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Problems in Selkup Phonology

(without solutions) Regula Sutter, Vienna

Beáta Wagner-Nagy, Budapest Budapest Uralic Workshop – 11. 12. January 2008

Broad overview  Selkup belongs to the Samojedic branch of the Uralic language family  Selkup is split up into many dialects. About 25% of its speakers speak a dialect that belongs to the northern group.

Dialectal Group Dialect Middle Taz Upper Taz Northern (Taz-Turukhan) Baikha-Turukhan Karasino Yelogui Tym Central Narym Vasyugan Parabel ’ Middle Ob ’ Southern Upper Ob Chaya Chulym • • Ke Middle Ke • Upper Ke (Nat-Pumpokolsk)

 Number of speakers:

1989 2002

Selkup nationality 3.612 4.249 Russian speakers n.a. 4.200 Native speakers 37,5% ca. 38%

1 Problems in Selkup Phonology Sutter/Wagner-Nagy – BUM 6 11. 12. Jan. 2008 • Settlement area: Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Salekhard, Purovsky District, Krasnoselkupsky District Krasnojarsk Krai: Turukhansky District • Tomsk Oblas : Kargasoksyk District, Parabelsyk District, Kolpashevsky District, Verkhneketsky District, Tomsk, Kedrovy

Uralic Peoples in Europe and Asia

~ adapted from Junttila & Lindroos ~

Tas Selkup Consonants

Obstruents Sonorants

Plosives Fricatives Affricates Nasals Laterals Vibrants Glides

Bilabial p m w

Dental t s n l r

Palatal š è ñ ¾ j

Velar k ŋ

Uvular q

– ’s There no voiced-voiceless correlation – è • and are free alternants – All dentals have a palatal counterpart, except for /r/

2 Problems in Selkup Phonology Sutter/Wagner-Nagy – BUM 6 11. 12. Jan. 2008 Katz’ Rules (based on Castrén’s materials)  Only obstruents can make up the second part of a cluster.  Fricatives must not be members of a cluster.  All obstruents may be geminated.  è Two obstruents can only build a cluster, if the second one is /t/ and the first one is not / /.  Coronal obstruents are not allowed after /r/.  All sonorants may stand before their corresponding homorganic obstruents. This covers all ¾/, /ñ/ •/ possibilities for / , and / to be part of a cluster.  All obstruents may follow a (non-palatalised) liquid.  è/ /t/ and / may follow all (non-palatalised) sonorants.

In a nutshell: possible clusters; impossible clusters (all according to Katz)

Problems  There are clusters that are not allowed by the rules, but even Katz found them. šš, ll, nm, mn, (e.g.. etc.).  There are clusters that are ruled out by Katz, but do occur in our sources. st, ss, rt, (e.g.. etc.).  ’t mention, but do occur in our material. There are clusters Katz doesn mk, mq, nq, ŋq, (e.g. etc.).  •/ è/ / and / are not phonemes.

3 Problems in Selkup Phonology Sutter/Wagner-Nagy – BUM 6 11. 12. Jan. 2008 Our Corpus  Helimski, Eugen: Taz Selkup Dictionary  Headwords: >2600  Mainly based on his own collection

Clusters we found

X: forbidden by Katz; ( ): allowed by Katz; present in our corpus

• š ñ ŋ ¾ p t k q c s m n l r j p ( ) ( ) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X t X ( ) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X k X ( ) ( ) X X X X X X X X X X X X X q X ( ) X ( ) X X X X X X X X X X X X c X X X X ( ) X X X X X X X X X X X • X X X X X ( ) X X X X X X X X X X s X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X š X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X m ( ) ( ) ( ) X X X X X X X X X X X n ( ) ( ) X X X X X X X X X X X ñ X X X X X ( ) X X X X X X X X X X ŋ ( ) ( ) ( ) X X X X X X X X X X X l ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) X X X X X X X X X X X ¾ X X X X X ( ) X X X X X X X X X X r ( ) X ( ) ( ) X X X X X X X X X X X X j X X X X X X X X X X X

Possible reasons for the difference  én's materials from 1854, we Katz' study is based on Castr used a modern dictionary.  Katz claims to have regarded morphologically simple words only, but in his examples more complex ones are found as well.  Katz disregards the effects of expected assimilations (cf. sandhi rules below) N.B. There are homonymous morphemes that differ in their behaviour concerning assimilation.

Morphologically complex?

 apsy Ìàë E Î÷ Èð]1 ‘ ’ [C food [m-så ‘ ’, *[m- ‘ ’SW:15 PS * food eat This suffix is not productive anymore, forms like this have been "complex" already in the Proto-Samoyed stage.  qap-šyn qapšyn Ìàë qapšy Î÷] ‘ ’ 2 [C ; ; drumstick  mir-šyn Î÷] | ‘ ’ miirqo Î÷] | ‘ ’ 2 [ plane (tool) cf. [C to plane psçn PS * nomen instrumentalis This suffix already existed in the Proto-Samoyed stage of the language, but it is still productive today. It's not clear whether these forms are perceived as complex or simplex.

1 Abbreviations of dictionnaries are explained in the references section. 4 Problems in Selkup Phonology Sutter/Wagner-Nagy – BUM 6 11. 12. Jan. 2008  tap-ša, ütyl’ tapša Î÷] | ‘ ’ [ puddle tap-cy-mpyqo ~ tap-šy-mpyqo Î÷] | ‘ ’ [ to paddle These forms look as if they were complex, but the suffix in question is not productive and of unknown origin.

Sandhi rules

Adapted from Helimski, p. 556 C2 C1 k t q s š m n l p mm mn t ss šš nm nn k qq ŋm ŋn q qq qm qn s šš š èè šš ññ ¾¾ m n ŋk ñš ll ñ ñè ññ ŋ

m2 mk, pk mt, pt pq ps pš mm mn ml m3 pk pt pq ps mm mn ml n2 ŋk, tk nt, tt tq ss šš nm nn ll n3 tk tt tq ss nm nn ll ŋ2 ŋk, kk ŋt, kt qq ks kš ŋm ŋn ŋl ŋ3 kk kt qq ks ŋm ŋn ŋl ¾ ¾è ¾¾ l j jè

m p qum qup ‘ ’; m p suur m ~ suur p ~ suur ‘ ’) m2: or : ~ man m3: or or µ ( i× i× i× animal n karman karmat ‘ ’ ånsan ~ konsåt ~ kånsa ‘ ’ n2: or t: ~ bag ; n3: n or t or µ: k pipe ŋ ŋ somaŋ somak ‘ ’ ŋ ŋ ååŋ ~ ååk ~ åå ‘ ’ 2: or k: ~ well 3: or k or µ: mouth

Examples for frequent cases:  k+q

‘ ’: tyk+qy → tuqqy (Du tuk beatle .)  p+m top ‘ ’: top+myn → tommyn edge of sth (Prol.)  ¾+t soo¾ ‘ ’: soo¾+ty → soo¾èy neck (Px3Sg.)  š+n

ŋkyš ‘ ’: laŋkyš+na → lankyñña la - shout š ‘ ’: suuriš+ → suuriñña suuri - to hunt na š ‘ ’: tulyš+na → tuliñña tuly - arrive

5 Problems in Selkup Phonology Sutter/Wagner-Nagy – BUM 6 11. 12. Jan. 2008 ñeñña [C Ìàë Î÷ Èð] ‘ ’s younger sister’ (as a stem: older sister, father  n+l qən ‘ ’: qən lä → qəllä - go + (VAcond.) tən ‘ ’: tən+ly → təlly intestine (Px2Sg.)  n +k 2 ‘ ’: sytyŋkålyk ~ sytytkålyk sytyn shoelace (Car.)  n +q 2 qorqy ‘ ’ +n qo → d bear 2 (Gen) + (Translat)  t+l

ə ə ‘ ’ olyt l ~ olyll skull  t + n

åt ‘ ’: lypkymåt+na → lypkymanna lypkym - getting dark å ‘ ’: n å → nyrkymå nyrkym t- be frightened yrkym t+na nna ñeññymåt ‘ ’: ñeññymåt + na → ñeññymånna - grow angry

Clusters that are not due to sandhi  rs: karsa¾ muuny ‘ ’s leg’ swelling on a dog kärsa¾ Î÷] ‘ ’ [ shaggy kärsympyqo ‘ ’ rough, be shaggy (verb)  rr: jarryŋ ‘ ’ angry (Adv.) korrä ~ qorrä Î÷] ‘ ’ [ hole dug into the snow to spend the night  st:

èista¾ ‘ ’ (< russ. ÷èñòûé clean ) èistaŋ ‘ ’ cleanly èistyqo ‘ ’ to clean èistypyqo ‘ ’ to clean (hab.)

 šk: cååška ~ caška ~ cååšky Î÷ GH Èð] ‘ ’ [ mug školanty iccyqo ‘ ’ go to school imy¾uška Ìàë] ‘ ’ [ young woman iškååša ~ išqååša ‘ ’ [E GH] magpie iškyla¾ ~ išqyla¾ ‘ ’ (adj. Suff. ¾) bad - kəškala Èð] ‘ ’ (Dim. [ small bucket -la)

Homonymous morphemes  ty : denominal nomen (sandhi does not apply) püŋyš Î÷] ‘ ’: püŋyštyqo ‘ ’ [ diaper to change diapers tuš Èð] ‘ ’: tuštyqo ‘ ’ [ raw frozen fish to eat raw fish

 ty : deverbal verb (sandhi does apply) wəš-y-qo ‘ ’: weš + ty + qo → wəccyqo Ìàë E Î÷ Èð] ‘ ’ to stand up [C to erect

6 Problems in Selkup Phonology Sutter/Wagner-Nagy – BUM 6 11. 12. Jan. 2008 CCC  Why is there no insertion of a thematic vowel?  Why is it exactly the consonant in the middle that is lost? am am + mpy + ty ‘ ’ → ampaty -: he ate it all taqqyl taqqyl + psåty¾ ‘ ’ → taqqylsåty¾ -: he who has to collect sth

Supersandhi

There is a similar process in some Bantu languages, cf. Meinhof's law.

 ily ‘ ’: ily+mpy+nty - live

ily+mny+nty

 manty ‘ ’ manty+mpy+ty - look (out) :

manny+mpa+ty

 omty ‘ ’ omty+mpy+nty - sit :

omny+mpy+nty

omny+mmy+nty

 qən ‘go’ qən+mpy+nty - :

qən+mmy+nty qən+mmy+nty qən+my+nty

is y there a thematic vowel :

 tatty- ‘ ’: tytty+mpy+nty+ty tytty-mmy-nty-ty bring (Hab+Lat+3Sgo):  såry- ‘ ’: såry+mpy+nty såry-mmy-nty tie (Hab+Lat):

7 Problems in Selkup Phonology Sutter/Wagner-Nagy – BUM 6 11. 12. Jan. 2008 References

én, M. A. 1855: Wörterverzeichnisse aus den samojedischen Sprachen, Sankt C: Castr -Petersburg, élyi, István örterverzeichnis (Tas E: Erd 1969: Selkupisches W -Dialekt), Budapest Ìàë Nordselkupisches Wörterbuch von F. G. Mal’cev (1903) / : Hrsg. von E. Helimski und U. HSFM = Hamburger Finnisch-ugrische und Sibirische Kahrs. Hamburg, 2001, 155 S. ( Materialien = Habent Sua Fata Manuscripta , Bd. 1). Î÷ Î÷åðêè ïî ñåëüêóïñêîìó ÿçûêó: Òàçîâñêèé äèàëåêò. Òîì 3: Ðóññêîñåëüêóïñêèé ñëîâàðü. : Ðàçíîïðîôèëüíûå ñåëüêóïñêèå ñëîâàðè. Ìîñêâà, 2002, 220 ñòð., èëë. Àâòîðû: Î. À. Êàçàêåâè÷, À. È. Êóçíåöîâà, Å. À. Õåëèìñêèé. Ìîå ó÷àñòèå: ôîíåòè÷åñêàÿ âûâåðêà íàïèñàíèé â ðóññêî ñåëüêóïñêîì ñëîâàðå è ñëîâàðå òîïîíèìîâ. - Èð Ñëîâàðü ñåëüêóïñêî-ðóññêèé è ðóññêî-ñåëüêóîñêèé, : Irikov, S.V. 1988. Leningrad. The Uralic Languages Helimski, Eugene 1997: Selkup. In: Daniel Abondolo (ed.): . London/New – York, 548 579. ú und L. Honti (eds.) Studien zur Katz, Hartmut 1984: Selkupische Phonologie. In: P. Hajd phonologischen Beschreibung uralischer Sprachen. Bibliotheca Uralica 7. Budapest, – 33 46.

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