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Wade Hampton III: a Symposium Nicholas G University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Caroliniana Library Publications South Caroliniana Library 2008 Wade Hampton III: A Symposium Nicholas G. Meriwether Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/scl_pubs Part of the History Commons Publication Info Published in 2008. Meriwether, Nicholas G., ed. Wade Hampton III: A Symposium. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina--South Caroliniana Library, 2011. http://library.sc.edu/socar/ © 2008 by University of South Carolina--South Caroliniana Library This Book is brought to you by the South Caroliniana Library at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Caroliniana Library Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WADE HAMPTON III ~ ..• ' ...J f ...: A Symposium • WADE HAMPTON III A Symposium • W ADE HAMPTON II! A SymposiulIl Edjted by Nicholas G. Meriwether TilE UNIVERSIll' SOUTH CAROUNIANA SoctE1l' FOR T HE SOUTII CAROLlNIANA LI BRARY UNIVERSITY OF SOlITH CAROLINA COLUMBIA, SOlITH CAROLINA • Wade I-Iamplon III, A Symposium. Edited by Nicholas G. Meriwether. Published by The University South Caroliniana Society for the South Caroliniana Library. 0 2008. All rights reserved, No pan of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, including electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the Director a f the South Caroliniana Library. Cover photographs of Wade Hampton III and Millwood Plantation arc from the collec­ tions of the South Caroliniana Library. Used with permission. Ubrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wade I-iamplon III, A Symposium I Nichola'l O. Meriwether, cd. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and contributor biographies. ISBN 978-O-9801256-1.{) I. Hamplon, Wade, 1818- 1902. 2. Hampton family. 3. Confederate States of America. Army-:.Biography. 4. United Slatcs. Congress. Senate-Biography. 5. Gcncrals-Confedcratc Slates of America- Biography. 6. Govcrnors- South Ca rolina- Biography. 7. Lcgislators- United Statcs- Biography. 8. Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877}-South Carolina. 9. South Carolina- Politics and govcrnmcnt- I865- 1950. 10. South Carol ina- Hislory-Civil War, 1861- 1865. I. Titlc. E467.1.I-1l 92008 975.708 CIP • Contents iii Acknowledgements 5 Foreword Allen Slokes 7 The Hampton Family Virginia Meynord 21 The Grandee and the Cavalier: Wade Hampton, 1. E. B. Stuart, and the Cavalry of the Army of Northern Virginia Edward C. Longacre 37 The Chieftain and the War Baby: Hampton's Cavalry in the Carolinas William J. Lollg 51 Hampton and the Ironies and Limitations of Southern Moderation Gaines M. Foster 65 Wade Hampton 's Black Red Shirts Ednllmd L. Drago 75 The Hampton Administration and the Redeemers' Revenge W Lewis Burke, Jr. 89 Hampton After the War: Conflicted Leader of the Conservative Democracy, 1866-1 890 Fritz P. Hamer 107 The Governorship of Wade Hampton Robert K. Ackerman 11 9 Contributors 121 Index • Ackllowledgmellls Many people made this volume possible, beginning with our symposium participants. We extend our thanks to them for their presentations, and especially for their cooperation in revising them for publication here. Steve Griffith, president of the University South Caroliniana Society, first suggested the symposium and spearheaded the effort to gather the distinguished panel of scholars who participated. Allen Stokes, Director of the South Caroliniana Library, arranged for the program, with the cheerful assistance of the Library staff. The symposium was a team effort, but special thanks go to Beth Bilderback, Visual Materials Archivist, for procuring the photographs used in the program, which also appear on the cover of this volume. The staff pitched in to help copy edit the text, especially fonner Manuscripts Assistant Kathryn Graham, who did the first round of copy editing and also checked many of the references. The greatest thanks go to the membership of the University South Caroliniana Society, whose support of the Library made possible the original program and this publication. For seventy­ two years. the Society has played a central role in the preservation and promulgation of South Carolina's hi story, culture, and people. This volume is a testament to their vision and generosity. iii • FOREWORD Allen Stokes More than a century after his death, the figure of Wade Hampton III still looms large in the minds of historians and in the hi story of his state. The scope of his life, the turbulence of his times, and the multifarious nature of his career make him an appealing, even arresting, figure whose complex legacy is still being explored by scholars, an effort furthered by the symposium that first created the essays in this volume. The eldest of the eight children of Wade II and Anne Fitzsimons, Wade Hampton III was born in the Fitzsimons family home on Hasel Street in Charleston in 1818. He spent his youth at Millwood plantation near Coiwnbia, graduating from South Carolina College in 1836. He married first Margaret Frances Preston (1818- 1852) and second Mary Singleton McDuffie (1830- 1874). On the eve of the Civil War, Hampton was reputed to be one of the wealthiest men in the South, with extensive land holdings and a labor force of nearly 1,000 in South Carolina and Mississippi. Hampton actively managed his properties and educated himself in the most advanced agricultural practices. Elected to the state House of Representatives in 1852 and elevated to the state Senate in 1858, Hampton was not an active participant in the agitation for secession. Despite a lack of formal military training, he obtained a colonel's commission and financed the raising of Hampton Legion. Twice wounded, he ultimately attained the rank of lieutenant general, one of only three civilians to earn that distinction in Confederate service. He distinguished himselfas commander ofa brigade of J. E. B. Stuart's Cavalry Corps and was known for his tactical brilliance in operations outside of Richmond and Petersburg. In 1864, , he was appointed commander • 6 WADE HAMPTON III of the Cavalry Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, returning to South Carolina in the last year of the war to defend hi s native state against Shennan's in vasion. After the war Hampton sought to rebuild hi s fortunes, but never regained the wealth of his pre-war years. He successfull y campaigned for governor against the incumbent Daniel H. Chamberlain in 1876, though the bitterly contested election was marred by fraud ' and violence on both sides. Only after the withdrawal of Federal troops five months later did he formally assume office. Hampton was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1879 and served until 1891. His final public service was as commissioner of Pacific Railways from 1893 to 1899. His lasl years were spent in Columbia, where he died in 1902. He is buried in the graveyard of Trinity Episcopal Cathedral, where his father and grandfather are interred. The essays that follow outline the background, career and achievements of this towering figure in South Carolina hi story, whose life spans the state's most turbulent decades. • THE HAMPTON FAMILY Virginia O. Mcynard The name of Wade Hampton is well known and revered in South Carolina, but it is not generally remembered that there were three Wade Hamptons. ,All were of equal importance to the state in their own time, each with an outstanding family, and the legacy of the first two helped shape the life and career of Wade Hampton Ill. Tracing the Hampton family lineage provides a window into the world that Wade III inherited and reshaped during hi s multifaceted career as planter, businessman, general, and governor. Yet his distinguished life of accomplishment, the culmination of generations of family service, also reflects the turbulent history of his state, region, and the nation. I The Hampton family roots are in Virginia, where William Hampton arrived in 1620. Four generations later, in 1774, Anthony Hampton and his six sons- Wade I was the youngest- moved to the Upcountry of South ICarolina. The boys were Indian traders who obtained deerskins and furs from the Cherokees and sold them to English merchants. To be nearer their source of supplies, they built their homes ncar present Greer, S.c., on what was then the border of the Cherokee Nation. It was there, in 1776, that tragedy first struck the family, when Anthony Hampton, his wife and eldest son were brutally massacred by Indians and Tories, who swept through the settlements burning the houses of Revolutionary supporters and murdering the inhabitants. The Hampton family's service during the Revolution was distinguished, with Wade Hampton I serving J Thi s chapter is based on Virginia G. Mcynard, The Venturers: The Hampton, Harrison and Earle Families of Virginia. South Carolina and Texas (Easle y. S.C.: Southern Historical Press, 198 t). References to this work arc by page num­ ber within the text. Readers interested in delving more deeply into the source materi al infonning this chapter are urged to consult this volume. 7 1 • 8 WADE IIAMPTON III as a colonel in Sumter's Brigade. The Revolution gave him farrune and fame: he received slaves as bounty for hi s military service and established himself as a merchant-planter at the Congarees. In 1782, he married a widow, Martha Goodwyn Howell, who died two years later without issue. His reputation played an important role in his election in 1786 to the state legislature, where he was influential in the selection orCol. Thomas Taylor's plantation as the site for Columbia, the new capital. Just two days after the vote, Wade Hampton and Thomas Taylor bought from the state, at ten cents per acre, eighteen thousand acres of virgin land located five miles below the capita) site.
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