maliss849 (Mali ssaa Lott)Lott) Willis,, WilliaWilliamm SydneySydney S.. 1818 MAMARR 1819 (Jefferson(Jefferson,, NY)NY) 2233 APAPRR 18518522 (L(Lucinducinda AlzinAlzina Lott)Lott) Winters, JaJacobcob 3 JUUAUGJUL/AUG 18241824 (IN)(IN) WorkmanWorkman,, AndreA ndrew JacksJacksoon 15 JUJULL 18241824 (Car(Carlisleli sle,, Nckls.Nckls.,, KY)KY) 4 JAJANN 11858555 (Rebecca(Rebecca Dack)Dack) WorkmanWorkman,, OliveOliverr GaultryGaultry 7 JANJAN 11828288 (Overton(Overton CoCo.., TN)TN) 2020 JUJULL 11848400 (Isabe(Isabelllla Ovington)Ovington) WrightWright,, CCharleharl ess i212 JUJUNN 18218222 (Ches(Cheshirehire,, EEnglandngland)) YoungYoung,, NathanNathan 5 OCTOCT 11826/826177 (Pro(Providencevidence., RI)Rl) Zabriskie,Zabriskie, JeromeJerome 2244 JAJANN 18218288 (Vermillion(Vermillion,, IN) 5 MAYMAY 11858511 (po(Pollll y Ann Ivilviee)) ComllanyCComoanv C OfficersOfficers Brown,, JameJamess CPTCPT 3300 SEPSEP 1801801 I (Rowan,, NC)NC) 1166 JUJULL 18418466 (Mary(Mary McCreMcCreee BlacBlackk @) RosecransRosecrans,, GeorgGeorgee W.. ILT1LT 6 FEBFEB 11818 12 (De(Delawarlawaree Co., OH)OH) TThompsonhompson,, SamSamueuell 2LT 3030 MAMARR 1813 (Pomfret(Pom fret,, ChautauguaChautaugua,, NYNY)) 3030 AUGAUG 11838388 (Mar(Maryy AndeAndersonrson) 100100 TablTablee 1I continuedcontinued NAMNAMEE BIRTBIRTHH MARRIEMARRIEDD Clift, Robert 3L T 4 JANJAN 18241824 AdamsAdams,, OrsoOrsonn B.B. 1Isst 1 SGTSGT 9 MARMAR 18151815 (Ganossa,(Ganossa NY)NY) 2200 MAMARR 18361836 (Susann(Susannaa SmithSmith @)@) ElmerElmer,, ElijaElijahh 2ndnd SGTSGT 10/310/3 APAPRR 18101810 (Addiso(Addisonn Co.Co .., VT)VT) 2233 SEPSEP 18351835 (Poll(Pollyy Pierce)Pierce) TerrellTerrell,, JoelJoel JJ.. 33'drd SGTSGT 1616 MAMARR 18018011 (Lynchburg(Lynchburg,, Cmpl.Cmpl.,, VT)VT) 1I JANJAN 18531853 (Mary(Mary RebeccaRebecca Hatch)Hatch) WilkinWilkin,, DaviDavidd 4'4th" SGTSGT 1I AUGAUG 18191819 (Enniskillen,(Enniskillen, Ireland)Ireland) 2121 JULJUL 18391839 (Isabella(Isabella McNeil/McMcreMcNeil/McMere @)@) NowlinNowlin,, Jabez/JabuJabczjJabuss TT.. IIstCPLs1 CPL 1818 AUAUGG 18211821 (Bedford(Bedford Co.,Co., TN)TN) 1313 APAPRR 18461846 (Amand(Amandaa Thomas)Thomas) ndnd BrownBrown., AlexandeAlexanderr 2 CPLCPL 3 MARMAR 18261826 (Denison,(Denison, NC)NC) 2211 MAMAYY 18501850 (Amanda(Amanda McMurray)McMurray) Martin,Martin, EdwardEdward 33'drd CPLCPL 1J 8 NONOVV 18181818 (Preston,(Preston, Lncshr.Lncshr.,, England)England) 2222 DEDECC 1845*1845* (Alice(Alice Clayton)Clayton) TylerTyler,, DanielDaniel 44thth CPLCPL 2323 NONOVV 18161816 (Cayug(Cayugaa Co.Co.,, NY)NY) 1II1 SEPSEP 18361836 (Ruth(Ruth Welton)Welton) Sprague,Sprague, RicharRichardd D.D. MusicianMusician 2 MARMAR 18071807 (Junius,(Junius, Seneca,Seneca, NY)NY) 18318322 (Louis(Louisee MariMariee Rose)Rose) AllenAllen,, EzrEzraa H.H. MusicianMusician 228JUL8 JUL 1814(St.1814 (St. LawrenceLawrence,, NY)NY) 2255 DECDEC 18371837 (Sara(Sarahh BeriaBeriahh Fisk)Fisk) PrivatePrivatess AdairAdair,, GeorgGeorgee WesleyWesley 1818 FEFEBB 18201820 (Pickens(pickens,, AL)AL) BabcockBabcock,, LorenzoLorenzo 2233 FEFEBB 18218233 (Chautaugu(Chautauguaa Co.Co.,, NY)NY) 18418444 (Amy(Amy AnAnnn Marble)Marble) ! Bailey, AddisonAddison Bailey, JeffersonJefferson 1111 MAMARR 1826171826/7 BarneyBarney,, WalterWalter 7 JANJAN 18191819 (Fayette,(Fayette, OH)OH) 18491849 (Caroline(Caroline Haws)Haws) BecksteadBeckstead,, WilliaWilliamm EzraEzra 1313 MAMARR 18291829 (Williamsburg(Williamsburg,, Canada)Canada) 1I APRAPR 18731873 (Delores(Delores GarciaGarcia Nunez)Nunez) BlackburnBlackburn,, AbnerAbner 1313 JAJANN 18271827 (Bedfor(Bedfordd Co.Co.,, PAlPA) 2288 APAPRR 18521852 (Lucinda(Lucinda Harris)Harris) Boyle/BybeeBoyle/Bybee,, HenrHenryy GreenGreen 7 MARMAR 18241824 (Tazewell(Tazewell Co.,Co., VA)VA) 2288 FEFEBB 18591859 (Elizabet(Elizabethh S.S. Ballard)Ballard) BrimhallBrimhall,, JohnJohn 1616 APAPRR 18241824 (Steuben(Steuben Co.,Co., NY)NY) 5 OCTOCT 18501850 (Ammaretta(AmmarettaR R.. Harris)Harris) BrownBrown,, JessJessee SowelSowel 2266 MAMARR 18291829 (Salisbury(Salisbury,, NC)NC) 1010 JUJULL 18571857 (Caroline(Caroline Stewart)Stewart) BrownellBrownell,, RusselRusselll GideonGideon 1717 JUJULL 18181818 (Montgomery(Montgomery,, OH)OH) 2299 MAMARR 18461846 (Meliss(Melissaa C.C. Call)Call) BushBush,, WilliamWilliam EnlistedEnlisted iinn 1846,1846, detachedetachedd iinn NONOVV 18461846 -- nnoo informatioinformationn availableavailable BurtBurt,, WilliamWilliam -- CalvertCalvert,, JohJohnn HamekerHameker 7 MAMARR 18281828 (Jefferson(Jefferson Co.,Co., AL)AL) 18681868 (Mar(Maryy AmeliAmeliaa Gardner)Gardner) CarpenterCarpenter,, IsaacIsaac CarpenterCarpenter,, WilliaWilliamm HiramHiram 2222 JUJULL 18201820 (Schenectad(Schenectadyy Co.Co.,, NY)NY) 1313 FEFEBB 18551855 (Marmor(Marmoraa Sheffield)Sheffield) CatlinCatlin,, GeorgGeorgee WashingtonWashington 2211 SESEPP 18181818 (Oswego(Oswego., NYNY)) 1313 FEFEBB 18518511 (Mari(Mariaa LouisLouisaa Sanderson)Sanderson) ! Clift, JamesJames Condit, JepthaJeptha 18271827 (Essex(Essex,, NJ)NJ) Covil, John Q. A.A. DaltonDalton,, EdwardEdward 2233 MAMARR 18271827 (Bradfor(Bradfordd Co.Co.,, PAlPA) 6 MARMAR 18481848 (Mary(Mary ElizabetElizabethh Meeks)Meeks) DaltonDalton,, Harry/HenryHarry/Henry 1\00 JAJANN 18251825 (Bradfor(Bradfordd Co.Co.,, PAPA 18518500 (Isabel(Isabelll Ferguson)Ferguson) DodgeDodge,, AugustuAugustuss ErastusErastus 6 DEDECC 18221822 (Jefferson(Jefferson Co.,Co., NY)NY) 18431843 (Sara(Sarahh Gulley)Gulley) ! Donald, NealNeal DunnDunn,, JamesJames 6 JUNJUN 18101810 Durphy/DurfeeDurphy/Durfee,, FrancilloFrancillo 1122 MAMAYY 18121812 (Addison(Addison., VT)VT) 4 MAMAYY 18301830 (Mariana/Miria(Mariana/Miriamm Jones)Jones) ! Fellows, Hiram W. 5 FEBFEB 18111811 (Tolland,(Tolland, CT)CT) FifeFife,, JohnJohn 1818 MAMAYY 18251825 (Edinburgh(Edinburgh,, Scotland)Scotland) FifieldFifield,, LevLevii JosephJoseph 1212 DEDECC 18018033 (Grantha(Granthamm SlIvn.,Sllvn., NH)NH) 1100 SEPSEP 18218277 (Am(Amyy Tracy)Tracy) -- ForbushForbush,, LoriLorinn EE.. 2288 AUAUGG 18271827 (Chittenden(Chittenden,, NY)NY) GibsonGibson,, ThomasThomas GouldGould,, JohJohnn CalvinCalvin 1919 SEPSEP 18211821 (Berryville(Berryville,, ClarkClark,, VA)VA) GouldGould,, SamueSamuell J.J. 1515 AUAUGG 17781778 (Litchfiel(Litchfieldd Co.,Co., CT)CT) BeforBeforee 18041804 (Sally)(Sally) GreenGreen,, JohnJohn (MI)(MI) HancockHancock,, CharleCharless BB.. 2233 DEDECC 18231823 (Columbus,(Columbus, Frnkln.Frnkln.,, OH)OH) 1010 MAMARR 18501850 (Malinda(MalindaM M.. Crockett)Crockett) HancockHancock,, GeorgeGeorge WashingtonWashington 8 MARMAR 18261826 (Columbus,(Columbus, Cuyoga,Cuyoga, OH)OH) 1414 MAMAYY 18481848 (Betsy(Betsy JanJanee Fackrell)Fackrell) Harmon, EbenezerEbenezer 3 JULJUL 18301830 (OH)(OH) Harmon, Lorenzo F. 1313 APAPRR 18281828 (Eri(Eriee Co.Co.,, PAlPA) HatchHatch,, MeltairMeltair 1515 JUJULL 18251825 (Farmersville(Farmersville,, NY)NY) 1I JANJAN 18461846 (Parmella(Parmella Snyder)Snyder) 101101 TablTablee 1I continuedcontinued NAMNAMEE BIRTBIRTHH MARRIEMARRIEDD HatchHatch,, OrinOrin 9 MAYMAY 18301830 (Farmersville,(Farmersville, NY)NY) 1100 OCOCTT 18551855 (Elizabet(Elizabethh MM.. Perry)Perry) HendricksonHendrickson,, AbramAbram 18061806 (Boylston(Boylston,, OswegoOswego,, NY)NY) 18281828 (Sarah(Sarah Gallea)Gallea) HendricksonHendrickson,, JamesJames 1212 NONOVV 18221822 6 JJU UNN 18541854 (Martha(Martha JaneJane Langley)Langley) HoldawayHoldaway,, Shadrach/ShedrickShadrach/Shedrick 1515 OCOCTT 18218222 (Hawkins(Hawkins Co.,Co., TN)TN) 2244 DEDECC 18481848 (Lucind(Lucindaa Haws)Haws) HoltHolt,, WilliamWilliam 1II1 SEPSEP 18201820 (Rutherford(Rutherford Co.,Co., TN)TN) 2288 JULJUL 18518533 (Patience(Patience DollDollyy Childs)Childs) HulseHulse,, LewisLewis 7 FEBFEB 18051805 1vie,Ivie, ThomaThomass C.C. 2525 AugusAugustt 18201820 (Bedtord,(Bedford, TN)TN) 2244 AUAUGG 18441844 (Amand(Amandaa JanJanee Moore)Moore) JohnsonJohnson,, JarvisJarvis 6 JU L 18291829 (Addison(Addison Co.,Co., VT)VT) 5 AUGAUG 18491849 (Hester(Hester AnnAnn Jackson)Jackson) Johnston/JohnstunJohnston/Johnstun,, JessJessee WalkerWalker 2211 JAJANN 18201820 (Rus(Rushh CreekCreek,, OH)OH) 2828 MAMARR 18481848 (Betsy(Betsy AnAnnn Snyder)Snyder) Johnston/JohnstunJohnston/Johnstun,, WilliaWilliamm J.J. 2211 AUAUGG 18241824 (Fairfield(Fairfield,, GreenfieldGreenfield,, OH)OH) 2266 JANJAN 18641864 (Elle(Ellenn JaneJane Perks)Perks) Jois/JoyceJois/Joyce,, ThomaThomass C.C. 7/17/17JUN7 JUN 18131813 (Bedfordshire,(Bedfordshire, England)England) ? (Mary(Mary AnnAnn Ford)Ford) LandersLanders,, EbenezerEbenezer 7/17/199 SESEPP 18181818 ? (Anna)(Anna) LarsonLarson,, ThurstonThurston 1111 OCOCTT 18301830 (Steka,(Steka, Nrngr.Nrngr.,, Norway)Norway) 1010 DECDEC 18518599 (Elizabet(Elizabethh MarMaryy Fox)Fox) LaytonLayton,, ChristopherChristopher 8 MARMAR 18211821 (Bedfordshire,(Bedfordshire, England)England) 2200 JUJUNN 18421842 (Mary(Mary Matthews)Matthews) LewisLewis,, SamuelSamuel 2277 OCOCTT 18291829 (Simpson(Simpson Co.Co.,, KY)KY) 1I JANJAN 18541854 (Sarah(Sarah JaneJane Huntsman)Huntsman) -- Maggard, BenjaminBenjamin Mead, Orlando Fish 27 JAN 1853 (Lydia Aby Presley) Mead, Orlando Fish 1010 JAJANN 18231823 (Fairfield,(Fairfield, CT)CT) 27 JAN 1853 (Lydia Aby Presley) -- McCulloughMcCullough., LevLevii H.H. 1818 APAPRR 18101810 (Chenang(Chenangoo Co.Co.,, NY)NY) 9 JANJAN 18341834 (Clarinda(Clarinda Bartholomew)Bartholomew) MooreMoore,, CalvinCalvin WhiteWhite 2211 JUJULL 18271827 (Hampden,(Hampden, MA)MA) 1133 JAJANN 18531853 (Elizabet(Elizabethh C.C. Allred)Allred) MowreyMowrey,, HarleyHarley 9 AUAUGG 18221822 (Burrillaville,(Burrillaville, RI)Rl) 4 JUJULL 18471847 (Martha(Martha JaneJane Sargent)Sargent) Mowrey, John ThomasThomas 1212 OCTOCT 18218277 (NC)(NC) MylerMyler,, JameJamess Jr.Jr. 3 FEBFEB 18221822 (Butler,(Butler, OH)OH) 5 OCTOCT 18431843 (Julia(Julia AnnAnn Brownell)Brownell) -- Olmstead/OlmstedOlmstead/Olmsted,, HiramHiram 2288 NONOVV 18271827 (Farmersville,(Farmersville, NY)NY) Parke,Parke, GeorgeGeorge PeckPeck,, IsaacIsaac 1919 FEFEBB 18281828 (Cayug(Cayugaa Co.Co .., NY)NY) 2233 SEPSEP 18581858 (Sarah(Sarah Cc.. Gilbert)Gilbert) PeckPeck,, ThoritThorit 3300 MAMAYY 18261826 (Lock(Lock Cayuga,Cayuga, NY)NY) 3 JANJAN 18501850 (Anna(Anna Young)Young) PerkinsPerkins,, DaviDavidd M.M. 2233 AUAUGG 18231823 (White(White Co.Co.,, TN)TN) PerkinsPerkins,, JohnJohn 2288 JUJUNN 18211821 (Somerset(Somerset,, England)England) 18471847 (Mar(Maryy Conway)Conway) PickupPickup,, GeorgeGeorge 1616 APAPRR 18218211 (Lancaster(Lancaster,, England)England) 2211 JUJUNN 18491849 (Eliza(Eliza Haws)Haws) PiersonPierson,, JudsoJudsonn A.A. 18281828 (Middlesex(Middlesex,, CT)CT) Pulsipher,Pulsipher, DavidDavid 1010 AUAUGG 18291829 (Onondaga(Onondaga Co.,Co., NY)NY) 2266 OCOCTT 18671867 (Elizabet(Elizabethh 1I.. Jacobson)Jacobson) ReynoldsReynolds,, WilliaWilliamm FletcherFletcher 8 AUGAUG 18261826 (Fayette(Fayette Co.,Co., IN)IN) 2222 FEFEBB 18461846 (Anna(Anna Hawley)Hawley) RichieRichie,, BenjamiBenjaminn W.W. RichmondRichmond,, BenjamiBenjaminn BoyceBoyce 2200 OCOCTT 18251825 (West(West LaboroLaboro,, Canada)Canada) (Sara(Sarahh EizabetEizabethh Garlick)Garlick) ! Riser, John JacobJacob 44JUN JUN 18218244 (Wurtemburg(Wurtemburg,, Germany)Germany) RustRust,, WilliaWilliamm WalkerWalker 1414 AUAUGG 18071807 (Caledonia(Caledonia Co.Co.,, VT)VT) 2244 JUJULL 18321832 (Mar(Maryy ThurstoThurstonn Rand)Rand) ShipleyShipley,, JosephJoseph 1I NOVNOV 18131813 (Latimer,(Latimer, Nttngh.,Nttngh., England)England) 5 JANJAN 18541854 (Elizabeth(Elizabeth Anderton)Anderton) Shumway,Shumway, AuroraAurora 3030 JUJUNN 18231823 (Buffalo(Butlalo,, NY)NY) (Charlotte(Charlotte)) ShupeShupe,, AndreAndreww JacksonJackson 9 NOVNOV 18151815 (Grayson(Grayson Co.,Co., VA)VA) 122 OCTOCT 18371837 (Mary(Mary ElizabetElizabethh Creager)Creager) ShupeShupe,, JameJamess WrightWright 2233 FEFEBB 18231823 (Wyth(Wythee Co.Co.,, VA)VA) 18461846 (Sarah(Sarah CoatCoatss PruntPruntyy @)@) SmithSmith,, MiltonMilton 2211 MAYMAY 18218288 (Montgomery(Montgomery Co.Co.,, OH)OH) SmithSmith,, RichardRichard D.D. SquiresSquires,, WilliamWilliam 2266 SESEPP 18161816 (Linton(Linton,, DevonDevon,, England)England) ThomasThomas,, ElijahElijah 2222 JAJANN 18151815 (Richmond(Richmond,, NC)NC) APAPRR 18551855 (Harrie(Harriett Johnson)Johnson) ThomasThomas,, NathaNathann T.T. 2222 MAMAYY 18181818 (Marlboro(Marlboro,, SC)SC) ThompsonThompson,, JameJamess L.L. 2222 JAJANN 18181818 (Pomfet(Pomfet,, ChautauguaChautaugua,, NY)NY) 5 OCTOCT 18351835 (Delila(Delila Willis)Willis) TindellTindell,, SolomonSolomon TrumanTruman,, JacoJacobb M.M. 3300 AUGAUG 18251825 (Niagara(Niagara,, NY)NY) 1919 APAPRR 18491849 (Elizabet(Elizabethh Boyce)Boyce) TurtleTuttle,, ElansonElanson 1818 SESEPP 18071807 (Onterio(Onterio,, Canada)Canada) 1 JANJAN 18281828 (Ellen(Ellen Barclay)Barclay) WadeWade,, EdwarEdwardd D.D. 1111 MAMAYY 18251825 (Farmville(Farmville,, NY)NY) 2 JANJAN 18491849 (B1inda(Blinda Hickenlooper)Hickenlooper) WadeWade,, MosesMoses 2 JUJUT"L 17921792 (Essex,(Essex, NJ)NJ) 2 FEBFEB 18131813 (Sally(Sally MariMariaa Bundy)Bundy) Welsh/WelschWelsh/Welsch,, MadisonMadison 18218288 (Carthage(Carthage,, II.)IL) 102102 TablTablee 1I continuedcontinued NAMNAMEE BIRTBIRTHH MARRIEMARRIEDD Wheeler, HenryHenry 18JAN18 JAN 18301830 WhiteWhite., JohJohnn StoutStout 1515 FEBFEB 18181818 (Monmout(Monmouthh Co.Co.,, NJNJ)) 5 APAPRR 18491849 (An(Annn ElizElizaa AdelaidAdelaidee Everett)Everett) WhitworthWhitworth,, RoberRobertt W.W. 1919 MAMARR 18281828 (Halifax(Halifax.,, England)England) ~'. WilcoxWIlcox,, MatthewMatthew WoodWood,, WilliamWilliam 2 FEBFEB 18231823 (Hereford,(Hereford, England)England) 1414 MAMARR 18491849 (Luc(Lucyy Babcock)Babcock) CompanCQillIlJ!l1Y.y D ~ -- OfficerOfficerss HigginsHiggins,, NelsoNelsonn CPTCPT 1I SEPSEP 18061806 (Orstego(OrstegoCo. Co.,, NY)NY) 2244 DEDECC 18271827 (Sara(Sarahh BlackmaBlackmann @)@) DykesDykes,, GeorgGeorgee PP.. I1L LT 2244 DEDECC 18141814 (St(St.. ClaiClairr Co.Co.,, IL)IL) 1515 DEDECC 1845*1845* (Dorca(Dorcass Kclling)Kelling) Hulet/Hulett,Hulet/Hulett, SylvesterSylvester 2L T 1I MARMAR 18001800 (Berkshire(Berkshire Co.,Co., MA)MA) (Christe(Christenn Whitmer)Whitmer) CanfieldCanfield,, CyrusCyrus C.C. 3LT3LT 2200 DECDEC 18171817 (Columbus(Columbus,, FranklinFranklin,, OH)OH) 9 OCTOCT 18411841 (Louisa(Louisa Jones)Jones) JonesJones,, NathanieNathaniell VarVaryy 1stst SGTSGT 1313 OCTOCT 18221822 (Brighton(Brighton,, MonroeMonroe,, NY)NY) 1414 MAMARR 18451845 (RebeccaM.(Rebecca M. Burton)Burton) WilliamsWilliams,, ThomaThomass SS.. 22"dnd SGTSGT 2 JANJAN 1826171826/7 (Murra(Murrayy Co.,Co., TN)TN) 2525 AUGAUG 18421842 (Albina(Albina MarieMarie MerrilMerrilll @)@) TuttleTuttle,, LutheLutherr 33'drd SGTSGT 1919 NONOVV 18218255 (Ne(Neww YorYorkk City,City, NY)NY) 1818 JUJULL 18461846 (Abigail(Abigail Haws)Haws) HawsHaws,, AlpheuAlpheuss PetePeterr 4"4th' SGTSGT 1515 OCOCTT 18251825 (Essex(Essex,, OntarioOntario,, Canada)Canada) 2244 DECDEC 18451845 (Adeline(Adeline Dunn)Dunn) Stephens/StevensStephens/Stevens,, ArnolArnoldd IlSIs' CPLCPL 2244 AUAUGG 18021802 (Bastard,(Bastard, OntarioOntario,, Canada)Canada) 5 NOVNOV 18281828 (Lois(Lois Coon)Coon) -- BuchananBuchanan,, JohJohnn 2ndnd CPLCPL 2255 JAJANN 18251825 (Lexington(Lexington,, Fytt.Fytt.,, KY)KY) 2233 FEFEBB 18518511 (Adelin(Adelinee Coons/Cions)Coons/Cions) Coons,Coons, WilliaWilliamm A.A. 3mrd CPL CPL 1815?1815? (Pittsburgh(Pittsburgh,, PAlPA) LaneLane,, LewiLewiss 44'hlh CPLCPL 1100 JAN/DEJAN/DECC 18251825 -- Jackson.Jackson,, HenrHem'yy WellWellss MusicianMusician 1010 MAMARR 18271827 (Chemong(Chemong,, NY)NY) 3 FEFEBB 18501850 (Eliza(Eliza AnnAnn Dibble)Dibble) Smith,Smith, WillarWillardd GG.. MusicianMusician 9 MA Y 18271827 (Loraine(Loraine Co.,Co., OHOH)) 1414 APRAPR 18651865 (Hulda(Hulda CordeliaCordelia Thurston)Thurston) PrivatesPrivates AbbottAbbott,, JoshuaJoshua 1144 AUAUGG 18041804 (Suffolk,(Suffolk, MA)MA) 18341834 (Ruth(Ruth Markham)Markham) AverettAverett,, JeduthanJeduthan 1212 JUJUNN 18161816 (Chesterfiel(Chesterfieldd Co.,Co., NC)NC) 1II1 AUAUGG 18318366 (Holl(Hollyy JanJanee Tingle)Tingle) BadlaBadlamm SamuelSamuel BargerBarger,, WilliaWilliamm W.W. 6 JANJAN 18121812 (Perry(Perry Co.,Co., IN)IN) 1515 JUJUNN 18371837 (Fereba(Fereba Frost)Frost) BoydBoyd,, GeorgGeorgee WashingtonWashington 3030 OCTOCT 18261826 (Chester(Chester Co.Co.,, PAlPA) 1010 MAMAYY 18521852 (Ellen(Ellen DianaDiana Baldwin)Baldwin) BoydBoyd,, WilliaWilliamm W.W. Brizee/BrizzeeBrizee/Brizzee,, HenrHenryy WillardWillard 1 MAYMAY 18261826 (North(North Leverett,Leverett, MA)MA) ? (Emily(Emily AmandaAmanda Rockwell)Rockwell) BrownBrown,, JameJamess PollyPolly 2222 APAPRR 18031803 (Shelb(Shelbyy Co.Co.,, KY)KY) 1313 APAPRR 18261826 (Eunice(Eunice ReasoReasor@)r @) BrownBrown,, JameJamess StephenStephen 4 JULJUL 18261826 (Davidson(Davidson Co.,Co., NC)NC) 2323 JUJULL 18541854 (Lydia(Lydia JanJanee Tanner)Tanner) ButtonButton,, MontgomerMontgomeryy E.E. 6 FEBFEB 18131813 (NY)(NY) 1313 SESEPP 18351835 (Mar(Maryy BittleBittless @)@) CastoCasto,, JameJamess B'/C.B./C. 6 SEPSEP 18201820 (Terre(Terre Haute,Haute, IN)IN) ? (Sarah(Sarah Odekirk)Odekirk) CastoCasto,, WilliaWilliamm W.W. 1010 FEFEBB 18161816 (Orang(Orangee Co.Co.,, IN)IN) 18461846 (Rachaline(Rachaline Ina)Ina) ChaseChase,, AbnerAbner 1188 MAMAYY 18131813 (Addison,(Addison, VT)VT) Clawson,Clawson, .JohnJohn ReeseReese 2233 DEDECC 18281828 (Oneida(Oneida,, NY)NY) 3300 JULJUL 18541854 (Lucinda(Lucinda Rhodes)Rhodes) --ColeCole,, JameJamess BarnettBarnett 2222 AUAUGG 18281828 (Geauga(Geauga Co.Co.,, OH)OH) 2 NONOVV 18518566 (Lucy(Lucy Ward)Ward) CollinsCollins,, RoberRobertt H.H. DEDECC 18221822 (England)(England) 6 FEBFEB 1846*1846* (Mary(Mary JaneJane Mayberry)Mayberry) Compton,Compton, AllenAllen 1010 JAJANN 18091809 (Wilso(Wilsonn Co.Co.,, TN)TN) 1313 JAJANN 18321832 (Mary(Mary Bettis)Bettis) Cox,Cox, AmosAmos 2255 MAMARR 18211821 (Oswego(Oswego,, TiogTiogaa Co.Co.,, NY)NY) 2200 JUJUNN 18418411 (Philena(Philena Morley)Morley) Curtis,Curtis, FosterFoster 8 MAY 1826 (Oakland Co., MIl 12 APR 1857 (Clarissa Ann Bemis) 8 MAY 1826 (Oakland Co., MI) 12 APR 1857 (Clarissa Ann Bemis) -- DavisDavis,, EleazerEleazer 1818 AUGAUG 18261826 (Livingston,(Livingston, NY)NY) 18501850 (Nancy(Nancy Brown)Brown) DavisDavis,, JamesJames 2266 MA Y 18261826 (Llanfi'othan,(Llanfrothan, England)England) 5/5/88 NONOVV 18501850 (An(Annn Owens)Owens) DavisDavis,, SterlingSterling 8 AUGAUG 18221822 3311 JAJANN 1846*1846* (Maria)(Maria) DouglasDouglas,, JamesJames Douglas. Ralph Briggs Douglas, Ralph Briggs 21/2211288 DEDECC 18241824 (Lancaster(Lancaster,, England)England) 18461846 (Hcncrctta(Heneretta Wheeler)Wheeler) -- Fatoute, EzraEzra 2244 DEDECC 18041804 FinlayFinlay,, ThomasThomas BB.. Fletcher, Philander 12 FEB 1823 (Tioga Co., PAl ~~T, Philander 12 FEB 1823 (Tioga Co., PA) -- ForsgrenForsgren,, JohJohnn EricEric 7 NOVNOV 18161816 (Gefle,(Gefle, Gfflsb.,Gfflsb., Sweden)Sweden) 1515 FEBFEB 18491849 (Sarah(Sarah BelBelll Davis)Davis) -- 103103 TablTablee I1 continuedcontinued -- NAMENAME BIRTBIRTHH MARRIEMARRIEDD - FrazierFrazier,, ThomasThomas LeonardLeonard 9 JUNJUN 18271827 (Henry(Henry Co.,Co., TN)TN) 7 MARMAR 18491849 (Rachel(Rachel MaxfieldMaxfield Young)Young) Gifford,Gifford, WilliamWilliam Gilbert,Gilbert, JohJohnn R.R. 7 MAYMAY 18221822 (Niagara,(Niagara, Ontario)Ontario) (Bets(Betsyy AnAnnn Pettegrew)Pettegrew) GilbertGilbert,, R.R. -- GilbertGilbert,, ThomasThomas 1010 AUAUGG 18171817 (Quebec(Quebec,, Canada)Canada) GribbleGribble,, WilliamWilliam 1515 AUAUGG 18171817 (Quebec(Quebec,, Canada)Canada) 4 MARMAR 18371837 (Adelia(Adelia MariaMaria Clements)Clements) -- HendricksHendricks,, WilliaWilliamm D.D. 6 NOVNOV 18291829 (Simpson(Simpson Co.,Co., KKY Y)) 1122 MAMARR 18511851 (Mar(Maryy JanJanee Andrus)Andrus) HenrieHenrie,, DanielDaniel 1515 NONOVV 18218255 (Hamilto(Hamiltonn Co.Co.,, OH)OH) 2299 OCTOCT 18491849 (Amanda(Amanda Bradley)Bradley) ~_ins,Higgins, AlfredAlfred 2277 JUJULL 18311831 (Huron(Huron,OH), OH) 2266 FEFEBB 18581858 (Diantha(Diantha Allen)Allen) HHirons, irons, JamesJames PP.. 18251825 (Bedfor(Bedfordd TN)TN) (Mary/Sara(Mary/Sarahh AnnAnn Ivi[viee @)@) Hoaglund/HoaglandHoaglund/Hoagland,, LucasLucas 1155 JAJANN 18271827 (Roya(Royall Oak,Oak, MI)MI) 2424 DEDECC 18481848 (Rache(Rachell JohnsoJohnsonn S.S. Hale)Hale) Holmes,Holmes, JonathaJonathann Harriman lI 1I MARMAR 18061806 Rowley,Rowley, Essex,Essex, MA)MA) 1 DECDEC 18421842 (Elvira(Elvira AnnieAnnie Cowles)Cowles) HunsakerHunsaker,, AbrahamAbraham 2299 NONOVV 18121812 (Union,(Union, IL)IL) 3 JANJAN 18331833 (Eliza(Eliza Collins)Collins) HuntingtonHuntington,, DimickDimick BakerBaker 2266 MAYMAY 18081808 (Jefferson,(Jefferson, NY)NY) 2288 APAPRR 18301830 (Fann(Fannyy MariaMariahh AlleAllenn @)@) JacobsJacobs,, SanfordSanford 16AUG16 AUG 18101810 -- KenneyKenney,, LorenLoren EdwardEdward 7 JULJUL 18151815 (Worcester(Worcester Co.,Co., MA)MA) 1850(?I 850(?)) (Mary(Mary AnAnnn Tucker)Tucker) LambLamb,, LisbonLisbon 21/21177 JUJULL 18218277 (Wayne(Wayne,, NY)NY) 1515 FEFEBB 18491849 (Sara(Sarahh EleanoEleanorr Brown)Brown) 11 APR 1849 (Julia Anne Rocker) LaughlinLaughlin,, DaviDavidd S~ndersSanders 2266 APAPRR 1814/1814177 (Dunbarton(Dunbarton,, NH)NH) 11 APR 1849 (Julia Anne Rocker) -- McArthurMcArthur,, HenryHenry 2211 FEFEBB 1820/91820/9 (Scubgrass,(Scubgrass, PAlPA) 5 MARMAR 1850/601850/60 (Sarah(Sarah A . [vie)Ivie) MaxwellMaxwell,, WilliaWilliamm BaileyBailey 1414 MAMARR 18211821 (Shawneetown(Shawneetown,, Galltn.,Galltn., ILIL)) 2266 NONOVV 18401840 (Lucretia(Lucretia C.C. Bracken)Bracken) Mecham/MeachamMecham/Meacham,, ErastuErastuss DarwinDarwin 2200 JUJ UL 18261826 (St(St.. LawrenceLawrence Co.,Co., NY)NY) 4 FEBFEB 18491849 (Martha(Martha Jones)Jones) MerrillMerrill,, FerdlllandFerdinand 1010 APAPRR 18301830 (Albana,(Albana, Gnsee.,Gnsee., NY)NY) -- Mesick,Mesick, PetePeterr IL. 2244 OCOCTT 18031803 (Albany(Albany,, NY)NY) 224.1AN4 JAN 18271827 (Phebe(Phebe Lewis)Lewis) Oakley,Oakley, JameJamess DeGroatDeGroat 5 SEPSEP 18261826 (Long(Long Island,Island, NY)NY) 1414 SEPSEP 18511851 (Alvina(Alvina AnAnnn Cole)Cole) OwenOwen,, Jame.lamess ColegroveColegrove 1111 OCOCTT 18251825 (Potte(Potterr Co.Co.,, PAlPA) 1I JUNJUN 18501850 (Sariah(Sariah Rawson)Rawson) - PeckPeck,, EdwiEdwinn MartinMartin 2424 JUJULL 18281828 CaledoniaCaledonia Co.,Co., VT)VT) 2200 JUJUNN 1846*1846* (Lydian(Lydian AnAnnn Carter)Carter) PerrinPerrin,, CharlesCharles 2266 AIAPRJR 18121812 (Mar(Maryy oror Hannah)Hannah) PettegrewPettegrew,, JameJamess PP.. 1155 MAMAYY 18251825 (Columbia(Columbia,, OH)OH) (Sabrina(Sabrina Williams)Williams) RawsonRawson,, DanieDaniell BerryBerry 1616 DEDECC 18271827 (Washingto(Washingtonn Co.Co.,, IN)IN) 9 NONOVV 18451845 (Mariah(Mariah Atkinson)Atkinson) Raymond,Raymond, AlonzAlonzoo PearisPearis 1414 FEFEBB 18191819 (Addiso(Addisonn Co.Co .., VT)VT) 7 FEFEBB 18461846 (Clarinda(Clarinda Cutler)Cutler) RichmondRichmond,, WilliamWilliam (England(England)) RobertsRoberts,, BenjamiBenjaminn MorganMorgan 115.1AN5 JAN 18271827 (Cheste(Chesterr Co.Co.,, PAlPA) 2233 NONOVV 18561856 (Mar(Maryy AnAnnn Bullock)Bullock) RobinsonRobinson,, WilliamWilliam 2288 FEFEBB 18218288 (Dublin(Dublin,, Ireland)Ireland) RoweRowe,, WilliamWilliam 2020 FEFEBB 18261826 (Wes(Westt BurlingtonBurlington,, IN)IN) 1010 MAMARR 18531853 (Elizabet(Elizabethh Murdock)Murdock) ~?ylance,Roylance, JohnJohn 2200 NONOVV 18071807 (Cheshire(Cheshire., England)England) 18301830 (Mary(Mary AnnAnn Oaks)Oaks) ~on,LeviRunyon, Levi 2200 MAMAYY 18201820 SandersonSanderson,, HenrHenryy WeeksWeeks 1133 MAMARR 18218299 (Hampde(Hampdenn Co.Co.,, MAlMA) 7 MARMAR 18491849 (Rebecca(Rebecca Ann)Ann) SargentSargent., AbeAbell MorganMorgan 2277 FEFEBB 17981798 (MD)(MD) 2255 AUAUGG 18221822 (Sara(Sarahh Edwards)Edwards) SavageSavage,, LeviLevi 222233 MAMARR 18201820 (Huron(Huron,, OH)OH) 2323 JANJAN 18481848 (Jan(J ance Mathers)Mathers) SharpSharp,, AlbertAlbert ~,NormanSharp, Norman 1010 SEPSEP 18081808 (Martha(Martha JanJanee SargenSargentt @)@) Shelton,Shelton, SeberSebertt C.C. 2299 JUJUNN 17931793 (Pittsylvania(Pittsylvania Co.Co.,, VA)VA) (Elizabet(Elizabethh SpearSpearss @)@) Smith/Snyder,Smith/Snyder, JohJohnn GloverGlover 3311 OCOCTT 18081808 (Milton,(Milton, PAlPA) 18571857 (Margare(Margarett Allen)Allen) f-- Spencer,Spencer, WilliaWilliamm W.W. 2299 MAMARR 18081808 (Walton,(Walton, DelawareDelaware,, NH)NH) 8 NOVNOV 18401840 (Emily(Emily 1.L. Davis)Davis) Steele,Steele, JohnJohn 2211 MAMARR 18211821 (Down,(Down, IrelandIreland)) 1I JANJAN 18401840 (Catherine(Catherine CampbellCampbell @)@) ~!ephcns,Stephens, AlexanderAlexander 1313 APAPRR 18131813 (Rowa(Rowann Co.Co.,, NC)NC) 18311831 (Margare(Margarett Northam)Northam) Stewart,Stewart, BenjamiBenjaminn FF.. 2/22/244 OCOCTT 18218288 (Gree(Greenn Co.,Co., IN)IN) 9 AUGAUG 18541854 (Mary(Mary AnnAnn Packer)Packer) Stewart,Stewart, JameJamess WilliamWilliam 1414 FEFEBB 18271827 (Green(Greenee Co.Co.,, IN)IN) 3311 JlJLJUL 18521852 (Elizabet(Elizabethh Hoopes)Hoopes) 'St~wart,Stewart, RoberRobertt BoydBoyd I1 AUGAUG 18171817 (Morengo,(Morengo, Crfrd.,IN)Crfrd., IN) 2299 AUAUGG 18631863 (Margaret(Margaret McCullough)McCullough) 1---- Stillman,Stillman, ClarkClark 1717 AUAUGG 18271827 (Livingston,(Livingston, NY)NY) Swarthout,Swarthout, NathanNathan 1166 AUAUGG 18231823 (I-Iuron(Fluron Co.Co.,, 011)OH) L...~anner,Tanner, MyronMyron 4 JlJNJUN 18261826 WarrenWarren Co.Co.,, NY)NY) 2222 MAYMAY 18561856 (Mary(Mary JaneJane Mount)Mount) 104104 TableTable 1I contcontinueinuedd NAMNAMEE BIRTHBIRTH MARRIEDMARRIED ThomasThomas,, HaywardHayward 6 DECDEC 18141814 (Delaware(Delaware Co., PA)PA) Thompson, Miles J.J. 7 MARMAR 18271827 (Lucy)(Lucy) Tippetts, JohJohnn HarveyHarvey 5 SEPSEP 18101810 (Wilton, Rcnghm.Rcnghm.,, NH)NH) OCTOCT 18341834 (Abigale(Abigale JaneJane Smith)Smith) Treat,, ThomaThomass W. 8 DECDEC 18421842 (Mary(Mary M.M. Lawyer)Lawyer) Tubbs,, WilliamWilliam R. 2525 JANJAN 18241824 (Cayuga(Cayuga CoCo.., OH)OH) (Sophia(Sophia @) Twitchel, AncielAnciel 7 JANJAN 18251825 (Meigs, Bedford,, OH)OH) 7 OCTOCT 18441844 (Louisa(Louisa SamanthaSamantha Hitchcock)Hitchcock) WalkerWalker,, EdwinEdwin 1515 APAPRR 18281828 (Caledonia,(Caledonia, VT)VT) 2424 FEFEBB 18518511 (Ann(Ann SophiaSophia Tyler)Tyler) Whiting, AlmonAlmon DECDEC 18211821 (Portage(Portage Co., OH)OH) 1010 OCTOCT 18531853 (Lucia(Lucia Leavitt)Leavitt) Whiting,, EdmondEdmond 3131 JUJULL 18311831 (Sharon,, OH)OH) 1919 JUJULL 18571857 (Augusta(Augusta McMcConougheyConoughey)) Woodward,, FranciFranciss SnowSnow 2200 FEFEBB 18218299 (Rowe,(Rowe, Franklin,, MS)MS) 8 JUNJUN 18491849 (Mary(Mary CatherineCatherine Mathis)Mathis) Coml1anxCompany E OfficersOfficers DavisDavis,, DanieDaniell CooCoonn CPTCPT 1188 DEC 18081808 (Amesbury,, Sussex,, MA)MA) 18431843 (Susan(Susan MosesMoses @) Pace, JamesJames I1L LT 1515 JUNJUN 18118111 (Rutherford(Rutherford Co.Co.,, TN)TN) 2626 MARMAR 18311831 (Lucinda(LucindaG G.. Strickland)Strickland) Lytle, AndreAndreww 2L T 2525 DECDEC 18121812 ((MiltoMiltonn Co.,Co., PA)PA) 1853? (Hannah(Hannah Hull)Hull) Gully,, SamuelSamuel LL.. 3LT 2727 MAMAYY 18091809 (Johnston,, NC)NC) 2929 JANJAN 18471847 (Sarah(Sarah AnnAnn Fuller)Fuller) Brown,Brown, EdmunEdmundd L.L. 151st SGTSGT ? (Agnes(Agnes @@)) Brazier,, RichardRichard 2ndnd SGTSGT 6 DECDEC 17931793 (Kent, England)England) Hanks, EbenezeEbenezerr 3'd3rd SGTSGT 1II1 FEFEBB 18141814 (Troy, NY)NY) 2121 JANJAN 1846*1846* (Jane(Jane WellsWells Cooper)Cooper) Browett,, DanieDaniell 44'hlh SGTSGT 1188 DECDEC 18018099 (Gloucester(G loucester,, EEnglandngland)) 2 JUNJUN 18341834 (Elizabeth(Elizabeth Harris)Harris) Ure, MartinMartin I"s' CPLCPL St.St. John,, StephenStephen M.. 2ndnd CPLCPL 1010 APAPRR 18101810 (Cazenovia,, NY)NY) (Sally)(Sally) BinleyBinley/Bentley/Bentley,, JohnJohn WW.. 3mrd CPLCPL 1818 APAPRR 18141814 (Logan(Logan Co.Co., OH)OH) 6 FEBFEB 1846*1846* (Martha(Martha Birley)Birley) StephensStephens/Stevens/Stevens,, RoswelRoswelll 4~'4th CPLCPL 1717 NONOVV 18018088 (Ontario,, Canada)Canada) 18218277 (Valle(Valle MariaMaria Doyle)Doyle) Scott,, JameJamess A.A. CPLCPL Hancock,, LeviLevi WW.. MusicianMusician 7 APRAPR 18031803 (Springfield,, Hmpdn.Hmpdn.,, MA)MA) 2929 MarcMarchh 18331833 (Clarissa(Clarissa Reed)Reed) EarlEarl,, Jesse/JusticJesse/Justicee CC.. MusicianMusician 1717 NOVNOV 18311831 (Ontario,(Ontario, CanaCanadada)) 2121 JULJUL 18618600 (Adeline(Adeline MariaMaria Woodward)Woodward) PrivatesPrivates Bates,, JosepJosephh WWilliailliamm 1166 JANJAN 18218277 (Staffordshire,, England)England) 1010 DEDECC 18501850 (Harriet(Harriet Billington)Billington) Beers, WilliamWilliam 3030 APAPRR 18271827 (Oxford,, EEnglandngland)) Biddome/BeddomeBiddome/Beddome,, WilliamWilliam 2525 1ULJUL 18218299 (Manchester,, England)England) BrownBrown,, DanielDaniel 2 OCTOCT 18221822 ? (Harriet(Harriet @@)) BuckleyBuckley/Bulkley/Bulkley,, NewmanNewman 1818 AUAUGG 18171817 (Cayug(Cayugaa CoCo.., NY)NY) 7 JANJAN 18441844 (Jane(Jane Drapper)Drapper) Bunker,, EdwaEdwarrdd 1I AUGAUG 18221822 (Penobscot(Penobscot CoCo..,, ME)ME) 9 FEFEBB 18461846 (Emily(Emily Abbott)Abbott) BurnsBums, ThomasThomas R. 1818 AUAUGG 18241824 (Rebecca(Rebecca SSmitmithh @-@ - wifwifee ooff teamsteteamsterr EElijalijahh Smith)Smith) Caldwell,, MatthewMatthew IIJUN1 1 JUN 18221822 (Jefferson(Jefferson CoCo..,, IL)IL) 1177 OCTOCT 18418433 (Barzilla(Barzilla Guyman)Guyman) Campbell,, JonathanJonathan 2828 FEBFEB 18121812 (Bedford,(Bedford, PA)PA) FEFEBB 18461846 (Lucinda(Lucinda Shipman)Shipman) Campbell,, SamuelSamuel 4 MAYMAY 18261826 (Hornby,(Hornby, Tompkins,Tompkins, NY)NY) Cazier,, JamesJames 1133 JULJUL 18171817 (Woods,(Woods, VA)VA) 2288 MAYMAY 18318399 (Juliet(Juliet CatherineCatherine Hudson)Hudson) Cazier,, JohnJohn 1144 MAMARR 18211821 (Wood(Wood CoCo..,, VA)VA) FEFEBB 18431843 (Frances(Frances ElizabetElizabethh LeMaster)LeMaster) ChapinChapin,, SamuelSamuel ClarkClark,, AJbertAlbert 1I MARMAR 18241824 ClarkClark,, SamuelSamuel G.G. 1212 AUAUGG 18018000 (Merrimac,, NH)NH) 1823? (Roxanna(Roxanna Frizzle)Frizzle) Cox,, JohnJohn 1010 AUAUGG 18118100 (Glouchester,, England)England) 1I MARMAR 18361836 (Eliza(Eliza Roberts)Roberts) Cummings,, GeorgeGeorge WashingtonWashington 8 OCTOCT 18111811 (Bathstuben,, NY)NY) (Phebe(Phebe JaneJane Ferguson)Ferguson) Davis,, WalterWalter LL.. Day, AbrahamAbraham 2424 SEPSEP 18171817 (Windham(Windham Co., VT)VT) 1166 JUNJUN 18381838//99 (Elmira(Elmira Buckley)Buckley) Dennet,, DanielDaniel QuinbyQuinby 2727 DEDECC 18018088 (Hollis(Mollis, York,, ME)ME) 3030 JUNJUN 18511851 (Lucy(Lucy AnnAnn Very)Very) Dyke, SimeonSimeon 1616 APAPRR 18118144 (Andover,, NY)NY) 3311 JAJANN 18461846 (Mary(Mary AnAnnn Fomay)Fornay) EarlEarl,, JacobJacob Sypher/sSypher/s 2288 DEDECC 18211821 NeNeww Brunswick,, CaCanadanada)) 1616 NONOVV 18531853 (Fanny(Fanny CCummingsummings)) 105105 TabTablle 1I cocontinuentinuedd NAMENAME BIRTBIRTHH MARRIEMARRIEDD EwellEwell,, JohJohnn MartiMartinn Sr.Sr. 5 AUGAUG 11828233 (A(Albermallbermale Co., VA)VA) 2288 AUAUGG 1842 (Elizabet(Elizabethh StStudyud y)) EwellEwell,, WilliaWilliamm FFletcheletcherr 3300 NONOVV 11813/8 13/55 (Fluvanna(Fluvanna,, PalmyraPalmyra,, VA)VA) 3300 NOVNOV 1183834 (Mar(Maryy LeLeee Bland)Bland) Folett/FollettFolettiFollett,, WilliaWilliamm TillmanTillman 2626 MAR/MAMARIMAY Y 181 9 (P(Phelpshelps,, NY)NY) 2244 MAMARR 18518544 (Esterr BayBaylesles)) Fornay/FarnyFomay/Famy,, FredeFredericrickk 9 OCTOCT 18131813 (PA)(PA) 18381838 (Clar(Clara AnAnnn EttEttlemanleman) GlazierGlazier,, LutheLutherr WilliamWilliam 2222 MAMARR 18218233 (Madison(Madison Co., NYNY)) 2222 MAMARR 18185500 (Ma(Marthrtha Jane SteStephensenphensen) Harmon,Harmon, OliveOliverr N.N. 18 OCOCTT 18182266 (Er(Eriie Co., PA)PA) 1188 OCOCTT 18518599 (Sara(Sarahh JJananee Rodeback)Rodeback) Harris, RRoberobertt 26/26/88 DEDECC 1808 (Gloucestershire(G loucestershire,, EEnglandngland) 1818 MAMARR 18183355 ((HannaHannahh MM.. EagEaglesles)) Harrison,, Isaac/IIsaac/Israe.sraell 2 NOVNOV 18151815 (Co(Columbianlumbiana Co.,Co., OOHH) 1717 JUruNN 18318377 (Sabin(Sabinaa AnAnnn Davis)Davis) Hart,Hart , James S. Hess, JohJohnn WW.. 2424 AUAUGG 18182244 (Fra(Franklinklinn Co.Co., PA)PA) 2 NOVNOV 18451845 (E(Emmelinmmeline BiglerBigler @) HickmottHickmott,, JJohohnn HopkinsHopkins,, CharleCharless A.A. 1010 FEFEBB 18101810 (B(Burlingtonurlington,, NNJJ)) 2828 JAJANN 11846846** (Lyd(Lydiaia) Hoskins,, HenryHenry 1122 JUJULL 18118 12 (Hartford(Hartford,, CT)CT) Howell/sHowell /s,, ThomaThomass CharleCharless DavisDavis 2222 FEFEBB 18118 144 (Way(Waynene,, NC)NC) 5 JJUULL 18351835 (Sa(Sararah SStuarttuart)) JacobsJacobs,, BaiBaile leyy Jameson,, CCharleharless 9 APRAPR 1803 (L(Littlittlee York, PA)PA) 8 AUGAUG 11858511 (Nancy(Nancy StanStanleyley)) Judd,, HiramHiram 311 AUAUGG 1821/182 1/44 (Bostard(Bostard,, OntarioOntari o,, Canada)Canada) 2277 JUJUNN 11844(Lisani844 (Lisaniaa FuFullerller) Judd,, ZadocZadockk KnapKnappp HenryHenry 15 OCTOCT 11828277 (Bos(Bostardtard,, OOntariontario,, CanaCanadada)) 1144 NONOVV 18518522 (Mar(Maryy MinervMinervaa Dart)Dart) KarrenKarren,, ThomasThomas 1I MAYMAY 18101810 ((IslIsle ofof Man,, EEnglandngland)) 1lIM1 MAAY 18318333 (Annn Ratcliffe)Ratcliffe) KelleyKe lley,, GeoGeorgrgee Kelley,, MiltonMilton 12 NONOVV 18018077 (B(Brackerackenn Co.Co.,, KKY Y)) 1010 JAJANN 11838366 (Malind(Malinda AllisoAllisonn @) KnappKnapp,, AAlberlbertt 1010 JUJULL 11824/824177 (Jeffe(Jeffersonrson,, NY)NY) 7 JANJAN 11848499 (Roz(Rozinina ShepaShepardrd) LanceLance,, WilliamWilliam 6 OCTOCT 11828288 (Pert(Perthh, OOntariontario, Canada)Canada) 2 AUGAUG 18618622 (A(Annnn ElizabetEli zabeth BeBellll) McBride,IVIcBride, HHarlua rlumm 8 DECDEC 11838344 (V(Villanovaill anova,, CChtg.htg., NY)NY) 2525 DECDEC 181864/64/55 ((JensinJensine A. GyGyldenloveldenlove)) McLellan/McLellandMcLellan/McLell and,, WilliaWilliamm Carroll 12 MAMAYY 18182288 (Bedfor(Bedfordd Co., TN)TN) 19 JUJULL 18418499 (Almed(Al meda Day)Day) Miller,, DanielDaniel MorganMorgan 19 NONOVV 18182211 (Genesee(Genesee,, OrOrleanleanss Co., NY)NY) 8 JJAANN 11858511 (E(Elizabetlizabethh MMoselyosely) Miller,, MilMileess 2266 JUJULL 1818/181 8/99 (Clarendon(C larendon,, OOrleansrl eans,, NY)NY) 2277 JAJANN 18418499 (Rache(Rachell EErving/Ewingrving/Ewing)) Park,, WilliaWilliamm AsberyAsbery 211 DEDECC 18218266 (Be(Bedforddfo rd) 1849 (Matild(Matildaa KathrinKathrinee Wilson)Wilson) Pettegrew,, DavDaviidd 2929 JULJUL 17917911 (W(Windsoindsorr Co.Co.,, VT)VT) AbouAboutt 1817 (Elizabet(Elizabethh Alden)Alden) PhelpsPhelps, AAlvlvaa 15 NOVNOV 18118155 (Susquehanna(S usquehanna,, VTVT)) 1515 NOVNOV 1835 (Margare(Margarett Robinson/Robison)Robinson/Robison) Pixton,, RobertRobert 2727 FEBFEB 181 9 (La(Lancashirencashire., EEnglandngland) 5 MAYMAY 11838399 (E(Elizabetlizabeth CoopeCooperr) ~ePorterr,, SanfordSanford JJrr.. 2525 JUNJUN 18218233 (Trumbull(Trumbull,, OH)OH) 2255 JUJULL 18518522 (Malind(Malindaa AnAnnn PortePorterr) PPugmireugmire,, Jonathan,, Jr.Jr. 7 DEDECC 11828233 (Cum(Cumberlandberl and,, EEnglandngland)) 13 APAPRR 18418444 (E(Elizabetlizabethh McKay)McKay) Richardson,, J.J. RichardsonRichardson,, ThoThomamass 211 FEFEBB 11808044 (La(Lancashirencashire,, EEnglandngland) AbouAboutt 11828244 (Mar(Maryy Mallalieu)Mallalieu) Roberts., LeviLevi 2626 FEFEBB 1181815 (Gloucesterchire(G loucesterchire,, EEnglandngland) 1188 AUAUGG 18318355 (Ha(Harrierriett AnAnnn EfforEfTordd) SanSandersders, RicharRi chard TwiggsTwiggs 311 MAMAYY 18218288 (Ma(Mauryury,, TN)TN) 18518511 (Antonett(Antonettee Riallis)Riallis) Scott,, LeoLeonarnardd M.. Skeen/SkeneSkeen/Skene,Josep, Josephh 1010 AUAUGG 1816 (S(Steelvilleteelville,, PA)PA) 8 SEP 11838355 (Maria(Maria AmandaAmanda DoDolbylby)) SSlaterlater,, RiRicharchardd 2 FEFEBB 1812 (La(Lancasterncaster,, EEnglandngland) 5 NOVNOV 18183344 (Ann CorbrCorbridgeidge)) SSmithmith,, DavDaviidd 2200 JULJUL 11828200 (Oxford,, ME)ME) 7 MAYMAY 1843 (p(Phoebhoeby BowBowleyley)) SSmithmith,, EElishlisha (Rebecc(Rebeccaa @) SSmithmith,, LotLot 15 MAMAYY 11838300 (Osweg(Oswegoo Co., NY)NY) 11858511 (Lydi(Lydia MinervMinervaa McBride)McBride) SSmithmith,, LutherLuther SSpidlepidle, JJohohnn 2929 MAMAYY 11818 19 (Fran(Franklinklin,, OH)OH) 1188 DEDECC 1842 (Marga(Margarerett SSmithmith) StaStandagendage,, HenryHenry 2626 FEBFEB 1181818 (Lancashire(Lancashire,, EnglandEngland)) 13 APAPRR 18184455 (So(Sophroniphro nia ArmeniArmenia Scott)Scott) -- StStrongrong,, WilliamWilliam 3030 OCOCTT 18218277 (I(Indianndianaa Co.Co.,, PA)PA) 1177 APAPRR 18518566 ((HarrieHarriett Neeley)Neeley) TanTannerner,, AAlberlbertt MileMiless SStandistandishh 4 APAPRR 11828255 ((WarreWarren Co., NNYY)) 12 SEPSEP 11858555 (Lovi(Lovininia Bickmore)Bickmore) West, BenjaminBenjamin 13 SEPSEP 1811810 (NY)(NY) WilliamsWilliams,, Jamess VaVann NostrandNostrand 13 DEDECC 18183300 (Toronto(Toronto,, OntarioOntario,, CCanadaanada)) 8 JULJUL 11868666 (Ed(Ednna Pherson)Pherson) Wilson,, GeoGeorgrgee DeliveranceDeliverance 2288 DEDECC 11808077 ChittendoChittendonn CoCo..,, VT)VT) BeforeBefore 18418411 (Mary(Mary ElleEllen JJohnsonohnson) Woolsey,, ThomasThomas 3 NOVNOV 18051805 (Fayette,(Fayette, KY)KY) 2299 APAPRR 18291829 (Mar(Maryy Burrell) APPENDIAPPENDIXBX B NATIONALNATIONAL ORIGINORIGIN DEMOGRAPHICDEMOGRAPHICSS OFOF MORMONSMORMONS ANDAND THETHE MORMOMORMONN BATTALIONBATTALION ThThee followinfollowingg tabletabless identifidentifyy ththee nationanationall originoriginss ofof thethe MonnonsMormons residinresidingg withinwithin ththee IowIowaa TerritorTerritoryy whewhenn ththee U.SU.S.. governmengovernmentt enlisteenlistedd ththee MormoMonnonn Battalion387387 (Table(Table 2)2) anandd thosthosee whwhoo acceptedaccepted enlistmentenlistmene38888 (Tabl(Tablee 3).3). ThThee unknownunknown,, bubutt believebelievedd frofromm U.SU.S.. originsorigins,, includeinclude sonsonss anandd brotherbrotherss ooff otheotherr membermemberss iinn ththee battalion.battalion. 389 387 ThiThiss iiss ththee onlonlyy knowknownn sourcsourcee ttoo tractrackk MormoMormonn demographicsdemographics shortlshortlyy afteafterr thetheyy lefleftt NauvoNauvooo andand establisheestablishedd temporartemporaryy campcampss withiwithinn ththee IowIowaa Territory.Territory. TheThe registeregisterr doedoess nonott lislistt anan origioriginn foforr 581581 individualsindividuals.. TemplTemplee RecordRecordss IndeIndexx BureauBureau,, "Nauvoo"Nauvoo TemplTemplee EndowmenEndowmentt RegisterRegister:: DecembeDecemberr 10,10, 18451845 toto FebruaryFebruary 8,8, 1846,"1846," compilecompiledd bbyy ChurcChurchh ofof JesuJesuss ChristChrist ooff Latter-daLatter-dayy Saints,Saints, SaltSalt LakLakee CityCity,, UtaUtahh 1974.1974. 383888 DemographicaDemographicall informatioinformationn taketakenn frofromm AppendiAppendixx AA.. 4466 individualindividualss iinn TablTablee 1 havhavee unknowunknownn origins.origins. 383899 JeffersoJeffersonn BaileyBailey,, DanieDaniell BrowBrownn (son),(son), IsaaIsaacc CarpenterCarpenter,, AlberAlbertt ClarClarkk (son),(son), JameJamess HendricksonHendrickson,, WilliamWilliam HunteHunterr (son)(son),, GeorgGeorgee KelleyKelley,, RicharRichardd SmithSmith,, LutheLutherr Smith,Smith, ElishElishaa SmithSmith,, MileMiless J.J. ThompsonThompson,, MerrillMerrill WheelerWheeler,, HenrHenryy WheeleWheelerr (son)(son),, MattheMattheww WilcoxWilcox,, anandd EdwarEdwardd Wilcox.Wilcox. 107107 TABLETABLE 22:: NauvooNauvoo TemplTemplee RecordsRecords DemographicsDemographics TABLTABLEE 33:: MormonMormon BattalionBattalion DemographicsDemographics U.SU.S.30R. BORN U.S.U.S. BORNBORN LOCATIOJI.. III.. N I QUANTITYUAN Y Lu""LOCATIO IIUNN QUANTIT..IUAN YY ALABAM.AIIAM,A 111 ALABAMALABAMAA 3 CONNECTICUIEC (;lJ T 17474 CONNECTICUI,.;l T 14 DELAWARJt:. .AVVJ MORMONMORMON SOLDIERSSOLDIERS LISTELISTEDD ININ THETHE NAUVOONAUVOO TEMPLTEMPLEE ENDOWMENTENDOWMENT REGISTEREGISTERR (TER)39o(TER)390 ThiThiss appendixappendix includeincludess threthreee listslists.. ThesThesee listlistss validatvalidatee ththee ususee ofof ththee NauvoNauvooo TERTER ttoo providprovidee demodemographica graphicall informatioinformationn oonn ththee MormoMormonn populatiopopulationn availableavailable iinn ththee IowaIowa TerritorTerritoryy whewhenn ththee MormoMormonn soldierssoldiers enlistedenlisted.. ThThee first providesprovides,, bbyy namename,, ththee soldierssoldiers nonott foundfound iinn ththee registerregister;; thetheyy probablprobablyy arrivearrivedd inin ththee two-monttwo-monthh interiinterimm fromfrom whewhenn thethe registeregisterr endendss anandd CaptainCaptain (late(laterr LieutenanLieutenantt Colonel)Colonel) AlleAllenn begabegann recruitinrecruitingg thethe 391 battalionbattalion.. ThThee secondsecond listlistss ththee namenamess ofof thosthosee soldiersoldierss listelistedd inin ththee NauvoNauvooo TER.TER. TheThe thirthirdd listlistss ththee namenamess ofof knowknownn sonssons anandd brothersbrothers,, alongalong witwithh thosthosee individualindividualss suspectsuspect toto bbee familfamilyy membermemberss basebasedd onon datesdates ooff birtbirthh andand similasimilarr familyfamily origins.origins. 390 TemplTemplee RecordRecordss IndeIndexx BureauBureau,, "Nauvoo"Nauvoo TemplTemplee EndowmenEndowmentt Register."Register." 391 391 SomeSome individualsindividuals,, liklikee GeorgGeorgee WashingtoWashingtonn TaggartTaggart,, arrivedarrived shortlyshortly afterafter CaptainCaptain (later(later LieutenantLieutenant ColonelColonel)) AlleAllenn begabegann tourintouringg ththee MormoMormonn campcampss iinn ththee IowIowaa Territory.Territory. PrivatPrivatee JameJamess AlleAllenn joinejoinedd thethe battalionbattalion,, anandd wawass subsequentlsubsequentlyy baptizebaptizedd intointo ththee MormoMormonn faith,faith, whilwhilee ththee battaliobattalionn marchemarchedd ttoo FortFort Leavenworth.Leavenworth. 109109 NamesNames NotNot ListedListed inin NauvooNauvoo TempleTemple EndowmentEndowment RegisterRegister (119(119 oror 23%)23%) AllenAllen JamesJames Camp,Camp, JamesJames Gre,Gre< Ewell,Ewell, WilliamWilliam FIeFie Hudson,Hudson, WilfordWilford HNoler,H Noler, ChristianChristian Steers,Steers, AndrewAndrew J.J. BadlamBadlam SamuelSamuel Campbell,Campbell, Jonath:Jonath; Fellows,Fellows, HiramHiram W.W. Jackson,Jackson, CharlesCharles A Nowlin,Nowiin, Jabez/JabusJabez/Jabus T Stephens,Stephens, AlexanderAlexander Barrus/Barris,Barrus/Barris, RwRu< Catlin,Catlin, GeorgeGeorge W:W; Finlay,Finlay, ThomasThomas B.B. Jameson,Jameson, CharlesCharles Parke,Parke, GeorgeGeorge Swarthout,SwarthouL HamiltonHamilton Beckstead,Beckstead, GordoGordo Cazier,Cazier, JamesJames Forbush,Forbush, LorinLorin E.E. Jois/Joyoe,Jois/Joyce, Thoma~Thomas Pickup,Pickup, GeorgeGeorge Swarthout,S war thouL NathanNathan Beckstead,Beckstead, Orinl\Orin N Cazier,Cazier, JohnJohn FomaylFamy,Fornay/Farny, FredFred Judd,Judd, HiranlHiram ProuselProws,Prouse/Prows, WillianWilliarr Terrel~Terrell, JoelJoel J.J. Beckstead,Beckstead, WillialWilliai Chapin,Chapin, SamuelSamuel Forsgren,Forsgren, JohnJohn Eri,Eri< Karren,Karren, ThomasThomas Richards,Richards, PeterPeter F./T.F./T. Tindell,Tindell, SolomonSolomon Beers,Beers, WilliamWilliam Chase,Chase, JohnJohn DarnDam Frost,Frost, LafayetteLafayette N.N. Kelley,Kelley, NicholasNicholas Richmond,Richmond, WilliamWilliam Tippetts,Tippetts, JohnJohn HarveyHarvey Bevan,Bevan, JamesJames Cheney,Cheney, ZacheusZacheus Gilbert,Gilbert, ThomasThomas Kenney,Kenney, LorenLoren EmEd\ Ritter,Ritter, JohnJohn Truman,Truman, JacobJacob M.M. Biddome,Biddome, WillianWillian Compton,Compton, AllenAllen Goodwin,Goodwin, AndrewAndrew Kirk,Kirk, ThomasThomas Roberts,Roberts, LeviLevi Tuttle,Tuttle, ElansonElanson Blackburn,Blackburn, AbnerAbner Covil,Covil, JohnJohn Q.Q. A.A. Gordon,Gordon, GilmanGilman Larson,Larson, ThurstonThurston Runyon,Runyon, LeviLevi Twitchel,Twitchel, AncielAnciel Brackenberry,Brackenberry, BerBer Cummings,Cummings, GeorgGeorg Gould,Gould, SamuelSamuel J.J. Laughlin,Laughlin, DavidDavid SISi Sessions,Sessions, RichardRichard Ure,Ure, MartinMartin Brass,Brass, BenjaminBenjamin Day,Day, AbrahamAbraham Hampton,Hampton, JamesJames Lemmon,Lemmon, JamesJames W Sexton,Sexton, GeorgeGeorge B.B. Vrandenburg,Vrandenburg, AdnaAdna Brizee/Brizzee,Brizee/Brizzee, H Decker,Decker, ZachariatZachariar Hart,Hart, JamesJames S.S. Maggard,Maggard, BenjamiJBenjamii Shelton,Shelton, SebertSebert C.C. Wade,Wade, EdwarEdwardd D.D. BronsoniBrownsoBronson/Brownso Dennet,DenneL DanielDaniel QIQi Hawk,Hawk, NathanNathan Maxwell,Maxwell, MaxieMaxie Shupe,Shupe, AndrewAndrew JacksoJackso Wade,Wade, MosesMoses Bryant/Bryan,Bryant/Bryan, JohJoh Dobson/Dodson, .' Hickmott,Hickmott, JohnJohn Maxwell,Maxwell, WilliamWilliam SkeenlSkene,Skeen/Skene, JosephJoseph Watts,Watts, JohnJohn S.S. Buckley/BulkleyBuckley/Bulkley,, Donald,Donald, NealNeal Hinckley,Hinckley, ArzaArza EraEra Mayfield,Mayfield, BenjamiJBenjami Slater,Slater, RichardRichard White,White, JosephJoseph Burt,Burt, WilliamWilliam Douglas,Douglas, JamesJames Hirons,Hirons, JamesJames P.P. McCord,McCord, AlexandeAlexande Sly,Sly, JamesJames CalvinCalvin WhitwOM,Whitworth, RobertRobert W.W. Bush,Bush, WilliaWilliamm Douglas,Douglas, RalphRalph B I-Ioldaway,Floldaway, ShadrmShadrac McCullough,McCullough, LeviLevi Spencer.Spencer, WilliamWilliam W.W. Wilkin,Wilkin, DavidDavid ButtonButton,, MontgomMontgom Dyke,Dyke, SimeonSimeon Holt,Holt, WilliamWilliam MOlll1t,MounL HiramHiram B.B. Spidle,Spidle, JohnJohn Wright,Wright, CharlesCharles Calvert,CalverL JohnJohn HanHan Elmer,Elmer, ElijahElijah Hoskins,Hoskins, HenryHenry Naegle,Naegle, JohnJohn ConnConn Squires,Squires, WilliamWilliam 110110 NameNamess ListeUstedd inin NauvoNauvooo TempleTemple EndowmenEndowmentt RegisterRegister (23(2377 oror 46%46%)) AdamsAdams,, OrsoOrsonn BB.. CarterCarter,, RicharRichardd FrederickFrederick,, DavidDavid IIrr Jacobs,Jacobs, SanforSanfordd PettegrewPettegrew,, DaviDavidd Thomas,Thomas, ElijahElijah AlexanderAlexander,, HoracHorae!< Casper/CasparCasper/Caspar,, W FreemanFreeman,, ElijahElijah NN.. Johnston/Johnson,Johnston/Johnson, PettegrewPettegrew,, JameJamess PP.. Thomas,Thomas, HaywardHayward AllenAllen,, AlberAlbernn CastoCasto,, WilliaWilliamm W Gamer,Garner, DaviDavidd JonesJones., DaviDavidd HH.. PhelpsPhelps,, AlvAlvaa ThomasThomas,, NathaNathann T.T. AllenAllen,, ElijaElijahh ChaseChase,, AbneAbnerr Gamer,Garner, PhillipPhillip Jones,Jones, NathanieNathaniell V PixtonPixton,, RoberRobertt Thompson,Thompson, JameJamess L.L. AllenAllcn,, EzrFzraa HH.. ChaseChasc,, HyruHyrumm BBaa Gamer,Garner, WilliaWilliamm AA.. Judd,Judd, ZadockZadock KnarKna~. PorterPorter,, SanfordSanford JrJr.. Thompson,Thompson, SamuelSamuel AllenAllcn,, GeorgGcorgee ChurchChurch,, HadenHaden W Glines,Glines, JameJamess HH.. Kelley,Kelley, MiltoMiltonn PugmirePugmire,, JonathanJonathan,, JrJr.. Treat,Treat, 'lhomasThomas W.W. AllenAllcn,, RufuRufuss C.C. ClarkClark,, AlberAlbertt Gould,Gould, JohJohnn CalviCalvirr KelleyKelley,, WilliaWilliamm RaineyRainey,, DaviDavidd PP.. TubbsTubbs,, WilliaWilliamm R.R. AllredAllred,, JameJamess RiRilek ClarkClark,, GeorgGeorgee ShShtu Green,Green, EphraiEphraimm KeysorKeysor,, GuGuyy MessMessii RaymondRaymond,, AlonzAlomoo PePeaa TuttleTuttle,, LutherLuther AlfredAllred,, JameJamess TilTilll ClarkClark,, JosepJosephh Gribblc,Gribble, WilliaWilliamm Kibbey,Kibbey, JameJamess ReedReed,, CalviCalvinn Tyler,Tyler, DanielDaniel AllredAllred,, RedReddickd ick NCN Clark,I ark, LorenzoLorenzo GullyGully,, SamueSamuell L.L. King,King, JohJohnn MorriMorriss RichardsRichards,, JosepJosephh W WalkerWalker,, WilliaWilliamm HolmcsHolmes AllredAllred,, ReubeReubenn W ClarkClark,, SamueSamuell GG.. HancockHancock,, CharleCharless IE Landers,Landers, EbenezerEbenezer Richardson,Richardson, ThomasThomas Weir,Weir, ThomasThomas AverettAverett,, ElishElishaa ClawsonClawson,, JohJohnn RRce HancockHancock,, GeorgGeorgee \Lane\ Lane,, LewiLewiss RichieRichie,, BenjamiBenjaminn WW.. WestWest,, BenjaminBenjamin BabcockBabcock,, LorenzLorenz()o CliftCI ift,, RobertRobert HancockHancock,, LevLevii WW.. Lawson,Lawson, JohJohnn RiserRiser,, JohJohnn JacoJacobb WheelerWheeler,, IlenryHenry BaileyBailey,, JameJamess ColemanColeman,, GeorgGeorgce HanksHanks., EbenezerEbenezer Layton,Layton, ChristophChristophee RobinsonRobinson,, WilliaWilliamm WheelerWheeler,, JohnJohn L.L. BargerBarger,, WilliaWilliamm V CollinsCollins,, RoberRobertt H HarmonHarmon,, OliverOliver NN.. Luddington,Luddington, ElamElam RogersRogers,, SamuelSamuel HolliHolliss Wheeler,Wheeler, MerrilMerrilll W.W. BarneyBarney., WalteWalterr ColtonColton,, PhilandePhilanderr HarrisHarris,, RoberRobertt Lytle,Lytle, AndreAndrcww RosecransRos(xrans,, GeorgeGeorge WW.. WhiteWhite,, JohnJohn StoutStout BatesBates,, JosephJoseph WiWill CondiCondit,L JepthJepthaa HarrisonHarrison,, Isaac/IsrIsaacllsnc Martin,Martin, EdwarEdwardd RoylanceRoylance,, JohnJohn WhiteWhite,, SamuelSamuel StephenStephen BiglerBigler,, HenrHenryy WilWil CoonsCoons,, WilliaWilliamm A HawkHawk,, WilliaWilliamm Martin,Martin, JessJessee BiglBiglee RusRust,L WilliaWilliamm WalkeWalkerr WhitneyWhitney,, FranciFranciss T.T. BinghamBingham,, ErastusErastus Coray/CoreyCoray/Corey,, WiWill Hawkins,Hawkins, BenjamiBcnjamirr McArthurMcArthur,, HenrHenryy SargentSargent,, AbeAbell MorgaMorgann WilcoxWilcox,, EdwardEdward BinghamBingham,, ThomasThomas CoxCox,, AmoAmoss HawsHaws,, AlpheuAlpheuss PePett McCartyMcCarty,, NelsoNelsonn ScottScott,, JameJamess AA.. Wilcox,Wilcox, HenryHenry BinleylBentley,Binley/Bentley, JJtc CoxCox,, JohnJohn HendricksonHendrickson,, AbrAbraa MerrillMerrill,, PhilemoPhilemonn I Sharp,Sharp, NormaNormann WilleyWilley,, JeremiahJeremiah BlissBliss.,, RoberRobertt StanStan CurtisCurtis,, FosteFosterr HessHess,, JohJohnn WW.. MesickMesick,, PetePeterr I.I. Shumway,Shumway, AurorAuroraa WilliamsWilliams,, JamesJames VaVann No~Nos BorrowmanBorrowman,, JohJohnn DaltonDalton,, HenrHenryy SinSin HickenlooperHickenlooper,, WilWilll MilesMiles,, SamuelSamuel JrJr.. Simmons,Simmons, WilliaWilliamm AIrAlf WilliamsWilliams,, ThomaThoma~s S.S. BoydBoyd,, GeorgGeorgee WWaa Davis,Davis, DanieDaniell CoCOlc HickenlooperHickenlooper,, WilWilll MorrisMorris,, ThomaThomass SmithSmith,, AlberAlbertt WillisWillis,, WilliaWilliamm WesleyWesley Boyle/Bybee,Boyle/Bybee, HeHenn Davis,Davis, JameJamess HigginsHiggins,, NelsoNelsonn MossMoss,, DaviDavidd SmithSmith,, DaviDavidd Willis/WillesWillis/willes,, IrIraa JonesJones BrazierBrazier,, RichardRichard DavisDavis,, SterlinSterlingg HofFheims/HofheiHoftheimslHofheirr MowreyMowrey,, HarleHarleyy SmithSmith,, ElishElishaa WilsonWilson,, GeorgGeorgee DeliveralDeliverai Browett,Browett, DanieDaniell Dodge,Dodge, AugustuAugustuss HolmesHolmes,, JonathaJonathann I MowreyMowrey,, JohJohnn Tho1'ho SmithSmith,, WillarWillardd GU.. WoodWood,, WilliamWilliam BrownBrown,, DanieDaniell Dunham,Dunham, AlberAlbertt HopkinsHopkins,, Charles/MuirCharles J- Muir,, WilliamWilliam S.S. Smith/SnyderSmith/Snyder,, JohJohnn GGIl WoolseyWoolsey,, ThomasThomas BrownBrown,, EbenezaEbenezarr DunnDunn,, JameJamess Howell/sHowell/s,, ThomasThomas'1 Murdock.Murdock, JohnJohn RiRi~£ SpragueSprague,, RicharRichardd DD.. WorkmanWorkman,, AndreAndreww Jacks,Jacks' BrownBrown,, FrancisFrancis DunnDunn,, ThomaThomass JJ.. HoytHoyt,, HenrHenryy PikPikee Myler,Myler, JameJamess JT.Jr. St.St. JohnJohn,, StepheStephenn MM.. WorkmanWorkman,, OliverOliver GaultryGaulrry BrownBrown,, JameJamess DykesDykes,, GeorgGeorgee PP.. HoytHoyt,, TimothTimothyy SaSabb Olmstead/OlmstedOlmstead/Olmsted.. Standage,Standage, HenrHenryy WrightWright., PhinehaPhinehass R.R. BrownBrown,, JohJohnn EarlEarl,, JamesJames CalviCalviIr Hulet/HulettHulet/Hulett,, SylveSylve OmanOman,, GeorgeGeorge W.W. Steele,Steele, JohnJohn WristonWriston,, JohJohnn P.P. Brown,Brown, WilliaWilliamm V EvansEvans,, WilliaWilliamm HulseHulse,, LewiLewiss Owens,Owens, RoberRobertt Stephens/Stevens,Stephens/Stevens, ArnArn Brownell,Brownell, RusselRusselll Ewell,Ewell, JohJohnn MartMartii HunsakerHunsaker,, AbrahaAbrahann OykT,Oyler, Melcher/MMelcher/Mee Stephens/Stevens,Stephens/Stevens, RosRos BunkerBunker,, EdwarEdwardd FairbanksFairbanks,, HenrHenryy HuntIlunt,, GilberGilbertt PacePace., JameJamess StevensStevens,, LymanLyman BurnsBums,, ThomaThomass R.R. FatouteFatoute,, EzrEzraa HuntHunt,, JeffersoJeffersonn PackardPackard., HenrHenryy Stewart,Stewart, RoberRobertt BoydBoyd Bush,Bush, RicharRichardd FifeFife,, PetePeterr MuirMuir HunterHunter,, EdwardJr.Edward Jr. ParkPark,, JameJamess PP.. 1st1st Stillman,Stillman, DexterDexter ButterfieldButterfield,, JacoJacobb FifieldFifield,, l^evLevii Jose.Josel} HunterHunter., JessJessee DD.. Park,Parle, .lamesJames PP.. 2n2ndd Strong,Strong, WilliamWilliam CalkinsCalkins,, SylvanuSylvanuss Folett/FollettFolett/Follett,, WiWillluntington.l Huntington, DimiDimicc PeckPeck,, EdwiEdwinn MartMartii TaggartTaggart,, GeorgGeorgee WashWash CallahanCallahan,, ThomaThoma~s FollettFollett,, WilliamWilliam AII HydeHyde,, WilliaWilliamm Peck,Peck, ThoritThorit Tanner,Tanner, MyronMyron CanfieldCanfield,, CyruCyruss C FrazierFrazier,, ThomaThomass LI Ivie,Ivie, ThomasThomas C.C. Perrin,Perrin, CharlesCharles Taylor,Taylor, JosephJoseph 111Ill FamilyFamily MembersMembers ListedListed inin NauvooNauvoo TempleTemple EndowmentEndowment RegisterRegister (156(156 oror 31%31%)) AbbottAbbott,, JoshuJoshuaa Carter,Carter, IsaacIsaac PhilPhikc Gilbert,Gilbert, JohnJohn RR. Johnson,Johnson, JarvisJarvis PiersonPierson,, HarmoHarmonn D.D. Steele,Steele, IsaiahIsaiah C.C. AdairAdair,, GeorgC'n:orgee WWee Casto,Casto, JameJamess B./CB./C Gilbert,Gilbert, R.R. Johnston/.Johnstun,Johnston/Johnstun. PiersonPierson,, JudsoJudsonn A.A. Stewart,Stewart, BenjamiBeqjaminn F.F. AllenAllen,, FrankliFranklinn Clark,Clark, RileRileyy Gam>Garni Glazier,Glazier, LutherLuther WiWi Kelley,Kelley, GeorgeGeorge PulsipherPulsipher,, DavidDavid Stewart,Stewart, JamesJames WilliamWilliam AverettAverett,, JeduthaJeduthann Clift,Clift, JamesJames Green,Green, JohnJohn KnappKnapp,, AlbertAlbert ElawsonRawson,, DanieDaniell BerryBerry Stillman,Stillman, ClarkClark Bailey,Bailey, AddisonAddison Cole,Cole, JamesJames BamlBarm HanksHanks,, EphraiEphraimm KKIi LakeLake,, BarnabasBarnabas ReynoldsReynolds,, WilliaWilliamm FIeFie Stoddard,Stoddard, RufusRufus BaileyBailey,, JeffersonJefferson Cox,Cox, HendersoHendersonn HarmonHarmon,, EbenezerEbenezer LambLamb,, LisbonLisbon RichardsonRichardson,, J.J. Study,Study, DavidDavid BickmoreBickmore,, GilbertGilbert Curtis,Curtis, DorDorrr Purd:Purd; HarmonHarmon,, LorenzLorenzoo I LanceLance,, WilliamWilliam RichmondRichmond,, BenjamiBenjaminn I Tanner,Tanner, AlbertAlbert MileMiless StarStar BirdBird,, WilliaWilliamm Curtis,Curtis, JosiaJosiahh HarrisHarris,, SilasSilas LewisLewis,, SamuelSamuel RobertsRoberts,, BenjamiBenjaminn MoMc Thompson,Thompson, JohnJohn CrowCrow Blanchard,Blanchard, MervilMervii Dalton,Dalton, EdwarEdwardd HaskellHaskell,, GeorgeGeorge W McBrideMcBride,, HarlumHarlum Rowe,Rowe, CariataCariatatt ConderConder Thompson,Thompson, MileMiles.l.s J. Boley,Boley, SamuelSamuel Dalton,Dalton, HarrylI-IerFlarry/Hei HatchHatch,, MeltairMeltair McLellanlMcLeliaMcLellan/McLella Rowe,Rowe, WilliamWilliam WalkerWalker,, EdwinEdwin Boyd,Boyd, WilliaWilliamm W.W. Davis,Davis, EleazerEleazer HatchHatch,, OrinOrin MeadMead,, OrlandOrlandoo FisFis Sanders,Sanders, RichardRichard TwigTwig WeaverWeaver,, FranklinFranklin BrimhallBrimhall,, JohnJohn Davis,Davis, WalterWalter L.L. Hendricks,Hendricks, WilliarrWillian Mecham/MeachamMecham/Meacham Sanderson,Sanderson, HenrHenryy WeeWet Weaver.Weaver, MilesMiles Brown,Brown, AlexandeAlexanderr DaytonDayton,, William/Wi II iaml'1 HendricksonHendrickson,, JameJame MerrillMerrill,, FerdinandFerdinand Savage,Savage, LeviLevi Webb,Webb, CharlesCharles YoungYoung Brown,Brown, EdmunEdmundd 1I Dobson/DodsoDobsoniDodsonn El Henrie,Henrie, DanielDaniel Miller,Miller, DanielDaniel MorMor Scott,ScotL Leonarl.eonardd M.M. Welsh/WelschWelsh/Welsch,, MadisonMadison Brown.Brown, JamesJames PoPoll Diirphy/DurfeeDurphylDurtee,, F: Hewett,Hewett, EliEli BucknBuckO(c MillerMiller,, MilesMiles Sessions,Sessions, JohnJohn Whiting,Whiting, AlmonAlmon Brown,Brown, JamesJames SteSte Dutcher,Dutcher, ThomasThomas HigginsHiggins,, AlfreAlfredd MooreMoore,, CalvinCalvin WhWh Sessions,Sessions, WilliaWilliamm B.B. Whiting,Whiting, EdmondEdmond BrownBrown,, JesseJesse So",Sovv EarlEarl,, JacobJacob SypheSyphe HoaglundiHoaglanHoaglund/Hoaglan Murdock,Murdock, HoricelCHorice/C Sharp,Sharp, AlbertAlbert WilcoxWilcox,, MatthcwMatthew BuchananBuchanan,, JohnJohn F.-arl,Earl, Jesse/JusticeJesse/Justice Holden,Holden, ElijahElijah EdvEdv Myers,Myers, SamuelSamuel Shepherd,Shepherd, MarcuMarc.,'Uss dede I WillisWillis,, WilliamWilliam SydneySydney S BybeeBybee,, JohnJohn McCMcC Eastman,Eastman, MarcuMarcuss Hulet/Hulett,Hulel/Hulett, Schu:Schu OakleyOakley,, JamesJames DeCDeC Shipley,Shipley, JosephJoseph Wilson,Wilson, AlfredAlfred C.lG.C./G. CaldwellCaldwell,, MattheMatthe\\ Egbert,Egbert, RobertRobert CoCc HuntHunt,, MarshalMarshalll OwenOwen,, JamesJames ColelColej ShUpe,Shupe, JamesJames WrightWright Winll,Winn, DennisDennis WillsonWillson Calkins.Calkins, AlvAlvaa Ch,Che Evans,Evans, IsraelIsrael Hunter,Hunter, WilliamWilliam ParkPark,, WilliaWilliamm AsblAsb< Smith,Smith, AzariahAzariah Winters,Winters, JacobJacob CalkinsCalkins,, EdwiEdwinn RIRi Ferguson,Ferguson, JamesJames HuntsmanHuntsman,, IsaiahIsaiah Peck,Peck, IsaacIsaac Smith,Smith, LotLot WoodwardWoodward,, FrdllcisFrancis Sno"Snov CalkinsCalkins,, JamesJames W.W Fife,Fife, JohnJohn IvieIv ie,, RichardRichard A.A. Perkins,Perkins, DavidDavid M.M. Smith,Smith, LutherLuther Woodworth,Woodworm, LysanderLysander Campbell,Campbell, SamuelSamuel Fletcher,Fletcher, PhilandtPhilande Jackson,Jackson, HenryHairy WeWe Perkins,Perkins, JohnJohn Smith,Smith, MiltonMilton WristonWriston,, IsaacIsaac N.N. CarpenterCarpenter,, IsaaIsaacc Gibson,Gibson, Thomalhoma~s Jacobs,Jacobs, BaileyBailey Pierson,Pierson, EbenezerEbenezer I Smith,Smith, RicharRichardd D.D. YoungYoung,, NathanNathan CarpenterCarpenter,, WilliaWilliarr Gifford,Giffbrd, WilliamWilliam Johnson,Johnson, HenrHenryy MiMi Pierson,Pierson, EphraimEphraim Steele,Steele, GeorgeGeorge E.E. Zabriskie,Zabriskie, JeromeJerome APPENDIAPPENDIXDX D NATIONALNATIONAL ORIGINORIGIN DEMOGRAPHICDEMOGRAPHICSS OFOF KNOWNKNOWN SANSAN PATRICIOPATRICIO SOLDIERSSOLDIERS TableTable 4 provideprovidess demographicademo graphicall informatioinformationn oonn ththee origioriginn ofof knowknownn SaSann PatricioPatricio soldiers;392soldiers; ththee nationanationall origioriginn forfor 2233 SanSan PatriciPatricioo soldiersoldierss iiss unknown.unknown. TABLTABLEE 44:: SaSann PatricioPatricio BattalionBattalion DemographicsDemographics U.S.U.S. BORNBORN LOCATIONLOCATION QUANTITYQUANTITY ARKANSAARKANSASS 1 DELAWAREDELAWARE 1 LOUISIANALOUISIANA 1 MAINEMAINE 2 NEWNEW YORKYORK 8 OHIOOHIO 1 PENNSYLVANIP EN N SYLVAN L6 VIRGINIVIRGINIAA 2 TOTATOTALL 2222 (21%)(21%) FOREIGNFOREIGN BORNBORN LOCATIONLOCATION QUANTITYQUANTITY CANADACANADA 2 IRELANDIRELAND 4400 (39%)(39%) SCOTLANSCOTLANDD 7 ENGLANDENGLAND 7 GERMANYGERMANY 1414 FRANCEFRANCE 1 MEXICOMEXICO 7 ITALYITALY 1 SPAINSPAIN 1 POLANDPOLAND 1 TOTATOTALL 8811 (79%)(79%) 392 MillerMiller,, Shamrock and Sword, 188-192.188-192. BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY PrimaryPrimary SourcesSources AbrahamAbraham DayDay IIIIII Journal,Journal, transcribedtranscribed byby EliEli A.A. DayDay (son).(son). MormonMormon AmericanaAmericana Collection.Collection. BrighamBrigham YoungYoung University,University, HaroldHarold B.B. LeeLee Library,Library, Provo,Provo, UT.UT. 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