DOCSLIB.ORG

Oaic-Trqs Of- FEUDALISM

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Oaic-Trqs Of- FEUDALISM MAJRXISM A.ND 'DG: oaic-Trq s oF- FEUDALISM IN EARLY MEDIENIAL NG-LAND THOMAS SEBASTIAN AIKMAN SAUNDERS D. PHIL THESIS UNIVERSITY OF YORK DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY MARCH 1991 Cirs7 TENITS AOF AOE AOF 1K AOE AO& AOE AO& AOF AOE AOC- AOC- AOE AO& A* 1K 1K 1K1K 1K 1K 1K 1K AOE 1K 111E 1K 1K ilk ilk- List of illustrations 4 AcknowleclEements 5 Abstract 6 INTRODUCTION 7 PART 1 SOCIAL THEORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY 13 1 THE THEORETICAL VACUUM OF POST-PROCESSUAL ARCHAEOLOGY 1 Post-structuralism and the Crisis of Marxism 15 2 Epistemology 23 3 Causality 31 4 Material Culture 40 5 Towards a Marxist Approach in Archaeology 49 2 STRUCTURAL-MARXIST ARCHAEOLOGY 63 1 From Technological Determinism to Structural-Marxism 2 Pre-Capitalist Economics 70 3 Critique of Structural-Marxist Archaeology 83 3 PRE-CAPITALIST SOCIAL FORMATIONS 92 1 Richard Hodges and Dark Age Economics 93 2 Marxism and the Making of History 100 • a From Tributary to Feudal Modes of Production 121 PART 2 HISTORICAL MATERIALISM AND MATERIAL CULTURE 134 4 HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY 135 1 The Development of Medieval Archaeology 136 2 The Academic Structure of Social Knowledge 141 a The Origins of English Feudalism 145 -2- 5 TRADE AND EXCHANGE IN EARLY MEDIEVAL ENGLAND 151 1 Richard Hodges and the Origins of Capitalism 152 2 Marxism and Medieval Towns and Trade 157 3 The Early Medieval Pottery Industry and Market Exchange 172 6 THE SOCIAL USE OF SPACE IN EARLY MEDIEVAL RURAL SETTLEMENTS 191 1 The Spatial Construction of Society 192 2 The Tributary and Feudal Construction of Space 203 3 Early Medieval Rural Settlements 212 7 TOWN AND COUNTRY IN EARLY MEDIEVAL ENGLAND 249 The Economic Basis of Feudal Towns 250 2 Medieval Towns and Environmental Archaeology 257 3 Animal Bones and Town/Country Interrelationships 267 PART 3 CONCLUSIONS 288 8 ARCHAEOLOGY AND FEUDALISM 289 Rural Production and Exploitation 290 2 Trade and Exchange and Urban Development 297 9 MARXISM Vs RADICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 304 1 Radical Archaeology 304 2 Marxism and the Working Class 312 Bibliography 323 I I— L.. A.. ""C D 53 -31E- -31E- -31K- -31E- 1K-- -31E- -311L- --31E- -31E- -31E- 41E- -31E- -31E- 41c- -31E- -31E- -31E- -11C- K -3K K -3K 11E- 1. Map showing the position of mid and late-Saxon London 174 2. Pie charts showing the relative frequency of pottery types in early medieval London 176 3. Distribution map of tenth century wares in southern England 179 4. Distribution map of eleventh and twelfth century wares in southern England 181 5. Location map of the Raunds Area Project 214 6. Plan of early/middle Saxon Raunds 216 7. Plan of Raunds at the end of the early/middle Saxon period 217 8. Plan of late-Saxon Raunds 219 9. Plan of the late-Saxon features at West Cotton 221 10. Plan of the Anglo-Saxon settlement at Mucking 223 11. A scematic development of the Anglo-Saxon settlement at West Stow 224 12. Plan of the Anglo-Saxon settlement at Chalton 226 13. Phase plans of the Anglo-Saxon settlement at Cowdery's Down 228 14. Plan of the deserted medieval village of Goltho and the late-Saxon manor 230 15. A possible reconstruction of how Wharram Percy may originally have been laid out in the late Anglo-Saxon period 232 16. Map showing the location of Fishergate and Coppergate, York 269 A C. K 411- D Q NIE S 111- -31K- -31E- --3K- -3K- -311. -311- 411 -31E- -311. -31E- -311 -31E- -31E. -31E- -31E- 4K -31E- 4K 4K 4K 41E- 4K IR- 4K al- 41(- 41E- Many people have helped me during the writing of this thesis. In particular I would like to thank Steve Roskams, friend and comrade, who supervised my research. Without Steve's support, discussion and criticisms this thesis would never have been written. Many thanks are also due to Alan Vince, Ailsa Mainman, Martin Carver, Steve Windell, Michel Audouy, Steve Parry, Terry O'Connor and Jennifer Bourdillon who supplied me with empirical material and unpublished work, much of which I have used. I am also grateful to Alex Callinicos, Sue Clegg, Tania Dickinson, David Austin and Doug Hawes for spending time reading and commenting on my work. My mother Hilary Aikman is also warmly thanked for completing the arduous task of proof reading the text. None of them, however, is responsible for any of its deficiencies. I want also to thank lover and comrade Sally Kincaid for being both tolerant and remarkably patient on numerous occasions when my priorities did not coincide with hers. 5 A 1ES3TFAC --31K- -31E- --3K- -3K- --3K- -3K- -3K- -3K- -3K- -31E- -3K- -3K- -3K- -3K- -3K- --3K- -311- -3IK- -3K- -3K- -21. -3K- --3K-- -3K- -3K- -3K- --311- -3K- -3K- -3K- Archaeological theory has become the subject of lively debate during the past few years. This thesis critically examines these recent developments through an exploration of Marxism and archaeology. The case for a historical materialist approach to material culture studies is made through both a theoretical and an empirical discussion of the origins of English feudalism. Central to the thesis is an investigation of three interconnected problems; the development of trade and exchange; the evolution of the rural landscape; and the growth of the medieval town. These issues have been analysed through an archaeological study of the late-Saxon pottery industry, early medieval village plans and urban assemblages of animal bones. It is hoped, therefore, that this thesis will demonstrate the potential for Marxist approaches in archaeology, as well as contributing fresh theoretical perspectives to early medieval studies. 6 I N ID1DUCI CsIsi 1SK- -31E- 1SF 1K 1S1- 1SK- 1K 111- 1SF 11(- 1S1 1SK- 1SK- 11(- 1K -AI 1K- 1SK- 111 -3IK- 1SF 1K 1K -SE -XI 11E 1111 . 1K 1K 1K 1K The intellectual climate pervading academic archaeology has changed dramatically over the last decade. Gone are the days when archaeology was simply a 'safe' empirical discipline, recovering, recording and classifying past material culture through 'objective' scientific procedures. The 1980s have seen the arrival of social theory. Archaeology has opened up and immersed itself in the wider theoretical debates outside the discipline. Over the last ten years there has been a plethora of fresh theoretical perspectives within archaeology: structuralist, structural-Marxist, post-structuralist, postmodernist etc., all of which have been subsumed under the label 'post-processualism'. But, despite all the excitement this has generated, the integration of social theory and archaeology is still in its infancy. An atmosphere of superficiality and eclecticism pervades the discipline, as archaeologists attempt to come to terms with a wide variety of schools of thought. Post-processualism, therefore, has en forged with many gaps, questions and silences. F her critiques and dialogues are necessarily required. By exploring the subject of Marxism and archaeology, it is hoped that the current debate around the reconstruction of archaeological theory and practice can be deepened and widened. Although Marxist inspired approaches are not new to archaeology, the systematic use of historical materialism as a philisophical basis for the development of archaeological theory has yet to emerge within Britain or the United States. Post-processualists have attempted to integrate concepts from the various Marxist traditions into their work, in particular from the structural-Marxist school of thought. However, the epist undations and basic analytical concepts of -7- classical Marxism have been explicitly rejected (Trigger 1985). This is certainly not something peculiar to the discipline of archaeology. Marxism, since its inception, has been consistently politically and intellectually peripheralised. However, the dearth of Marxist approaches during the formative period in the development of theoretical archaeology has more specific roots. The silence is a reflection of a current intellectual shift within academic circles. While the 1970s marked a period of intellectual renaissance for Marxist ideas within western universities, the 1980s has been a decade of intellectual retreats (see Miliband and Panitch 1990). Marxism has been abandoned, ousted by post- structuralism and postmodernism. Many radicals, initially inspired by the social revolts of the late '60s have now evolved into a post-Marxist position (see Callinicos 1989, 162-71). Thus, classical Marxism is regarded by both left and right-wing intellectuals alike as terribly old-fashioned and conceptually redundant, a body of thought to be transcended. This thesis forms a defence of classical Marxism. The current marginalising of historical materialism has been carried out largely through misrepresentation and caricature, with Marxist thought the subject of ill-informed and generally facile disputation (see Geras 1990). In what follows, care is taken to examine the basis of Marxist analytical concepts and thus reveal that, far from being intellectually impoverished, historical materialism can solve many of the problems which post-processual theory correctly identifies but singularly fails to answer. This is not simply a return to Marx. The defence of classical Marxism involves building upon this tradition. Consequently, a wide range of Marxist thinkers within the social sciences are drawn upon, from philosophers and social theorists, to historians, geographers and anthropologists. - 8 - Examining Marxism and archaeology, however, is not an abstract exercise. The reconstruction of archaeological theory and practice requires a careful analysis of specfic archaeological issues through an encounter with empirical evidence. The success or failure of Marxism ultimately rests in its ability to explain adequately the world, past and present. This research, therefore, is concerned with relating general theoretical debates to a discussion and interpretation of a particular field, early medieval material culture. Hence the subtitle 'The Origins of Feudalism in Early Medieval England'. Medieval archaeology has been much slower to respond to theoretical developments than the discipline as a whole, largely remaining deeply empiricist and anti-theoretical.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rodney Hilton, Marxism and the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism
    Working Papers No. 94/06 Rodney Hilton, Marxism and the Transition From Feudalism to Capitalism S. R. Epstein Forthcoming in C. Dyer, P. Cross, C. Wickham (eds.) Rodney Hilton’s Middle Ages, 400-1600 Cambridge UP 2007 © S. R. Epstein Department of Economic History London School of Economics September 2006 Department of Economic History London School of Economics Houghton Street London, WC2A 2AE Tel: +44 (0) 20 7955 7860 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7955 7730 Rodney Hilton, Marxism And The Transition From Feudalism To Capitalism* S. R. Epstein Forthcoming in C. Dyer, P. Coss, C. Wickham eds. Rodney Hilton’s Middle Ages 400-1600, Cambridge UP 2007 A founding member of the Historians’ Group of the Communist Party, of the journal Past and Present, and of a distinctive and distinguished School of History at the University of Birmingham, Rodney Hilton was among the most notable medieval historians of the latter half of the twentieth century. He was also the most influential of a small number of Marxist medievalists in Britain and Continental Europe who practised their craft before the renaissance of Marxist and left-wing history after 1968. Surprisingly, therefore, his work’s historiographical and theoretical significance has not attracted much attention.1 Although Hilton was, first and foremost, a ‘historian’s historian’, and made his most lasting contributions to the fields of English social, agrarian, and urban history, his engagement with Marxist historical debates cannot be lightly dismissed.2 Hilton’s Marxism, a central feature of his self-understanding as a historian, reflects both strengths and weaknesses of British Marxist historiography in its heyday, and his interpretation of a locus classicus of Marxist debate, the transition from feudal to capitalist modes of production, still carries considerable weight among like-minded historians.
    [Show full text]
  • Marxist Antony Kalashnikov
    British Marxist Historians: An Appraisal Antony Kalashnikov Abstract This paper examines several of the leading British Marxist historians of the twentieth century and the contribution made by these Marxist historians to the field of historiography. The differences and similarities in the arguments presented by key Marxist historians is examined and critically analysed throughout this paper to identify the role these historians within the field. Introduction: In the second half of the twentieth century, Marxism became firmly integrated into the Western academic tradition as a valid and powerful mode of analysis. In 1950’s Great Britain, Marxism became particularly prevalent in the discipline of history. At least superficially, a group of historians was associated by their membership within the British Communist Party. Several critics, however, have argued that the British Marxist historians came to represent a school, of sorts, characterized by much more than paying homage to Marx and his historical materialism. Indeed, sociologist Harvey Kaye, in his book The British Marxist Historians, contends that they constitute a separate “theoretical tradition.” Specifically, he argues, they share a common theoretical problematic, historical problematic, approach to historical study (i.e. a methodology of class struggle analysis), and a contribution to British political culture.1 Social theorist Perry Anderson, for his part, also groups these Marxist Historians together, albeit indirectly, in his more negative critique of them. Particularly, he argues against their theoretical underdevelopment and lack of strategy. This essay will appraise the two scholars’ arguments for British Marxist historians’ commonality, in particular looking at the Marxist historians Edward Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. In doing so, I will explicate Kaye’s and Anderson’s arguments, illustrating their points with examples from Thompson’s and Hobsbawm’s work.
    [Show full text]
  • The Histories of Raphael Samuel a Portrait of a People’S Historian
    THE HISTORIES OF RAPHAEL SAMUEL A PORTRAIT OF A PEOPLE’S HISTORIAN THE HISTORIES OF RAPHAEL SAMUEL A PORTRAIT OF A PEOPLE’S HISTORIAN SOPHIE SCOTT-BROWN Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Creator: Scott-Brown, Sophie, author. Title: The histories of Raphael Samuel : a portrait of a people’s historian / Sophie Scott-Brown. ISBN: 9781760460365 (paperback) 9781760460372 (ebook) Series: ANU lives series in biography. Subjects: Samuel, Raphael. Historians--Great Britain--Biography. Marxian historiography. Historical materialism. Social history. Dewey Number: 907.202 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. The ANU.Lives Series in Biography is an initiative of the National Centre of Biography at The Australian National University, ncb.anu.edu.au. Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Portrait of Raphael Samuel by Lucinda Douglas- Menzies. This edition © 2017 ANU Press Contents Acknowledgements . vii Abbreviations . ix Introduction . 1 1 . The Ingrained Activist: Communism as a Way of Life, the Communist Party Historians’ Group and Oxford Student Politics . 17 2 . Reinventing the Organiser: Anti‑authoritarianism, Activist Politics and the First New Left . 55 3 . The Workshop Historian: Ruskin College and the Early Years of the History Workshop . 95 4 . The Secret Life of Headington Quarry: People’s History in the Field .
    [Show full text]
  • The Salisbury Oath: Its Feudal Implications
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1943 The Salisbury Oath: Its Feudal Implications Harry Timothy Birney Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Birney, Harry Timothy, "The Salisbury Oath: Its Feudal Implications" (1943). Master's Theses. 53. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/53 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1943 Harry Timothy Birney THE SALISBURY OATH - ITS FEUDAL IMPLICATIONS by HARRY TIMOTHY BIRNEY, S.J., A.B. A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN LOYOLA UNIVERSITY J~e 1943 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 CHAPTER I FEUDALI SM - IN THEORY • • • • • • • • • • • 3 II FEUDALISTIC TENDENCIES IN ENGLAND BEFORE 1066 ••••••••••••••••••••• 22 III NORMAN FEUDALISM BEFORE 1066 • • • • 44 IV ANGLO - NORMAN FEUDALISM PRECEDING THE OATH OF SALISBURy........... 62 V THE SALISBURY OATH • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 81 CONCLUSION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 94 BIBLIOGRAPHY • • • •
    [Show full text]
  • LLM Succession Thesis
    Bridging the Gap Between Civil and Common Law: An Analysis of the Proposed EU Succession Regulation by Philip D Bremner LLB (Hons) (Aberdeen) A Thesis Presented for the Degree of Master of Laws at the University of Aberdeen 2010 Declaration I, Philip Dennis Bremner, declare that this thesis has been composed by myself; has not been accepted in any previous application for a degree; that the work is my own; that all quotations have been distinguished by the use of quotation marks; and the sources of information have been specifically acknowledged. Philip D Bremner 20 September 2010 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the University of Aberdeen School of Law and College of Arts and Social Sciences along with the Clark Foundation for Legal Education, CB Davidson Bequest Fund and Vikram Reddy Trust for their financial support. I would also like to thank my supervisor, Professor Paul Beaumont, for the many engaging discussions we had, as well as my colleagues in the private international law reading group for their helpful comments and advice. Finally I would like to thank my parents for their continuing love and support. 3 Contents Summary 5 Introduction 6 Chapter 1: Overview 12 1.1 Background 12 1.2 Green Paper 16 1.3 The Draft Regulation 19 1.4 Domestic Response 26 Chapter 2: Claw-back 32 2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 Overview 36 2.3 Historical Perspective 42 2.3.1 Overview 42 2.3.2 Historical notions of the nature of ownership 49 2.3.3 Early restrictions on the freedom of inter vivo alienations 52 2.3.4 Legal Rights and Claw-back in Scotland 63 2.3.5 Modern-day implications 70 2.4 A possible way forward? 72 2.5 Conclusions 79 Chapter 3: Connecting Factor 80 3.1 Introduction 80 3.2 Reception of Domicile into English and Scots Law 83 3.3 From Domicile to Habitual Residence via Nationality 98 3.4 Habitual Residence: In Search of a Definition 111 3.5 Conclusions 121 Conclusion 122 Bibliography 127 4 Summary In October 2009, the Commission of the European Union published its proposal for a regulation dealing with the private international law aspects of succession.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 the Mystery of Property: Inheritance and Industrialization in England and Japan Alan Macfarlane
    5 The mystery of property: inheritance and industrialization in England and Japan Alan Macfarlane 'Well! Some people talk of morality, and some of religion, but give me a little snug property' (Edgeworth, cited in Goody 1962: 284). The mystery In one way or another most of the great social theorists have seen the development of individualized property relations as the central and decisive factor in the rise of modern civilization and, in particular, capitalism. The link was apparent to Locke at the end of the seventeenth century (1956: 43, 48, 63). Private property was a natural right and the sole purpose of the state was its protection. The security of property was likewise seen as the basis of liberty and wealth by the eighteenth-century political economists (Millar 1812: 114-15; Kames 1796, 1: 91; Smith 1976: 415). Nineteenth-century theorists continued to stress the central importance of property distinctions. De Tocqueville (1956: 184) noted that wealth and private property seemed to be connected in England, Maine thought that 'we are indebted to the peculiarly absolute English form of ownership for such an achievement as the cultivation of the soil of North America' (1875: 126). T6nnies believed that the opposition between private and communal property was the essence of the distinction between gemeinschaft and gesellschaft (1955: 75, 60). But it was, of course, Karl Marx who most famously emphasized the connections. In his earlier philosophical notebooks he outlined how the history of the growth of landed property mirrored the growth of capitalism (1973:107, 252; 1964: 27). Then in a central passage in Capital he argued that 'The legal view..
    [Show full text]
  • Quia Emptores, Subinfeudation, and the Decline of Feudalism In
    QUIA EMPTORES, SUBINFEUDATION, AND THE DECLINE OF FEUDALISM IN MEDIEVAL ENGLAND: FEUDALISM, IT IS YOUR COUNT THAT VOTES Michael D. Garofalo Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August 2017 APPROVED: Christopher Fuhrmann, Committee Chair Laura Stern, Committee Member Mickey Abel, Minor Professor Harold Tanner, Chair of the Department of History David Holdeman, Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Victor Prybutok, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Garofalo, Michael D. Quia Emptores, Subinfeudation, and the Decline of Feudalism in Medieval England: Feudalism, it is Your Count that Votes. Master of Science (History), August 2017, 123 pp., bibliography, 121 titles. The focus of this thesis is threefold. First, Edward I enacted the Statute of Westminster III, Quia Emptores in 1290, at the insistence of his leading barons. Secondly, there were precedents for the king of England doing something against his will. Finally, there were unintended consequences once parliament passed this statute. The passage of the statute effectively outlawed subinfeudation in all fee simple estates. It also detailed how land was able to be transferred from one possessor to another. Prior to this statute being signed into law, a lord owed the King feudal incidences, which are fees or services of various types, paid by each property holder. In some cases, these fees were due in the form of knights and fighting soldiers along with the weapons and armor to support them. The number of these knights owed depended on the amount of land held. Lords in many cases would transfer land to another person and that person would now owe the feudal incidences to his new lord, not the original one.
    [Show full text]
  • Blackstone, the Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law
    Edinburgh Research Explorer Blackstone, the Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law Citation for published version: Cairns, JW 1985, 'Blackstone, the Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law', Historical Journal, vol. 28, pp. 711-717. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X00003381 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X00003381 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Historical Journal Publisher Rights Statement: ©Cairns, J. (1985). Blackstone, the Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law. Historical Journal, 28, 711-17doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X00003381 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 The Historical Journal, 28, 3 (1985), pp. 711-717 Printed in Great Britain BLACKSTONE, THE ANCIENT CONSTITUTION AND THE FEUDAL LAW* JOHN CAIRNS University of Edinburgh
    [Show full text]
  • Mutual Obligations of Feudal System
    Mutual Obligations Of Feudal System If coarse-grained or thieving Edmund usually immortalize his pheon reminisces spankingly or dribbling affectionately and thenceforward, how indexical is Frankie? Michail is gasiform: she bituminising derogatorily and depolymerizing her pickaxes. Macrocephalic Stan always hatches his handsels if Jackie is syncarpous or firm inexactly. They were numerous wars created vassalage, feudal mutual obligations to the size, despite their fiscal, taira clan ties of What documents do a need every claim Jobseekers Allowance? Explain different mutual obligations of the feudal system ppt. Has coronavirus landed you at Centrelink for the first stroke Here's. GUIDED READING Feudalism in Europe. The Feudal System was based on Mutual obligations in turn of military protection. Feudal Society Roslyn Public Schools. Chapter 132 Quiz Flashcards Quizlet. The impact of medieval hindu polities as feudal mutual obligations system of a home. 132 Feudalism in Europe. The predominant of mutual loyalty between tuition and vassal which formed such an. Name name Period FEUDALISM REVIEW Chapter 132 Social Structure of Feudalism Explain these mutual obligations of the feudal system which why the feudal. Medieval community was running network of mutual obligations Even kings and. The mutual obligations of the feudal system Answers. New name which of mutual obligations feudal system acted in their encounter of their households; disinherited tenants against the result of entire zone was to the measure of. The Middle Ages. System with each hierarchy of social classes bound to mutual obligations and. Canonical practice which became part another the feudal system. A not of loyalties and protections based on mutual obligations feudalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Christopher Hill's World Turned Upside Down
    Crossley, James G. "Christopher Hill’s World Turned Upside Down." Harnessing Chaos: The Bible in English Political Discourse Since 1968. London: Bloomsbury T & T Clark, 2014. 37–69. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 23 Sep. 2021. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780567659347.ch-002>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 23 September 2021, 17:56 UTC. Copyright © James G. Crossley 2014. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. Chapter 2 CHRISTOPHER HILL’S WORLD TURNED UPSIDE DOWN 1. The Problem of 1968 We have seen why 1968 is regarded as a watershed year in the more contemporary history of western radical thought. However, one of the seemingly curious features of the student-led radicalism of the late 1960s is the problem it posed for some western Marxists, particularly those of an ageing Marxist intellectual establishment. It might be thought that such ¿gures would have been among the most enthusiastic supporters of the uprisings (as plenty of Marxists indeed were), particularly given that the American involvement in Vietnam was the most high pro¿le point of unity across the Left, though even here there were notable exceptions such as Max Horkheimer. On the one hand, 1968 did overtly challenge dominant notions of power but, on the other, might not this radicalism be merely romantic and hopelessly ineffective? Or worse still, was it complicit or even potentially repressive? Arguably the most famous example of Marxist establishment ambiva- lence was Theodor Adorno.1 The ¿nal years and months of Adorno’s life – at this point he was now denounced as a ‘classicist’ – involved some very personal tensions with the West German student movement.
    [Show full text]
  • The Making of the First New Left in Britain
    THE MAKING OF THE FIRST NEW LEFT IN BRITAIN Jacob Clark Thurman Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in the Department of History, Indiana University December 2011 Accepted by the Faculty of Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Jason M. Kelly, Ph.D., Chair Kevin Cramer, Ph.D. Master’s Thesis Committee Michael D. Snodgrass, Ph.D. ii Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 3 ..................................................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 4 ..................................................................................................................................................... 82 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 100 References ..............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Social Studies Book 1
    6th Grade Social Studies Book 1 For families who need academic support, please call 504-349-8999 Monday-Thursday • 8:00 am–8:00 pm Friday • 8:00 am–4:00 pm Available for families who have questions about either the online learning resources or printed learning packets. ow us you Sh r #JPSchoolsLove 6th-8th GRADE DAILY ROUTINE Examples Time Activity 6-8 8:00a Wake-Up and • Get dressed, brush teeth, eat breakfast Prepare for the Day 9:00a Morning Exercise • Exercises o Walking o Jumping Jacks o Push-Ups o Sit-Ups o Running in place High Knees o o Kick Backs o Sports NOTE: Always stretch before and after physical activity 10:00a Academic Time: • Online: Reading Skills o Plato (ELA) • Packet o Reading (one lesson a day) 11:00a Play Time Outside (if weather permits) 12:00p Lunch and Break • Eat lunch and take a break • Video game or TV time • Rest 2:00p Academic Time: • Online: Math Skills o Plato (Math) • Packet o Math (one lesson a day) 3:00p Academic • Puzzles Learning/Creative • Flash Cards Time • Board Games • Crafts • Bake or Cook (with adult) 4:00p Academic Time: • Independent reading Reading for Fun o Talk with others about the book 5:00p Academic Time: • Online Science and Social o Plato (Science and Social Studies) Studies Para familias que necesitan apoyo académico, por favor llamar al 504-349-8999 De lunes a jueves • 8:00 am – 8: 00 pm Viernes • 8:00 am – 4: 00 pm Disponible para familias que tienen preguntas ya sea sobre los recursos de aprendizaje en línea o los paquetes de aprendizaje impresos.
    [Show full text]