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™e Items-in-Public relations files - luncheons, dinners and receptions - Volumes III, IV, V

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Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit A MAN OF LEARNING AND SPORTS ENTHUSIAST PRESIDENT KENNEDY'S GUEST FROM AFGHANISTAN

The first Afghan Monarch to visit the United States, His Majesty King Mohammed Zahir Shah is a man of sympathetic personality and universal appeal.

A tall, slender and brown-eyed man of 49, His Majesty reads, a variety of literary works in his spare time. Out of doors, His Majesty hunts, fishes, raises cattle and horses. At home he is a renowned family man, a kind father and a good grandfather.

During his reign as constitutional monarch, a number of development plans were introduced in 1956 to change and better the lives of his people. Plans include the improvement of agricultural methods, expansion and modernization of the educational system, a modern highway network, power and irrigation projects, air transportation and light industries.

Creation of a commission to revise the present constitution with a view to adapting a comprehensive policy of individual representation in government is another important step taken by the monarch.

The measure to emancipate women adopted in 1959 is a major advance which is steadily gaining acceptance.

Early Life and Studies Mohammed Zahir was born in Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, on October 15, 1914. His father, the late King Mohammed Nadir Shah was a member of a distinguished Mohammedzai family which has reigned in Afghan- istan since 1834. A prominent officer of the Afghan Army, he was in command of the southern front which defeated the British forces during the Afghan In- dependence War of 1919. He was then promoted as Commander-in-Chief of the Afghan Forces and later became the Minister of War.

As a child, His Majesty was enrolled in Habibia School in 1920, leaving two years later to join the Istiklal. There, he began studying French which he now speaks fluently.

In July, 1924, his father was appointed Afghanistan's Minister in Paris and he accompanied him as a member of the first group of students sent to France at government expense. He spent two years at the Lycee Janson de Sailly in Paris and then studied, for a year and a half, in the south of France.

In Paris, he was enrolled in Lycee Pasteur and lived with the Danielous, a family of intellectuals. Following this, he returned to the south of France to study at the college de Montpellier. The intellectual atmosphere of Paris offered the young man an excellent opportunity to understand and analyze western life and culture. At the same time, the instruction he received from his father in Afghan history and Islamic teachings made a great contribution to his upbringing as a man of culture, insight and deep religious beliefs. First Official Functions In 1929, while he was studying in France, a reactionary movement upset the Government reforms resulting in chaos and civil war. In order to preserve the country, his father left France despite acute illness and succeeded in uprooting the reactionary elements and reuniting the country. After peace and order were restored, in October of the same year, he was elected King and recalled his son, Prince Mohammed Zahir, to return from Paris in 1930.

Following the pattern of his father as part of royal traditions in Afghan- istan, the Prince entered the Infantry School in Kabul to receive his military training. Upon completion of his studies, he was appointed Deputy Minister of War in October 1932. On September 16, 1933, he became Acting Minister of Education. Three months later, he ascended the throne after the assassi- nation of his father.

Since 1933 Although the young King was but 19 when he succeeded his father on November 8, 1933, he proved himself a capable ruler and took increasing interest in the progress of his country. He later made contacts with his people by granting audiences which kept him abreast of his country's affairs.

The King now has regular visitations with the Prime Minister and other senior officials, prominent scholars, elders and Afghan graduates from foreign universities.

His Majesty was the first Afghan Monarch to travel regularly and extensively throughout the country. These trips during which he inspects development projects, visits schools and archaeological sites, have taken him, by jeep and on horseback, to the most remote corners of Afghanistan. A most daring journey took him to the Pamir, Salang and Nooristan. A pet project of his has been the establishment of a community development center in Nooris- tan, an area which was secluded for centuries from the rest of the country.

His Majesty, in 1959, laid the groundwork for the emancipation of women which greatly encouraged them to complete their higher education and to participate on an equal plain with men in social affairs.

His Majesty's strong support for the United Nations and preservation of world peace has inspired the government's policy of non-alignment and friendship with all nations. As a result of this, Afghanistan receives technical and economic assistance from both East and West. The first five-year plan which was completed in September, 1962, laid infrastructure of the country and paved the way for a second plan for whose implementation the United States and the Soviet Union have promised financial assistance.

His Majesty's strong desire to keep his country in pace with the modern world has resulted in his approval in March, 1963, of the creation of a commission to revise the constitution promulgated in October, 1931.

With the separation of state from government, His Majesty has appointed Dr. Mohammed Yusuf as Prime Minister. A brilliant man and a commoner,

- 2 - Dr. Yusuf has obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Gottingen in West Germany and has previously held the position as Minister of Mines and Industries.

His Majesty's state visits abroad have taken him to a number of countries including Turkey, the Soviet Union, Pakistan, India, The United Arab Republic, Yugoslavia and Germany. However, this is his first visit to the United States at the invitation of President John F. Kennedy. This also is the first time that Her Majesty Queen Homaira accompanied him following their state visit to Bonn in August of this year.

His Majesty has played host to several Heads of State including President Eisenhower (December 1959), President Vroshilov of the Soviet Union, Pres- ident Nasser of the United Arab Republic, President Sukarno of Indonesia and President Dr. Radhakrishnan of India. Everyday Life His Majesty's smaller office, the Gulkhana, has been built under his personal supervision in recent years and decorated very tastefully. The Delkusha Palace which is the larger of the two, is situated outside the Arg and was built at the beginning of the 20th Century. Another Palace, the Chelsotoon, which lies outside Kabul on a hill, has been converted as a State guest house while the Tapa Palace near Paghman has been given away to the public by His Majesty.

On a typical day, His Majesty arrives at his office at 9 a.m. beaming with vitality. He prefers to wear dark suits and on national days puts on his uni- form as Commander-in-Chief. The Chief of the Royal Secretariat presents to him a summary of correspondence from all parts of the country. He issues instructions in reply to each letter and commands the Secretariat to note the contents of certain communications which demand further action.

Then the Chief of Royal Protocol makes appointments for officials and other people who request audience with His Majesty. A list of audiences appears once a week in the daily newspapers for the public.

Those who have lunch at the Royal Palace always enjoy the spontaneous conversation, the good Afghan meals which mainly consist of rice dishes and season's fruits, followed by green tea to which cardamon is added or black tea.

His Majesty enjoys good conversation and uses his luncheon hour to acquaint himself with newcomers or to exchange ideas with old acquaintances. Often, very welcome guests are the young men who return home after receiving their formal education abroad and whose ideas are discussed mutually.

Following lunch, His Majesty either stays at Gulkhana or leaves to join a ceremony or to inspect a project. In the evening, he generally relaxes with his family, scans foreign journals or reads a book or plays chess or bridge. On Thursday evenings, he is often joined by his sons and daughter to watch a film at their small private theater. At other times, a musical concert forms the main feature of the evening's entertainment.

- 3 - His interest in international affairs is reflected by the teleprinter service which connects the Royal Palace with Bakhtar News Agency.

Hobbies His Majesty is a great sports enthusiast and enjoys numerous athletic activities. For his tours to various parts of the country each year, His Majesty prefers to travel in cars and on horses. At times, he walks long dis- tances of rugged paths with ease and agility.

His Majesty takes pride in his fine arts and rare manuscript collections as well as in his ancient and rare coins. During his spare time, His Majesty paints some miniatures in the tradition of the Herat School of Art.

Supervising his own farm at Karize Mir, His Majesty's project serves as a model to other enterprising farmers in neighboring areas. Discussions revolving around developing better strains of crops and pedigreed animals occupies His Majesty on numerous occasions.

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His Majesty is a person of simplicity and kindness who has always shown deep concern for the welfare of his people and the progress of his country. These qualities have won for him the love of his own people and the respect of all those who have known him abroad.

_ 4 _ INFORMAL BIOGRAPHY OF HER MAJESTY QUEEN HOMAIRA OF AFGHANISTAN

Her Majesty, Queen Homaira, a tall and slender woman with dark hair and brown eyes has a grace and serene attitude which lend to her presence an aura of natural warmth and beauty.

As the women of her country, Queen Homaira has lived a life centered very much within her home. Her main interests revolve around her seven children and she is a loving mother and an affectionate and compelling figure in the Royal Family.

Since the removal of the veil of women in 1959, Her Majesty's interests and obligations outside the Palace have increased greatly. Her longtime sympathy for the advancement of women has resulted in her patronage of their growing movement in the country. She gives audience to outstanding women from all over Afghanistan and visits educational and health projects in the country.

Queen Homaira's particular pleasures are knitting and gardening and she is an expert at both. She has great interest in interior decoration and in visiting model homes. The Queen enjoys traveling in the country and pic- nicking with her family. Queen Homaira like King Zahir is visiting the United States for the first time.

Early Life Her Majesty, Queen Homaira, in her early years was influenced greatly by her father, the late Sardar Ahmed Shah who was a member of the Royal Family (Mohammedzai) and served with King Habibullah as Commander of the Guards. Under the reign of Amanullah he was one of the King's closest com- panions, and when Nadir Shah became King, he was appointed Minister of the Court.

During these years, Princess Homaira studied in the first modern girls school established in the capital and was tutored privately at her home. The intermingling of important political figures, many of them members of her family, in her father's household was a part of Her Majesty's everyday life as a child and she soon became accustomed to the life of a statesman. Among Sardar Ahmed Shah's hobbies was horticulture which became one of Her Majesty's great interests too.

Marriage and Family At family gatherings, Princess Homaira met her future husband Prince Zahir before he went to France to study. They were married on November 4, 1931 when both were still quite young. Her Majesty was also to become a mother and the Queen of her country at a very young age.

Their Majesties have seven children. The oldest child is Princess Bulkis who was born in 1932 and is now married to an officer of the Royal Afghan Army, Sardar Abdul Wall. The oldest son is Prince Ahmed Shah who was born in 1934. He studied at the Military Academy of Kabul and also in France and is now President of the Afghan Red Crescent Society which is comparable

- 5 - to the American Red Cross. In 1962, he married Princess Khatol and they have one son. The next child is Princess Mariam, born in 1936, and married to Mohammed Aziz Nairn, a student of political history at Oxford University. Other children are Prince Mohammed Daoud Pashtunyer born in 1949, Prince Mirwais in 1956, Prince Mohammed Nadir in 1941 and Prince Shah Mahmud in 1946. Four of Her Majesty's greatest pleasures now are her grandchildren, the three daughters of Princess Bulkis and the one son of Prince Ahmed Shah. The Queen has devoted her life to her children and, of course, she is now a very loving and attentive grandmother.

Dress Like the women of many other Muslim countries, women in the cities of Afghanistan and their Queen have adopted western dress and wear it except for National days. On these occasions the women change into their national dress, an improved tribal women's costume. The tribal dress consists of a full skirted dress, usually richly embroidered worn over long full trousers caught in at the ankle. A thin head veil is generally used as well as heavy silver necklaces and bracelets. Her Majesty imports a few costumes, but generally her dresses are made by her personal dressmaker in Kabul.

Participation in the Women's Movement Before 1959. when women in Afghanistan were veiled and working separate from men, the Queen had no social responsibility outside the palace. Her obligations were limited to family responsibilities. Gradually, however, as educational and welfare projects were organized, Her Majesty was able to encourage a change in the status of women. Since 1939, the number of girls schools has increased steadily in Kabul, the capital, as well as in other cities and towns. The expansions and improvement of these schools has always been of great interest to Queen Homaira, as has been the promotion of social welfare. Her Majesty gave her support to the ladies who founded the Women's Welfare Society and has main- tained an active interest in their continued effort to combat illiteracy and to teach home economics and basic health data to Afghan women who have had no formal education. The Women's Welfare Society has served as a model for community development centers dealing with girls' and women's education and vocational training in other areas of the country. In 1959, the ladies of the Royal Family and wives of officials led a movement to end the use of the veil. The success of this plan has opened vast opportunities to Afghan women to contribute to the social development of their nation. University instruction is co-educational and a number of young women are going abroad for graduate study. Women now work in offices and factories. In 1962, the first gathering of prominent women from all over Afghanistan was held in Kabul sponsored by the Women's Welfare Society. The Queen offered her hospitality to these women and she has also offered her assistance for other similar meetings to be held in Kabul in the future. The Queen has unobtrusively aided and promoted social change and the advancement of Afghan women. - 6 - AFGHANISTAN GENERAL INFORMATION GEOGRAPHY, POPULATION, AND GOVERNMENT

Afghanistan, a landlocked country, is situated in the heart of Asia, south of the Central Asian Republics of the Soviet Union and between Iran and tribal areas bordering the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent. Its total area is more than 250,000 square miles, or about the size of Texas. The Hindu-Kush Range, which rises more than 25,000 feet, isolates the rich northern provinces from the rest of the country. The central portion of Afghanistan, with an average elevation of 4,000 feet is dotted with small fertile valleys. The latitude here is about the same as that of Southern Cali- fornia, producing a climate with both temperate and semi-tropical characteristics. The four seasons of the year are clearly marked in many parts of the country. The temperature in Kabul ranges from 0° F in mid-winter to 100° F in July and August. The annual rainfall for the entire country probably does not exceed ten or eleven inches, with most of the precipitation oc- curring from October to the following May. To the north of the Hindu-Kush Range, where the famous Afghan Karakul sheep graze, the altitude drops to about 1,500 feet. The flat portions of the northern districts bordering the Amu River (Oxus) are irrigated in part and constitute an important source of grain for domestic consumption. Cotton, fruits and other crops are also produced here. The southwestern part of Afghanistan is a desert, very hot in summer, and cold in the winter. Afghanistan's population is estimated at more than 13,000,000 of which 500,000 are nomadic tribesmen. Two major languages are spoken, Persian and Pakhto, both belonging to the Indo-European family. English and French or German is spoken by some Afghans. Almost all Afghans are Moslems. As Afghanistan is predominantly an agricultural country, the main occupation of the people is agriculture and animal husbandry. About ten per cent, who live in the larger towns, are shopkeepers, tradesmen, artisans and civil servants. Afghanistan is a constitutional monarchy with a National Assembly and a Senate. The King, His Majesty Mohammed Zahir Shah began his reign in 1933. He appoints the Prime Minister and approves the list of his cabinet.

HISTORY Prehistoric excavations in the south of the country may provide a link between the Indus Valley civilization and Sumerian cities of some five millenniums ago. Aryan nomads moving from central Asia eastward to India, west- ward to Iran displaced the early settlers probably four millenniums ago. Aryana, an ancient name for the country, is derived from the name of these tribes. The pastoral and agricultural lives of the earliest inhabitants of Afghan- istan in the historical period, that is, about 4,000 years ago, and their concepts of divinities, life, love, marriage, family, work, war, and conquest are represented in the early hymns of the Rig-Veda, which survived in India. The Gathas of Zoroaster, written about 1,000 B.C., or later, and the rest of his Avesta, in later versions, reflect the pastoral and semi-urbane socie- -ties of a kingdom centered in Bactria in northern Afghanistan. - 7 - Greco-Buddie Civilization

Centuries later,.Alexander the Great crushing the fierce resistance of its warriors, introduced the Hellenic culture into Afghanistan (330-326 B.C.). After him, Asoka, the Mauryan emperor of India, introduced the message of Buddha with far-reaching effects. About the middle of the third century B.C., the Greeks of Bactria founded an independent Greco-Bactrian Kingdom in Afghanistan, conquered North India and prepared the ground for a Greco- Buddhist civilization known as the Gandharan. That culture, which is represented in its glory by the Kabul Valley's Greco-Buddhist sculpture and the gigantic monuments and frescoes of Bamyan, reached its zenith in the second century A.D. under Kanishka the Great, the Kushan emperor of ancient Afghanistan, who also conquered North India, Central Asia and Chinese Turkistan, and who introduced Buddhism into China.

Islamic Civilization The Islamic or Moslem conquest of Afghanistan began during the second half of the seventh century, after which Khorasan, or the greater part of Af- ghanistan, became one of the most prosperous provinces of the Ummayed and early Abbasid Empires and a famous center of Islamic culture. After 833, Khorasan became independent under the Tahirid dynasty. This dynasty was followed by the Saffarid and Samanid empires during the 9th and 10th centuries and culminated in the establishment of the Ghaznavid Empire, ema- nating from the central mountains of Afghanistan. The Ghurids conquered Delhi in 1193 and expanded eastward toward Bengal. They laid down the foundation of the Islamic Sultanate of Delhi, which ruled India under Afghan or Turko-Afghan dynasties for more than three centuries and promoted Is- lamic Khorasani culture in India, enriching it from the treasuries of ancient Indian thought, art and science. This age of prosperity and culture ended with the invasion of Afghanistan by the Mongol hordes of Genghis Khan. In the course of eight years (1219-1227) Afghanistan became a vast graveyard of massacred people and a land of ruins. This tragedy marked the beginning of a dark age for all the Moslem world, but particularly for Khorasan, Turkistan and Persia. At the beginning of the 15th Century, the Timurid princes of Herat established a civilized administration which revived the prosperity and culture of the country famous in the west by the Herat School of Miniature. A Timurid Prince, Babur, in 1526 conquered the Afghan Empire of the L/udis in India. This was the beginning of the dynasty of the Great Moghuls. For the next two centuries, Afghanistan was divided between the Safavid Empire of Persia and that of the Great Moghuls in India, while it was agitated by the activities of Afghan national leaders. After Babur, Sher Shah, an Afghan Prince in India, succeeded in overthrowing the Moghul Empire briefly.

Modern Times The opening of the 18th Century saw Mirwais Khan of Kandahar revolt against the Safavids of Persia and gain Afghan independence. His son, Mahmud conquered Persia in 1722, and became Emperor of all the Iranian plateau. He was succeeded by his cousin Ashraf who defeated the Russian and Turkish armies which invaded Iran. This Afghan empire succumbed to Nadir Shah who became Emperor of Persia and the conqueror of Caucasus, Afghanistan

- 8 - and India. However,, after his death in 1747, the Afghan leaders and the Khan of Baluchistan met i$. Kandahar where they proclaimed Ahmad Shah, a young Abdali chieftain as King of an independent Afghanistan. This date marks the beginning of modern Afghanistan history. Ammad Shah became the founder of the last Afghan Empire, which besides Afghanistan and Baluchistan, ruled over Kashmir, the Punjab and Sind to the east and Nishapur to the west. This empire, a revival of the medieval Khorasani empires of the llth and 12th centuries, remained in power until 1797, but fell apart along its outer edges facing the expanding forces of European Imperialism. The history of Afghanistan throughout the 19th Century is a continuous struggle for freedom. Although Afghanistan lost her power over Kashmir, the Punjab and Sind and her outer provinces west of the Indus River, she succeeded in preserving the core of the realm and the freedom of the nation. Two British invasions and some Russian probings, indirectly through Persia or directly by Czarist forces, were successfully repulsed. The annexation by the British of the outer provinces of Afghanistan still did not provide British India with such a "scientific" border as was believed necessary by its colonial strategists. On the contrary, that strange border, the "Durand Line," which was established in 1893, remained as a permanent source of hostility between the British Empire and the Afghans, and its troubled heritage remains today. In 1919, after the third Anglo-Afghan War, called the War of Independence, Afghanistan entered into political, economic, and cultural relationships with the rest of the world once more.

Present Day Afghanistan In the last forty years, the history of Afghanistan has consisted of another continuous struggle for progress. Although handicapped by lack of financial and technical resources, by forces of internal reaction and by foreign provo- cations and international difficulties, Afghanistan's achievements have been considerable. Since World War II, especially, its progress has been wider in scale and of greater significance. During this period the financial and technical aid from friendly nations, including the USA, USSR, and West Germany, among others, and from the United Nations has been of considerable value and help. Afghanistan, as a member of the United Nations, considers its Charter as a basis of its foreign policy which is characterized by traditional neutrality, free judgment, friendship with all nations and international cooperation.

ECONOMY Agriculture Agricultural production consists of both subsistence and cash crops, chiefly wheat, fruits, nuts, cotton, sugar beets, sugar cane, and some vegetables. Most of the people live on unleavened bread made from wheat flour, augmented by fruit and vegetables, rice and meat. Of Afghanistan's total acreage, 12.5 percent is cultivated. Two-thirds of the cultivated area is irrigated. Of the total area under cultivation, three- fourths is north of Hindu Kush in the sparsely populated valley of the Amu River. The variety of climate and elevation permits cultivation of both temperate and tropical zone products. There are two growing seasons in most of the country, one lasting from late autumn to summer and the other from spring to autumn. The first harvest consists mainly of wheat, barley, and

- 9 - lentils; the second of rice, millet, maize, and lentils. The higher regions have only one harvest, which is sown in the spring and reaped at the end of autumn. Production is limited by uncertain rainfall and by the agricultural methods and equipment. Cotton is second to Karakul skins known in America as "Persian Lamb" as the most important single export commodity. Dried and fresh fruits are one of the most important cash crops. Livestock raising employs probably one-third of the people. Livestock and their produce provide the country with transportation and a variety of valuable products for home consumption and export. These products include meats, carpets, wool, furs, hides and skins, and now constitute the biggest single source of the national income.

Mining Afghanistan has a number of commercially valuable mineral deposits. Most of the deposits are presently unexploited. Coal and salt alone are mined on a commercial scale and at present just for local use. Other minerals known to exist include iron, sulphur, chrome, lead, zinc, silver, talc, mica, beryl, petroleum, and lapis lazuli, the latter used by jewelers the world over. Two oil and gas deposits have been discovered at Shiberghan and Sarepul, in the north of the country, where the exploration of petroleum and gas deposits is continuing.

Forests There are substantial timber resources in the Ningarhar and Paktya Provinces. The Government has assisted in efforts to rehabilitate forests and to setup sawmills and other facilities. United States technical assistance is also contributing to the development of forest resources.

Industry Afghan industry is still at a primary stage of development but has been expanding in recent years. Most of the people's daily necessities and household goods are still made at home or in small village shops employing hand labor. Industrial establishments in operation include cotton, woolens and rayon mills, two cement plants, two porcelain-ware factories, a marble factory, two sugar mills, a fruit processing plant, two soap factories, three automotive workshops and a number of tanneries and cotton gins, etc. In addition, there are varied handicrafts, the most important of which is a rug industry. The growth of Afghanistan's industry depends, to a large extent, on the development of an adequate and reliable supply of power. The use of local coal for power is hindered by inadequate transportation facilities, lack of mechanization and a shortage of skilled workers and management.

Communications Great attention has been paid to road development by construction of highways connecting the important agricultural and industrial cities with the capital and with neighboring countries. An important part of this endeavor is going on with the assistance of the USA and the USSR. Railways have not been built mostly because of the rugged and mountainous terrain of the country,

- 10 - and because trucking is more economical and. convenient. Air transport has been developed quite extensively: two large airports have been built in Kabul and Kandahar and smaller airports have either been completed or are under construction in most of the main cities. Pan American Airlines owns forty- nine percent of the shares of Ariana Afghan Airlines. Principal land transit trade channels are to the east and south through Pakistan, to the west through Iran, and to the north through the USSR.

Finance and Banking The basic monetary unit is the Afghani, which is divided into 100 pools. An American dollar is equivalent to 50 Afghanis. Afghanistan is a member of the International Monetary Fund since July 14, 1955, and has currently five banks, none of which is a branch of a foreign bank. Da Afghanistan Bank, the central bank, founded in 1939, is a Govern- ment Organization. It has twenty-three branches throughout the country and two foreign branches in London and New York (C/O Afghanistan Trading Company and Afghan Consulate.) Bank-i-Milli (Afghan National Bank), a private commercial bank is the oldest banking institution in the country. It has branches all over Afghanistan, as well as in Europe, USA, India, and Pakistan.

Foreign Trade Afghanistan's foreign trade is the most highly developed sector in the economy. It accounts for a much higher proportion of the national income than in many other countries at the same stage of development. Afghanistan's exports consist largely of agricultural outputs. They are the products of the country's herds and orchards, but cotton has recently been assuming a much greater share of total value. Afghanistan imports manufactured consumer and capital goods. It is almost self-sufficient in many foodstuffs, except for tea, wheat and sugar. The leading imports recently have been machinery, textiles, petroleum products, vehicles, iron and steel rmTl products. The USA imports from Afghanistan consist principally of Karakul skins and raw wool, supplemented by smaller shipments of Pistachio nuts and sausage casings. The United States exports to Afghanistan consist of machinery and vehicles.

Development Plans The Government declared its economic policy in 1954, as guided economy, and thus a planning commission was established in 1955 to draw up a five-year economic development program in both the private and public sectors. The plan commenced in 1956 and ended in 1961. It took a fairly comprehensive view of the economy and indicated the general framework for future development. The objectives of the plan have been largely achieved and the total level of investment actually accomplished during the Plan period has exceeded the sum originally envisaged.

- 11 - The Second Five Year Plan (1962-1967) is now being implemented with the assistance of USA, USSR, West Germany, among other friendly nations. The development of agriculture, industry (including plastics, glass, prefabri- cated construction materials, bicycles, etc.) education (free up to college level), and transportation, along with other infrastructural facilities have been given priority in this plan.

Helmand Valley Development This is the first and largest multi-purpose project which was originally started in 1939, with USA assistance beginning in 1946. It consists of a number of storage and diversion dams, and a system of irrigation canals and drainages. Many achievements have been accomplished up to now, but it still needs a lot more to be done. Therefore, it has been given special emphasis in the First as well as the Second Five-Year Plan. SUGGESTED READING IN THE UNITED STATES Afghanistan, An Outline, by Mary B. Watkins, State University College, (College Bookstore), New Platz, New York, 1962 Price: $0.40.

Afghanistan, by Dr. Donald N. Wilber, HRAF Press, New Haven, Conn. 1962. Price: $8.75. A first rate hand book covering history, geography, economy, ethnology, language, folklore and sociology. 320 pages with maps, charts and graphs.

Afghanistan: Ancient Land with Modern Ways, 1961. Price: $4.25. An attractive book with more than two hundred handsome photographs. Available from the Educational Office, Royal Afghan Embassy, 2000 Florida Ave., Washington, D. C. ADDRESSES IN THE UNITED STATES Royal Afghan Embassy 2341 Wyoming Ave., N.W., Washington, D. C.

Afghan Permanent Mission to the United States 200 E. 42nd St., New York 17, New York

Royal Afghan Consulate 122-126 W. 30th St., New York 1, New York

- 12 - &^\

- THIS IS AFGHANISTAN True and Untrue karakul pelts. A gift of one of these highways connecting various towns is Afghanistan is no more a remote part would make your family or friends happy partly completed—tarred, etc. Travellers of the world—thanks to modern means of for ever! -, can also fly to Kabul, the capital, from transport. People Teheran, Delhi and Moscow. The Ariana Afghan Airlines have regular services It is true that few people know enough Most important of all are the people. between Kabul and other main towns at about Afghanistan. It is also true that You can see in the streets of Kabul tall, very reasonable rates. A seat in an still fewer have visited the country; but sturdy Pakhtuns walking proudly about in Afghan bus is also easily obtainable; and is entirely untrue that your trip would not their costumes. The clever Tajiks, the being a stranger you would be treated like be worthwhile from various points of small, hard-working Hazaras, the Uzbeks a guest of honour by all passengers. view. and the Turkomans are familiar sights Geology moving around in their various pursuits. Preparations With its unique location in the heart They have become mixed a great deal One of the most typical trips to of Asia, Afghanistan is straddled by one through inter-marriages, but some of Afghanistan is to start from the Persian of the highest mountain ranges in the these ethnic groups have still preserved border and finish at the Khyber Pass. world—the Hindukush. This range their characteristic features. Supposing that you have obtained your actually cuts the country in half, is a great All these people with their different tourist visa from any Afghan Consulate impediment for communications between features, costumes, dialects and some- in Europe or en route, your international various places and interferes with the times languages are Afghans. Their health certificate indicates that you have climate. Yet it is majestic, memorable attachment tt> Islam and their love for been inoculated against typhoid, cholera and glorious. And it is nature's great freedom have cemented their unity in such and smallpox, and you have enough water supply. a way that the odd mixture works quite money to last you till the end of your smoothly. journey, you then cross the border from History An honourable Afghan is a hospitable Yusufabad to Islam Kala. Afghan Historically, the country is one of the person. Therefore it is the easiest thing customs officials are not difficult. In fact richest in the world. You can see the in the world to go .to an Afghan home, every foreigner is treated with due ruins of ancient Bactria near Mazar, have a cup of tea, enjoy the Afghan meals courtesy by all, officials or otherwise. statues of Buddha and thousands of and make friends. Almost all Afghans Money Problems painted caves in Bamyan, and remains of belli." e that money is a means and not an There is no restriction on the amount the Kushanid civilisation in Bagram. end in itself. So they do not save enough of foreign currency taken into Afghanistan. Fruits and do not worry about their rainy days. The Afghanistan Bank has a special rate Cripples and homeless people are looked Exotic fruits, among them M-..y kinds of exchange for tourists and all branches after by the local municipalities. The of grapes grown in Herat, are another of this bank and other banks in Kabul aged are cared for by their sons or main attraction. Afghan melons, cash Travellers' Cheques. American daughters. Further, life is so peaceful especially those grown in the north, are dollars are generally preferred to other and carefree that they have not even come the best in the world. currency. Afghan money can be obtained to think of it. Handicrafts either at Yusufabad or Islam Kala. In Products of Afghan handicrafts are How to Get There case of emergency, officials are always cheap to buy and last for ages. They The best way to travel to Afghanistan helpful. range from beautiful red carpets, silk is by car. Roads are increasingly The country's monetary unit is called fabrics, knives and sheepskin coats to improved and a network of all-weather an Afghani, which consists of 100 pools. There are banknotes for 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 Afghanis. The rate of exchange between Afghanis and dollars is fluctuating most of the time, but it is somewhere between 40 and 50 Afghanis to the dollar. What to Take Along You should have enough petrol (it costs roughly five shillings per gallon) to take you from Islam Kala to Herat. Also, a supply of water and a permanent stock of some spare parts come in handy. Most tourists take along a supply of canned foods, fruit and milk, some antibiotics, and shotguns for shooting partridges and ducks. Others prefer peaceful camping along the way and relaxing in the evenings while listening to the cherished transistor radios connecting them with home. Photography There is actually nothing worth seeing between Islam Kala and Herat—a distance of 120 kilometres. You should keep both your ordinary and cine cameras still. Herat will give you plenty of oppor- Afghan handicrafts on display at Frankfurt, West Germany. tunity to click and zoom them. A reliable stock of colour film for both cold weather the management should be or the taxi driver. asked to arrange the heating. cameras would save you a lot of bother, Food while black atu; v. !•••'?.? films ff" easily Language Snags A typically good Afghan meal to order obtainable in all rr .owns. A workable knowledge of Afghan is " chalau," which is white rice Herat Persian is always useful, but most tourists served with one or more kinds of vege- For a down-to-earth tourist arrivim in can get away with a few words they have tables. Vegetables vary according to the Herat after a long drive there is nothing carefully written and memorised before- season, as do the fruits. " Nan," the more welcome than the Park Hotel. This hand. Some people take with them teach- unique Afghan bread which is sometimes is a pleasant building with spacious vourself books of Persian in their own home-baked, and resembles pancakes, is lounges, comfortable furniture and beauti- ••• The difference between Afghan a delicious whole-wheat nourishment. It ful carpets. The cost of a single room and ana i...... an Persian is slight in writing is automatically brought to the table with meals here, as well as in other towns, do but someiimes striking in pronunciation. a jug of water. " Palau " is more delicious not exceed three pounds. Most single So you certainly want to be understood than " chalau," but it is prepared with rooms have private bathrooms, but in when you utter a few words to the waiter fried ground onions and therefore does in margarine, so it is quite safe. The best way of eating " bolani" is either with Afghan tea or with yoghurt. Most Afghans drink green tea, and the first cup is much too sweet for foreigners. The remaining cups, usually several, are drunk without sugar. Afghan yoghurt is usually more sour than its European version. As dairy farming has not been developed in the country, milk has to be specially ordered in the hotels or carried along in tins. Restaurants in the streets generally serve tea without milk, but milk tea which is called " mix," is also obtainable. Monuments Refreshed after the night's rest and a warm bath, you should ask for a taxi or gadi, a horse-drawn carriage, and start your sightseeing tour from the Park Hotel,

1 as you can waste a lot of time by driving ttasttaa •*™****"' i'iiiTjnfiiJ.VM™ ;Fa;,'n>fr*rt^''3sai£*i.'£J*>*"*****"««««i'jai&' -* your own car from one place to another. Samples of vegetables grown in Afghanistan. Most cities have no maps as yet and you do not have a clue about the location of not suit most Western stomachs. There Oilier kinds of kebab are " chapli," tourist attractions. are varieties of " palau " and " chalau " which is almost a version of hamburgers The first thing to see in Herat is the for a gounnet to sort out and appreciate. only having more ingredients. " Dashi " Grand Mosque, which was built in the Most tourists, however, find kebabs and is something like European roast lamb 13th century and has been reconstructed " bolani " very tasty. The Afghan kebabs but is more delicious and tender, while several times. In recent years vast are different from those served in the " degi" consists of pieces of lamb with repairs have been made to it under the West. The ordinary kebab, called " teka," slices of onion fried in a saucepan. The patronage of His Majesty King consists of pieces of lamb and fat grilled more complicated type, the " abreshom " Mohammed Zahir Shah. The Grand on skewers and served hot. The> usually is only served in homes, as it is more Mosque has gorgeous panelling of glazed serve with it slices of onion in vinegar or costly. tiles, precious pieces of mosaic and tomato and onion sliced and mixed in a " Bolani " is a kind of pancake stuffed beautiful Arabic inscriptions. It is indeed bowl. Always beware of Afghan enthu- with special Afghan leeks, salt and a great monument giving the visitor a siasm for red peppers or chillies. Most pepper. Some people call it Afghan thrilling impression and an idea about the of them like hot meals in both senses of ravioli, but unfortunately it is not style of architecture and decoration of the the word, and think that they do the guest generally served in hotels and restaurants. time. a favour by putting more pepper, fresh or You should either order it or buy it from The other monuments to see are the ground, in the meal. some street vendor. It is generally cooked " musallas "—a series of minarets built around a religious school where Jami, the Buys great poet and scholar of Herat, used to Things to buy in Herat include " kurk," teach hundreds of his pupils. There is a thick woollen material for making not much left of the school building but coats. This is usually light brown or the remains of the minarets with their beige in colour with white stripes. The fading tiles and mosaics bear witness to best thing to buy for ladies is a very fine the artistic designs of Herat's craftsmen. hand-woven silk fabric called " kanawez." Other places of interest in Herat are This is a gorgeous cloth with marvellous the tomb of Queen Gowharshad, wife of shades varying according to the degree of King Shah Rukh (1405-1447) and the light they are exposed to. Also silk mausoleum of Ansari at Gazergah, both handkerchiefs with chic or stripy designs renowned for their literary accomplish- are good buys for decorative purposes. ments. Leaving Herat Scenic Places From Herat you should proceed to The two most scenic places in Herat Shindand, 130 kilometres to the south, are Takhte Safar and Shaidaye, the and have a good rest there. Tourists former overlooking the city with the vast usually order their lunch at the small but green plain of Herat, and the latter is a pleasant local hotel by telephone from big park with beautiful flowers and rows Herat. Your petrol stock and water of cypress trees. In fact, cypress trees should also be replenished here as there grow so well here that they are most is a distance of 140 kilometres to cover typical of the city, and line the streets in order to reach Farah. The Grand Mosque of Herat which of Herat. It is a good idea to have Farah 700 years old. morning tea in one and afternoon tea in Farah is the seat of the local province the other of these two beauty spots. of the same name and has nothing praise- Wealthy Heratis worthy about it as several upheavals Although Herat does not have a reduced its buildings into rubble. speciality as far as the gourmet is con- It is also extremely hot and if you cerned, yet it is special in other ways. happen to be there in summer, you should Herat produces more men of letters than seldom venture out from the shady hotel. other provinces and the people are more Only a glance at the famous Baghe Pul well-off. The new city has rows of in the late afternoon is sufficient to give beautiful houses with vast gardens full of you an idea that most parts of this area flowers. Some houses even have tens of were green and prosperous in the old days. acres divided into patches for growing Dilaram flowers, fruits and vegetables. The best Another halting place would be kind of grapes in Herat are called " lal" Dilaram, 132 kilometres south-east of and are white in colour. Pistachio is Farah. Lunch or dinner should again be another product of Herat and mostly ordered by telephone from Farah. The exported. River Khash, the desolate plain and wide The Nadir Pakhtun Park in He majestic horizon furnish an enjoyable Lashkwgah The ruins at Kala Bist have crumbled view from the hotel overlooking the whole Lashkargah is the seat of both to form a small hill, but in one part of area. Helmand and Arghandab Valley Develop- the citadel a few rooms have remained in ment Schemes, with a modern hotel and good condition. m Grishk several administrative and residential Below the hill, there was a kind of After crossing 122 kilometres of buildings for the employees. The new amphitheatre, with an arch on one side. mostly deserts, you come to Grishk, a mosque recently built there is also worth The great Sultan, and later his son and real oasis consisting of a little thriving seeing. successor, Masoud, used to celebrate the town and irrigation works. You should Here it is up to you to decide whether festival of Sadda here with their generals, stay here for a couple of days in order you should see the irrigation schemes at poets, historians, painters, scribes and to see the Hehnand and Arghandab Nade Ali, Darwishan, Marja, Shamalan, courtiers. The Sadda was a festival of Valleys where vast irrigation and power etc., or visit the historical places at Kala songs and wine at which eminent poets schemes are under way. Bist and Lashkari Bazaar. used to read their poems, mostly in praise There is a lovely cafe near the dam in Kala Bist of the Sultan's conquests, and were given Grishk, which you should see before Kala Bist was the winter capital of the lavish prizes in cash or kind. Another leaving for Lashkargah. Also, if you are Ghaznavid Emperor, Sultan Mahmoud feature of the festival was large bonfires. a keen fisherman, you should try your (998-1030) whose patronage of arts and The arch has been repaired in recent luck either at the Boghra Canal or at the learning is well known. It is said that years, with its design and tile-work beauti- mighty Helmand river. once he had about 400 poets at his court. fully preserved. The Boghra Canal Cafe. Lashkargah was the military cantonment of the Sultan's well-organised army and consisted of several barracks. Lashkari Bazaar was the shopping centre of the town; both places having been richly decorated with glazed tiles and miniature paintings done by the best artists of the time. The Kabul Museum has allotted separate chambers to the finds from here. Farming settlements The Helmand and Arghandab Valleys comprise hundreds of acres reclaimed in recent years, three dams for irrigation and power, vast experimental and animal husbandry farms. Farming settlements have been organised to absorb the land- less peasants from other parts of the country and also attract the nomads to a settled mode of life. The Authority which supervises the progress of both schemes in these valleys, has opened a number of schools, runs several hospitals and clinics, and has introduced modern sanitation and way of life to local inhabitants. It also grants credits and lends seeds to the settlers in order to help them in overcoming farming difficul- The Arch of Bist in Grishk Province has been restored in recent years. ties, among them the problem of salinity. Kandahar city. Here, as well as elsewhere in the It was brought here by Ahmed Shah from Kandahar lies 122 kilometres to the province, the tourist can take good Bokhara, which he had conquered, and south-west of Grishk and is a very photographs of the tall, brown, smiling the shrine is visited by hundreds of important commercial centre of the Kandaharis in their traditional costumes. people, mostly women. The tomb of country. The old town built by Ahmed Shah Ahmed Shah is a magnificent building The Kandahar Hotel is almost always Durrani (1747-1773) has been straddled with many excellent decorations and full and advance booking is necessary by new streets, but parts of the walls, the inscriptions inside. His helmet and coat either from Europe or Teheran. The Khirka, and Ahmed Shah's tomb are still of arms are kept here to remind the climate here is not as hot as in Farah, intact. visitor of his chivalry. Another monu- but is quite warm. Most people close Monuments ment of note in Kandahar is the Chel their shops in the late afternoon and take The Khirka is a sacred shrine where Zina, which has 40 steps and a niche, and a stroll in the straight streets of the new Mohammed's shirt has been preserved. was carved in a mountain near the city by the order of Emperor Baber (1526- Afghanistan's Orchard pudding served with ground pistachio, 1530), and gives a wonderful view of the Kandahar, with the Arghandab Valley and very delicious in taste. Lamb in town and part of the valley below. lying near it, is the orchard of Afghani- Kandahar is very tender but has a lot The mausoleum of Mir Wais Hotaki stan. The best grapes, apricots, pome- more fat than elsewhere. Restaurants (1709-1715) lies at Kokaran outside granates and figs are grown here, and serve all kinds of Afghan meals. The Kandahar. He was founder of the mostly exported abroad. The best typical soup is "shorwa," which is Hotakid dynasty which overthrew the raisins the country produces are called famous, but is rather greasy for Iranian rule and established the Afghan Shindokhani, which are greener and foreigners. Kebabs are also good here, Kingdom at Kandahar. In fact, it was longer than the ordinary sultanas. The but not always the best. he, and later Ahmed Shah, who gave so local dried apricots, " shakar para" much prominence to Kandahar that it sugar flakes, are mostly exported to Buys became the capital of Afghanistan up to India. The Kandahari pomegranates are Things to buy here include special the middle of the 18th century. both sweet and sour in taste and cannot kinds of sandals for summer. They are be matched by other varieties. open at the toes and heels, and are Scenic Places beautifully embroidered. Also, other Places of scenic beauty in Kandahar Special Food pieces of lovely embroidery, such as table- are the Sardeh Park and the Baba Wall A speciality of Kandahari food is a cloths, scarves, dresses, etc., are available Cafe, the former providing a cool spot in dish called " firni." It is a kind of rice in the bazaars. Prices are quite reason- the heat of summer and the latter overlooking the town and around. Sardeh The Mausoleum of Ahmed Shah Durrani at Kandahar. Park, especially, is a must for tourists, because it lies at the bank of the Arghandab river and is full of different trees and flowers. Fishing is also excellent here and the restaurant run by the local municipality is quite well furnished and comfortable. Gay Kandaharis Kandaharis are more adventurous than Heratis. They enjoy strolling in the streets in the afternoon, going to picnics on Friday, which is the Moslem Sabbath, and some of them go all the way to Grishk for hunting and duck shooting. Gadis and bicycles are highly decorated here and everybody takes pride in being clean and attractive. Most men, except the government employees and students, grow beards, some of them beautiful and jet black. The Kandahar Hotel is always crowded and needs expansion.

The terminal building of the Kandahar International Airport constructed with United States assistance. The building was so designed to preserve some characteristics of the Afghan architectural style. able considering the quality of the unique thing unique in the whole region. The Martyrs Monument in Kandahar. Kandahari art. As it will shorten the flying time Afghan ladies usually buy their face between East and West by one hour, powder in Kandahar. It is called Kandahar will become the halting place " sfeda " and is very useful in avoiding for the main jet airliners which connect wrinkles on the face. Old ladies prepare the Orient with the Occident. it in their special ovens by their tradi- Facilities tional methods, and it is a good buy. Near the new town of Kandahar lies Airport Manzel Bagh, a vast compound where In recent years, an international airport the Helmand and Arghandab Valleys has been planned in Kandahar, the con- Authority have their installations to struction work of which will soon be repair cars, tractors, bulldozers, etc. completed. Equipped with all sorts of Pleasant chalets have been built here to facilities such as restaurants, hotels, a house some of the American engineers hospital, post office, repair shops, filling of the Authority with their families. The stations, etc., the airport will be some- restaurant here is also open for tourists but the rates are the same as in the The almond produced in Kalat is of wonderful collector's item to decorate a United States. There is also a swimming the hard-shelled type, but it has two lounge, or can be worn to keep out the pool in the compound which can be used advantages: it is produced in abundance, cold in mid-winter. in the heat of summer. and is exported by all means of transport. Fighting Tigers Industries Therefore it is cheaper, but still tastes the The Kalitis have a unique use for Among the industries are the Watan same as the more expensive types. kossays. They use them as shields. Wool Factory, producing the best Kossay is the name given to the unique When food is scarce in winter, hungry woollens in the whole region, the Pashtun voluminous cloaks which are worn by tigers and wolves come down the plain Company, producing sweets and ice, and men in winter. They are made of white prowling after sheep. A Kalati will the Fruit Preserving & Canning Factory. felt with long flat sleeves and are gener- generally meet the tiger with a club and Three days' stay in Kandahar is ally embroidered in purple silk. The pound it, and meet the wolves with his advisable in order to see the people and sleeves are only for decoration and have bare hands, strangling them. But the places and enjoy the view of the scenic particularly beautiful patterns worked indispensable kossay is used to catch the spots bursting with flowers. around studded pieces of mirror. claws of the ferocious raiders. Leaving Kandahar In order to buy a good kossay, one has Mukur On leaving Kandahar, one should make to consult one or two experts, but the After Kalat comes Mukur, 117 kilo- sure that the car is in good running con- quality of felt and the type of embroidery metres to the north-east of Kalat, and the dition as there are no adequate repair usually do not escape unnoticed by a main halting place for buses running stations until you reach Kabul. Also, Western traveller. And it makes a between Kabul and Kandahar. your stock of petrol, food and fruit should be replenished. The most suitable time A caravan of Kochis on the move leaving the cold plains for warm pastures. to start the journey in summer is early in the morning, as the intense heat later in the day is apt to overheat motor tyres on certain patches of the road. Kalat Kalat or Kalate Ghilzai is 138 kilometres to the north-east of Kandahar, and has an old citadel on top of a hill and a small hotel. Kalat is famous for three things: the world-famous Afghan hound, almonds and " kossay." The tall, shaggy, good-looking Afghan hound is a native of Kalat, and is used for fox hunting. It is known throughout Afghanistan as " tazi." Unfortunately, there are no kennels in Kalat, but it is just possible to find an Afghan hound owner who is willing to part with his pet for hard cash. 10 Tawkhana or breakdowns go to the tea-shops where Mukuris are tall, strong and handsome they eat and sleep cheaply. Only a few people and like Kalitis, they have their visitors use the hotel and occupy the own peculiar central heating system, as rooms which are obviously more comfort- the area is cold most of the time. able, and enjoy privacy. This system is known as " tawkhana," Tourists generally replenish their petrol and involves a very cheap way of direct- stock from here, and shop for all manner ing smoke through a labyrinth of under- of things from cigarettes to dried fruits. ground channels. Bushes are either They also make telephone calls to Kabul collected in summer or bought cheaply to book accommodation and so on if they and stored for a rainy day. When the have not already done so. intense cold weather sets in some of the Abe Istada bushes are fed to a furnace which leads There are 111 kilometres between to the channels. The smoke travels under Mukur and Ghazni. En route to Ghazni, the floors of the house, and is stored there if you turn off to the right for a few kilo- for 24 hours. Thus the Mukuris are not metres you will come to one of the most bothered by the Siberian winter around striking bird sanctuaries in Afghanistan. them once they are inside a tawkhana, This place is called " Abe Istada," which which literally means " heat house." means " the Standing Water." The lake Buys is big and the water is extremely saline, What has made Mukur renowned with islands here and there which are throughout the country is not its taw- ideal for nesting. Almost all kinds of khana but its beautiful rugs known as migratory and other birds of the " gelam." temperate zone are seen here. Woven mostly by women, these rugs Zoology students from Kabul Univer- are made of the best wool produced sity visit the place every year to observe locally. The dyeing is also carried out the birds, while casual tourists pass by it locally, and the price of the finished without knowing of its existence because article is far below that of a medium of its out-of-the-way location. carpet. And it is a sheer delight to have Karez in a sitting room with its traditional fast The area between Mukur and Ghazni colours of orange, red, green and purple, is well populated and quite fertile, but so matching with modern Western water is scarce throughout the region Ghazni furniture. after Kandahar. The underground irriga- Ghazni was the seat of the vast empire Hotel tion ditches known as " karez " serve as founded by Mahmoud (998-1030) and The little hotel in Mukur, like that in the life arteries of the scattered farm- was flourishing between the early 10th Kalat, cannot cope with the increasing houses. The principal crop is wheat, and and mid-12th centuries. number of visitors, but there is always a plums are the main fruit. Especially the Mahmoud built beautiful mosques, way out. plums grown in Ghazni and the suburbs palaces and cantonments and decorated People who travel in winter and have are the best in the country and mostly the city with objets d'art which his to halt at Mukur because of heavy snows exported to the Indian sub-continent. victorious army had brought back from various countries. He commissioned here, and it is more than worthwhile to Ferdousi to compose " Shahnameh," spend an afternoon at Khwaja Bulghar in the Book of Kings, which is an order to enjoy the cool fresh air of the immortal epic of Persian literature. plain in summer. He also changed the lingua franca from Travellers who are keen on fishing Arabic to Persian and his court historian, usually go to Bande Sultan, a few kilo- Baihaki, recorded almost all of his metres from the town, to catch catfish at military and cultural achievements. the dam. The World Burner Hotel The Ghadni Hotel, like other small Unfortunately for Afghanistan, hotels, is run by the local municipality. Alauddin, a ruler from the rival Ghurid It is situated on a small elevation near the Dynasty, raided the city and burned it to A section of old Ghazni with the citadel in main road and is very suitable for the background. the ground in order to avenge the murder shopping and sightseeing. of his brother. His name has been Monuments Foods smeared thereafter, and is referred to as Nothing is more historical in Ghazni The best food Ghazni can offer the " Jehansoz," which means the World than the mausoleum of Mahmoud him- tourist is kebab in the bazaar. As the Burner. For Ghazni was a world of arts self. Known as " Rowza," the mauso- land is extremely fertile and there is and learning only rivalled then by leum lies in an orchard filled with the plenty of pasture land, the Ghazni lamb Baghdad. famous plum trees. It is altogether a enjoys a nation-wide reputation for being The Citadel pleasant place, and if you care to make tender and juicy. The yoghurt is also The Ghazni citadel, now headquarters an arrangement with the keeper, you can good, while the vegetables, especially of the local garrison, dominates the whole see the historical finds preserved in the radishes, spring onions and local leeks of the little town and its suburbs. small museum in the compound. " gandana," are the best in the country. Down below the bazaars are narrow Other items of historical interest are Buys and always crowded. Most of the towns- the two pillars, which are the only The best buys in Ghazni are " postins," people have a strain of Mongolian in their tangible relics of Ghazni's past glory, and " postinchas" and men's socks and gloves. features, while those from rural areas, the mausoleum of Sanai, the great poet The postin is a long fur coat, shaggy especially the Suleimankhels, are tall and of the Ghaznavid era. Recently the and heavy, with lamb fur inside and most handsome. The citizens of Ghazni Italian archaeological mission has been yellowish suede out. It is generally still live in the old city surrounded by able to unearth a few important finds at embroidered with yellow silk on the lapels walls which are broad enough to accom- Tapeh Sardar. and sleeves. Men of the older genera- modate an entire house built upon them. Scenic Beauties tions, especially those living in the rural The new town lies near the petrol Ghazni, like Herat, is full of the tombs areas, still use postins in winter. station before one reaches the bazaar. It of famous saints who led a pious life in Although cumbersome, they are actually is a planned residential area with build- their time and tried to guide the people like a hothouse. If you have one, you will ings designed to meet modern require- on the path of truth. not need any form of heating, even in ments. But it still takes time to persuade One of these was Khwaja Bulghar, who Scandinavia. the old conservative people to move from was buried at the foot of a hill over- Blankets of the same fur are known as the city built by the Great Mahmoud to looking the Ghazni plain. " jafari," and can be made to order. live in a place planned by ordinary men. The local municipality has built a cafe Postincha is actually the best buy here

12 as it is shorter than the postin and there- for its beauty, its hydro-electric plant, fore lighter. Also it is less expensive which feeds Kabul, and the easy fishing while more attractive. one can do near the dam. There is a A postincha is usually sleeveless and hotel overlooking the man-made lake and reaches the hip. The fur inside is of a this is frequented by employees of the finer quality, and the embroidery more Afghan Electric Company in summer. lavish and neatly patterned. The suede The people of Maidan and Wardag are is mostly of yellow colour, but recently excellent " attan " dancers and participate dark blue, beige and other shades have in displays arranged during the inde- also been introduced. The best postincha pendence celebrations in Kabul. can be purchased in Ghazni for £2. Kabul at Last! Men's socks are generally knitted in Kabul, the capital of the Kingdom of Jaghori and other areas and brought for Afghanistan, is an ancient city whose sale in Ghazni. They are made of strong history goes back to the fifth century B.C. home-spun wool and have different The city is named after the river which colours such as black, white, beige, passes through it and divides its two main purple and yellow. You can buy these sectors. In full spate from winter to A view of the historic citadel of Balahissar. socks and also good quality woollen summer, it was called Kobha " full of gloves for as little as 2s. 6d. a pair. water" by the early Aryans when they The Ghazni plum, fresh or dried, has first caught sight of it during their to be tasted to be believed. It makes migration. every dish, more especially meat dishes, The ancient city lies south of the river very delicious and exotic. and is dominated by the citadel, with its Between Ghazni and Kabul back to a mountain. It is composed of There is a distance of 149 kilometres mud houses, a few covered bazaars and between Ghazni and Kabul. The road, narrow alleys, some of which have already unlike some stretches between Kandahar been demolished to leave their place to and Ghazni, passes through some beauti- modern constructions. ful valleys. Despite its antiquated living quarters The main halting places on the way are and old-fashioned shops, this part of the Shikhabad and Arghandeh, the former town, which is locally known as " the being more favourably situated. The two City," has retained most of its hold on valleys of Wardag and Maidan are very the nation's business. A great number rich in natural beauty; crystal-clear of wholesalers, brokers and big business- streams full of fish, rows of poplar trees, men have their offices or shops in places Part of the Ariana booking office on the ground cool, fresh air and handsome tall Pakh- called " sarais." These sarais are rect- floor of Hotel Kabul, tuns inhabiting the villages. angular compounds with shops at ground important shopping centre here is Off the main road turning to the left, level and offices on the first floors on all Maiwand Street, with almost all kinds of one can go to Sarchasma and Jalrez, sides. New sarais built on the other side merchandise on sale. which are even more attractive. of the river have, however, changed this The other side of the river, which Chak, a valley in Wardag, is famous emphasis to a certain extent. The most includes the new town, Share Now, has a 13 different character. It has straight, wide streets, banks, cinemas, theatres, schools and colleges and a number of hospitals. Also the " Arg " or the compound encom- passing the Gulkhana Palace and other royal buildings; all foreign embassies and trading firms are located here. Monuments No monument in Kabul is of greater importance than Arg, which is surrounded by marble walls, in the Arg Gardens. Built by Amir Abdur Rahman, it has been subjected to1 several reconstructions. In fact, the present King, His Majesty Mohammed Zahir Shah, has renovated most of it and has built the Gulkhana The terminal building of the Kabul airport completed with the help of the Soviet Union. Palace towards the north of Arg, and also The building has facilities for 300 passengers. the Royal Guards Buildings to the south, flanking the fashionable Pakhtunistan indications of several stupas belonging for office and factory workers, and to help Avenue. to the second and third centuries A.D. the public to synchronise their watches. Ever since it was first built, the Arg Well preserved, these stupas are nearer During Ramadan, when the people do has been used by the Kings of Afghanistan to present-day Kabul. On the ridges not eat in the day-time, the gun goes off as the royal residence and has always the of the mountain there stands a 20- at dusk and dawn, respectively to Royal Secretariat, the bodyguards, the metre high monument of the Kushan announce the end and the beginning of treasury vaults and the royal library. period, formerly decorated with Chakari, the fasting period in 24 hours. To the east side of Arg lies the meaning a wheel—a sacred symbol of On special occasions such as Ids and Delkusha Palace, built by Amir Buddhism. To the south-west of the so on, the gun goes off more than once Habibullah, which is still used as the stupas there is another monument known in a specified time and in succession. royal office where foreign envoys present as Surkh Munar, which is in the form of Surrounding Walls their letters of credence and Afghan a minaret. To the south-east of Kabul lies a green officials and others are granted audiences The Midday Gun elevation known as the " Emerald Hill," by His Majesty. One of the distinguishing features of joined on either side by remnants of old Kabul of the Buddhist period is of Kabul from other cities in Afghanistan is walls surrounding the city. This hill was immense interest to archaeologists and the gun which is fired from the top of a the site of Kabul Citadel, " Bala Hisar," those taken with matters relating to the hill every midday. It does not disturb the serving as a stronghold as well as the antiquities. It lies 12 kilometres to the Afghans, who have been accustomed to royal residence from pre-Islamic periods south-east of the present Kabul, the site it, but it is quite startling for tourists and until 1879, when the second British being referred to as Chakari. As one outsiders. invasion was launched. The royal goes to Bini Hisar, one has to walk three A part of everyday life in Kabul, the residence was inside the stronghold, while kilometres to reach Chakari. In the midday gun serves two purposes: to the latter was surrounded by living Kabul of the Buddhist period there are announce the midday, which is lunch hour quarters which were fortified and almost 14 intact until the first half of the nineteenth century. On the outskirts of the citadel stands the Military Academy, built in recent years. Beyond the citadel and in the mountain there lies the public cemetery where Tamim, a companion of the Prophet, was martyred in pre-Islamic days and was buried. Close to Tamim's mausoleum there is a rippling stream known as Khizr, and both places attract the citizens of Kabul in the early spring. The Kabul walls, built on the ridges of Slier Darwaza and Asmayee mountains, were erected in the fifth century A.D., in the reign of the Ephtalite kings, who wanted to surround the city with defensive fortifications. Fortunately enough, the greater part of these walls are still standing, showing the long history of Kabul. New Constructions Ghazi Mohammed Jan Khan Street, Replica of the Alexandria Lighthouse dating which connects two parts of the town, back to the 1st century A.D. unearthed at has greatly enhanced the beauty of Kabul, Bagram. as it is planned to be flanked on either Statue of a sitting Buddha discovered at side by modern shops and offices with Hadda, Nangarhar Province. Persian, and some beautiful miniatures almost every amenity. Such buildings, representing Herat school of painting. some of which are already finished and seem to have adjusted themselves to such Finds from Bamyan, Bagram, Funduki- others in the process of being completed, caresses of Mother Nature. The tremors stan, Lashkargah and Surkh Kotal have include the Kabul Municipality building, are usually over in a matter of seconds separate rooms as they are so numerous the Commercial Bank, the Spinzar build- and the hustle and bustle of the town is that arranging a selection of them to be ing, etc. hardly disturbed. displayed in one room is not feasible. The tallest construction in present-day Kabul Museum Now the finds from Ghazni are to be Kabul is the Central Silo building, which The famed Kabul Museum lies 10 kilo- added to these treasures. is nine storeys high. The reason why tall metres to the south-west of Kabul in the The museum is planning to print a buildings are not generally constructed is, lovely Chardehi valley. It has sections for guide book in various Western languages presumably, the frequency of earth numismatics, ethnology and ethnography. and also some postcards for the benefit tremors, which prove quite startling to Its showcases encompass a wealth of relics of tourists in general and historians in foreigners but does not bother the Kabulis. ranging from gold and silver coins of the particular. In some cases houses are rocked like ancient Greek rulers of Afghanistan to the Hotels boats in the English Channel, but they rare manuscripts both in Pakhtu and Hotel Kabul is a first class hotel—the 15

T f ? best in Afghanistan. The charge is approximately £2 per night with breakfast, and the restaurant downstairs serves lunch and dinner. It is ideally situated within easy walking distance of the Kabul Cinema, the Ministry of Press and Information and the two main banks. The other hotels recommended to tourists are the Spinzar, the Ariana and the Maiwand, which are cheaper and quite pleasant, but not in the centre of the town. Food Varieties of meals are served in the restaurants for lunch and dinner. A foreigner staying at a hotel is advised to avail himself of the self-service restaurant near the Kabul Hotel. This is the Khyber Restaurant, which is Kabul's first and foremost catering organisation, setting a precedent for the local businessmen who previously thought that such a venture could not pay. Both tourists and Afghans can see and buy almost all kinds of con- ventional Western meals and the cost Dining Room at the Kabul Hotel. is quite reasonable. Also, in cleanliness carpets of different sizes and prices, so easy to have a karakul coat made to order and comfort it rates as high as a first class beautifully woven and finished; jewellery, in one week or so and take it home. restaurant anywhere in the world. including lapis lazuli, for which the Afghan goldsmiths and tailors are good Halfway to Paghman, there is another country is so famous, postinchas, socks at their jobs; so one can order a ring made beautiful restaurant, the Spozhmay, which and gloves, beautiful Kandahari fabrics of lapis lazuli in a specified design, or gives the tourist ample visual experience for making jackets, all kinds of packed have a suit made to measure. as to the inside of a typical Afghan home. dried fruits and nuts, especially " jal- Tourist Organisation The Afghan rugs, the pieces of furniture, ghoza," which presumably does not grow The Afghan Tourist Organisation, etc., are extremely tasteful, while the anywhere else; a wealth of ancient coins locally known as " Garzendoy," looks location of the restaurant on the bank of in gold and silversmiths' shops; shawls after tourists before and after their arrival an artificial lake is excellent. and costumes so colourful and exotic, in the country. Buys shoes and hats, pieces of embroidery with All potential tourists, especially writers Kabul is so rich in Afghan merchandise unique designs representing different and scholars, should get in touch with this that the tourist is often bewildered about parts of the country, and so on. An end- organisation before their arrival in order what to choose. Varieties of karakul less assortment. to make all the necessary arrangements pelts in black, grey, brown, beige and The Afghan customs do not charge for their visits. Those who arrive in white for coats and hats, and all so cheap; visitors for one of each product and it is Kabul without prior arrangements, con- 16 tact this office to let them know about Scenic Places their arrival and if they need accommoda- Lying on the western outskirts of Sher tion. Darwaza mountain, the Babur Gardens All foreigners are required to register are famous in the south-western suburbs with the police, and the Tourist Organisa- of Kabul. They are only two kilometres tion helps them in this connection, as well away. Terraced as they are, the second as in other respects. They have cars, part of the gardens serves as a royal buses, camping equipment, etc., for hire, cemetery, where the progenitor of the and guides who speak foreign languages Moghal kings, Zahiruddin Mohammed in order to provide them with facilities Hakim Mirza, has been buried. On the and interpret for them in shops and third terrace stands a small mosque built offices. of marble in the reign of Shah Jahan, The Tourist Organisation is so suitably being under repair at the moment. With situated in Pakhtunistan Square that tour- a pleasant swimming pool and a cafe, the ists can walk in a matter of minutes to Babur Gardens prove to be a public the Afghanistan Bank to get local attraction all through the summer. currency, to the Ministry of Press and Another factor which has recently added Information to obtain information about to their popularity is the municipal the country and to the Telephone and attention towards laying out gardens. In Cable Office to get in touch with their other words, the Kabul municipality make homes. some elaborate arrangements on the first

The Kabul Nindarai Theatre at Chaman, Kabul.

The Sher Pur Mosque at Share Now. day of every new year at the Babur Gardens to observe the ceremonies of the " Spring Fair." Two kilometres to the south of Babur Gardens lies the Chelsotoon Palace, a handsome building situated on a hill and surrounded by its own park, and enjoying the view of the pretty Chardehi valley. Nine kilometres from the city lies the Taj Beg Palace, built high up on a hill,

T^-S^H also overlooking the Chardehi valley. reaches Paghman, one sees another In the eastern suburbs of Kabul is the magnificent park and a summer palace Maranjan hill—an historical place where which His Majesty the King gave away some indications of the past have recently to the public. been unearthed. On the southern Fifteen kilometres to the south-west of extremity of this hill lies the marble Kabul there is a cool, pleasant place mausoleum of the late King Nadir Shah, called Rishkhoar, in the centre of which father of the present King of Afghanistan. there is a park in which stands an This imposing monument overlooks the imposing building erected by His Royal city of Kabul. Highness Sardar Shah Mahmood Khan. The park is terraced and shady, and Khwaja Safa is a tiny summer resort planted with flowers, and has been pro- south of Kabul on the outskirts of the vided with a swimming pool which is Sher Darwaza mountains. It has only open to the public. one small building and a pigeon house, Whilst hiking in this park is generally and is surrounded by juda trees. It is allowed, foreigners are required to obtain well worth seeing in spring time when the special permission to use the swimming trees are in flower. pool. The Mausoleum of the late King Nadir Shah. Paghman As one passes Rishkhoar, one reaches Paghman is a summer resort which lies the Lalundar gorge, through which the 27 kilometres to the west of Kabul on Kabul river passes with foam and fury, the outskirts of high mountains. It enjoys especially in the spring. wonderful weather and beautiful scenery. Twelve kilometres to the east of Kabul The cool air, the picturesque beauty and lies a big park and playing grounds the rippling springs make Paghman a known as Bagrami. The park is beauti- public attraction in summer time. The fied by a tributary of the Logar river public garden in the centre of Paghman which passes through the centre. Dis- is surrounded by a number of private tinguished visitors and guests coming to houses and villas to let. Up on the ridge Kabul via Jalalabad are received at this of the mountain there is a natural park. At the Bagrami Ground an annual lake which attracts mountaineers every contest of " Buzkashi" takes place on summer to enjoy the snow-peaked ranges September 21st. Several teams of here and there. excellent horsemen from many provinces Eight kilometres to the south of take part in the game, which celebrates Paghman lies another valley known as the King's birthday. Begtoot, at the entrance of which stands The sport is a " must" for every visitor A corner of Tapah Park at Paghman. I a small building erected in the style ?'? as it demands superb horsemanship and I fashionable in the reign of Abdur great courage, providing an exciting Istalif Rahman. Referred to as Sohayl, the spectacle of more than a hundred riders Fifty kilometres to the north of Kabul building overlooks Paghman and Kabul struggling to obtain a calf, the object of lies the beautiful valley of Istalif, which, from a dominating location. Before one the whole game. like Paghman, is the summer resort for

18 the citizens of Kabul. beauty, indications of Buddhist stupas Set against the background of the and a tower. majestic Hindukush, the town of Istalif Legend has it that some sort of cable is famous for its pottery. Most homes in connected Tope Dara with Bagram in the the surrounding areas and some in Kabul old days, presumably during the possess one or more pieces such as bowls, Kushanid period, and both centres of ashtrays, vases, flower pots, etc., made of Buddhist culture and religion signalled clay and glazed in turquoise. messages to each other by pulling on this The public park in Istalif, known as cable. Takht, is an excellent cool spot in hot Mir Bachakote (Sai-ai Khoja) summers and it is always crowded by people coming to picnic here from Kabul. Mir Bachakote, the centre of Like Paghman, its special fruit is the Kohdaman, lies 32 kilometres to the cherry, but it is called " shaloo" here. north of Kabul. The new small town has The cherries produced in both places are been well planned and has something of actually different from the Western everything, while the old bazaar is still variety as they are a bit smaller, crimson famous for its rice dishes. in colour, and far more tender and A halting place for commuters between Kabul and Charikar, Mir Bachakote has The Khyber Restaurant at Pakhtunistan Square which delicious. has set a good example of the self-service system and always been important for travellers as catering capabilities in Kabul. Leaving Kabul well as transport. There is a lovely karez On leaving Kabul for the northern near the old bazaar where travellers parts of the country, one passes by the quench their thirst. There are all kinds Baghe Bala Palace which was built by of fruits to be bought from the shops and King Abdur Rahman on top of a hill and street vendors, and also some small work- surrounded by vineyards. shops to repair minor mechanical faults Past the hill, one sees Badam Bagh, the on vehicles, and a filling station. Almond Orchard, to the left, sprawling Surrounded by vineyards, each usually all the way from the main road to the containing a tower, Mir Bachakote is rich skirt of another hill. and prosperous, because its products such After a few kilometres one passes as fresh grapes, peaches and raisins are through the Khair Khana Pass and down transported to Peshawar by lorries over- the slope overlooking the green valleys of night. Kohdaman. Crate manufacturing is always busy in There are so many beautiful valleys to summer when the grapes begin to ripen, the left of the main road that an ordinary and grape merchants pitch their camps in tourist cannot see them all during the the vineyards to supervise the packing of The Spozhmay Cafe on the banks of the man-made short time he has allotted to the whole fresh grapes into the crates. Kargha lake half way between Kabul and Paghman. country. The more important of them, In the winter, travellers buy " kan- after Shakar Dara and Istalif, are Gul gina," a container which looks like a through to the end of winter, but it is a Dara, Farza, Sinjid Dara and Tope Dara. flying saucer and is filled with grapes. bit heavy and tricky to carry. The last valley has, besides its natural Made of clay, it preserves the grapes right The round wooden boxes of grapes 19 lined with cotton are preferable, but more Bagram almost at the entrance of Salang Pass, expensive. Ten miles to the south-east of Charikar which will shorten the distance between Charikar is Bagram, the capital of the Kushanid Kabul and the northern provinces by 200 There are 32 kilometres between Mir empire. kilometres. Bachakote and Charikar, the centre of Overlooking the green valley of The local hotel is run by the Textile Parwan Province. The road is as good as Kohistan with Panjsher and Ghorband Company. when it starts from Kabul, and is flanked rivers straddling it, Bagram has yielded The only shortcoming of Jabalsuraj, on either side by mulberry trees, a special part of its riches to the Kabul Museum and for that matter of all Kohistan, is its tree of Kohistan. in the form of ivory carvings, statues, strong wind which blows throughout the The town of Charikar has been built coins, vases, etc. It was destroyed by three months of summer. on the slopes of a mountain dominating Cyrus, but was quite prosperous by the Gulbahar one of the most beautiful valleys in the time Alexander launched his conquest of Gulbahar, which means " Spring whole world—Kohistan. Overlooking Afghanistan. Flower," is a real beauty spot almost at Charikar and the whole green world is Bagram is also famous for its melons, one end of Kohistan Valley, with Takia which is quite an attraction in early known as " sarda," and water melons, Panjsher and Shotul rivers running spring when thousands of juda trees are which are sent to Kabul and also through it. People from Kabul and other abloom, painting the skirts of the moun- exported. parts not too distant spend their Fridays tain a deep purple. Opian here in the cool public park listening to There is a cafe at Takia and many A few kilometres to the north-west of music or frying fish for lunch. camping sites for picnickers and casual Charikar lies Opian, the site of one of the The greatest textile mill in the country travellers. Many people go there on Alexandrias in this part of the country. has been built on an elevation opposite Fridays to enjoy the blue sky above, the Opian is still an important place, with the park. It produces beautiful cotton purple juda trees, and the green valley many prosperous traders and a holy fabrics and attractive blankets. The below. shrine which is frequented by patients Textile Company runs a small hotel, Buys suffering from rabies. According to the maintains recreation facilities for its Charikar is renowned for its cutlery. people who go there, the patient touches employees, and a swimming pool, as There are many shops selling all kinds of the chain attached to the shrine and gets swimming in the swift river which is full knives, especially the pocket ones. The rid of the disease. of boulders is rather treacherous. bull horn handles are so superbly shaped Jabulseraj Rige Rmvan and polished that they become quite Jabulseraj or the ancient Parwan, lies Opposite Charikar and on the other transparent, and sometimes reflect hand- to the north of Charikar and is becoming side of the valley lies Rige Rawan, the some colours. The manufacturer usually increasingly industrialised. " Moving Sand," which is a picnic ground places his name underneath the handle in It was here that the first hydro-electric for the people living beyond the river order to advertise his craft. power-house was built in the reign of Panjsher. Food King Habibullah. It was here also that A huge mass of soft yellow sand has Charikar's speciality in food is the late King built a second " Arg"; and been evenly spread on the slope of a 'L falooda," which is a mixture of special in later years a textile mill and cement mountain dominating an area ideally spongy flakes, cream, snow, sugar and plant were opened. suited for horse races. People visit this rose water. This makes a delicious A beautiful valley with Shotul river place during spring fairs to do some cooling drink, as well as a nourishing crossing through it, Jabulseraj is becom- shopping, watch the races and sometimes food. ing more important because it is situated climb the sands. 20 It is, however, the young and the more Considering Afghan standards, both sporting types who attempt to climb the Kohdaman and Kohistan are over- moving sand because it is very high and populated and there is always annual the sand gives way under one's feet. The migration, especially from Charikar to footprints leave big hollows in the sand, the northern parts of the country. and there are so many of them every day. Leaving Charikar But the next morning it is so smooth that On leaving Charikar for the northern one thinks that it has been mechanically provinces (Kataghan, Mazar, Badakh- levelled. That is why the local people shan, Shiberghan, Talukan and Maimana) call it the moving sand. one should bear in mind that parts of the Perhaps the scientific explanation for road are under construction. Also petrol this is that the wind blowing from one and repair stations are not available in side of the mountain is deflected in such each place. There is only one petrol station a way that it spreads the sand evenly in Bolola and a station and hotel at every day. Doab. From the beginning of Ghorband There is a shrine down below which is up to the Shibar Pass, the road passes believed locally to belong to one of the through a valley which is many times sons of Caliph Ali. The shrine, built reduced to the size of a narrow gorge deep under the ground, is believed to lead with a swift stream running through it. to a subterranean tunnel ending in Fabulous Bamyan A view of Shakai'dareh, a lovely vai/ey to the Ghazni. According to legends, two cats There is a distance of 181 kilometres north of Kabul. with identifying rings were left there to between Charikar and Bamyan. Those find their way out, and they were found who are not in a particular hurry, stop for at another shrine belonging to Bahlol in lunch at Chardi Ghorband where one can Ghazni. find a number of typical restaurants and Another legend about Rige Rawan is good meals. that when Hindus and Sikhs come to pay The road winds between narrow gorges their homage, a loud noise of beating almost all along the way up to Shibar drums is heard by everyone, despite the Pass (2,809 m.) which gives a newcomer fact that it is a Moslem shrine. And the a good impression of stupendous heights place is frequently visited by these and the skill of Afghan drivers in nego- minorities. tiating the hairpin bends with their People generally overloaded lorries- The people of Kohdaman and Kohistan There are 32 kilometres between are almost half Pakhtuns and the rest are Bolola and Bamyan, the former being a Tajiks, and some of Turkish origin. halting place for passengers from the There are sizable Hindu and Sikh com- northern parts of the country. The route munities in Mir Bachakote, Charikar, to Bamyan takes a left turning from the Jabulseraj, and also in other less known main road, and on entering the valley one places. They are generally shop keepers finds out the tremendous difference and smart businessmen. between the rather monotonous scenery Rise Rawan. the moving sand in Kohistan. 21 accompanying the traveller from the entrance of Shikari up to the Shibar Pass, and the vigorous and cheerful views wit- nessed in the Bamyan Valley. With its deep valleys, mineral springs and mountain lakes, Bamyan is 2,583 metres above sea level. The main attraction of Bamyan, apart from its natural beauty, game—trout fishing and partridge shooting—is the existence here of two gigantic statues of Buddha. Carved in alto relief on the face of the rock 400 ft. apart, the larger of the two (53 metres high) is now mutilated, both of his legs fractured and the face destroyed. The smaller statue (35 metres high) believed to be a female, but dressed in a mantle, has not been SO' badly damaged. Apart from the two statues, there are more than ten thousand caves, some of them painted, a geological formation resembling a dragon, and remains of two cities of the Islamic era razed to the ground by Ghengez Khan's armies. One hundred and eighty kilometres from Kabul via Hajigak, Bamyan was a great Buddhist centre between the first and fourth centuries, and thousands of Bamyan Valley. monks lived in the caves chanting hymns Bande Amir metres from Bamyan, Bande Amir's from Buddhist scriptures. Besides, it was Bande Amir comprises a series of five largest lake is called Zulfikar which is visited by -pilgrims'.from all parts of the lakes contained in rock bowls high up in first to come into view. then Buddhist world, including China and a basin. The lapis colour of the water, Korea. The Afghan Tourist Organisation is the orange-red hue of the surrounding planning to build a modern hotel on the Hotel soil, the white tint of the cascades splash- banks of this lake to accommodate The Bamyan Hotel is run by the ing down below and flowing on a milky various visitors and holidaymakers. Afghan Tourist Organisation. It was white bed, the desolate but glorious view Meanwhile, camping is prevalent here built many years ago on a dominant of the mountains and plains all make this almost throughout summer, with fishing spot facing the great statues. More place an ideal spot for tourists and and swimming being the main sports. accommodation is needed for the increas- holiday makers alike. Back to Bolola ing number of visitors every year. One hundred and forty-three kilo- There is no petrol station in Bande 22 Amir. In fact it is only the lakes and Province and the end of Parwan. So one nothing else at present. Tourists are can see here different faces and varying always advised to make provision for costumes. their petrol when they leave Bamyan. The predominant feature of Kataghan, Also when departing for the northern and also of Mazar and Maimana, is the provinces, petrol stocks should be re- " chapan," a long cloak with thick cotton plenished for the 340 kilometres between lining. It has long sleeves and usually Bolola and Doab. no pockets. The material is mostly stripy Doab and sometimes silken, and of very attrac- Doab is actually the Grand Canyon of tive colours. Kabulis use it in winter to Afghanistan, where one can see various ward off the severe cold, while in the colours and rock formations on entering northern provinces, it is the clothing. the valley and also from the hotel built People here believe that warm clothes there years ago. repel warmth. Perhaps it helps them to There is some duck shooting in early perspire easily and therefore cools their spring in the shallow waters of the river, bodies off. but the frogs here produce the same Pule Khumri sound as ducks which is quite interesting There are 48 kilometres between Doshi and misleading too. and Pule Khumri, one of the most indus- Doshi trial towns of Kataghan. There is a distance of 91 kilometres The town is surrounded by low-lying between Doab and Doshi. Therefore hills with the Kunduz river flowing from petrol should be replenished at Doab, one side of it. while Doshi should be used as a halting Pule Khumri is actually a textile town place. with everything geared to the mills. The The Doshi town is growing rapidly, Afghan Textile Company has here its partly because of so many passengers second largest modern factory, run by passing through it every day, and partly electricity produced from a hydro-electric because it is a junction for the main road power plant built across the Kunduz leading to the northern provinces and the river. Bande Amir, a tourist attraction near Bamyan. Salang road, which is still under There is a well laid-out public park construction. with a cafe on the bank of the river. The part of the country. There are many good restaurants and a Company runs a hotel and restaurant for Except for affairs directly concerned few cheap hotels here, but tourists are its employees as well as for tourists. with the Government, every other aspect always warned not to drink water after Booking should be made in advance of life here is affected by the Textile Bamyan and up to Badakshan because it because of Pule Khumri's location on the Company. It has built hundreds of is not quite safe. Therefore, people in route to various northern provinces. houses and apartments for its employees almost all parts of the northern provinces After Jabulseraj, Pule Khumri is the and their families, it runs a modern hos- drink tea, and plenty of it, as the weather second entirely electrified town one can pital, it maintains the park, the cafe, the is warm and perspiration helps a lot. see on travelling to> the north of Kabul. hotel (locally known as the Club) and the Doshi marks the beginning of Kataghan Its power plant is also the oldest in this power plant. 23 There are rows of shops here selling all kinds of goods, and a cinema to show European and Indian films. In fact this is the second cinema after Charikar on one's way to the north. There is excellent fishing in the river, sometimes big fish weighing more than five kilogrammes brought by flood waters from the Oxus river. 3 Duck shooting is also good here in early a •Sf spring, and pheasant shooting was very Mi good years ago in Dana Ghori. Baghlan The provincial capital of Kataghan, Baghlan is 37 kilometres from Pule Khumri. It is situated in a verdant plane, is less humid than Pule Khumri, and also less warm in summer. As the provincial capital of Kataghan was transferred from Khanabad to this place in a hurry and office buildings and accommodation were badly needed, a Doab, like the Grand Canyon, has multi-coloured soil and rocks, but its frogs, which sing co-ordinated city planning did not like ducks, are unique. materialise and therefore the town has still remained divided between the indus- Cafe " built on a little hill dominating the Kunduz trial sector built by the Sugar Company whole area. It is a lovely cafe, well After 100 kilometres one comes to which has a refinery here, and the planned to suit modern requirements and Kunduz, the most industrialised town in Government which has its various depart- decorated with inscriptions, pottery, etc., Kataghan. ments 5 kilometres away. unearthed from various sites in the The industrial Baghlan is a pleasant province. As textiles are important to Pule little town with all kinds of shops, a Khumri and sugar to Baghlan, it is cot- There are petrol stations in both Pule ton which dominates the scene here. In hotel, and many bungalows. Khumri and Baghlan, and also good It is actually the sugar refinery here recent years the Spinzar Company has Afghan restaurants. that runs the whole town. It owns the exported thousands of tons of cotton hotel, runs an experimental farm, main- The only food speciality here is nan, abroad, mostly to the Soviet Union in tains the swimming pool, sponsors the which is round instead of oval and is exchange for manufactured goods. sericulture institute, produces the elec- made from super-sifted flour. It is much Other industries run by the company tricity for the refinery and its associated better looking than any other, and can be include china, soap and margarine. The bungalows built for its employees. eaten abundantly. company has branches in almost all The Government in Baghlan has one The best buys in Baghlan are lengths cotton-growing areas of Kataghan and thing to pride itself on. It is the " Sitara of silk cloth. Mazar, with ginning, pressing and baling 24 facilities. The Spinzar Company runs a hotel here and maintains a beautiful park with an equally beautiful cafe. There is a cinema and a library in Kunduz, but the most usual pastime here, as in Baghlan and Pule Khumri, is to stroll in the park in the afternoon and have tea later in the cafe. Having the richest soil in the whole country, Kunduz is suitable for all kinds of temperate zone plants and trees, but cotton and sycamore trees grow here in profusion. Remains of ancient Kunduz are the ruins of a fort on top of a hill, but changes brought about in recent years have outshone the town's past glory. In fact few people know much about the ancient Kunduz, while even middle- aged persons who1 lived there or in the vicinity remember with relish how a marshland full of reeds, infested with mosquitoes and terrorised by hungry lions was converted to such a highly industrialised town with various trades booming in it. The Kunduz of today is the sole sup- plier of cotton, margarine and laundry soap to the whole nation, while the Spinzar Hotel built in a very important street in Kabul, Ahmed Jan Khan, is one of the most fashionable structures of the A Turkoman in his costume which prepares him to meet capital. the bleak winds blowing across the Central Asian deserts. Askelon Melons plant. Others are too sweet, and the in Kataghan. The town itself is situated Kunduz is famous for its most exotic upper crust has to be taken off before you in a basin and is warm in summer, some- melons, and Askelon is the district which eat them. times even warmer than other parts of produces the best type. These have to be Khanabad the province. eaten to be believed. Some are so1 tender There are 27 kilometres between The local municipality runs a small that they crack if someone passes by the Kunduz and Khanabad, the largest town hotel here, while Afghan restaurants and

25 tea houses are plentiful in the bazaars. Farkhar, one of the most pleasant valleys, cherries and the lovely cool air at the The new hydro-electric power plant, with a foaming stream carrying good banks of the almost omnipresent built by Spinzar Company here, has given trout, flowing fast from the slopes. Kokcha. a new life to the town, especially the new It is an extremely pleasant spot to Hotel spend a day, especially when the summer sector which is planned and houses the The Kokcha Cafe is the main hotel in heat and travel fatigue dictate a nice more fashionable people. Faizabad, while rather good meals are Khanabad is more commercial and change and rest. There is no hotel, so served in local restaurants. Two speciali- agricultural than industrial. The soil camping is popular on the bank of the ties are " halwa " and " parata," the first here is as good as at Kunduz, and some- stream in the public park. being the Afghan pudding composed of times better, especially the black soil. Towards Badakhshan flour, sugar and butter, and the second a The main crops are rice and wheat, and kind of pancake prepared in a different most wheat produced here is grown by There are 42 kilometres between Talukan and Kalafgan, a salt mining way and cooked in butter. dry cropping. town, with spa water which is good for Buys A branch of the Kunduz river passes the digestion. by Khanabad where fishing is usually The main dress in Badakhshan is Mashad is the halting place between " chakman," a long cloak with equally good, but keen fishermen generally go to Talukan and Faizabad, the provincial Bangi, which is not very far away, but has long sleeves, made of white or beige capital of Badakhshan province. woollen cloth produced locally. Some plenty of easy fishing to offer the not-too- Badakhshan is legendary for its rubies, adventurous types. chakmans are decorated with purple silk but at present lapis lazuli is mined at round the collar and on the sleeves, but Talukan Kurano Munjan, and gold is extracted others are plain. They cost about £3, and After 32 kilometres the road brings you from sands brought by the Kokcha river, are very warm for winter. to Talukan, the seat of another province, which is the fastest stream in the whole Back to Pule Khumri and a pleasant little town. country. It has good water for drinking, The tourist is advised to come back all Here, as in Kunduz, the Spinzar Com- and provides excellent fishing. There are 160 kilometres between the way to Pule Khumri in order to go pany has a hotel, a power plant and an to Mazar, because the alternative route industrial centre. Mashad and Faizabad. The road generally winds along cliffs and around connecting Kunduz with Khulm passes The new town is under construction, through a desert. Besides, there are so while the old town consists of large com- hairpin bends with the mountains on one side and the deep gorge pierced by the many other things to be seen from Pule pounds surrounded by high mud walls. Khumri to Khulm (Tashkurghan) which The weekly fair here is worth seeing Kokcha river on the other. Driving on the road calls for extreme caution and the tourist cannot afford to leave from the point of view of the variety of un visited. goods on sale, including good horses. strong brakes are needed all the time. The population of Faizabad is com- Surkh Kotal Actually a horse is as important to the prised mainly of Tajiks, who are quite There are 217 kilometres between Pule people of the northern provinces as a handsome. The unique features of the Khumri and Khulm. On the way one bicycle is to schoolboys in Kabul. One town are that the mountain slopes are passes through the Ghori plain, which is comes across horses everywhere, mostly cultivated, and the Kokcha river is ever most fertile, and the place for pheasant red in colour, of medium height and size, present here. shooting. Also, it is here on the Ghori but preferably fast. The villages outside Faizabad, such as plain that a big cement plant has been Farkhar Baharak and Zardeh, are most beautiful, built to augment cement production in About 60 kilometres from Talukan lies and picnickers go there to enjoy the the country. 26 It is in Ghori, too, that the acropolis of ing the mausoleum of the fourth Caliph Surkh Kotal was built by the Kushan and Mohammed's son-in-law, Ali. kings. In recent years several articles of The Blue Mosque, built around the archaeological interest, including the re- tomb, is a masterpiece of Afghan archi- mains of a fire temple, have been tecture and tilework during the Timurid unearthed from Surkh Kotal. era. The turquoise blue dome of the A very picturesque place en route to mausoleum so much dominates the whole Khulm is Samangan (Aibak) which has a town that wherever one goes one can hotel, a public park and a very pleasant never lose sight of it. climate. The main streets of the town have It has Takhte Rustam for historians forked from the mausoleum and a new and archaeologists, and Dara Zindan for mosque and several apartment houses the ordinary tourists to see, not far from have been constructed here in recent the town itself. years. Khulm The seat of the Government is Baghe Hozoor, in the heart of the town, and the Khulm is as important for Mazar as hotel run by the local municipality is Arghandab is for Kandahar. It is a great orchard where fig trees, pomegranates, nearby. grapes, apricots, peaches, etc., grow in Buys profusion and are sold to the neighbour- Mazar is famous for good carpets, ing areas. Also there is one particular karakul pelts, " alacha," a stripy silk type of melon known as " amiri," which fabric for making chapans or skirts, long should be tasted when in season. leather and suede boots, etc. Jehan Noma Gardens Mannul The Jehan Noma Gardens are the seat There are some lovely valleys near of the local Government. They consist Mazar; one of them, called Marmul, is of a well laid-out park with a long two- very pleasant in summer due to its cool storey building on one side, and a pool, weather, spring waters, green slopes and flower beds and shady trees. From Jehan so on, and provides a haven for Mazaris A Tajik ci'aflsman in the process of completing a Noma one can see miles away in the far during the hot summer. typical Afghan shoe known as " paizar." distance, and therefore the word Bdkh meaning " World Revealer" is not very city except indications of the Now Bahar exaggerated. Balkh, or the ancient Bactria, is known fire temple. There are, however, some to historians as the Mother of Cities. It remains of the Islamic period, the best Mazar was here that Zoroaster was bom and example of which is the mausoleum of There are 58 kilometres between taught his religion. It was also here, or Khwaja Mohammed Parsa. I Khulm and Mazar, the provincial capital nearby, that the first Aryan settlements £ '•( of the province of the same name. flourished and gradually spread to other Leaving Mazar "i: Mazar is the fourth largest city in areas. There are 124 kilometres between Afghanistan and prides itself for possess- There is nothing left from the ancient Mazar and Shebirghan, the provincial 27 Also an early dawn start is most advis- Towards Herat able for passengers as well as the vehicle The road to Herat is divided into four in order to avoid overheating of the engine segments: Maimana to Kaisar (96 kilo- and tyres. metres), Kaisar to Bala Murghab (90 Shebirghan kilometres), Bala Murghab to Kalai Now (116 kilometres) and Kalai Now to Herat Shebirghan is a delightful little town (165 kilometres). built in recent years, with nice straight streets, a hotel, a petrol station and a Tourists leaving Maimana early in the good-looking mosque. morning usually have their breakfast in Kaisar and their lunch in Bala Murghab. Sure Pul Kaisar is a pretty place with bazaars After 65 kilometres one comes to Sare and good vineyards. The local tea Pul, a town south of Shebirghan and very houses serve excellent breakfast provid- picturesque, with Abe Safid river running ing that the items are specified, as the through it. local people generally order tea with Travellers leaving Mazar for Maimana bread. usually have their lunch in Shebirghan Bala Murghab, on the banks of and spend the night in Sare Pul. Murghab river, has a little hotel for the The other route to Maimana passes night's rest and meals are to be ordered through Andkhoy, but it is much longer in advance from Maimana. and passes through sand dunes which Kalai Now is the seat of the Badghisat cannot be kept clear all the time because district, the most picturesque area where of sand storms. grass grows taller and greener than else- There are 94 kilometres between Sare where, and thousands of kochis graze Pul and Maimana, with Belcheragh as their flocks of sheep in summer. halting place. Very good horses can be bought here Maimana, the capital of the province of —and they are cheap, too. The hotel is the same name, is a booming little town good and roomy and the weather with a hotel, a cinema, typical shops and invigorating. lovely valleys, Zang and Shakh. An early start from Kalai Now takes It should be the richest province, as the tourist to Herat late in the afternoon /?t>n'j;a, //ie Shrine of Hazrate All at Mazare Sharif. almost the best carpets and karakuls are or evening depending on the power of the produced there, and except for Andkhoy vehicle negotiating the uphill stretch of capital of another province of the same area, it is arable in most places, and the Sabzak Pass which is 3,082 metres name. villages are frequently seen here and above sea level. Petrol can be obtained both in Mazar there. and Balkh. Tourists are advised to cover A casual jeep among the many beauti- The Road to Khyber Pass the whole distance in one lap because of ful horses on the streets looks quite out The road to Khyber Pass is divided the desert which the road passes through. of place. into three sections : Kabul to Sarobi (80 28 Part of the Sarobi Hotel which overlooks (I man-made lake.

Most travellers have their lunch here rice dishes as rice is the main product at the local restaurants which usually of Nangarhar province along with citrus serve chicken with rice. Some stay the fruits. night at the nice hotel overlooking the Nangarharis are good craftsmen. They man-made lake of the Sarobi hydro- make very colourful bedspreads which electric dam. The power-house, which supplies electricity to Kabul and power were originally meant for men to clad to Gulbahar and Jabulseraj, is not far themselves with. The sandals here are from the dam on the road to Jalalabad. better than those found in Kabul. In winter it is worth buying "gur," which Jalalabad is a kind of brown lump sugar mixed A young woman from the Shakh Valley, Mimana, Jalalabad is the capital of Nangarhar with walnuts. weaving a carpet. province and the winter resort of the The road from Jalalabad to Torkham people of Kabul. Most of the well-to-do kilometres), Sarobi to Jalalabad (104 passes mostly through desert, and then on have their bungalows here, like the leaving the Afghan customs office and kilometres) and Jalalabad to Torkham private summer villas in Paghman. (66 kilometres). check point leads to the Khyber Pass and The parks worth seeing in Jalalabad onwards to Peshawar. Sarobi is a halting place for commuters are Shahi, Kowkab and Serajul Emarat. between Kabul and Jalalabad, and busi- The hotel in Jalalabad is expanding Through Central Afghanistan ness flourishes here more in winter as because of the popularity of the place The road connecting Herat with Kabul there is an influx of people leaving the with the general public who cannot afford passes through some very difficult gorges snowy capital for the warm and welcom- to have bungalows of their own. and narrow passes, most of the time ing climate of Jalalabad. The restaurants in the town serve good parallel to Hari Rud river. 29

v'"> tK , * -?3i ^ ^ i *t ^rV T ^ ... ir.ii* Jam After 100 kilometres, the road branches off to the right towards the Jam minaret, one of the most colossal monuments of the Ghorid Empire at Feroz Koh, built by Sultan Ghiasuddin Ghori. The distance between Shahrak and Jam village along the new road is 60 kilometres and takes 5J hours by Land I Rover. The minaret is a magnificent structure 65 metres high and nearly 800 years old. There is no petrol station between Shahrak and Panjao, a distance of more than 300 kilometres. A large stock is needed from Herat, but there are nice picnic sites on the bank of the Hari Rud. Hotels and other facilities are also not available because of the mountainous nature of the terrain and the fact that the road is only passable by jeeps and Land Rovers during the three months of summer. There remains 225 kilometres from Panjao to the road junction leading to Kabul. Petrol can be obtained in Panjao, but repair facilities are non-existent. Also tourists are advised to consult the local authorities regarding the best camping site, and should hot hesitate to ask for any kind of help they need in cases of emergency. It is customary to arrange this exciting trip through the Afghan Tourist Organi- The Jam minaret on the banks of the Hari Rud river at Feroz Koh, Ghor. sation, who make arrangements in points of view: its natural beauty, its advance and telephone the would-be Paktya halting places, but group travels are pre- A tour of Afghanistan is never complete location and nearness to Kabul, and its ferred as the road is very long and not without visiting Paktya and Nooristan. unique and extremely handsome people. without its hazards. Paktya is important from various Most of the building timber and char- 30 the spread of education. Gardez, the provincial capital, is 122 kilometres to the south of Kabul. Jt is a growing town with a hotel, bazaars and a petrol station.

Nooristan Most tourists before leaving Jalalabad pay a visit to Nooristan, the Land of Light, which is really the most beautiful place in the whole country. After 120 kilometres from Jalalabad, one comes to Chagha Sarai, the centre of Konar district which is quite picturesque in its own right. There is a distance of 74 kilometres between Chagha Sarai and Barikote. The road winds onwards towards Kamdesh from Barikote. It is customary to have lunch at Chagha Sarai and dinner at Barikote. Almost a day is needed to reach Kam- desh, the centre of Nooristan, not because it is so far, but due to the difficult terrain, the deep gorges with the Aba Sin river flowing swiftly underneath, and the extra time one has to take in negotiating the hairpin bends. Almost all Nooristan is covered with Sala Kandau in Suleiman Ranges, Paklya Province. pine and oak forests and there are plenty of fish in the river. The water is good for drinking and swimming as it coal used in Kabul and other places near broidery on the collars and sleeves. the capital come from Paktya. originates from sources high up in the These are called " Jaji " coats, after the mountains. Also "jalghoza," a special nut which name of a district with very handsome is very popular among the Afghans in people. Nooristan is generally look more winter, is produced here. European than the average Afghans. Almost all the people in Paktya are Buys That was why some of the Western fond of rifle shooting. One reason why scholars in the 19th century thought they There are most beautiful coats, black they carry rifles is the ancient feuds, or brown in colour with purple silk em- were descendants of Alexander's which are gradually dying out with Generals.

31 Actually they are one (if the did tribes Although modern education has found there is no gambling and no stealing in of the country who migrated from the its way to Nooristan in recent years and their beautiful world. neighbourhood of Kandahar at the the people are devout Moslems now, the The new road goes up to Kamdesh advent of the Islamic conquest of Nooristani dress consisting of a typical where there is no hotel yet. Arrange- Afghanistan and chose these secluded felt hat, a coat and suede booties remain ments for groups of tourists to visit the valleys to protect their religion and the same. customs. area are made by the Afghan Tourist The division of labour in most parts Organisation. Before Abdur Rahman's rule, they of the area is quite the reverse of the were able to carry on as some kind of usual, i.e., the men tend the children, pagans with wooden idols and many gods milk the cows, do the cooking, while the and goddesses. They were then con- women are engaged in farming. verted to Islam and the name of their area, Kaftiristan, was changed into Nooristanis have their own language Nooristan. which is devoid of swearing words. Also, An old Nooristani archer taking aim at a target.

A farmhouse made of wood in Nooristan. Views like this, from Nooristan, justify the appellation of "Switzerland in Asia, ' which is given to Afghanistan.

33 A selection of karakul skins.

Published by the Information Bureau, Royal Afghan Embassy, in London and printed by Frowde & Co. (Printers) Ltd., London,' S.E.I., England $0.50

AFGHANISTAN TODAY AFGHANISTAN TO-DAY

Introduction The reason people abroad don't know laid in keeping the people completely ig- enough about Afghanistan is simple. norant of events outside their immediate The country had entirely different bound- neighborhood. The country was often aries in the past. The Aryana of the tried to be used as a "Buffer State" be- antiquities overlapped with most of the tween the Russian and British dominions territories lying on either side of the Hindu in Central Asia, and once theoretically Kush mountain. The Khorasan of the divided into spheres of influence but Middle Ages included certain provinces Afghan nationalism always triumphed. to the west of present-day Afghanistan. Above all, the British forward policy Throughout its remote history, the areas nibbling at the bordering provinces of forming parts of the existing Kingdom of Afghanistan deprived the country of its Afghanistan often changed hands from natural route to the sea and consequently one ruling dynasty or conqueror to another. of its contact with other nations. Conversely, Afghan rulers frequently Always preoccupied with preservation dominated the scene in a similar manner of their independence, the Afghans could by annexing parts or whole provinces hardly find the time to re-establish their from neighboring countries. political and commercial relations with other countries on a profitable basis, let As a cross-roads of diverse religions alone the projection of their country and cultures and confluence of various abroad. ethnic groups and also because of frequent battles and invasions, it could not It was only during the second quarter have well-defined political boundaries. of the 20th Century that Afghanistan Rivers or mountains were unable to pre- managed to train a number of young men vent members of the same tribes or clans in various fields in order to reorganize from continuing their relationships. So the administrative machinery and recon- the country's geographic entity depended struct the country's political and economic partly or entirely on the repercussions of structure. regional political vicissitudes. To project this country with its un- It was in 1747 that Ahmed Shah tapped resources and sincere people is Durrani, then a capable chieftain, founded the prime objective of this publication. the present Kingdom of Afghanistan in The fact that Afghanistan is making Kandahar. Although he and his son oc- steady progress through the cooperation cupied parts or whole provinces to the of a number of friendly countries and east and west of the present boundaries, that it wishes to play its part in creating the core of the country included the pres- a world of understanding and good-will, ent areas and racial groups. shall be briefly illustrated in the following During a part of the 18th and through- pages. out the 19th centuries, Afghanistan re- Abdul H. Waleh mained isolated from the rest of the world Press Attache through the intrigues of the Safavid Persia Royal Afghan Embassy and later of the Tzarist Russia and Brit- Washington, D.C. ish India. The interests of imperialism August 29, 1963 Geography—Friend or Enemy? Land-locked Afghanistan lies in the Water Resources heart of Asia with the Soviet Union to A recent survey has been made on the the north, the Pakhtun and Baluch tribal water resources of Afghanistan. The areas to the east and southeast, the Peo- mountainous region in the central part ple's Republic of China to the northeast of the country receives heavy snowfalls and Iran to the west. during the winter which results in the formation of a huge reservoir of water that Hindu Kush not only feeds the rivers but also forms With a total area of 250,000 square important reserves of underground water miles, the country is straddled by the in the plains and highlands. Hindu Kush mountain range from the At present only specialized areas, such northeast to the southwest, almost divid- as the Helmand Valley, have received at- ing it into halves. About 370 miles in tention, but when more knowledge is length with some peaks up to 25,000 feet obtained of the extent and nature of the high, this unique range has proved a water resources, the development of great impediment for communication and hydro-electric projects and advanced commercial relations between the north irrigation schemes will put Afghanistan and the south. one step forward in her plans for progress. Actually Hindu Kush with five other Climate ranges occupy approximately 3/5ths of Climatically, the high mountain walls the country's total area. The existence prevent the monsoons from entering Af- of these mountains, and more so of the ghanistan from the south while allowing Hindu Kush, has greatly influenced Af- the bleak Central Asian winds to inflect ghanistan's history ^and geography. Siberian winters on parts of central and Only mountains .in the east and south- northeastern provinces. east Afghanistan are forested and the There is, however, a variety of cli- timber is used commercially for construc- mates; the areas near Oxus River receive tion purposes. The mineral deposits are some rain, snow and frigid winds in win- scattered and mostly untapped. ter while in summer the temperature runs Rivers as high as 105. There is no snow and very little rain in the southwest, which The main rivers, none of them naviga- has extremely hot summers. The average ble except Oxus, are Helmand, Harirud, temperature in Kabul Valley is 32 in Kunduz and Kabul. The Oxus, locally January and 72 in July with plenty of called Amu, forms 700 miles of common snow remaining for several weeks in win- borders with the Soviet Union and is used ter. Some areas have seven months of by ferries to transport the merchandise winter with snow on the ground. Gen- to two Afghan river-ports. erally speaking, the four seasons are regu- The Helmand waters are being utilized lar and the climate invigorating. It is in a vast irrigation and power project in warm in the sun, pleasant in the shade southwest Afghanistan to help cultivate and cool at night. Some areas, how- an area of nearly 400,000 acres in the ever, have winds blowing for almost three long run. Harirud runs much deeper than months in summer, sometimes at gale other rivers, while Kunduz and Kabul are forces. The maximum rainfall is 10 amply used for both irrigation and power. inches per annum. PEOPLE—AN INTERESTING PATTERN

Thousands of years ago, the Aryans drove away the Dravidians from the territories comprising a greater part of present-day Afghanistan. In later periods, races as different as Greeks and Mongols invaded the country superimposing other ethnic elements. The present population of Afghanistan is estimated at over 13 million and composed of five major groups: Pakhtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks and Turkomans. This classification is based on both linguistic and ethnic considerations. Fur- ther, the groups are far apart in customs, dress, outlook and way of life.

Pakhtuns New constructions at Mazare Sharif, northern The Pakhtuns constitute the major Afghanistan. group of the four and are generally tall, handsome, slender and sturdy, having black hair, brown eyes and aquiline noses. been slightly influenced by Urdu or Pun- The men wear long dresses, turbans and jabi. special sandals. The "Kochis" who form Almost 50 per cent of the population the momadic Pakhtuns have very pretty of Afghanistan are Pakhtuns while the women who make their own lavishly em- rest is composed of other racial elements. broidered dresses studded with pieces of The main Pakhtun majority areas are mirror. The average Kochi occupation Kandahar, Ningarhar and Paktya prov- is raising sheep and goats for dairy and inces, but there are scattered pockets of wool production and some carry rifles Pakhtuns throughout the country with for self-protection in areas with age-long their colorful costumes and "attan" feuds. Totalling approximately 500,000, dances. some have been given plots of land in the south-west to cultivate in order to Tajiks abandon the nomadic life they have The Tajiks, approximately 5 millions, pursued for generations. Those who have are not generally so tall but handsome. settled in towns and villages have excel- They are villagers and farmers strongly lent tradesmen, capable officers and inclined towards urban life and some are superb executives among them. good shop-keepers, scribes and tradesmen. Their highest rate of literacy in the The Pakhtuns living in the Indian sub- country is a direct result of generations continent are referred to as Pathans while of traditional education. They attach the kochis are called "powindehs." The more importance to cleanliness and some only difference between a Pakhtun and have impeccable sitting rooms furnished a Pathan is that the latter's language has with attractive carpets. The Tajik men, unlike the Pakhtuns, Hazaras don't have special costumes nor do they The third group, the Hazaras—approx- participate in dances. Their women like imately 1,500,000—are short people with to use make-up and some have plattes Mongolian features originally from cen- which they put inside a long hollow piece tral Afghanistan. They are generally of embroidered cloth hanging on their pastoral people, a large number of them back. The most common thing between specializing in producing cooking butter, the women in the two groups is the blue the most expensive item on every house- beauty mark which they have tattooed in wife's list. their girlhood on the forehead, chin, or However, with the advent of vegetable on each cheek. Comparing Pakhtun with oils, the price of this commodity has been Tajik men, one should suffice to say that drastically slashed and most Hazaras have the former is noted for bravery and hos- wisely changed their profession. In the pitality while the latter is well-known for towns, some have turned out to be excel- witticism and civility. The Pakhtuns gen- lent mechanics and others very thrifty erally stick to their traditional code tradesmen. known as "Pakhtunwali" while the Tajiks The rate of literacy among Hazaras is are more sophisticated. admirably high and most of them are able to read. Most Tajiks have long skulls, rather large noses and lighter skins. Almost all In the past years Hazaras thought that Tajik women give a hand to their hus- learning complicated techniques was be- bands on the farm as well as attending to yond them and therefore they were gen- their house chores. While a Tajik woman erally engaged in pursuits requiring physi- is generally a better cook and knows cal exertion. Now their children go to school and some of them complete their more about nursing and house manage- formal education abroad. ment, the Pakhtun woman is famous for managing the floclSs and working like a An average Hazara has three charac- man. teristics: pride, unity and discipline. It is an extremely rare sight to see a Hazara The most colorful pieces of garments beggar on the streets. Every Hazara among Tajik men are their lace-brimmed helps the other in trouble, while discipline waist-coats and their gold or silver caps is almost their motto, making them the with multi-colour floral patterns. The best soldiers and policemen. women have some solo or small group The Hazara women are very pretty in dances at weddings or engagement parties their own way. In most cases they re- but men usually enjoy watching profes- semble the Chinese. Their costume is sional dancers. not very colorful and those living per- In villages near Kabul and other places, manently in towns wear "chadary", a shabby long dress discarded by most edu- men and women get together in the long cated women. Most enlightened Hazaras, nights of winter around a "sandali" a however, are inclined to discourage this short table covered with quilts with a recent unwelcome trend. charcoal brazier underneath to keep warm. This gathering is very chummy Uzbeks and Turkomans at which they crack jokes, tell stories and The Uzbeks, approximately 500,000 chuckle while eating dried fruits and nuts. strong, and Turkomans, nearly 250,000, tend to have their hair shaved once a week. Both Uzbeks and Turkomans in northern Afghanistan are richer than other groups as they own land in the most fertile part of the country and raise Karakul sheep and horses. The Turkomans, however, prefer carpet weaving. Most Uzbeks try to keep pace with progressive elements by reading newspapers and listening to radios while many Turkomans do not realize the full im- Three Tukoman girls weaving carpet in north- portance of mass media. Also their at- ern Afghanistan. A finished 'mauri" carpet, the titude towards modern devices which best of all varieties, is seen on the wall. make life easier and more comfortable, are two distantly related groups inhabit- is still rather conservative. ing northern Afghanistan. While most Most Uzbek women prefer modern members of both groups are tall and dresses while Turkomans wear special stout, they have not reached the stage of costumes with a typical hat decorated intellectual maturity achieved by the with silver coins. Many Turkomans and Tajiks. most Uzbeks intermarry with Pakhtuns Most Uzbeks and some Turkomans and Tajiks. possess flocks of sheep, generally the dollar-earning karakul and raise good horses, Villagers Though very good shop-keepers, some The majority of people composing Uzbeks own vast tracts of land while Afghanistan's population live in villages Turkomans prefer their traditional en- scattered throughout the country, some- campments called "yurts." A typical times clustered around an earthen hill yurt looks like a medium-size dome made and at other times on either side of a of reeds with best carpets decorating the stream. interior. The tendency to move to towns has A Turkoman girl's importance always been a recent development created by depends on the degree of her ability in the employment opportunities, and to weaving carpets. Such a girl is apt to some extent, the attractions that the ur- find a large number of suitors to carry on ban life holds for uninitiated villagers. the family tradition. The most significant part of an Uzbek's costume is his "chapan," a long, striped Nomads silk coat with heavy cotton lining and long Almost a half million kochis and a few sleeves. thousand "jats", a special breed of gyp- A Turkoman generally wears a typical sies, lead a nomadic life. The former suit consisting of a dark color quilted is always on the move in search of new cotton coat and a matching pair of pastures to graze their sheep and goats, trousers with the legs tucked into his the latter in quest of warmer climes to long boots. Another characteristic piece avoid winter and its limitations. of his garment is his huge black karakul The difference between the kochi and hat which protects his clean shaven head the jat camps is that black color, either from the cold winds. The Uzbeks also in clothes or in tents, has a traditional Visitors to a "koclii" camp enjovin° the hospitality of two charming girls in their pill costumes. significance for the former while the lat- nesses and serve in the Army and the ter uses the usual yellow army camps. Air Force. Two significant factors contribute to National Integration national integration in Afghanistan: A Racial discrimination has never been strong belief in Islam which breeds liberty practiced in Afghanistan. Members of and democracy and national pride that all racial groups hold high offices in the unites all groups in questions of national Government, possess land, run large busi- importance.

Grape picking is great fun, and quite rewarding too, in Kohdaman, the nearest district to the north of Kabul. RELIGION—A UNITING FACTOR All Afghans except small minorities of Religious Schools Hindus, Sikhs and Jews are Moslems. There is a number of religious schools Islam was first introduced to Afghanistan in various provincial capitals in which in 652 A.D. young men are trained in essentials of Before this, most Afghans were, origi- Islamic jurisprudence, comparative law nally, Zoroastrian and latter Buddhists. and general knowledge plus English lan- Small isolated valleys such as Nooristan guage. practiced some form of paganism. The Faculty of Theology in the Kabul Islam or the religion of peace and sub- University employs professors from the mission is based on the belief that there United Arab Republic and Lebanon to is no God but one and Mohammed is prepare the students for carrying out a his Prophet. number of reforms to make modern leg- Every Moslem is supposed to say five islation possible as done in other Islamic prayers during the day, keep fast one countries. month from dawn to dusk, go on pilgrim- The religious scholars have a society in age to Mecca once in his life and give Kabul which runs a periodical. alms to the poor. The religion is almost a continuation Three classes of Judaism and Christianity with the dif- Three classes of people command the ference that Moslems regard Moses, Jesus respect of the people in Afghanistan and and Mohammed as prophets only and be- these have done so for generations in the lieve that the latter is the last in the series. past. They are "Sayeds", descendants of the Holy Prophet, "Sufis", some kind of Mosques religious mystics, and "Malangs" who belong to an ill-defined school of agnos- There are about 15 thousand mosques tics. throughout Afghanistan, some large enough for Friday services led by a The present trend which reflects an "mulla." orthodoxy adapted to modern life, is against some sufis and most malangs. Women are also supposed to join men Another class known as "pirs," is looked in the prayers inside the mosque but down upon because of exploiting their practically no women take part in such followers' ignorance for their own finan- congregations because of their house cial purposes. chores. Two Sects Courts Almost 80 per cent of the population The Holy Koran, the instruction of of Afghanistan belong to the Sunni and Prophet Mohammed and the interpreta- 20 per cent to the Shiia sect. tions of the two by learned men like Abu Almost all Pakhtuns except the Turi Hanifa, are closely guarded and trans- and Worokzai tribes in the eastern fringes, lated into action by the courts of justice. all Uzbeks and Turkomans and most of Each court is headed by a judge, now the Tajiks are Sunnis while most of the chosen from graduates of the Faculty of Hazaras and a minority of Tajiks belong Theology. to the Shiia school. Difference ferences for their own ends but the grow- The difference between the two sects ing enlightenment in the country has is doctrinal. The Sunnis who form more resulted in greater tolerance in recent than 90 per cent of the 500 million Mos- years while frequent intermarriages are lem world population believe that the conducive to better understanding and a four Caliphs who succeeded Mohammed common approach between the two sects. one after the other deserved this high po- The fact that King Mohammed Zahir sition. Shiias regard AH, the son-in-law is represented, during the Moharram of Mohammed, as his true successor. days, by his eldest son at the main Takia However, the difference in manifestation in Kabul reflects the inclination on the is rather marked between the two sects. part of the majority Sunnis to sympathize While the Sunnis observe the ceremonies with the feelings of Shiias. of Moharram rather briefly the Shiias Hindus and Sikhs formally mourn for ten days. They wear black shirts and assemble at "takias" The small minorities of a few thousand where speakers tell stories of Yazid's Hindus and Sikhs who emigrated from brutality who killed All's favourite son, India four centuries ago and a few hun- Hussein in Iraq. dred Jews enjoy complete freedom of religious practice. Most of the Hindus All in all, the Shiia sect has been based and some of the Sikhs are engaged as on an old political doctrine which succeeded to unite most of the Iranians three merchants dealing in fabrics while almost all Jews are merchants or bankers of centuries ago and spread to other parts some description. of Asia. The Sunnis generally follow the teachings of Abu Hanifa, a brillant Relationship scholar who amply utilized logical reason- Relations between Moslems and these ing. He has built an elaborate system of minorities have always been friendly as jurisprudence on $ which Afghanistan's Islam recognizes their rights and they laws are based. , observe their obligations as subjects of In the past, British imperialism and His Majesty and as Afghans in the eyes fanatics in both sects exploited these dif- of the law.

Members of a youth club rebuilding a bridge to connect their village with the local main to\vn. The main entrance of the Grand Mosque at Herat—an 800 year old monument restored in all its splendor in recent years. LANGUAGES—A PARADISE FOR PHILOLOGISTS

Two main languages are spoken and The literary heritage of Pakhto is im- written all over Afghanistan: Pakhto and portant and the language is proving to be- Persian. Besides these, large or small come quite adequate in various respects. groups speak more than thirty other dif- It was declared the lingua franca in 1936 ferent languages, each having their own and the Pakhto Academy was established dialects. to promulgate and enrich the language. Pakhto, which is sometimes called The Academy has been active for Afghan, is spoken mainly in the south- years collecting ancient Pakhto words east and the south while Persian is spoken in the northeast, west and central parts. and encouraging Pakhto reading and Bi-lingualism is frequent and in many writing. Consequently, a number of for- regions both languages are spoken in eign linguists and students of Pakhto neighboring villages and sometimes in the literature have recently taken interest in same village. the language. A few exchange students Pakhto and Persian are both Indo- have already completed normal courses European (Aryan) languages of the in the Faculty of Letters under Afghan Avestic group older than ancient Latin scholarships. and Homeric Greek. There are other The Academy has published a large languages of the same family like Baluchi number of books consisting of Pakhto in the southwest, Ormuri in a village in prose and poetry, helped compile a dic- the Logar Valley, Parachi in Parwan tionary of Pakhto and encouraged re- Province and four Pamiri languages in search. some valleys of Badakhshan. •i The Pakhto Academy has several active Pakhto basic members at home and honorary members in the United States, Soviet Pakhto is one :of the most archaic Union, Norway and other countries. languages of the Avestic family. It also bears traces of Prakrit, a spoken form of Sanskrit and has two dialects: the "soft" Persian one with "sh" in south and south-western The Persian dialects spoken in Afghan- Afghanistan and the so-called "hard" one istan are more archaic than those in with "kh" in Ningarhar and Paktya. neighboring Iran. A thousand years ago In spite of the dialectal differences, the "Dari" Persian of present-day Afghan- literary language is the same. It is well- istan played a great role in the develop- represented in the epic and lyric poetry ment of the literary Persian. of Khush Hal Khattak in the 17th Cen- The Persian dialects spoken in Afghan- tury. istan can be classified into two groups. Pakhto is also spoken by some seven They are very similar to each other and million people in the areas east of both archaic: The Tajik group spoken in Afghanistan, in northern Baluchistan and Badakhshan, Panjsher and Kabul and the many parts of Pakistan and India. Pesha- Khorasani group spoken in Herat, Ghor, war and Quetta are as important centers Ghazni and Hazarajat. In spite of these of Pakhto language as Kandahar, Kabul differences in dialects, the literary lan- and Jalalabad. guage is the same as used in Iran. Nooristani Other Languages Among the very old languages of The few thousand Hindus and Sikhs Afghanistan, the four spoken in the living in some towns in Afghanistan speak valleys of Nooristan are worth mention- modern Indian languages, mainly Panjabi ing. They are reminiscent of an Indo- in Kabul and Sindhi in Kandahar. Iranic branch prior to the advent of the The other group of languages to be old Vedic language. mentioned are the Turkik; the most important being Uzbek! spoken concurrently Other languages close to the four with Persian in the north while Turk- Nooristani tongues are also spoken in oman! is spoken in the northwest. There the country, the most important being are some villages in the north and west Pashai in some villages in Ningarhar and of the country where other Turkik lan- Parwan. It has many dialects all very rich in popular songs. guages like Kazakh, Kirghiz and Uighur are spoken. It is interesting to note that three other A sample of wood carving executed by Noori- languages each spoken by a few thousand stani craftsmen and preserved at the Kabul people were not discovered until recently. Museum. A few doors still bear similar motives in the beautiful valley of Nooristan. One is Baruhi (Brawaki) already de- tected in Baluchistan and the country's heritage from the Dravidian times. The others are Arabic spoken by people of a few villages near Balkh and an archaic Mongolian dialect spoken in two villages near Herat. Linguistic Studies This brief description shows that the newly established Afghan Institute of Philology is faced with a mammoth task: the study of more than 30 spoken languages and hundreds of dialects and the preparation of a linguistic atlas for the country to help people in their research. The patriarch of the scholars of Afghanistan languages is Professor Georg Morgenstiernne who frequently travels from Oslo to Kabul to lecture his students at the Institute or travel to study the dialect spoken in a remote village. All over the world, he has many colleagues all conscious of the fact that there is a paradise for them in this world: Afghan- istan. HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL SETTING BLOODSTAINED BUT GLORIOUS

The main sources of Afghan history which took ten years to complete. The are the Vedas and the Avesta, both quite Mundigak finds include a government well-known to students of Oriental his- building which dates back to 3000 B.C., tory. References to names, places and that is nearly 5,000 years ago. tribes of present-day Afghanistan are Early civilization in Afghanistan is frequent in both works. Recent studies much older than these finds represent. in Sanskrit shed ample light on the local- According to Dr. Dupree, a large basin ities and people mentioned in the Vedas. near Dara Soof in northern Afghanistan Likewise, the Sassanid version of Avesta reminds one of the Old Stone Age. In describes the location of ancient Bactria the caves, he has found several tools along with other provinces of Afghan- which were contemporary to the Mous- istan, which included most of the early terrain period from a topological point of sixteen Aryan settlements. view. The finds from Karakamar, on The striking similarity between the lan- the highway to Badakhshan province, guages employed in Vedas and Avesta date back to 50,000 years ago. This leaves no ground to doubt that those who fact has been established after carbon 14 sang the Vedic and Avestan hymns lived tests in America. in the same land. Ten thousand years Hakhamanide Influence ago, a wave of Indo-European people settled in the Upper Oxus basin and Since the beginning of the Hakhaman- gradually emigrated to the lower basin as ide period the migration and movements the climate grew colder. They lived here of the people in this part of the world for thousands of years and finally flour- have been either for military expansion ished in Bactria. or for religious propagation or both. For example, the invasion of Afghanistan by Prehistoric Relics " Cyrus and the Dariuses resulted in the Prehistoric relics unearthed from Na- expansion of Hakhamanide dominions. dali, Shamshirghar, Murasi and Mundigak At the same time it introduced writing, mainly consist of baked clay figurines, bookkeeping and Semetic and Iranian metallic spears, scaling weights, bone architecture in Afghanistan and India. tools, fragments of pottery with painting The conquests of Alexander the Great of animals and geometric designs, stone served as a permanent link between the statuettes and crude porcelain pots similar East and the West. to goblets. Excavation begun by a French team Greek Take-Over headed by M. Goddard 25 years ago in Several Alexandias were built through- Seistan resulted in the finding of relics out Afghanistan which were inhabitated dating back to 1000 B.C. An American by sick and exhausted soldiers who grad- team lead by Dr. Louis Dupree discovered ually mixed with indigenous elements. in the hills of Morasi and Shamshirghar, The citizens of these Alexandias eventu- remnants of small villages and articles ally paved the way for the Greek invasion dating back to 2000 B.C. A French of the Indus or Trans-Indus plains. expedition, headed by M. Kassel, carried The victorious armies of Alexander the out extensive excavations at Mundigak, Great included hundreds of people from Hakhamanide and the Greek produced the Greco-Iranian civilization whereas the intermixture of Buddhism with Greek philosophy brought about the Greco- Indian civilization. The Kushanids The Kushanids, a nomadic tribe in Central Asia, accepted the civilization and culture of their time after moving to the lower Ocushasin. It was under their patronage that the ingredients of the above- mentioned cultures were intermingled in the fields of religion, thought, art and literature, laying the foundation of a great civilization in Afghanistan. This continued until the 7th Century A.D., coinciding with the introduction of Islam in this part of the world. The history of Afghanistan between the 6th Century B.C. and the 7th Century A.D. comprises a grand period which has engaged many historians and archaeologists during the past 40 years. Every A bas-relief of Buddha depicting the Kushanid and Greek costumes, discovered at Shotorak stage of archaeological excavations opens in Kapisa. new vistas to shed light on the past civilization of Afghanistan and those of India different parts of Afghanistan during their and Iran. invasion of India. Two generations later, the Indian king, Asoka, introduced Budd- Routes and Roundabouts hism and Indian civilization in the Ar- Since the Hakhamanide period, caravan ghandab valley. routes connecting West Asia with India Greco-Bactrian Kings and China crossed through Afghanistan. During the reign of the Greco-Bactrian The northern route passing through Bagh- kings there were contacts of a permanent lan and Bactria and the southern route nature between Afghanistan and India. through Kandahar and Ghazni were both As these kings ruled over some Indian important in regard to the traffic of mer- territories, social intercourse between peo- chandise and exchange of cultures be- ple on either side of the Indus was in- tween Afghanistan and her neighbors as creased and more exchanges were en- well as between the East and West Asia. couraged. Alexander's invasion of the East Asoka Inscription changed the political picture of this part One of the examples of Afghanistan's of the world altogether as it prepared the unique position between East and West is ground for human and intellectual con- the inscription found near Kandahar (the tacts between the coastal fringes of the southern route) bearing the contents of Mediterranean and the heart of India. Asoka's decree in two different languages The intellectual contacts between the and two scripts—Aramian and Greek. The Aramian language and script are indications of Hakhamanide officialdom while the other tells of Greek influence. Thus an ancient city in Afghanistan (which should have preceded Alexander and Asoka) crystallised various aspects of different civilizations in a single inscription.

Kushanid School The Kushanids succeeded the Greeks of Bactria, first in the north and later in southern Afghanistan, from the beginning of the Christian era to the 3rd Century A.D. Some of the Kushanid kings, like their Greek predecessors, reached the heart of India, taking with them their civilization and way of life. The road to China was opened to the Buddhist prop- agators, pilgrims and merchants and the Head of Buddha, a fine specimen of the influences of the Greco-Buddhic or Greeko-Buddhic art unearthed from Hadda, Kushanid school of art reached the Far Ningarhar, dating back to the 3rd century. East. East Meeting West The Kushanid kings were broadminded rulers who welcomed the intermixture of During the three centuries of the the indigenous cultures for five hundred Kushanid rule, commercial intercourse years, ushering an era during which arts between East and West was considerably flourished and people prospered. The increased and the Silk Route in its entire Kushanid dynamism created a new civi- length connected Peking with Tyre on the lization between Bactria and Mathura one hand and Alexandia with Mathura on which is amply reflected in literature, arts, the other. The finds from Bagram include architecture and sculpture in both Afghan- relics which are of Chinese, Roman, istan and India. Greek, Greco-Egyptian and Indian origin. Likewise, the Kushanid coins reveal in It is surprising to note that a nomadic gold, silver and nickel, the figures of people such as the Kushanids come from Bactrian, Iranian, Chinese and Roman Central Asia, conquer Afghanistan and titles. In short, the Kushanid rule culmi- India and appear in their own costume nated the idea of exchange between as ordinary individuals in the sculptures various languages, scripts, beliefs and discovered from Baghlan, Bagram, religions in the cross-roads which was Hadda, Taxila, Math and Mathura. Afghanistan. The excavations during the past eight years by the French archaeological mis- Greco-Buddhic School Obsolete sion in Surkh Kotal in northern Afghan- The role of the Kushanids in art, as istan have opened a new chapter in the brought to light by M. Schlumberger, history of art and culture in this part leader of a French archaeological mission, of the world. is bound to affect the assumptions previously held with regard to Greco- Buddhic art. It was assumed by several historians that the mixture of prevalent Indian and Greek rules of sculpture had created, in the beginning of the Christian era, a school of sculpture in Afghanistan which came to be known as the "Greco- Buddhic." The excavations in Surkh Kotal reveal that this school was a part of a greater trend, no doubt religious and Buddhic in character, but having several non-Buddhic aspects as well. M. Schlum- berger calls this the "Kushanid School." Thus, under the Kushanids there emerged a school of art, based on Greco- Iranian origins which was reflected in the Ishkani school in Iran and the Greco- Roman school in Kabul. This is the reason why there is so much similarity between sculptures discovered in Math and Mathura in India, and those A statue unearthed from Bagram, once the found in Surkh Kotal. These sculptures capital of Kushan Kings in present-day Panvan. do not have anything to do with Budd- hism either in Afghanistan or in India but they are specimens of the Kushanid Also, it was under the Kushanids that school of art. Buddhism flourished in Afghanistan and spread across the Gobi Desert to China; Another branch of this school, more caravan routes connected China and India influenced by Buddhist notions, has been with the Roman possessions on the fringes known as that of Gandahara; excellent of the Mediterranean Sea, thus bringing sculptures belonging to this school have about the various exchanges between peo- been unearthed both in India and Afghan- ples and their cultures. istan. New Masters Therefore the Kushanid school of art had a vast basin between the Oxus and As the Kushanid power declined at the the'' Ganges, which constituted the Kush- beginning of the third century, the Sas- anid dominions. So, the Kushanid school sanids took over in Afghanistan and parts can be called the Greco-Bactrian school of India. Lasting for four centuries, the of art with Surkh Kotal as one of its Sassanid civilization enriched Afghani- nuclei. A collection of marble slabs with stan's culture to a great extent. Another inscriptions in Bactrian language and dynamic force, however, moved in from Greek script found at Surkh Kotal, is an Central Asia to Badakhshan, which de- excellent reflection of the admixture of feated the Sassanids and invaded India. cultural aspects under the Kushanid Known as Hephtalites and later as Zubu- kings. lis, these Central Asian hordes faced the Gupta kings of India and banished the Islamic Culture Sassanid rule from Afghanistan. A part The seventh century A.D. marked the of these Hephtalites settled in Ghanzi advent of a new era of Afghan history— which came to be known as the principal the introduction of Islam by the Arab town of Zabulistan. conquerors. The two centuries immedi- Further, the intermixture of people ately after the appearance of Islam repre- with Western Turks, the lesser Kushanids, sent a period of relative cultural guidance, Brahmans and Hindus, resulted in the to be followed by a renaissance. The interchange of ideas, skills and cultures, interaction of two cultures and the influ- thus making Afghanistan's history so in- ence on each other of two languages— teresting. Semitic (Arabic) and Aryan (Persian)— proved to be mutually beneficial. The At the end of the Hephtalite rule, two-way translation of books greatly fa- which coincided with the rise of Islam in cilitated the exchange and dissemination Hejaz, a Chinese pilgrim, Hiu-Tsang, of knowledge throughout the Islamic arrived in Afghanistan in 632. He countries. travelled to India and returned to China with his impressions of localities, different The first independent non-Arabic dy- temples, Buddhist schools of thought, sun- nasties flourished in Afghanistan. The worshipping, Hinduism, languages, scripts distance between them and the capitals and the admixture of all the cultural of the Caliphates enabled the Afghans to remnants of the past centuries in Kunduz, assert their self-determination by pre- Bactria, Bamyan, Aibak, Kapica, Ganda- serving their own literature, customs and hara, Lampaka, Gardez and Ghazni. His manners, and by establishing their own exchange of ideas with the clergymen and autonomous kingdom. These dynasties sojourns in temples and religious sanctu- included the Tahirids of Herat, the Sa- aries were described in his travelogues, farids of Seistan and the area south of giving a vivid picture of the intellectual, the Hindukush, the Samanids of Balkh religious and cultural life in parts of and Transioxiana and later on the Ghaz- Central Asia, Afghanistan and parts of navids. China during the first half of the 7th Century A.D. Minarets The Ghaznavid period, which achieved its zenith under the reign of Sultan Mah- A sitting statue of Buddha dating back to the 7th century, unearthed from Fundukistan, mud, was one of the most brilliant epochs Parwan province. of Afghan history, literature and architecture. From a cultural standpoint, the Ghaznavid period may be compared with the Bourbon period of Versailles. From four to six hundred poets benefitted from the generosity of Sultan Mahmud's court. The cultural-historical epic, Shah-Nama, was written by Firdaus; with Sultan Mah- mud's encouragement. The basis for mystic literature achieved through the sys- tematizing of ascetic and mystic thought was laid during the reign of Bahrain Shah by Sanai of Ghazni. The great historian, Baihaki, produced a critical history of the period, which remains a literary monument to the vigor of the Ghaznavid culture. The success with which the Ghaz- navid artisans harmonized aesthetic and utilitarian considerations is attested by the street lanterns of the time, examples of which are preserved in the Kabul Mu- seum. The Ghurid Dynasty, followed by the Seljuks and the Khwarazm-Shah, produced a number of memorable works in the humanities, poetry, prose, history, Ko- ranic commentary, philosophy and science. The minarets of Ghazni and Jam A bronze stirrup discovered from Ghazni, dat- (Firozkoh) are the best examples of ar- ing to the 10th century. chitectural and artistic endeavor which have survived to our time. Miniature Period Having adapted themselves to the civi- Thought and Feeling lization of the country which they had subjected, the descendants and princes of With the invasion of the Monguls from the Mongul rule became, in the 16th the north in early 13th century, civiliza- century, the patrons of art, knowledge, tion in Afghanistan appeared to have gone and letters, founding the Kingdom of into eclipse. The intolerable conditions Timurids. The Kings and Princes were of life under the early Mongul hegemony; joined by Ministers and officials of the slaughter, pillage, devastation and book court; King Shahrokh and Queen Go- burning forced society, including the poets wharshad, Sultan Hussain Baikera and and writers, to direct their thoughts and Ali Sher Nawai, his Minister, are best energies to introspection and contempla- examples. The Timurid era is one of the tion of the realm of the spirit. By way golden ages of Afghan culture, literature of compensation for the inescapable phys- and art and is often called the "Renais- ical misery which engulfed their lives, sance of the Orient." Among those sons they made a psychological retreat into of Herat and other parts of the country the world of the self, creating a mysticism who contributed to the brilliance of this and mystic literature which alone could period can be named such figures as justify their existence. The Masnavi of Bihzad, the painter and miniaturist, Jami, Jalaluddin Roomi of Balkh is the most the universal genius—poet, writer, mystic significant literary manifestation of this and biographer—and Kashifi, the Koranic period. It is a work of the spirit and can commentator. The writers of the Timurid period ex- be applied to a variety of psychological pressed their veneration of the past by states. Manifesting the refinement of emulating the style of the Ghaznavid pe- feeling and thought of mankind, this work riod in literature, history and ethics. achieves universality by presenting the They assembled a body of knowledge currents of philosophical and practical which they synthesized with their own ex- ideas of a society having reached an ad- perience to produce another unique con- vanced stage of cultural development. tribution to human intellectual and spiritual achievement. In other words, they century in the bi-monthly paper of Sirajul succeeded in assimilating and adapting Akhbar founded by Mahmud Tarzi. the experience of the past without com- Through his writings, both prose and promising their own capacity for infor- poetry, popularizing science and knowl- mation and creativity. Whatever they edge, he greatly contributed to general accepted of the past's concepts of beauty enlightenment resulting in the foundation and art, the proportion of color and form, of a new Afghanistan. was according to their own intellectual Serajul Akhbar enriched popular lan- and spiritual lights. What they gave was guage and introduced social, scientific, of themselves as heirs of the past, cus- political and critical items into the na- todians of the present and contributors tional literature, prose replacing poetry of the future. And what they produced as the preferred vehicle of literary expres- they could justly claim as their own. sion. When we survey statues, coins, architecture, minarets, minatures, calligraphy and Literature literature of the epoch, we can find a Following the attainment of independ- complete expression of that society's ence, modernization took place in every thought. phase of life. A great number of new As the kingdom of the Titnurids de- schools were opened, and many new clined, it was gradually supplanted by the books were written or translated. The feudalism of the contending Shaibanis. new movement began with the attain- Then came Hotakis and Durranis who ment of independence (1919) which was were also uniformly opposed to foreign celebrated in song and literature. The rule. founding of the Literary Society (1930) The arrival of western imperialism by the late King Mohammed Nadir was signalled the decline of the Mughal Em- followed by the establishment of the pire in India, und£r which a high degree Pakhto Academy, the Afghan Historical of art and culture had been attained. The Society, the Press Department, the Aryana rivalry of great powers in the Orient re- Encyclopedia Society, Radio Kabul, sulted for a time in an apparent surcease Bakhtar News Agency and Kabul Uni- of creative cultural and intellectual enter- versity, all of which became centers of prise. cultural activities. Research was undertaken in various fields, such as history, languages and literature. There was an Modern Era increase in the number of schools, papers With the passing of the era of colonial- and magazines as well as translations ism, a revival of the ancient tradition of from other languages. New trends in cultural and artistic advance took place, literature were evidenced by the work heralding the arrival of a new cultural done in essay writing and in poetry, par- renaissance. The impact of modern prog- ticularly in "ghazal." ress and technological development was first felt while Afghans were engaged in Poetry the struggle of independence in the 19th Contemporary poetry in Pashto and Century. The heritage of ancient epics, Persian may show either the influence, classic literature and history served to both in form and content, of classic poets inspire the people to return to independ- such as Khushal, Rahman, Maulana ence. The popular sentiment was ex- Jalaluddin of Balkh, Hafiz, Bidel, Saib or pressed in the beginning of the 20th others, or it may introduce new content of the structure of classically inspired The Bactrian music followed two form. The dean of present-day poets of courses: in India it remained unchanged; Afghanistan is Prof. Khalili. Writing in Persia it took the form of court music. about him, Prof. Said Nafisi, the famous In Afghanistan, it remained static until Iranian critic says: "Each word of his the Greek invasion by Alexander when poems proves that he dominates 1,000 it became more dramatic and dancing years of Persian poetry." In Pakhto, was set to it. Majrooh, Ulfat and Benawa are well- established literary figures. In addition, With the beginning of Islam, the form there exists a new poetry influenced by of music changed from court music to the new, non-conformist and futurist folk music. poets of the West differing both in con- During war and strife, music captured tent and form from traditional prototypes. the flavor of the era and took on warlike characteristics. With the Ghaznavid con- The Theater quests of India, Iran and territories be- The modern theater and drama also yond the Oxus River, Afghan music emerged with the gaining of independence became blended once again with that of and have shown their greatest develop- India, Iran and Central Asia. ment in recent years. The most com- Afghanistan's modern musical instru- mon types of dramatic presentations in ments are unique. Every orchestra fea- Afghanistan are the stage play and the tures a little hand-pumped harmonium radio drama, which re-create episodes which dominate the rest, giving the tonal- of history or scenes of modern life. Occa- ity and guiding the singers without stint- sionally translations of works by Western ing itself of variations or improvisations. playwrights are adapted for local presen- It's tempered clavichord reminds one of tations. In spite of the fact that the the West rather than the Orient. urban life is not yet adequately developed. String instruments are purely Afghan The prospects for this medium are un- or of mixed origin; the former being used usually bright because it joins visual only in Pakhto-speaking areas. All have appeal with the people's natural love of a comparatively small sound box and a songs and music. The dean of the Afghan great number of thin strings whose only playwrights is Mr. Ahdur Rashid Latin. function is to provide resonance to the principal strings. Music Afghan music, like all Oriental music, The development and growth of ancient is monadic and modal. But there exists Aryan music was effected in Afghanistan; another kind of music, that of the tribes. it has also been called Bactrian music In the country the people sing mostly and'spread from the foothills of Hindu- without accompaniment. The mountain kush to the valleys of Spin Ghar. songs are different from those of the city. Aryan-Bactrian music forms the basis They are simpler, without embellishment, for Indian, Persian and Central Asian and have undergone little or no foreign music. It was originally in the form of influence. hymns which the Aryan emigrants took Attan, the Afghan national dance, is to India and Iran, but, during the Vedic accompanied by a band of musicians era, its form underwent some change and playing native instruments while the songs ultimately formed the nucleus of new are sung in chorus by the dancers them- schools in India and Iran. selves. A. 3. Zaland, an Afghan popular singer with a typical orchestra. Musical Education dance is the most typical expression. Im- In the past, musical education was portant dance groups are found in Ba- conducted privately according to custo- dakshan, Kataghan, Mazare Sharif and Herat. mary methods. At prospective pupil had to be recommended to someone known Though its future is promising, this as a "master" and upon acceptance, had art form, with the exception of the attan, to arrange a lavish party for the master's has not yet revealed itself to the public professional friends. The tuition fees, in its full spectrum of guises. however, were nominal, or, in most cases, negligible. Folk Dances Twenty-four years ago, when Radio Folk dances are of various kinds in Kabul was established, a music course different parts of the country; certain was opened to train good vocalists and dances are reserved for women while players. This three-year course produced others are only for men. In these dances a number of artists in both fields, some hands, arms and the head are employed of them running the music department in different ways and gestures, but some- of the radio station today. times the dancing is limited to the move- Now that the demand for popular and ment of the head and feet alone. In folk music is increasing, comprehensive certain dances sticks, daggers and sabres courses are organized for all school stu- are used. Dances in Afghanistan can be dents in Kabul to learn music on modern divided into two major categories, namely, lines. those which take place under a roof and Dance those which are performed in the open The dance is another heritage of Af- air. ghan life of which the attan and folk Women and young boys take part in the dances, which are held in a room and in the presence of a select audience, such as at a marriage ceremony or a special gathering. These dances are elab- orately conducted by means of gestures. In addition to the slow timed attan for women, other dances are callled "yak chaka" and "panj chaka." In the Logar Valley, folk dancing has made considerable progress, and the dances performed there are more elaborate and show more sophisticated lines. All of the dances require strenuous body movements and display the grace and agility of the Afghan people. Cultural Contact & Exchange All in all, cultural contact and exchange between Afghanistan and other A procession of rural musicians proceeding to join an "attan" dance at the Ghazi Stadium countries are growing fast in recent years. in Kabul. Troupes of artists from countries including the United States and Soviet Union Afghanistan has cultural agreements participate in the national celebrations in with 18 countries some of which provide Kabul which take place in August each facilities for Afghan cultural delegations year, and Afghan artists travel to a num- to visit a number of institutions to observe ber of countries introducing the lively the latest techniques in various forms of Afghan folk music. art.

A view of the exciting and, at times, fierce games of "Buzkashi" played by two rival teams of several dashing horsemen. GOVERNMENT AND FOREIGN POLICY—LIMELIGHT Afghan Governments in modern times Government have not been able to fully utilize the The Prime Minister who is head of the country's potential before the second executive power is appointed by the King quarter of the 20th Century because the while the Ministers are chosen and pre- country has always been agitated. sented to the King by the former. Its strategic position had already made The legislature and judiciary are sepa- the country target of a number of inva- rate from the executive and the courts are sions. free from the interference of the other These commenced by Cyrus in 529 two powers, functioning according to B.C. Then came Alexander the Great in Islamic laws. 330 B.C., the Arabs in 652 A.D., Ghen- Ministries gis Khan in 1226, Tamerlane in 1329, Baber in 1526 and the British in 1838 The Government Departments are com- and 1842. posed of the Ministries for Defense, For- eign Affairs, Interior, Finance, Education, The most devastating of these invasions Public Health, Communications, Public and more paralyzing was that of Ghengis Works, Agriculture, Mines and Industries, Khan. He not only massacred whole Press and Information, Planning, Depart- populations of prosperous towns but also ments of Tribal Affairs, Helmand Valley brutally destroyed all the intricate but Authority and Afghan Air Authority. functional systems of irrigation, turning green fields laden with corn into desolate Social Control deserts now haunted with memories of the The form of social control has always past glory and fertility. been democratic in Afghanistan despite In fact, the ekmntry is still suffering some absolute rulers in the past history. from the after-effects of that ghoulish The traditional system to enforce nightmare which' has colored its poetry and perpetuate the social control is called and folklore to present day. "jirga," a gathering of elders to discuss After Ghengis Khan came relative calm and solve socio-economic problems. but the country's history remained stained The highest form of such a gathering with internal strife, bloodshed and unrest is known as "Loya Jirga," the Grand As- up to the late 19th Century when Afghan- sembly, convened on very important oc- istan happened to have a powerful central casions. Government. The Loya Jirga consisting of all important representatives of the people was Constitutional Monarchy convened in Kabul in 1931 to ratify the Afghanistan today is a constitutional Constitution. monarchy with a parliament composed of In 1954, another Loya Jirga met in two houses, the National Assembly and Kabul which abrogated the Anglo-Afghan the Senate. 173 members of the Na- treaty of 1921 regarding the so-called tional Assembly are elected by the people Durand Line, reiterated Afghanistan's on secret ballot for three years while 50 neutrality and approved the Soviet and Senators are appointed by His Majesty American assistance to develop the coun- the King for life. try. Reforms Foreign Policy In March 1963, a number of new re- The Government follows the traditional forms were introduced to revise the Con- policy of neutrality, non-alignment and stitution, separate monarchy from Gov- independent judgment. Adherence to ernment and prepare the ground for a the United Nations' Charter, respect for preferable two-party system of adminis- the Universal Declaration of Human tration. Rights, support of the right of self-determination, abolition of colonialism in all Dr. Mohammed Yusuf, a commoner, forms and promotion of international co- became Prime Minister and won the Na- operation constitutes the basis of Afghani- tional Assembly's vote of confidence. stan's foreign policy. The new Prime Minister has regular The Government reaffirms the princi- meetings with representatives of almost ples of the Bandung Conference of 1955 all provinces to exchange views regarding and that Non-Aligned Countries held in the country's development plans in keep- Belgrade (1961). ing with the Afghan spirit of jirgas. The Government, in conformity with In this, he has been inspired by His the aspirations of the people of Pakhtuni- Majesty King Mohammed Zahir who stan, strongly supports their legitimate grants audiences to the rank and file in demands and continues its efforts for the order to be in personal contact with his attainment of the rights of that people people and in close perspective of their through peaceful means. problems. Afghanistan's relations with all States Provinces are based upon the principles of the United Nations Charter: mutual respect There are 17 provinces, divided into and confidence, sincere cooperation and major and minor, each having several furtherance of friendly relations. Afghan- administrative units. The provincial gov- istan places special value upon her re- ernors are directly responsible to the Min- lations with Islamic countries and has istry of Interior. endeavored to preserve and strengthen Each administrative unit has a district relations with her neighbors. Every ef- judge, the provincial capitals have one fort will be made towards this goal in the court of assises and one high court while future also. Relations between Afghan- the Court of Appeals is located in Kabul. istan and the USSR have continued to Each provincial government has also de- be, from the outset, on the basis of good- partments from various Ministries and a neighborliness and mutual respect and consultative assembly with one member the Government continues its efforts to elected by the People to reflect their point preserve, strengthen and expand these of view. friendly relations. The most populated provinces are Ka- Afghanistan's friendly relations with bul, Ningarhar and Parwan with 1,610,- the United States have developed on the 000-1,280,000 and 1,200,000 inhabitants basis of mutual respect and good-will and respectively. The population of Kabul, are expanding through American techni- the capital, is 224,000 while Kandahar, cal, economic and educational assistance. Herat, and Mazar come second third and The Afghan Government is continuing fourth respectively. its efforts for preserving, strengthening and further expanding these friendly re- Moslem nations. Friendly and fraternal lations. relations between Afghanistan and Iran Afghanistan has consistently placed continue desirably. Relations with the special importance upon her relations People's Republic of China have also con- with countries in the same region. Her tinued on a basis of good neighborliness relations with India have continued on and mutual respect. the basis of traditional ties and mutual The Government appreciates the assist- understanding, while relations with Paki- ance given and the cooperation extended stan were resumed this year and it is by all friendly nations and the United hoped that they will grow stronger to Nations specialized agencies and deems it result in understanding between the two useful and desirable to continue.

A view of the Spozhmay Cafe at Kargha located at the bank of a man-made lake halfway between Kabul and Paghman. SECOND FIVE YEAR PLAN GUIDED ECONOMY

The Second Five Year Plan which The main emphasis, however, is on commenced in March 1962 had a capital increasing agricultural and industrial outlay of 44.5 billion Afghanis, 2.7 products as the manpower is trained and times that of the first plan. Seventy-three natural resources are fully exploited in per cent of this was to be spent on eco- the course of the plan. nomic development as compared with 62 The plan will help reduce unemploy- per cent during the first plan. ment and under-employment to the min- The total volume of investment was imum and bring about equilibrium in the estimated at 31.3 billion Afghanis, 3.4 distribution of national income among per cent greater than the first plan. various classes. One third of the total expenditure was Agriculture to be allocated for the development of Under the Second Five Year Plan, mines and industries, four times that of agriculture has been assigned the difficult the first plan. One-quarter of the total task of stepping up its production to meet investment was to be spent on the devel- the ever-growing food requirements of opment of a communications system, one the population, as well as to supply in- and a half times that of the first plan. dustry with raw materials. Equally essen- Funds earmarked for education and tial is its job of increasing the export of public health were six and a half times agricultural commodities to acquire funds of those of the first plan. in foreign exchange necessary for the Main Objects development of the country's economy. The main objects of the plan are as In this connection, special attention will follows: Increasing agricultural produc- be paid to the increase of major com- tion to procure sufficient food for the peo- mercial crops such as sugar beet, sugar ple and more raw materials for home cane, oilseeds and others. Cotton, above consumption and export. Cotton produc- all, is most important, as there are ex- tion will be emphasized as a considerable ceptionally favorable conditions for its source of foreign exchange. cultivation in Afghanistan, and at the Creadon of a sound basis for the de- same time there is a great demand for velopment of industries such as oil, this commodity on the world market. In metallurgy, electricity and small indus- keeping with the situation, the Second tries producing consumers' goods for Five Year Plan calls for an increase of local consumption and export purposes. three times in its cotton production. Rapid development of education, train- The completion and reinforcement of ing of personnel and skilled workers and the irrigation projects during the First advancement of public health. To Plan, such as the Ningarhar Canal and achieve this, the expansion of present the Sardeh Dam, are to be accomplished, vocational schools and the opening of and other new projects for exploiting the new ones are envisaged. More primary water resources of the country are to be and secondary schools will be opened started. A great number of tractors, com- and more vigorous campaigns against bine harvesters and many other agri- contagious and infectious diseases will be cultural machines are expected to be in launched. use, and it is also hoped that a larger supply of farm machines will be available abroad in larger numbers to undergo for farmers on credit terms. professional and vocational training in many different fields. Finally, foreign Industries technicians are to be invited to aid in The Second Plan provides for the crea- solving important practical problems of tion of gas and oil processing industries, economy. and, on the basis of these, to develop a chemical industry. Furthermore, the gas Foreign Aid deposits found earlier by successful geo- During the First Five Year Plan, effec- logical investigation will be exploited in tive friendly aid was received from the a thermal power plant of 24,000 kilowatt U.S.S.R., the U.S.A., Czechoslovakia, capacity which has been proposed for the Federal Republic of Germany and construction. the United Nations. This cooperation is Other highlights of the industrial pro- to be prolonged and extended during the gram are a petrol refinery with a capacity Second Five Year Plan, with additional of 50,000 to 60,000 tons; two chemical countries participating. However, the vol- fertilizer factories, which will supply agri- ume of this aid from some countries is culture with 100,000 tons of home-pro- undetermined, not only for the five year duced nitric fertilizer, expansion of the period as a whole, but for each individual Ghori Cement Factory to reach a capacity year as well, since it is still under study of 400 tons per day and an increase in and consideration. It would be help- coal production, the target being 160,000 ful if countries rendering such assistance tons per annum. Several larger electric to underdeveloped areas could plan the power plants are to be built to bring about extent of their aid for the entire period a seven-fold increase in installed capacity. under consideration. Otherwise, separate Further geological study and prospecting projects of vital importance will have to is planned during the plan period to be omitted, to the detriment of progress. acquire an indispensable source of raw Allocative Efficiency materials. Planning in Afghanistan has proceeded Consumer Goods so far without some essential prerequi- In order to raise the people's standard sites. This has been possible largely due of living, an increase is essential in the to the existence of the vast, untapped po- domestic production of cloth, footwear tentialities of growth in the economy. and other consumer goods, sufficient in However, a stage has now been reached quantity to meet the larger portion of where allocative efficiency is of extreme popular consumption. This increase importance. A long term perspective of would automatically reduce imports and future development in the country is im- accordingly the expenditures of foreign perative, as it is in the light of this prog- exchange. nostication that medium and short term Education plans can be drawn up. Proper priorities A great expansion in education and and co-ordinated targets in all fields are training is planned, with 15 new voca- absolutely necessary for making the most tional schools, accelerated courses, on- effective use of the limited investment re- the-job training as well as technical train- sources of the country. At the same time, ing in the country itself, some of which both the financial yardstick and the physi- is to be under the guidance of foreign cal aspects of growth have to be consid- specialists requested for the purpose. ered while relating material balances to Competent students are also being sent each stage of development. Obstacle Manpower The greatest single obstacle here to Manpower is one of the crucial bottle- scientific planning is the lack of statistical necks of development in the country, data. Hence, statistical services must be and a thorough study has to be made strengthened as rapidly as possible. Until of the educational system and the educa- such time as a complete census of popu- tional development program in order to lation and production (particularly agri- bring them into line with the general cultural) can be taken, sample studies and surveys should be made so as to requirements of national development. provide a reasonable basis for informed Priority to suit the changing phases of decisions on diverse aspects of the econ- the economy have to be made, so that omy. resources are not "wasted" on the less The administrative machinery has to important items. At present (and perhaps be reorganized and geared to the task of for quite some time to come), technical development. Subsequent to the centrali- and professional education should be zation which is needed to marshal eco- given even greater emphasis. To meet nomic resources, decentralization is ab- the immediate requirements of lower-level solutely necessary to provide greater scope for individual initiative, and less technicians, accelerated courses and on- for avoidable delays. The Ministry of the-job training facilities should be fur- Planning must become effective as a co- ther expanded. ordinating agency, and should scrutinize In the final analysis, national develop- carefully all sectoral programs and industrial projects.The Ministry should have a ment is a function of national will and its strong evaluation unit responsible for ability to overcome difficulties. Past ex- scanning the day-to-day progress of plan- perience shows that the future is full of ning and assessing the situation. promise.

A view of Kandahar Fruit Preserving and Canning Plant built to boost fresh as well as dried fruit exports. NEW ECONOMIC TRENDS FUTURE PROSPECTS

The budget of the Afghanistan Govern- and less than 7 per cent are allocated to ment for the fiscal year 1963-64, as ap- new projects mostly in the survey stage. proved by the National Assembly, amounts to 5,033,000,000 Afghanis, and Exchange Reform includes an increase of 1.116 billion Af- A number of significant policy actions ghanis. However, total expenditure for were taken over the last year which are that period is expected to be 8,127,353,- rapidly changing the outlook for the 000 Afghanis, consisting of share of Afghan economy. Of prime importance foreign grants and private sector. It is to is the exchange rate reform worked out be noted that expenditures covered by with the International Monetary Fund last long-term foreign grants and loans total winter and placed into effect in the begin- $92,257,000. ning of 1963. The Country's previous ex- The deficit in the Government Budget change rate system was characterized by a was reduced to one-third the amount of variety of fixed rates for various categories the past fiscal year and now stands at of imports and exports and a free un- 500,000,000 Afghanis which will be bor- controlled rate for some transactions. The rowed from D'Afghanis Bank. This action range last year was as great as from 20.25 was taken to avoid inflationary trends. Afghanis per dollar for Government im- Financing of the budget will be ob- ports to a free rate periodically ranging tained from the following sources: Do- above 55 Afghanis per dollar. The new exchange system has an official par value mestic revenue, 2,300 million Afghanis; of 45 Afghanis per dollar for Govern- currency reform, 800 million Afghanis; ment imports and a number of major ex- import duties, 1,433 million Afghanis; ports, and an uncontrolled rate that has loans from D'Afghanistan Bank, 500 mil- been in the low 50's. A major effect of lion Afghanis. the exchange reform and the principal Although Government expenditure had reason for undertaking it is the improve- increased to 780 million Afghanis due to ment of returns to producers of cotton, this currency reform, the earnings also karakul and wool — items which are due to the currency reform were 800 mil- among the country's principal exports. lion Afghanis. Also promising has been the response Allocations by the budget for the vari- of cotton producers to a price increase im- ous development projects are as follows: plemented last spring, before the ex- industries, 23.1 per cent.; agriculture and change reform, as a result of which cotton irrigation, 12.4 per cent.; transportation, production increased nearly 50 per cent 49.9 per cent.; cultural affairs, 8.4 per in one season. Early indications are that cent; health, communications and others, further increase in price to producers con- 6.2 per cent. nected with the exchange reform is stim- The Ministries of Finance and Plan- ulating another very large increase in ning were aiming, as in the past year, at cotton plantings and production in the channelling all financial and manpower current year. The response of karakul resources toward the completion of carry- production to the higher prices associated over projects. The funds allocated for with the exchange reform will take con- such projects amount to more than 93 siderably longer because of the time re- per cent of the total development budget quired to increase numbers of karakul sheep, but is also expected to have a very expected to add quickly and substantially pronounced favorable effect on produc- to the country's total exports because of tion and export of karakul skins within a the restoration of natural traditional mar- few years. The response of wool produc- kets in Pakistan and India for Afghan- ers is expected to be in the form of more istan's fresh and dried fruit and nuts. regular shearing of sheep and better care and handling of the wool. New Plants A number of further policy actions af- Government Receipts fecting the country's budget and trade Simultaneously with the implementa- position are receiving active consideration tion of the exchange reform, the review at the present time. For example, prelim- of Government receipts and expenditures inary studies have been completed on a preparatory to the budget for fiscal 1963- number of export processing industries 64 was conducted with unprecedented that will improve the quality and increase vigor and with a number of very signifi- the unit value of the country's major ex- cant policy decisions affecting the Govern- ports. These industries include nut shell- ment's fiscal position. The operating ing, raisin cleaning, rug cleaning, fruit agencies have been thoroughly questioned refrigeration, cotton ginning, oil pressing on the justification of their proposed ex- and wool scouring. It is believed that pri- penditures, particularly on development vate capital is available and willing to projects, and a number of tax and reve- finance at least the domestic component nue actions have been taken. Import cus- of the cost of these projects, and an in- toms duties have been revised and industrial bank is being formed to help cor- creased, special taxes on stocks of cotton, ral private savings for these and similar karakul and wool produced prior to the undertakings. In the meantime, negotia- exchange reform and carried over for ex- tions are going forward for the financing port later have been imposed, steps have of the wool scouring plant and increased been taken to dispose of some surplus cotton ginning and cottonseed oil proc- Government land and other assets, and essing equipment without waiting for the negotiations for increased commodity as- industrial bank. Increased cotton process- sistance from abroad have been intensi- ing equipment is urgently needed as a re- fied with favorable results. As a result of sult of the very large increases in cotton these revenue and expenditure actions, it production that took place last year in is now expected that not only will the response to the cotton price increase and higher cost to the Government budget of the further increase taking place this year the exchange reform be covered, but in as a result of the exchange reform. It is addition to this, the budget deficit will be also planned to review and revise where reduced from a level of approximately necessary the procedures for licensing of 1 billion Afghanis last year to a figure of exports eliminating any artificial restric- 500 million in 1963—the amount agreed tions on the country's exports that may upon between the Afghan Government reside in the present procedures. and the IMF as a maximum limit on Gov- ernment borrowing from the Central Legislation (Afghanistan) Bank. A cadastral survey has been started The decision to re-establish normal —the first in the country's history— trade relations with Pakistan will some- which in a few years will provide a what reduce the cost of some of the coun- firm basis for substantially increased reve- try's imports, but far more important it is nues from land taxes. A revised income tax law is in an advanced stage of prep- will decline by $4 million from this year's aration and should shortly provide a basis level, and will remain in the range of $8 for increased revenues from this tax to $10 million for the next 15 years or so source also. The country's laws affecting under present commitments. Also, ex- foreign private investment are also being penditures for a number of large capital studied with a view toward encouraging development projects which account for the flow of foreign private capital into over half the development budget—in- Afghanistan's development effort. Import cluding the Naghloo hydro-electric proj- customs duties were studied further in ect; the Ninghahar irrigation project; and connection with the budget for 1963-64 the Torghundi-Herat-Kandahar highway and, if it appears appropriate for budg- —will be levelling off and in some cases etary reasons, for balance of payments declining in 1963-64, compared to this stability, or to further encourage domestic year's level. In short, the domestic budget industry, it will be increased further. prospects as well as the country's foreign exchange prospects promise a substantial Balance oj Payments improvement in the very near future in As a result of the budget and foreign the country's ability to finance capital exchange policy actions recently taken development projects and the local costs and others under way, a dramatic im- of foreign aid projects. Moreover, more provement has already begun and may attention is being given to projects with confidently be expected to continue in quick returns in terms of increased ex- the country's balance of payments posi- ports of import substitution. tion and in the soundness and stability of Table I summarzies recent past trends the domestic economy. Within the next and prospects for the present year and year, increased exports of fruit and cotton next year in the country's foreign trade alone should increase exports by approxi- position. mately $15 million, or about 30 per cent Table II shows Government receipts, of the country's total exports, compared expenditures, and borrowing implicit in to last year. At the same time, interest the budget for 1963-64 as compared to and principal repayments on foreign debt recent past years.

Table I Principal Components of Afghanistan's Balance of Payments (millions of U.S. dollars) Commercial imports Less Imports Net financed balance by foreign on grants and Equals: Foreign commercial Total long-term Commercial Debt trade and Solar year imports loans imports Exports Service debt service actual 1335 (1956/57) 46 10 36 51 5 10 1336 (1957/58) 54 13 41 59 5 13 1337 (1958/59) 73 26 47 46 7 — 8 1338 (1959/60) 81 33 48 60 15 — 3 1339 (1960/61) 87 37 50 50 9 9 1340 (1961/62) 99 50 49 53 10 — 6 Preliminary actual 1341 (1962/63) 54 59 11 — 6 Projected 1342 (1963-64) 59 67 12 — 4 1343 (1964-65) 64 74 8 2 1344(1965-66) 70 82 9 3 1345(1966-67) 77 92 9 6 Note: Figures on total imports and exports for 1956-57 are from the Ministry of Commerce. Pre- liminary import and export figures for 62-63 are based on 11 months actual data and estimates for the balance of the year. The projected increase in imports was estimated by extrapolating trends of major commercial import categories over the previous 5-year period. Projections of exports are based on conservative estimates of the increase in cotton production (and to a lesser extent, increased karakul production) resulting from the recent exchange reform. Fruit exports are projected io recover earlier 60-61 levels by 64-65 as a result of the re-opening of the border with Pakistan, and to increase slightly further in following years. Foreign debt service figures are from the Ministry of Finance.

Table II

Budget Receipts and Expenditures (billions of Afghanis)

Domestic Expenditures Surplus Actual Revenues1 Ordinary Development Total Deficit (— ) 1336-37 (57-58) 1.72 1.01 0.37 1,39 0.33 1337-38 (58-59) 1.75 1.26 0.42 1.68 0.06 1338-39 (59-60) 1.60 1.38 0.72 2.09 —0.49 1339-40 (60-61) 2.30 1.57 1.55 3.12 —0.81 Preliminary Actual 13412(61-62) 2.31 1.60 1.58 3.18 —0.88 Projected 1-342^(63-64) 3.943 1.86 1.90 4.44 ' —0.50 1 Foreign loans and grants in kind are excluded from both receipts and expenditures. However, proceeds from resale of commodity assistance are included as receipts, and the re-use of the proceeds from these sales included as expenditures. 2 Based on budget submitted to Parliament. However differs conceptionally from the budget pres- entation to Parliament in that (a) Central Bank borrowing is not counted as a receipt, and repay- ment of Central Bank borrowing is not counted as an expenditure; (b) estimated unexpended appropriations are eliminated from the expenditure totals. 3 Including 2.41 from existing revenues, and 1.53 from commodity assistance and new or increased revenues. 4 Includes 0.68 cost of exchange reform in addition to ordinary and development expenditures listed separately. FOREIGN TRADE

Afghanistan, like any other underde- ported from the United States while Japan veloped area, exports a number of raw and Britain supply 14 per cent of the materials to a few industrial countries. growing demand. Some of these countries are specially in- The most important outlets for the terested in one or two particular com- Afghan merchandise are Karachi in Pak- modities while others follow the interna- istan, Klift and Kizil Kala river ports on tional trade trends. the Afghan-Soviet border, Khurnam The main Afghan exports are Karakul, Shahr and Bandar Abbas ports on the wool, cotton, carpets, fruits and nuts, oil- Persian Gulf and Bazargan on the Turko- seeds, herbs, skins and casings. Iranian border. The bulk of Afghan karakul pelts is The Trading Companies of Afghanis- exported to the United States and Britain, tan in London and New York and the wool and cotton to the Soviet Union and Afghan National Bank branches in Lon- Czechoslovakia, sheep casings to Holland don, New York and Hamburg facilitate and Switzerland and fruits to Pakistan the flow of trade by supervising the sales and India. Switzerland is becoming in- of Afghan merchandise in Europe and creasingly interested in the Afghan me- America and ordering manufactured dicinal herbs for her vast pharmaceutical goods respectively. industry. A few years ago, when Afghanistan did Trade Agreements not have transit difficulties via Karachi, Afghanistan has trade agreements with the main markets for Afghan commodi- twelve friendly countries and has estab- ties were the United States, Britain, the lished favorable trade relations with a Soviet Union and Germany in that order. number of others. Exports from Afghan- The main importers of Afghan raw istan generally total $65 to $70 million materials and fruits ^during 1958 stood per annum. Trade agreements have been in the following order: signed with the Soviet Union, Italy, India 23 per cent, the Soviet Union Czechoslovakia, India, the United Arab 21 per cent, the Federal Republic of Ger- Republic, the People's Republic of China, many 6 per cent and Czechoslovakia 3 the Federal Republic of Germany, Yugo- per cent. slavia, France, Belgium, Poland and Iran. New markets for the Afghan merchan- Favorable trade relations exist with the dise include Austria, Lebanon and Singa- United States, Britain, Japan and the pore. Netherlands. The main suppliers of manufactured goods to Afghanistan, during the recent Fruit Exports years, were Japan (tea, tires and tubes, The Fruit Company was established china, machinery and fabrics), India in 1955 to organize the cleaning and (fabrics), the Soviet Union (vehicles, packing of fruit and supervising the ex- spare parts, petrol and machinery), ports. The company purchased modern Czechoslovakia (machinery), the United machinery at a cost of $368,750 to proc- States (cars and accessories, tires and ess 50 tons of dried fruit per day. tubes and machinery), West Germany The Company has exported 900,000 (cars and machinery). kilos of raisins and 10,000 kilos of al- Half of the tires and tubes are im- monds during the 1961-62 period. Carpets Afghan carpets fetched $6 million on European markets in 1962. Because the hand-woven product has a fast color, it lasts for generations and it blends with modern furniture. Afghan carpets are sold in Europe between $20 and $30 per square meter, an increase of 30 per cent in the average price during the past few years.

A variety of fruit in season is displayed in this The mauri type carpets and most of shop in Kabul. Most fruit sellers are fond of those woven in Andkhoy and Akcha, nice karakul hats but are rather casual about their dress. northern Afghanistan, are especially suited to hotel lounges and fashion houses. Sometimes these are erroneously Wool called Bokhara.

There are many varieties of wool, each Karakul with its own particular characteristics, but the bulk of Afghan wool is derived Afghan Karakul earns between $14 from Ghilji and Turkish sheep. and $16 million for the country annually. In order to improve the quality of this After 1939, the sale of Afghan Karakul important product, the Wool Export was impossible in London and it ap- Company was established at Kandahar peared for the first time in the United in 1954. States. Despite the fact that Soviet and South African pelts were well known, Today, the company has branches in Afghan karakul gradually gained ground all parts of the country. in the American market. With increased production and im- Skins to a total value of about $10 proved quality, the Afghan wool has now million were sold in auctions and through attracted the attention of some important private treaties since 1961 in London foreign markets including Britain, but and New York. the main customer is the Soviet Union. In the karakul auction held in October A. breeding center and a veterinary 1962 in London, 271,676 skins were clinic were established in Kandahar to sold, realizing £800,000. Black was the most popular color with a preference cross breed 2 strains and fight against for broadtail. liver-fluke. A karakul sheep breeding farm was es- Cotton tablished in Baghlan with 1,600 sheep; During the post-war period, cotton similar projects were launched through- production reached 40,000 tons peak and out the country to boost the output of the Soviet Union once again became the wool. The Wool Export Company ex- major customer for Afghan cotton, fol- ported 4,000 tons of wool in 1962. lowed by Britain and Germany. In 1942, the Pule Khumri Textile Mills A few hundred ploughing machines were set up and thus a new center for and 15,000 tons of artificial fertilizers local consumption was established. Now have been put at the disposal of cotton 40 to 50 per cent of the cotton is used cultivators this year with 5,000 tons of internally by the chain of textile mills and cotton seeds. the rest exported. The total quantity of cotton produced Analysis during the first year of the Second Five Several factors influence the course of Year Plan was raised to 80,000 tons. the country's foreign trade. Some such as the changes in weather and availability of water, which affect production, are be-

An Afghan furrier trying a karakul coat on a yond control. The availability of capital foreign visitor in a shop in Kabul. from abroad is a significant determinant of the amount of imports. Prices which Afghanistan can secure for its exports and must pay for its imports depend on changing world supply and demand conditions. Domestic economic factors and policies also influence the country's trade: explicit taxes which have differential impact on various commodities, have effects on in- centives of producers. Trade is also influenced by the availability of domestic credit, extent of knowledge of market conditions abroad, price and quality of merchandise. The geographical distribution of Af- ghanistan's trade may be conveniently summarized in three broad areas: The controlled area, (India and Pakistan), the barter area (USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland and China) and the rest of the world or free exchange areas of which Japan, Western Europe and the United States are the chief markets. AGRICULTURE—MODEST BEGINNING

About 85 per cent of the population Achievements of Afghanistan is engaged in farming and Afghanistan had three main objectives agriculture. Karakul sheep and horses are in agriculture: to increase the production raised in the northern provinces and ordi- of food-grains, step up the output of raw nary sheep, camels, goats and cattle in materials and to boost the exports of other parts of the country. agricultural origin. Agricultural produce mainly consists These objectives were achieved and of wheat, oil-seeds, barley, cotton, sugar- the area under major crops was increased beet, sugarcane, corn and rice. The by 122,000 acres. The following table staple food is wheat but rice also forms shows the increase in the production of the main dish. the main crops in tons and the extension The total arable area is 14 million of arable land in acres as compared acres while 7 million is under cultivation. with the first year of the Five Year Plan: Afghanistan is very rich in fruits— Name Increase Increase many temperate zone and some citrus. Of Crop In Area Production Part of the fresh and most of the dried Wheat 30,000 79.000 fruits are exported abroad. Rice 10,000 19.000 Useful steps have been taken to im- Corn 20,000 76,000 Barley- 25,000 53,000 prove the quality of livestock by artificial Oilseeds 10.000 8,000 insemination and distribution of superior Sugarcane 1,000 7,500 strains of cattle among the farmers. Fruits and Vegetables 5,000 52,000 Cotton Vigorous campaigns against animal, 21,000 32,000 and also plant diseases have reduced the Irrigation amount of loss sustained by the country Significant advances were made in the in the past years; and all the necessary field of irrigation by reclaiming 60,000 vaccines are manufactured locally. acres in the Helmand Valley, and 1,600

Rivers like this can make Afghanistan a rich farmland. prevent water wastage, which would cost $49,255. (2) The Zarghoon Shahr Irrigation Scheme to improve irrigation and secure more water, costing $14,- 545 or 654,525 Afghanis, of which Afghanistan would pay 354,000 Afghanis. (3) The project for Improving Trees and Increasing Poultry, costing $148,000 or 5,258,682 Afghanis. (4) The Artificial Insemination Pro- gram, costing $262,900 and 9,- 422,682 Afghanis. (5) The project against Animal Dis- A typical scene from the rugged and wooded eases, costing 4,472,793 Afghanis. Paktya province in southern Afghanistan.

Natural Forests acres under the Kargha Dam. The exist- Natural forests in Afghanistan lie in ing irrigation canals such as Archi and Abdulkhel were widened and greatly im- the north, northeast, south and northwest. proved while the Daroonta irrigation They consist partly of evergreen trees, scheme is planned to water 31,000 acres. including some fruit-bearing pines and An irrigation scheme was devised and partly of plants and shrubs. the site surveyed near Faizabad in Among the most numerous ever- Badakhshan province which will be greens are oak and pistachio trees and launched during the current plan. olive plants. The pistachio tree is one Five plant research farms, two sheep of the most important of those growing breeding stations, four general animal in the north and northwestern parts of clinics, three artificial insemination cen- Afghanistan, with its nuts a significant ters, seven sericulture stations, nine apiary stations and four plant protection export item of the country's foreign trade, laboratories were established during the the latest annual export figure available plan period. is around 3,025,283 kilos. Last was the surveying of land and Plans are under way for reforestation water resources with the assistance of of pistachio areas, the introduction of new the U. N. Special Fund to facilitate future strains and the increase of production by planning. the use of better methods. Five draft projects have been prepared within the framework of the Freedom Olive plants in Paktya and Ningarhar from Hunger campaign. These are: have been paid much attention to recently (1) The Badak Canal Irrigation and in Jaji Maidan they have been grafted Scheme to improve irrigation and with superior strains. INDUSTRY—A GROWING INFANT

The cornerstone of Afghan industries 51,000 at the end of the Plan. The power was laid at the beginning of the 20th output has been raised from 27 million Century. kilowatt hours to 118 million, showing an The total investment in the field of in- increase of about 315 per cent. dustry was 702 million during the First The total amount of capital investment Five Year Plan while the total output rose in the electric power industry during the to 121 per cent and the number of skilled First Five Year Plan was 800,000,000 workers was raised from 7,600 to 15,000. Afghanis, 28 per cent of the total capital The most important industries in Af- investment in industries. ghanistan are electricity, textiles, petro- An agreement has been reached with leum, cement, ceramics, soap, margarine, the Federal Republic of Germany ac- coal, salt, sugar, matches and rayon. A cording to which the capital will have new development in Afghan industrial underground electric cables to avoid the progress has been the establishment of a present loss caused by overhead lines. number of plants to repair motor vehicles The power output for Kabul will be raised and manufacture parts for cars and other from 15 to 45 thousand kilowatts, while machines. the loss would be reduced from 40 to 20 per cent. Electricity The first dynamo, generating one kilo- Textile Mills watt of electricity, was installed in Kabul The installation of textile machinery in 1893. Five years later, a steam gener- in Gulbahar and the extension of looms ator of 20 KW was installed in the Royal at Pule Khumri have been completed, re- Palace. After this, swift and decisive sulting in a 60 per cent increase in the changes took place in order to supply a total production of cotton fabrics—23 greater number of people with electricity million meters in 1961. under the supervision of an American engineer. The Daroonta suspended bridge with the gen- Through a diesel generator of 1,300 eral view of the irrigation and power project kilowatts, the use of electric power was under way in the background. extended to machinery for the first time. The first hydro-electric power station had a capacity of 1,500 kilowatts. In other places machine shops and hammers operated by water began one after the other. Today, more than 30 large factories producing a variety of consumer goods are in action, almost all driven by electricity. Three new power plants which are under construction will yield 80,000 additional kilowatts for industrial and domestic use. The total amount of electric power was raised from 18,000 kilowatt hours at the beginning of the First Five Year Plan to The Woolen Textile Mills in Kandahar Coal was greatly developed and the products In the field of coal production, steps improved qualitatively; a rayon factory have been taken to mechanize the exca- was opened in Kabul to meet the growing vation of coal in Aishpushta and Karkar demand for synthetic fabrics. mines by installing a 250 kilowatt generator in each to operate excavators and A wool processing plant will be in- cranes. The building of a number of stalled in Grishk to raise the quality of hostels for employees and construction of Afghanistan's 8,000 tons of wool exported a few stores for food supplies and cloth- annually and to provide lanolin for home ing also resulted in increased production. use. The annual output which was 22,000 Mineral Surveys tons during the last year of the pre-plan period, was raised to 55,000 tons, show- The mapping of areas containing the ing an increase of 150 per cent. main underground resources in northern Afghanistan has been completed availing Karkar mine has 12,000,000 tons of the country of the required topograph- coal while Darasoof has larger deposits ical maps. and its quality is suitable for making coke for future use in iron and steel plants An area of 143,000 square kilometers envisaged in the Second Five Year Plan. was mapped on a 1/50,000 scale. Industrial Maintenance Minerals like coal and iron ore and materials such as dolomite, lime and heat In order to help various industrial resisting clay have^been given priority. plants to carry on without stoppage, a huge repair shop and a number of spare Petroleum and Gas parts manufacturing units were established by the Government at Jangalak The operations carried out in connec- near Kabul. Similar installations in Kabul tion with petroleum prospecting and tap- and Kandahar help local industries in ping of natural gas, exceeded the targets connection with their accessories and re- set by the First Five Year Plan. pairs. A large number of smaller shops The area previously limited to Sarepul, ranging from electric flour mills to tile- was extended to Herat on one side and making furnaces have sprung up through- Badakhshan on the other, comprising out the country to speed up industriali- zation. 115,000 square kilometers. Complex geological operations and 17,000 meters Building Materials Industries of drilling were carried out on several sites. As a result, indications of oil and A cement plant was commissioned at natural gas were recorded and surveys of Jabulseraj and another completed at the deposits were made. Tapping them is Ghori, both producing 300 tons of Port- a project of the Second Five Year Plan. land cement per day. During the second 50 million cubic meters of natural gas year of the current plan, the latter plant are estimated to exist in northern Afgani- will produce 400 tons per day, raising the stan. total to 500. Food Industries A plant was established at Mazar to produce 6,800 tons of cotton-seed oil for manufacturing margarine and soap. A fruit preserving and processing plant, with a capacity of 32,000 tons, was completed at Kandahar to preserve part of the fresh fruit for immediate export, and can or convert the other part into syrup. Two ceramics plants, one in Kabul and the other in Kandahar, were completed and the lapidary and joinery works in Kabul were extended and improved. Government Difficulties The First Five Year Plan had envisaged Government investment in the field of electric power and private investment in other branches but the latter did not One of the office-buildings of t/ie Ghori Power materialize sufficiently. The Government Plant in Kataglian, northern Afghanistan. decided to complete industrial projects such as the Ghori Cement Plant at the expense of certain other schemes which had and sorting raisins, and a welding works to be either abandoned or postponed to is scheduled to be opened in Kabul. the next plan. Other projects include a fertilizer factory and a power plant in Northern Af- Foreign Investment ghanistan to be run on natural gas. The The Marobini Company of Japan has Mahipar and Arghandab power plants substantial interests in the Kunduz Cer- will produce 14,000 kilowatts each. Ma- amics Plant while the Swiss Winder zar will have technical schools to train Pagani jointly run the Kabul Shoe and young men in the knowledge of oil and Leather Factory. other minerals, while Kabul will have similar schools for metallurgy. Training Light industries are under survey by the The training courses ararnged in Zind- United States Administration for Interna- abanan, Jangalak and Saripul turned a tional Development. These include oil- large number of laymen into skilled extraction, hydro-electric power for Kun- workers, most of them technicians of one duz factories sorting hides and skins for kind or another. A number of brilliant export, sorting and refrigeration of fruits students were sent abroad to qualify in and manufacturing of cigarettes. $125,- specific fields. 000 have been earmarked by the U.S. Government to complete these surveys. New Industrial Projects The new industrial projects include Legislation plants for the manufacture of bicycles, Foreign investment in the mining in- tubes, plastics and glassware, all with the dustry, especially in petroleum, was pro- aid of the Japanese Government. Besides vided for in the legislation recently these, a complete factory for cleaning approved by the National Assembly. Handicrafts Weaving woollens and rugs in Afghan- istan dates back to 2,000 years and cotton cultivation to 400 years B.C. During the Kushanid period handlooms were further developed and the weaving of various fine fabrics reached its climax in Bamyan, Kohistan, Jabulseraj and in a few areas in Kabul and Ningarhar provinces. These handicrafts still form the occupation of a portion of the local inhabitants in these areas. Today handicrafts flourish

A dazed small shop-keeper displaying the products of Istalif, a picturesque village near Kabul and famous for glazed pottery.

An Afghan girl displaying the intricate design of her fur-lined coat, "postincha," which is made in Ghazni. and carpets are the most important item of export; rugs, various woollen and cotton fabrics meet much of the local demand for furnishings and clothing. The Textile Factory at Jabulseraj has a special department in which local han- dicraftsmen weave beautiful fabrics by highly-developed handlooms. Some of the traditional fabrics such as shawls woven in Kama, "kanawiz", "kurk" and "barak" made in Herat and rugs woven in Mukur are still the best buys in the country. In addition, villages like Jabul- seraj, Sherkhankhail, Dehmiskin and Istalif are noted for their fabrics woven by local craftsmen, some of whom still prefer to use their traditional looms and patterns. In recent years "postincha", a fur- lined coat of embroidered suede leather has been very popular with girls and there is a growing demand for it at home and abroad. EDUCATION—A GREAT HOPE

Modern education began in Afghan- Besides these, 2,000 students receive istan in 1907 with the establishment of training annually in educational centers Habbia High School where a number organized by private individuals. 970 stu- of Indian teachers were employed on dents were sent abroad by the Ministry of contract basis. At the same time, a mili- Education for higher studies during the tary school with Turkish teachers was past twelve years. In 1960, Afghan stu- opened to train the future Afghan Army dents were taught in the Soviet Union, officers. United States and other countries. The The graduates of these schools played majority of these have returned home and the most important role in the country's assumed their duties. affairs by holding high offices in the Gov- Primary Education ernment. Afterwards, the story of education was of development and hope except Due to insufficient funds and the dis- for an interruption of nine months in tribution of villages and tribes over the 1929 when schools were suspended be- vast areas, the principle of compulsory cause of internal strife. primary education has not been univer- Primary education is compulsory sally implemented. throughout Afghanistan. There are vil- Problems in the Second Five Year lage schools in all areas, attended by boys Plan also consist of the expansion of and girls from each village. Kindergartens compulsory primary education and rais- are concentrated in the main towns, espe- ing the number of primary school chil- cially in Kabul. dren to 25 per cent. This will be realized Other stages of education which are by increasing the number of Government also free comprise secondary and high schools and extending aid to private schools which lead to university and full schools for children in the 7-13 age diplomas. Vocational schools in Kabul as group. well as in the provinces are training On the other hand, the number of young men in various vocations and tech- Afghan children of primary school age, niques. They include schools of agricul- estimated by UNESCO for the years ture, mechanics, veterinary, etc. 1960-1980, is far less than that estimated by the joint United Nations-Afghan Com- There are two universities, one in Ka- bul and the other at Ningarhar, the latter mission. This has affected the financial being in its preliminary stages. estimate per pupil considerably. On the basis of the more accurate new estimate, There are 1,436 secondary, 53 high a substantial amount of external aid is and 31 vocational schools in various needed to implement the general plan of parts of the country. expansion. Some 260,000 students were enrolled last year in various colleges, high schools, Lack of Teachers intermediate and vocational, primary and The inadequacy in the number of stu- village schools in Afghanistan. These edu- dents entering teacher training schools cational institutions numbered 1,583. and the lack of enrollment of sufficient A four per cent increase is envisaged rural and nomadic girls in primary schools for the coming academic year, while the are problems needing consideration. number of such institutions would be It is evident that Afghanistan will be raised to 1,730. unable to attain the 20 per cent target of total population by 1980 as recommended this year, raising the total attendance to by UNESCO. It is therefore necessary 3,500. to adhere to a scheme of implementing The University employs 350 profes- the plan in a longer span of time and sors, of which there are only 50 foreign- reach the final target in 1990. It is hoped ers. During the past five years 500 that the completion of the Plan will be students were sent abroad for further accelerated should the necessary funds, studies, while 60 per cent of the pro- through bilateral or multilateral aid, be fessors attended courses in various coun- received. tries to bring their knowledge up to date. Formidable financial problems have to In 1962, 20 countries granted 360 schol- be faced; the provision of adequate num- arships to Afghan students, especially bers of teachers, supervisors, administra- the graduates of Kabul University to tors, school buildings and medical facili- study in various fields. ties, necessitate enormous financial re- A $7 million agreement to construct sources. Nevertheless, in view of the various parts of Kabul University campus determination by the Government and was signed between Afghanistan and the people of Afghanistan in the overall U.S. Government while West Germany socio-economic development of the coun- has contributed more than 460,000 Marks try, the children will thus be provided towards the completion of laboratories with a good and abundant life. for the Faculty of Science. The sincere implementation of this pro- The first part of the Kabul University gram of compulsory free education is a building project is expected to be com- significant and historical step forward pleted this year. This includes dormitories towards the development of a socially for 1,000 students, a library, premises healthier society, and will continue to for the Faculties of Engineering and Ag- greatly contribute ito the cause of peace riculture, administration building, lecture and tranquility among the peoples of the ; halls and sports grounds. world. , Kabul University campus is being built at AH Abad around the mausoleum Kabul University Advances of Sayed Jamaluddin, who was a great Eight hundred new students enrolled Afghan scholar and professor of his in various Faculties of Kabul University time. A model of Kabul University campus parts of which have recently been completed. TRANSPORTATION—DIFFICULTIES

The mountainous nature of the coun- whole distance in seven instead of 24 try does not allow the building of rail- hours. ways. Old camel caravans are still plod- The portion between Herat and Kan- ding through mountain passes carrying dahar built with the assistance of the the produce of one province to another Soviet Union is being constructed without while lorries move the bulk of the mer- any interruption. In addition, it com- chandise between main towns. 63 haul- prises another portion which connects age and passenger transport companies Herat with Torghundi across the Soviet have come into existence in recent years railhead, Kushka. The 660-kilomeire to transport the increasing volume of Kandahar-Herat-Torghundi portion is 90 trade. kilometres shorter than the previous route. The quickest means of transport be- Seen in its real perspective, the present tween the main towns in the country and highway construction in Afghanistan with abroad is by air. The Ariana Afghan the assistance of the United States and Airlines connects Kabul with the provin- the Soviet Union is a reflection of the cial capitals and such cities as Karachi, country's policy of friendship with all Delhi, Teheran, Beirut, Ankara, Belgrade, nations which welcomes assistance from Prague and Frankfurt. all quarters without any strings attached. Air transport is catching up very quick- Salang Road ly and the Ariana is adding to the number The Salang road tunnel now being of its fleet every year. carved deep into the heart of the Hindu The road network is increasingly im- Kush is expected to be completed some- proved with the cooperation of the Soviet time before March, 1964. Union and the United States. Out of a Six months are required to give total of 6,675 kilometres of motorable roads, 444 kilometres have been as- phalted, 160 kilometres concreted and The Herat-Shindand highway with pine trees flanking it on either side. 739 kilometres stabilized. The Labor Corps engaged in road building are making substantial progress.

Asian Highway The portion of the Asian highway connecting Herat with Kabul via Kandahar is presently under construction, partly through Soviet and partly through Ameri- can assistance. The construction of the 481 kilometre portion of the highway between Kabul and Kandahar has been undertaken by four American firms under contract with the United States Administration for In- ternational Development. The new highway will enable passengers to cover the Personnel It has sent 56 of its personnel abroad to complete their studies in various fields of civil aviation. 21 have returned home and resumed their duties in various fields. They studied in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, France, Holland and India. 35 people still study in the United States, Soviet Union and France. Civil Aviation Agreements Agreements for the mutual use of civil airports were signed with fourteen countries to date. At present, Soviet. Iranian, Indian and Lebanese aircraft make use of the Kabul and Kandahar airports. Planes from Part of the Kabul-Kandahar highway which other countries will also shortly be using shortens the distance between the two towns the international airports at Kabul and by several hours. Kandahar which have recently been opened. These countries will include finishing touches to the tunnel and the Turkey, the U.A.R., Yugoslavia, Italy, roads approaching it. Czechoslovakia, France, Switzerland, Seven thousand workers, mechanics Hungary, Syria and Holland. and machine operators, plus 180 engi- The Kandahar International Airport, neers work in three shifts for seven days built with U. S. assistance, shortens the a week to meet trie date line. flying time between East and West by Out of the total cost of the tunnel ($32 one hour. million and 700 million Afghanis), $-29 million and 550 million Afghanis have The Kabul International Airport con- already been spent on the project. Out structed with Soviet assistance has one of the total length of the tunnel (2,696 of the most beautiful terminal build- metres), 1,646 metres were dug out up ings as far as the interior is concerned. to March 21, 1963. Ariana-Afghan Airlines Facilities on either side of the Salang Pass consist of 25 modern buildings in- Ariana-Afghan Airlines was created in cluding a hotel providing accommodation 1954 with the Afghan Government and for 50 people. Pan American Airways jointly owning the After completion, the tunnel will short- shares. It was to serve the Government en the distance between Kabul and Doshi and. the people of Afghanistan by provid- by 200 kilometres. ing economical, safe and regular air transportation between principal cities within Afghan Air Authority the country and neighboring areas. It In addition to its normal duties the services Kabul to the cities of Kandahar, Afghan Air Authority runs a number of Herat. Mazare Sharif, Maimana and meteorological stations to collect weather Kunduz. Other places of importance will data and prepare daily forecasts for navi- soon be served as soon as facilities are gators and the public. ready. PUBLIC HEALTH—PROBLEMS

Public health, like education, is free plan of increasing to 100 per cent the in all Government hospitals. The Kabul number of physicians. University trains doctors and specialists The most important of all medical in- every year and makes them available to stitutes is the Bibi Mahroo 300-bed hospi- the Ministry of Public Health to employ tal in the suburbs of Kabul which is in. various hospitals. scheduled to have 100 beds at its first There are clinics in the main towns stage. to diagnose and handle emergency cases Other medical organizations are the and a civil hospital to treat the outpatients 60-bed Avicenna Hospital, the Nadir and those who are hospitalized. In cer- Pakhtun General Hospitals, the Mental tain hospitals in Kabul some patients are Hospital, the Sanitorium for Men, the only charged for medicine and room. Hospital for Skin Diseases, the Hospital The invigorating arid climate, simple for Women and the Central Polyclinics, food and plenty of fruit help every Afghan the Kabul Maternity Hospital, the Anti- to be in a better shape than most peoples Tuberculosis Institute, the Sanitorium for in other under-developed countries. Women. Avicenna Polyclinic, the Red Crescent Polyclinic, the Welfare Institute Disease and Treatment Hospital, the Kabul Prison Hospital and The most prevalent diseases in Afghan- the Pagham Hospital. istan are internal and those connected with infections. Malaria, tuberculosis The Provinces and venereal diseases are being reduced Most provincial centers have a civil, a due to strenuous efforts of the Govern- maternity and a women's hospital, dis- ment and. the rise in the people's stand- tricts have only one each while garrison ards of education. headquarters have their own medical es- Free medical treatment, like free edu- stablishments. cation, is one of the privileges of every Companies Compete Afghan in every walk of life. The Min- In addition to the hospitals run by the istry of Public Health is entrusted with Ministry of Public Health and Kabul Uni- the task of establishing, running and versity, important companies having fac- maintaining hospitals of various catego- tories and a large number of employees ries in various parts of the country. in various districts, run their own hospi- The armed services, civil servants, stu- tals. The Textile Company has three dents and large trading companies have hospitals while the Cement Factory, the their own public health services and Electric Company, the Ghori Cement and clinics. Power Plants and the Cotton Company Hospitals have their own hospitals. Most of the hospitals in Afghanistan Program are equipped with laboratories and X-Ray In the First Five Year Plan the public units. Some of them have polyclinics health program included the following to treat almost all cases. main elements: improvement and exten- The Second Five Year Plan is aimed sion, of hospitals, clinics, laboratories and at raising the number of hospital beds other medical facilities, training of addi- from 1,680 to 2,765 and has an overall tional doctors, nurses, technicians and A typical class-room attended by boy and girl students of the Kabul University. other medical personnel, control and ulti- their ultimate control. Hospitals, clinics mate eradication of malaria, extension of and auxiliary services were expanded inoculation against contagious diseases, and maternal, child health and sanitation and health education. Substantial prog- programs were developed. The nec- ress has been achieved along these lines. essary training was given to doctors, In improving the health of the people nurses, X-ray technicians, laboratory the survey of health facilities is not nec- technicians and other workers involved essarily a measure of improvement: they in this health program. The training merely indicate the care provided for the of sanitarians is now considered to be sick and measure the failure of preven- established in a manner suitable to even- tion. However, during the First Five tually meet the needs of the country. Year Plan, Afghanistan made headway In 1948 a vigorous anti-malarial cam- with the additional supplemental facilities paign was undertaken in a small valley. in all areas of the country. In 1953 a nationwide malaria control Problems program was launched and in 1957 the Government accepted malaria eradication In general, infectious diseases are common. Intestinal disease, tuberculosis, as a goal. trachoma and leprosy are evident; malaria It was found that nearly 4.5 million and smallpox, which are endemic, con- people were living in malarious areas tinue to present problems although there which were included in the attack phase are now efficient control measures which by 1962. greatly reduce their incidence. There is Check posts had to be established at also a very high infant mortality rate con- strategic points to take blood tests of all sequent upon the infections, exacerbating cases of fever in areas through which the malnutrition to which infants are subject nomadic people passed. It is believed in their early years. that the nomadic population causes great During the First Five Year Plan, em- hindrance in the program of malaria erad- phasis was given to the control of diseases ication. of economic and human significance. There is no doubt that malaria can be Smallpox control was planned on a na- eradicated from Afghanistan by 1969. tional basis; typhus was controlled; tu- but complete success in this project berculosis, leprosy and trachoma have would also depend on the progress made had steps taken to develop services for by Afghanistan's neighbors. COMMUNICATION MEDIA—A NECESSITY

Development of better communications new, Kabul now has an automatic ex- in Afghanistan is a project supported by change with 5,000 lines. Some 45 switch- the entire country. This will make Af- boards deal with telephone communica- ghanistan's aims and her aspirations bet- tions which service the suburbs. There ter known to the world. The progress are 189 switchboards throughout the made in this endeavor is very encour- country, each having between 10 and aging. 100 lines. There are two automatic telephone ex- Personnel-wise, there are 1,537 tech- changes, one in Kabul and the other in nical employees in the country. Eighty Kandahar. Most of the towns are con- people were trained in the fields of post nected via channel system telephone with and telegraph and 62 in channel system one another and via radio-telephone with management during the first Five Year the rest of the world. Plan. Rural areas have cable telephone sys- The Deutche Kredit Install has prom- tems with the number of subscribers in- ised its cooperation in connection with creasing. An air letter between Europe the installation of facilities for another and Afghanistan does not take more than 8,000 telephone subscribers in Kabul, the 5 days. Local post will be sent by air. installation of two 1,500-line automatic There are three Pakhto and Persian telephone exchanges for Herat and Ma- newspapers and one English in Kabul zar, the extension of the carrier telephone while each provincial capital has its own system between Kabul and Pule Khumri daily. from 3 to 12 channels, the installation of The number of periodicals in the coun- necessary equipment to establish tele- try is more than 50. Almost each Minis- phone contact between Pule Khumri and try has its own organ and various Kunduz in three channels, using carrier Faculties of Kabul University run their system, and the extension of lines and own magazines. carrier equipment to establish communi- The newspapers have a high council cation between Herat and Farah. to look after the assignments of their editorial staff while the Afghan Journal- ists' Association arranges meetings at Tele-Communication which noted journalists give lectures about Kabul is connected with all important latest techniques and resolutions are capitals of the world through radio-tele- passed reflecting the pressmen's views on phony system via Paris and through international questions. telegraphy system via Moscow and Bom- Radio Kabul is the only broadcasting bay. station in the country with one 20 KW Direct communications with Iran, Pak- short and another 20 KW medium wave istan, the Soviet Union and India have transmitter for its home services and a been arranged through bilateral agree- 50 KW short wave transmitter for its ments. foreign broadcasts in English, French, German, Arabic and Russian. There are 16 telegraph stations throughout the country serving both in- Telephone ternal and external purposes and one Although the telephone is relatively tele-photo system. Newspapers formed at Kabul University and sufficient The first newspaper, Shamsun Nahar, employment opportunities with the na- appeared in Afghanistan in 1870's while tion's press are now rapidly opening. the first woman's journal, Irshad un Radio Niswan, was published in 1921. The number of newspapers in the cap- Ink and paper journalism is also imple- ital, as well as in the provinces has mented with Kabul Radio which recently increased and in some instances more has increased its services both in the pages have been added to the existing medium and short wave bands. newspapers. In others, the size has been Radio is by far the most effective expanded. In all, the quality of the con- medium and the people are becoming in- tents has improved. The most important creasingly interested while the number of newspapers are Islah and Anis (Pakhto transistors and kerosene operated radio and Persian) and Kabul Times, the only sets is being multiplied. English language daily run in the capital. With the cooperation of the Deutche Although the well-equipped Govern- Kredit Install, Radio Kabul is planning ment Printing House was gutted by fire the installation of a 100 KW medium a few years ago, new printing machinery wave and a similar short wave transmit- is being purchased to organize a much ter to reach remote corners of the coun- larger firm. try, South-East Asia, the Far East and A department of Journalism has been Europe effectively. Various sections of Kabul for the development of which a general plan has been prepared to make the capital look entirely different in 25 years' time. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT GREAT LEAP Eleven community development projects were launched in various parts of the country since the establishment of the Community Development Department in 1954. These projects cover 1,300 villages with a total population of more than 250,000 people. Twelve United Nations experts assist the Government in the fields of rural education, sanitation, farming and social ac- -~'-"*& tivities. Out of 1,059 villages envisaged to be covered during the First Five Year Plan, only eight units were opened due to financial difficulties. The following chart shows the population covered by each A model village built by the architects of the Community Development Department at unit. Shewaki. Name of Unit Population Shewaki 28,000 gienic water supplies and sewage systems, LogarNo. 1 } and better sanitation. Above all, the Logar No. 2 ] 57,370 spirit of cooperation among the villagers to pool their capital and efforts in building Saidkhel 75,450 village centers and bridges and helping Landaisin 24,000 each other is most encouraging. Jaji Maidan 28,344 Darapaich 44,650 Two students of adult education rourses nut by the Community Development Department Andar 75,000 at Shewaki near Kabul. The current training courses provide village workers, basic educators, technical personnel and co-operative managers. From the 17 new projects envisaged in the Second Five Year Plan three have recently been opened to cover 1.25 million people, 16 per cent of the country's rural population. The largest, in Panjwaye. covers 34 villages with a population of over 78,000 people. A number of rural cooperatives is to be launched this year. The changes brought about in the lives of the villagers by the community development movement are manifested in their present-day better housing conditions, hy- TOURISM IN AFGHANISTAN The Unbeaten Track

istan within the reach of everyone in a matter of hours. With the establishment of the Afghan Tourist Organization in 1958, Afghani- stan came into the picture of world tourism. Compared with the countries whose tourist tradition goes back for many dec- ades. Afghan tourism is still in its infancy. Because of the efforts made in opening up the country for tourism, backed by Af- ghanistan's tremendous potentiality for future development of this new industry, prospects look bright. Because of its geographical resem- blance, Afghanistan is often called the "Switzerland of Asia." The beauty of its majestic mountains, its green valleys The Arch of Bist which has been completely dotted with picturesque villages, the warm restored in recent years. hispitality of its people, its healthful climate and the unique sight of its color- Gone are the days when Afghanistan ful nomads (the Kochis) encountered was wrongly considered as a forbidden along the mountain roads and valleys with land where no foreigner could safely their long caravans of camels, are un- travel. Many pepple may still remember, forgettable sights which offer thrilling and or may have seen a big signboard stand- enjoyable moments to foreign visitors. ing on the border of British India bearing For the historian, for the archaeologist, the words: "It is absolutely forbidden to for the ethnologist, in short for everyone cross this border into Afghanistan." with a spirit of research and above all for For a long time this signboard served the angler and the hunter, Afghanistan its double purpose of discouraging trav- would be a dreamland. ellers to cross the Khyber Pass into Af- ghanistan and to make people believe that Afghans were inhospitable and dan- gerous people, better not to encounter. Since those bygone days many Ameri- can and other writers and travelers have visited Afghanistan and found it an extremely hospitable country, its people most friendly and the country itself one of the most fascinating places one could imagine in Asia. The extraordinary expansion of tourism A view of Avicenna Avenue in Kabul where the main banks are located to the right, the after the last world war, enhanced by the telephone exchange to the left and the public advent of the jet age, has brought Afghan- library opposite. Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, with its colourful bazaars where the famous Afghan carpets, karakul pelts and lapis- lazuli objects can be bought, is enchant- ing. Its surrounding green valleys are rich in scenic beauty and here and there some ruined stupa or a fort is reminiscent of the Buddhist or early Islamic period. Bamyan is the colorful and fascinating valley of the two giant Buddhas, biggest in the world, carved in the face of a cliff, measuring 174 feet and 115 feet in height, surrounded by thousands of caves which once served as monasteries for Buddhist monks.

Herat, the ancient city where Alex- A completely new street in Kandahar as part ander built his Alexandria; was destroyed of the building boom in the ancient town which completely by Ghengiz Khan and later was once the nation's capital. by Tamerlane, and once more lived a period of splendour during the Timurids The Afghan Tourist Organization is (16th century). Today the ruins of ready to welcome and extend every facility minarets, mosques and monuments are to visitors by providing guides, transpor- standing witnesses of that splendid period tation and sometimes hotel reservations. when art, literature and refinement had attained the highest degree of perfection. The Bine Mosque surrounding tomb of Ali, the fourth Caliph and son-in-law of the Prophet Kandahar, called Arachosia by the at Mazare Sharif. The exquisite tiles and Greeks, is the birth-place of the modern turquoise domes are masterpieces of Islamic kingdom of Afghanistan, founded by architecture. Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747. Mazare Sharif, with the Blue Mosque and the Shrine of Ali, son-in-law and cousin of the Prophet Mohammed and Balkh, once called the "Mother of Cities", the ruins of which can be seen today with awe and wonder are a few among many important and interesting sights to see in Afghanistan. Today one can travel easily to Afghan- istan—either overland via the historical Khyber Pass, or via Meshed in Iran. One can also fly by Ariana Afghan Airlines from Beirut, Teheran or from Delhi. Tourists are issued visas in all Afghan Embassies in important capitals. Published by the Afghan Information Bureau, Royal Afghan Embassy, 2341 Wyoming Avenue, N. W., Washington 8, D. C, U.S.A. Suggested Reading in the United States

Afghanistan, An Outline, by Mary B. Watkins, State University Col- lege, (College Bookstore), New Platz, New York, 1962. Price: $0.40 Afghanistan, by Dr. Donald N. Wilber, HRAF Press, New Haven, Conn. 1962. Price: $8.75 A first-rate hand book—History, geography, economy, ethnology, language, folklore and sociology are among the many subjects covered. 320 pages with maps, charts and graphs.

Afghanistan: Ancient Land with Modern Ways, 1961. Price: $4.25 An attractive book with more than two hundred handsome photographs. Available from the Educational Office, Royal Afghan Embassy, 2000 Florida Avenue, Washington, D.C.

of *;•' s ?=, .i O' '-mi P\!iW D KOMAIRA OF A.F

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The Secretary-General #

H.E. Mr. Fedorenko * H.E. Mi\. Lekic

sides * * Mr. Bujiche

Mr . Iferasimhan * Mr. Rolz-Bennett

Mr. Tallarigo

Mr. de Seynes * H.E. Mr. Bitsios

H.E. Mr. Matsch H.E. Sir Patrick Dean

H.E. Mr. Zoppi

# * * Protocol and Liaison

Luncheon given by the Secretary-General to bid farewell to H.E. M. Zoppi, Permanent Representative of Italy, on Monday, 30 December 1963 (38th floor)

The Secretary-General

H.E. Mr. Fedorenko H.E. Mr. Lekic

H.E. Mr. Rossides Mr. Bunche

Mr, Barasimhan Mr. Rolz-Bennett

M. Tallarigo H.E. Mr. Plimpton

M. de Seynes H.E. M. Bitsios

H.E. Mr. Matsbh H.E. Sir Patrick Dean

H.E. M. Zoppi SG luncheon - To bid farewell to Mb. Vittorio Zoppi Monday, 30 December 1963, 1.15 p.m., 38th floor

H.E. Mr. Vittorio Zoppi Mr. Paolo Tallarigo Sir Patrick Dean H.E Mr. Dimitri S. Bitsios H.E. Mr. Zenon Rossides H.E. Mr. Danilo Lekic H.E. Dr. Franz Matsch H.E. Mr. N. T. Fedorenko H.E. Mr. F.T.P. Plompton

The Secretary-General Mr. C. V. Narasimhan Dr. Ralph J. Bunche JMr*' Oi- StaTOOpoulocA Mr. Jose Rolz-Bennett Mr. Philippe de Seynes ro I ro

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* Mr. SG lunch - Friday, 2? December 1965, 1.15 38th floor

The Secretary-General Mr. C. V. Narasimhan Dr. Ralph J. Bunche Mr. Jos-e' Rolz-Bennett Mr. David Owen Mr. Osorio-Tafall Mr. Gustavo Duran t;*

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Secretary-General's Reception for General Gyani 16

C.V. Narafimhan Kr. C«A. Bsrnardes (Braail) -" Mr. Paul Tressblay (Canada) Mr* A« Heasel2smd-J©Rss« (Densark)

Mr. «f, Ho la -Bennett Mr. B0R. Cfaakravarty (India) --"" Vv laseioirski ^-~ B, Urquhart » Hr« S.Ae Hialson (Mon*ay) 0, Turner . Mr. J.Mo BawMXiy (Sa^di Arabia) Mr. ¥. HcCaw „ Hre.'A. Hossel (Sweden) Mr. J.T. .Birckhead

Iff* C. Stavropoulous" Sir Patrick Dean (U0K.) Mr. David Vatkghan Mr. C.W. Yost (U.SJU) ffip. G. Lansky Mr. M.A« Al-AJmi (T«m«n) Kr, A. De Lauro Mr. D. Lekic Mr. L, HicheL-aore V Mr. Mo A. Vellcdi CSfl*. Obhrai . Colon®! T» Moore (Canada) H. Tavar^fe de S& . Colonel KJ£. Dastur (India) « Colonel D.I. Stiarnspets, (Sn K.T« Kra Z< Marcella > •j Mr. Ibrahim Helmi AbML-Eataasa Hr, M.E. Chacko / s*- fi-^a *•«*«. K.J. teaclxree Mr* E, Keddy Hr. Hiilippe de Seyaos «rv Mr. Eoberto ill. Lt. Colonel V. De Quinabourg Mr* feud 0. Hof fosm Haj I.J. Rikhy« Li. Colonel L.M.K. Skera ^ Sir Alesand*r MacFarquhar J. '.Jiatastskraa Mr. &.K. Owen

.. Mr. fladiisir P.^Suslov Receptlsm for General Gyani

C.V. Nara^imhan H.B* Kr. G»A> Bemsrdss (Brasll) • . Mr. Ralph J. Bunche H.E. Mr. Paul TreiabLay (Canada) Mr. D. Protitch H.E. Mr. Ao K^seellandWeRSCT. *"f Kr, Jo Eols-B«im«tt H*S, Mr,, B.!9. Chakravarty (India) Kr. V. Lesaiovski

' Mr. B. Ujquhart H.S. Kr. 3»A0 Hielson Mr. 8. Turner ff«B. Mr. J.M. Barwx^jr (Saudi Arabia) Kr. W. McCaw K.E. Mrs. A. Rospol

Mr. J0TB .Birckhead He. C* Sta^ropoulous H.B. Sir Patrick Dean (O.K.) ;'"" Mr. David Vaisghan BJE. Mr. C.W, Toet (U.3.A,) 6. Lanskj B.E. HP. N.A. Al-Al«i (Tmea) ;" Kr. A. Be Lauro H.E« Ife1. B. Lekie Mr. 1. J-1ichslmor«

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S.E. Mr. Sivert A. Sfielsen

.1. Mr. Kezaid * * S.S, Mr. James Barrington

3.®. Mr, Sncfeell * * Mr. Jlri Sosek

. Paul Bofftnan Mr. Billipp© cie Seynes

H.S. Ik1. Moan M. PaehacM* * H.S. !4p. Danilo

H.I. I&-. Bohdan * H.I. fe. Kathan Barnes

# H.I. Mrs. Agda Rossel

Mr* Serbaneseu Mr* Bender

Ur * Me. Gres

Eittaui *

Hr* * H*E* Hr.

Mr. laraelahaix *

Kr* GCbsen * Up,

* Mr* Garm

#*« the in h0ngor of fehe Adsei OH , AUntistyative ...and Budatpry Questions

Mr. SBRBAHESCU Hr.

Mr. Mr. GREZ

Mr, Mr. AHME1D

Mr. VAOGHAH H.E. Mr, AGHKIDES

B.E. Dr. SOSA EODRIGUEZ The SECREf ART-GENERAL

Hr. HAMSIHHAW Mr, TURNER

Mr* GIBSOK Mr, QtJUANO

Mr* BANNJE& Mr. GAKEM

Hr, SANU Mr. BLANCHE? ADVISORY COMMITTEE OH ADMINISTRATIVE AND BUDGETARY QUESTIONS

Present Membership Membership

', Th, Aghnides (Chairman) Mr. M.A.M. Ahmed Mr. M.A.M. Ahmed • J.P, Bannier Mr, A.F. Bender, Jr» Mr, A.F. Bender, Jr, Mr, A, Ganem Mr. A. Ganem Mr, A, Grez Mr. A, Grez Mr, J, Gibson Mr. J. Gibson- Mr, I.T. Kittani Mr. I.T. Kittani Mr, R, Quijano Mr. R. Quijano Mr, E,0. Sana Mr. E.O. Sanu Mr, D, Serbanescu Mr. D. Serbanescu Mr, A. Shahi Mr, A. Shahi Mr, V»F«_ Ulanchev

retiring members new" members' ' ' re-elected members

^Wv^ , , NATIONS Distr, G LIMITED A/C.5/L.618 5 Hovezriber 1960 EKGLISH ORIG1HAL: EtS3LI8H/B"' SP&tZLSE

Fifteenth cession FIFTH COM-r.TTEE Agenda item 51 (a

APPOINTMEKTS TO PILL VA&SNC1ES HI THE MEKESR31HP OF SUBSIDIARY BODIES OF SEE GSSERAl ASSEMBLY

&MXSOBY COM^ITTES 01 AK-HSHSHMffilVB AHD EUD&EEAaY €

Note by the Sacreteriat

As indicated in document A/':-375, three vacancies will occur in the membership of the Advisory CosEnittee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions oa 51. December 19^> as a result of the ejjpiration of the teras of offics of Mi*.» Tbanaosis Aghnides (Greece)^ Mr, Etiuardo Carrisoso (Colombia) and

lir. Alesei F8 So&lrkin (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). Tfee foHci-fi»s persons have been proposed in respsct -of theso vacancies;

Mr_9__yhjarasj?ismAgIiaide_3 (Greece) Bo^rn 51 January 1869; Holds degrees of the Universities of Istembul asd Pa^i

Director^ Press Bureauf Greek Legation in London^ 1917-19l8j Member of the Joint Secretariat, of the League of Nations,, 1919i Director,, Diaas7ma2Efint Sect ion, League of HatioaSj 1.930* Secretary-General, Montreux Conference on tha H<%ias o* tha Dardanelles,, I936j Secretary-General, Conference for the suppression of Egyptian

Capitulatie&s, 1937J Secretary-Generalf J?yoa Conference for the ouppraasioa of piracy in tha Mediterranean, 1957j Under Secretary-General of the League of I 1959-19^2; Permanent Under-Secretory of State of Greece, 1^2; Mbassador or

Greece in London, 19^2-19^7; Representative of Greece to UKCIO, Sas Fraaeisco? 19^5> Chairman of the Greek Delegation to the United Nations Chartor Preparatory Corsmission, London, 19^5 J Chairman of the Sissth Consult tee of the Cosja Acting Ciiairsaan of the Greek Delegation to the United nations General Ap 19^6; Rapporteur of the Fifth CoEHittae of the GeaeraJ. Assembly 19'i6| Chairsaa

60-S7585 /,. A/C.5/L.618 Enjlish Pa :e 2 of the Greek Delegation to the final Assembly of the League of Natioas, Chain-ian of the Greek Dslegatico to the Preparatory Cornuission on UI5ESCO, Chainaan, Advisory Coirjaittee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, llenber of the curatorium of the Acadeniy of International Law, The Hague, since j Chairman, International Civil Service Advisory

List of guests invited to the reception following the celebration of Human Rights Day on Tuesday, 10 December 1963

HOST: The Secretary-General GUESTS:

H.E. the President of the General Assembly and Mrs. Sosa Bodriguez H.E. Mr. Abdul Rahman Pazhwak, Chairman,, Commission on Human Rights H.E. the Chairman of the Third Committee and Mrs. Diaz-Casanueva

ARTISTS a) Pianist ; Mme Novaes Miss Basil va Mr. Herbert Barrett Mr. Quinn Miss Olga Coelho Mine Schnitaer

b) Singer ; Eeontyne Price Elizabeth Winston Otto Gujjh Thomas Thompson

c) Kabuki; Kuroemon Onoe Tokusuke Hanayagi Yajuro Kineya Haruo Kineya lae Kineya

Mr. Hiroshi Hitomi, Counsellor, Permanent Mission Mr. Yasumasa Ota Mr. and Mrs. Sol Shapiro

d) Jourdan: M. and Mme Louis Jourdan Mr. and Mrs. Robert Lantz - 2 -

e) African Group:

Eashida Abu-Bakr Edith Grootboor Francis Nyarko Cam Ivan Annan Frana Tagoe Eva Kiritta

SECRETARIAT All Under-Secretaries and wives

Human Sights Division;

Dr. and Mrs. Humphrey Mr. and Mrs. Mousheng lin Mr. and Mrs. Rupert John

OPI: Mr. and Mrs. d'Ar.cy Mr. and Mrs. Obhrai Mr. and Mrs. Janecek Mr. and Mrs. Caruthers Mr. and Mrs. Ritchie Mr. and Mrs. Hayward Mr. Jeff Sparks Mr. Grunzweig Mr. and Mrs. Nichols

Third Committee;

Mr. and Mrs. Das Staff Committee:

Mr. and Mrs. Takovlev Others: Mr. and Mrs. John Davis Mr. and Mrs. Raul Prebisch - 3 -

Mr. and Mrs. Michelmore General and Mrs. Rikhye Mr. and Mrs. Lessiovski General and Mrs. Gyani Mr. and Mrs. Rola-Bennett Mr. Gibson Parker cri ru si i 1*15

x regrets - will be in Ottawa SffJR regrets - will be in Washington S*li* U Jinsg Hisifg! accepts I.S* I? UssESg iipmg accepts H*!!. ^ ^ffitfc Ste accepts accepts accepts -SfcChit : — -accapts- r SG luncheon - Riverdale - Sunday., 8 December 1963, 1.15 p.m.

II iE. U On Soin H.E. U Aung Shwe H.E. U Maung Maung H.E. U Myat Tun U Hla Maung U Ba Thaung U Ba Chit

SG reception for the Press - Thursday, 5 December 1963, 6.JO - 8.00 p Delegates Dining Room

Reply Country Newspaper Corre spondent Yes Ho Argentina Di Presse Baker, Simeon Australia Associated Newspapers Ltd. of Australia Armati, Leo Australian Consolidated Davies, John B. Press Ltd. Australian Newspapers Barker, Garry Service Austria Die Furche von Hofmannsthal, Emilio Wiener Zeitung Roden, Max Belgium Gazet van Stekene de Pauw, Nestor P. Brazil Jornal do Brasil Sirotsky, Nahum British Guiana Thunder Gummings, Felix Bulgaria Bulgarian Telegraph Naidenov, Georgi Agency Cambodia LA VERITE Van Ky, Iran Canada Canadian Press Cumming, Carman Toronto Telegram Einfrank, Aaron China Central News Agency Lin, Chen Chi V of China Cuba Prensa Latina Portela, Francisco Villacorta, Alfonso Cyprus Phieleftheros Triantafyllou, Spyridon Czechoslovakia ChechoSlovak News Agency Folta, Petr Rude Pravo Sip, Emil Denmark Berlingske Tidende Jensen, Allen Information Leistikow, Gunnar France Agency France-Press LaGrange, Jean E. Tuckerman, Anne Weill Wolff, Georges R. France Observateur Ghnassia, Maurice Le Figaro Chatelain Nicolas Le Monde Ben, Philip Paris Presse Foy, Louis A. — 2 —

Country Newspaper Correspondent Reply Yes No

Federal Republic Frankfurter Rundschau Pol, Heinz of Germany German Press Agency (EPA) Leichter, Otto x Springer Foreign News Flachmeyer, H. East Germany Allgemeine Deutscher Olivier, Kurt Nachrichtendienst Ghana Ghana News Agency Enninful, George Gree ce Athens News Agency PeClaris, Panayotis Avghi Nicolopoulos, Chris Kathimerini-Ethnos Condomitros, Solon Hungary Hungarian News Agency (NTl) Polgar, Denes Ipper, Pal (H. Radio) India Indian Express Raman Pattabhi P.G. Krishnayya's News Krishnayya, Pasupuleti and Publications G. Press Trust of India Raghaven, Charcarvarti / Indone sid Antara News Agency Berry, Winston Panggaben, Bonar Israel Jerusalem Post Lurie, Jesse Lamerhav Tadmor, Yeoshua Omer Shneiderman, Samuel Yedioth Ahronoth Wiesel, Lazare Rubin, Jacob Italy ANSA News Agency Lucentini, Mauro Corriere Delia Sera Stille, Ugo II Paese Cappelli, John La Stampa Barolini, Antonio La Voce Repubblicana Capra, Giovanni Jamaica New World News Service Grant, Stanley Japan Asahi Shimbun Kato, Isugio Chubu Nippon Shimbun Shigeharu, Oda / Jiji Press Sato, Tatsuro Kyodo News Service Kamei, Asahi Ota, Yasumasa Mainichi Newspapers Sato, Koji Nihon Keizai Shimbun Sugino, Naomichi Sangho Keizai Shimbun Onodera, Sho Yomiuri Shimbun Kimura, Eiji - 3 -

Country Newspapers Corre spondent Reply es No

Liberia The Liberian Age Infeld, Lydia Netherlands Het Financieele Dagblad Van Leeuwen, Jan Het Parool Schroeder, Peter Nieuwe Rotterdamse Vas Dias, Arnold Courant Typhoon/Noorderper s Oltmans, Willem Norway DagMadet Vanberg, Bent Morgeribladet Galtung, Ingegerd X Hvistendahl, Else Panama Panama Tribune Rosenthal, Rita Philippines Evening News Mercado, Juan Poland Polish Press Agency Gornicki, Wieslaw Puerto Rico Claridad Gonzalez-Gonzalez, J. A. El Imparcial Maura, Gabriel V. Romania Roumanian News Agency Alexandroaei, Constantin Scanteia Rodescu, Liviu South Africa Argus Newspapers Fick, Albert Spain ABC Newspapers Massip, Jose Informaciones Echevarria, Adolfo Pueblo Tobio, Manuel Prensa y Radio Espanolas Bueno, Guy Sweden Dagens Nyheter Ahman, Sven Svenska Dagbladet Persson, Per Switzerland Die Tat Wronkow, George Neue Zuercher Zeitung Beer, Max Trinidad Trinidad Guardian Fraser, Charles G. v/ Tunisia JEUNE AFRIQUE Malley, Simon AGENCE TUNIS AFRIQUE Cherif, Anouar PRESSE Turkey Turkish News Agency Demokan, Mehmet USSR Izvestia Kondrashov, Stanislav J&iznetsov. .Turi, , ., • Pravda /Itur efy Timu v / JTIKOlal T J Strelnikov, Boris Sass News Agency Lossev, Serguei Petrusenko, Vitalij Shokin, Leonid Vassilliev, Gennadi Velinchansky, Leonid Ponomarev, Leonid 3t - k -

Country- Newspapers Correspondent Reply Yes No

United Arab Al Ahram Keshishian, Levon V/ Republic United Kingdom Arab News Agency Brachman, A.C. British Weekly Joyce, James Daily Telegraph Ball, Ian London Jewish Chronicle Yaffe, Richard Reuters, Ltd. Barker, Allan Bulbeck, John Chadwick, John LittleJohns, Michael The Guardian Pick, Bella The Observer Egginton, Joyce The Times Britter, Eric London Evening Standard Lady Jean Campbell United States Associated Negro Press Payne, William Associated Press Besser, Milton Goldberg, Abraham Harrelson, Max Oatis, William Baltimore Sun Ward, Paul W. Chicago Daily News Freudenheim, Milton Chicago Tribune Press Fulton, William Service Christian Science Monitor Foe11, Earl Daily Morning Freiheit Matis, David Day - Jewish Journal Rivlin, Morris Foreign News Service Wierzbianski, B. Gazette and Daily (York) Del Vayo, Julio A. General News Service Velasco, Antonio \/ Greenwich Time Gray, Kay Rainey Hartford (Conn.Courant) Fisher, Franklin Bihler, T. V. Hearst Headline Service Hearst, Millicent Huss, Peter Kober, Barbara N. Howard Headline Service Howard, Charle s International Feature Halasz, Louis Service International Review Mezerick, Avrahm Servi ce 3$ ^ Country Newspapers Corre spondent Reply Yes No

United States Jewish Telegraphic Carson, Saul (cont'd) Agency, Inc. Kansas City Star Kaye , Jo seph Los Angeles Times Fleming, Louis McGraw Hill Publishing Hagan, Mary Co. °q,- T-1 ptvnva Newark News Wiener, Max Newsday Gummings, John M Newsweek Loebl, Lili New York Daily News Clapso, Gerard x El Korashi, Issa x King, Martin J. x, Wallenberg, Peter x New York Herald Tribune Jhabvala, Darious New York Times Brewer, Sam Pope Hamilton, Thomas J. McLaughlin, Kathleen Teltsch, Kathleen New York World Telegram Morello, Theodore and Sun Novoye Russkoye Slovo Swet, Gershon Pittsburgh Courier Cartwright, Marguerite t/ D. (Quincy) Patriot Ledger Harvey, Mary F. San Francisco Sun Reporter Johnson, Alfred N. Scolastic Magazine Talmadge, Irving D. Sterling Journal Advocate Guthrie, Anne St. Louis Post Dispatch Grant, Donald The tefes Worker North, Joseph Time Magazine Gruin, Frederick Trans-Radio News Agency Gabriel, Alexander United Press Intll Munn, Bruce W. Parry, John Teatsorth, Ralph C. Johnston, Donald

31 - 6 -

Country Newspapers Eorrespondent Reply Yes No

U.S. Information United States U.S. Information Harvey, C. D. (Cont'd) Agency Walton, Richard World in Focus Frye, William Worldmark Press, Inc. Sachs, Moshe Y. V World Union Press Horowitz, David Worldwide Press Service Fletcher, Arthur I/ Yugoslavia Borba Milie, Zivko Oslo'bodjeneje Finci, Josip Politika Radojokic, Miroslav Tanjug Stajduhar, Rudolph V Vjesnik Kirigin, Josip Free Lance Rossi, Mario *

RADIO AND TV CORRESPONDENTS

Australia Australian Broadcasting MacKriell, Keith / Commission Canada Canadian Broadcasting Corp. Craine, John T. Gould, Thomas Czechoslovakia Czechoslovak Radio and TV Kyncl, Karel Denmark Danish Radio Winther, Christian Federal Rep. of Germany Radio Free Berlin Menzel, Rolf France French Radio and TV Sallebert, Jacques Ocora Vieyra, Justin Israel Israel Broadcasting Alraog, Shmuel Servi ce Italy Italian Radio and TV Orlando Ruggero Japan Japan Broadcasting Corp. Fujinei, Kazuo Netherlands Radio Nederland Person, Bernard Poland Polish Radio and TV Pawlak, Wladyslaw Romania Romanian Radio and TV Preda, Eugen Swedenq. Swedish Broadcasting Corp .Thoren, Arne Switzerland Swiss Broadcasting Gautschy, Heiner Jf - 7 -

Country Station Correspondent Reply Yes Ho

USSR Moscow Radio and TV Kalugin, Oleg United Kingdom British Broadcasting Wigan, Anthony Corp. Vandamm, Joanna United States American Broadcasting Co. MacVane, John Colombia " System Hottelet, Richard C.j x Mutual Broadcasting Combs, George System Hamilton National Broadcasting Co. Frederick, P. i x Radio Free Europe Endrist, Jaroslav Radio Liberty Sanker, Paul Radi o Pre s s Int'1 Ligon, Mel US Cttee of Broad- Shull, Tom casting for UN Westinghouse Broadcast- Rose, Oscar ing Co., Inc. WBAI Piliington, Betty WMYC laiL.iiiiL.1, Du^mumj Levin, Al WOR Gladstone, Henry Yugoslavia Tome, Egon * *** ABC Goode, Marvin ! V

t - 8 -

PHOTOGRAPHERS Reply Yes No Associated Press Walter Durkin Jack Harris V Harry Harris -i John Lindsay United Press Int'l Larry de Santis Joel Landau Bill Sauro David Davis Tony Sande Hew York Times John Dugan Carl Gossett John Orris Hew York Herald Tribune Ben Price Ira Rosenberg Daily Hews Arthur Siebelist Evelyn Straus France-Press Sammy Schulman Life Richard Pollard St. Louis Post Dispatch Paul Berg

Leo Rosenthal - 9 - Reply Yes No Yes No Vladimir P. Suslov Hernane Tavares de Sa? * G. K. J. Amachree vx- Jean d'Arcy David Vaughan \/ \f Osgood Caruthers Frank M. Begley Ramses Wassif ^f Stephen Przylucki / Goverdhan Obhrai V/ Allen Chang Reinholdt Erikeen * L. Shelley David Ritchie «/ G. Maheu William Powell ^ George J. Janecek v Noel Busch (Reader's Digest) x Konstantin Smirnov / Michael I. Hayward I/ ' Josef C. Nichols V/ Audrey Langston Arthur C. Tyrrell Earl Cahail Paul Jankowski V Norman Ho V Cesar Ortiz-Tinoco / Maurice Liu / David Exley */ Jeffrey Rajasooria U Tin Aung V 0. Lopez-Noguerol / Aly Khalil V Robert N. Kenney S Gilberto Rizzo Kenneth B. Kelly Rudolph K. Skeete Vincent Donahue V. Keith A. Beavan Marcia Cooper Pinchas Josephine Blacklock C. V. Narasirnhan y Jose Rolz -Bennett J Ralph J. Bunche ^ ARGENTINA DI PRESSE Baker, Simeon

AUSTRALIA ASSOCIATED 'NEWSPAPERS LTD. ^ Annati, L«o QF AUSTRALIA ....:• - AUSTRALIAN CONSOLIDATED Davies, John B EB1SS LTD. AUSTRALIAN NEWSPAPERS SERVICE v, Barker, Garry

ft^--^^

AUSTRIA DIE FURCHE' von Hofiaannsthal, Emilio

WIENER- ZEITDHG Roden,. Max

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BRAZIL JORNAL DO BRASIL Sirotefey, Nahum

BRITISH GUIAHA TliUNDER Ctumairigs, Felix

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CAMBODIA LA VERITE Ky, Tran

CANADA CANADIAN PRESS ••"=> Cummijig> Carman

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CHINA CENTRAL NEHS AGEI«3Y OF CHINA ^ Lin, Chen Chi

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BERLINGSKE TIDEHGB Jensen, Allen INFORMATION Leistikcw, Gunnar

FRANCE AGENCY FRANCE-PRESSB LaGrange, Jean E, Tttckejroan^ Anne Weill Georges H»

FRANCE OB8EHVAIEOB vn Ghnassia, Maurice IE FIGARO 6 Chatelain Nicolas IE -MONDE : -Ben, Philip PARIS PEBSSE ',,, Foy, Lotiis A,

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY :. :' •

FRANKFOE'CER RtJHDSCHAU ^ Pol, Heine GERMAN PRESS AGBHGT (DPA) 5,-j Leichter, Otto — SPRINGER FOREIGJJ HEWS t»1 Fiachmeyer, H,

EAST GERMAHY ALLGEMEIKE DEUTSCHER \, Olivier, Kurt NACHRICHTEKDIEKST

GHAHA GHAKA NEWS AGENCY Enninful, George

GREECE AfHEKS HEHS AGEHGY *-Peelarie> Panayotis A?GHI >.-, Nicolopoulos, Chrie KATHIMERINI-ETHHOS , Condoraitros, Solon

HUHGARY HUNGARIAN HEWS AGENCY (HTI) Denes Pal ( H. Radio) INDIA IHDIAK EXPRESS *i Raman, Pattabhi

P.O. £rlshnayya«s NEWS & t, Krishnayyat Pasupuleti G» PUBLICiTIONS / PRESS TRUST OP INDIA SRaghaven, Charcarvarti

INDONESIA AHTARA NEWS AGENCY • Berry, V/inston

ISRAEL JERUSALEM POST '*•"? Lurie, Jesse LAHEfiBA? ^Tadmor, Yeoshua

OMER . u Shneiderman, Sarauel 1EDIOTH AHROKOTH ' ' &j Wieselj Lazare / .Rubin, Jacob ITALY ANSA HE5fJS AGENCY ^•Lucentini, Mauro COBRIERE DELLA SERA u Stllle, Ugo IL PAESB <7 Cappelli, John LA STAMPA / Barolini, Antonio n LA VOCE REPOBBLICAKA Giovanni >

JAMAICA EW WORLD HEWS SERVICE j Grant, Stanley

JAPAN ASAHI.stoMBIM ^ Kato, Isugio

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KYODO NEWS SERVICE ^ Kamei, Asahi *? Ota, Yasuiaasa MAINICHI HEWSPAPERS Koji NIHOti KEIZAI SHIMBUN ^Sugino, Naomichi SAKGYO KEIZAI SHIMBUN hi Onodera, Sho YOMIURI SHIMBUIf t Kiraura, Eiji LIBERIA THE LIEERIAH A® L, Infeld, Lydia fflSTHERIAHDS

HET FINAMCIEELE DAGBLAD i- Van Leeuwen, Jan HET PAROOL i Schroeder, Peter NIEUWE ROTTEEDAMSE COURMT ;..• ?as Bias, Arnold TYPHOOI0JOORDERPERS' h Oltiaans, Wiilea

NORWAY BAGBIADET , Bent Galtung, Ingegerd

PANAMA PAKAM Rosenthal, Rita

IVEKHJG mas ' i-j Mercado, Juan

POLAND POLISH IRESS AGENCY ^Gornicki, Wieslaw

PUERTO RICO CIARIDAD \^ Gonzalez-Gonaales, J»A. EL IMPARCIAL ^ Maura, Gabriel ?.

ROMANIA ROUMANIAN NEWS AGENCY Alexandroaei, Constantiii SCAKTEIA SRodescu, Liviu

SOUTH AFRICA ARGUS NEWSPAPERS ') Pick, Albert

SPAIH ABC HEWSPAPERS f7 Mas sip, Jose 3MFCRMACIOSBS . ^Edhevarria, Adolfo PUEBLO \ Tobio, !-3anuel PRENSA I RADIO BSPANOLAS s Bueno, Guy

DAGENS HIBEiER , Sven SWHSKA DAGBLADET Persson, Per SWITZERLAND DIE TAT George KEUE ZUERGHER ZEITUWG , Beer, Max TRINIDAD TRINIDAD GUARDIAN > Charles Gerald

- ^ ,-ii TUHISIA AFRIQUE , Simon AGENCE TUNIS AFRIQUE PEESSE , Anouar TURKEY

*SS3 TURKISH NEWS Mehmet USSR IZ7ESTIA L,. Kondrashov, Stanislav S Ktirdyumov, Nikolai 7. e> Strelnikov, Boris TAS5 HENS AGENGY -, Lossev, Serguei ' • Petrusenko, Vitalij *3 Shokin, Leonid 'Vassilliev, Gennadi Velinchansky, Leonid

'•UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC. AL ABRAH --, Keehishiajn, Levon ' TOUTED KINGDOM ARAB NEWS AGEMCT > Brachiaan, A.C. BRITISH WEB'KLT 'Voyee, James

DAILY TELEGRAPH H Ball, Ian LONDOH JEWISH CHRONICLE -r'Yaffe, Richard REUTERS, LTD ' Barker$ Allan •> Bulbeck, John ^ Chadwick> John ^. Litfcle'johns, Michael THE GUARDIAH S PickV Hella THE OBSERVER sEgginton, Joyce THE.. TIMES «,Britter# Eric UNITED' STATES ASSOCIATED NEGRO PRESS ^ Payne, William ASSOCIATED PRESS <- BesBer, Milton Goldberg* Abraham t , Harreleon, Max L; Oat is, William BALTIMORE SUN , Paul W.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS h Frettdenheiia, Hilton CHU AGO TRIBUNE PRESS SERVICE C, Falton, William CHRIST!AK SCIEUCE MOKITOR

^®^^&£3&a&BiiJa • POREIGK WS SERVICE ^ Ifierabianski, B.

GAZETTE AKD DAILY' (YORK) /, Del Vayof Julio A* GENERAL HEWS SERVICE h Velasco, Antonio GREENWICH TIME ^ t^-ay, Kay Rainey HARTFORD (Conn. COURAH? ^, Fisher, Franklin HEARST HEADLINE SERVICE -) Hearst, JCLlicent L, Huss, Peter '•) Kober, Barbara H. HOWARD HEADLINE SERVICE i-jHowarct, Charles IKTERNATIOML FEATURE SERVICE t, Halasa, Louis.^-

INTERNATIONAL REVIEW SERVICE ?Mezerick, Avrahm JEWISH TELBCmAPHIG AGEHCY, 1KJ. ^Carson, Saxtl KANSAS CITY STAR ' -; Kaye, Joseph

L03 ANGELES TIMES Fleming*

rib UNITED STATES (Cont'd) . MGQRAW HILL PUBLISHING CO, SHagan, Mary

NEPRIKLAUSOMA, LIETUFA t, Varnas, Anthony J HEWARK KEWS S Wiener, Max NEWSBAY *> Cumtnings, John M. Loebl, Lili

DAILY NEWS y^Clapso, Gerard 'A El Korashi, Issa £; King, Martin J. £? Wallenberg, Peter HI HEEALD TRIBUNE '^Jhabvala, Darius. m TIMES S Brewer, Sam Pope ^Hamilton, Thomas J. S McLaughlin, Kathleen STeltsch, Kathleen MY WORLD TELEGRAM & SUN --? Morello, Theodore

NOVOYE RUSSKQYE SLOVO '?Swet, Gershon PITTSBURGH COURIER -^Cartwright, Marguerite p. (QUIMCY) PATRIOT LEDGER ^ Harvey, Mary F. ^U^SiSPSiKP^^ffGS8^ SAM FRANCISCO SUB REPORTER ,? Johnson, Alfred N. SCOLASTIC MAOAZME Talmadge, Irving D. STERLING JOURNAL1 ADVOCATE / Gtithrie, Anne ST. LOUIS POST DISPATCH Grant, Donald THE WORKER . ^ North, Joseph TIME MAGAZIHE 1-7 Gruin, Frederick TRANS-RADIO MEWS AGENCY u Gabriel, Alexander UHIflED STATES {Confc'd} ' ' UNITED HZESa iaWEBHATIOHAL , Munn, Bruce W» "; Parry, John '$ Teatsorth, Ralph } Johnston, Donald

U.S. HSPORMATICai AGENCY -^ C.D S Walton, Richard WORLD IK FOCUS c< Kpy®> William WORLDMARK PRESS,' ING. '•? Sachs * Mbshe Y» WORLD CHIOS PRESS ^Horowita, David WQRIJJWIDE PRESS SERVICE '" Fletcher, Arthur

!OJGOSLAVt& BORBA > Mlic, Zivko OSItfBOBJEKEJE ^Fincl, Josip

POLITIKA . 7 RadojokLcf Mireslav TANJUG *7 Sta jdidiar, Rudolph tTJESHIK 1 > Kirigin, Josip

LAKCE. j RoSai, Marl© RADIO & TV CORRESPONDENTS

AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIAN BROADCASTING COMESSION f"?HaeKriell, Keith

CANADA CANADIAN BROADCASTING CORP. *? Craine, John T, <~©eu2&©HRa4%'~"Ms fyGould, Thomas

CZECHOSLOVAKIA CHECHOSLOVAK RADIO & TV , Kayel

DENMARK DANISH RADIO ^ Christian

FEDERAL REPUBLIC- OF GERMBY RADIO FREE BERLIN Meneel, Rolf

FRANCE FRENCH RADIO & TV h Sallebert, Jacques OCORA Vieyra, Justin

ISRAEL ISRAEL BROADCASTING SERVICE Shmuel

ITALY' ITALIAN RADIO & TV L Orlando Ruggero

JAPAN JAPAN BROADCASTING CORP. UFujinei, Kaeuo

NETHERLANDS RADIO NEDERLAND Person, Bernard

POLAND POLISH RADIO & TV

ROMHIA RADIO.& TV ^Freda, Eugen

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SWITZERIAND SWISS BROADCASTING .i Gautschy, Heiner

USSE MOSCOW RADIO & TV f-j Kalugin, Oleg •*». UNITED KINGDOM BRITISH BROADCASTING CORP. ' "htfigan, Anthony Vandanra, Joanna i

DNITED STATES AMERICAN BROADCASTING GO. v,. MacVanet John COLOMBIA BROADCASTING SYSTEM *7Hottelet, Richard C. MUTUAL mOADCASTING SYSTEM uCombs, George Hamilton NATIONAL BROADCASTING CO. , Frederick, Pauline RADIO FREE EUROPE Endrist, Jaroalav

RADIO LIBERTY Banker, Paul

RADIO PRESS INTERNATIONAL ''Ligon, Mel

U.S. COMGTTEE OF BROADCASTING ^Shull, Tom FCS w WESTIHGHOUSE BROADCASTING CO,, INC. i, Rose, Oscar lAlBAl . ^ Pilkingfcon, Betty WNYC *? Siegel, Seymour h Levin, Al WOR •? Gladstone, Henry

YUGOSLAVIA Tonic, Egon PHOTOGRAPHERS

Associated Press %alter Durkin tj Jack Harris < Harry Harris A John Lindsay United Press International ' Larry De Santis ^ Joel Landau "j Bill Sauro / David Davis /Tony Sande

Hew York Times Dugan '(Carl Gossett Orris

New York Herald Tribune Ben Price Ira Rosenberg

Daily News ^Arthur Siebelist ^ Evelyn Straus

Prance— Presse Sammy Schulman

Life ^Richard Pollard

St. Louis Post Dispatch. Berg SECRETARIAT

mm Room Fame Room

Hernane Tavares de Sa 1027 H Robert N. Kenney 244

1 Jean d'Arcy 827A

/ Osgood Caruthers 378 •"•"•"-"'"^'Tnu'ffBTrrattftnfrli^ — Trii i jjrjlTf ry^A f

L Goverdhan Obhrai 1027B U Gilberto Rizzo 388 f Heinholdt Eriksen 1017 ^ Kenneth B. Kelly 386

f Ma:i e: "•WHi —W rBn Biftx \J ify- * •* i-j Rudolph K. Skeete 390

David Ritchie 827B L Vincent Donahue / 390 uWilliam Powell 1037D ^ Keith A. Beavan 384

^ George J. Janecek 1033A "iMarcia Cooper Pinchas 384 1 Konstantin Smirnov 1037A 'l Josephine Blacklock 389 \ Michael I. Hayward 847A *) Josef C. Hichols 847E

/ Audrey Langston 959 'C.Y. Narasimhan 3800

*> Arthur C. Tyrrell 955 *1 Jose Rolz-Bennett 3834A *) Earl Cahail 847G •«B«w4if4nB»friet--- ——&,» "7 Paul Jankowski 855D •~™*i fisgeife^apl -fiwsi'iSisauiaaQg, ^7 Ralph J. Bunche 3853A

^7 Ubrman Ho 260A "D-mmr*>-v HTn -nvi A •« 3727B

^s Cesar Ortiz-Tinoco 280A /- Vladimir P. Suslov 3527A

S Maurice Liu GA-50A J^^BTuBBk 1527B / David Exley GA-50A ^Godfrey K.J. Amachree 3327A

*7 Jeffrey Rajasooria 284 •atUUBpe-*rt>»«8--*^^_^25A

' U Tin Aung 284 ^ David Vaughan 2127B

L Frank M. Begley 2255A C.M. JL*

'k*v«

Jv * X<-< CR.13 (4-59) ROUTING SLIP

Comments for the record should not be written on this slip. REFERRAL SHEET PT.108 should be used instead. TO: wrt APPROVAL YOUR INFORMATION MAY WE CONFER? AS REQUESTED

YOUR SIGNATURE FOR ACTION NOTE AND FILE REPLY FOR MY SIGNATURI

NOTE AND RETURN PREPARE DRAFT YOUR COMMENTS ATTACH RELATED PAPERS

DA-EE: PfCbl

tjUWM* /l'

SG luncheon - Thursday, 5 December 1963, 1-15 38th floor

H.E. Mr. J. Rudolph Grimes H.E. Dr. J. Karefa-Smart H.E. Mr. Mongi Slim H.E. Mr. Sidl M. Doyincy H.E. Dr. Tesfaye Gebre-Egzy

The Secretary-General Mr. G. K. J. Amachree Mr. C. V Narasimhan o P ;

52 !

§ ' 4 * Mr* Settersoa

Mr. Yaitghaa * Mr. Protocol and Liaison

LUNCHEON GIVEN BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL IN HONOUR OF MAYOR ROBERT F. WAGNER ON TUESDAY, 3 DECEMBER 1963

The SECRETARY-GENERAL

MAYOR WAGNER < Mr. PATTERSON

Mr. VAUGHAN Mr. de MEULEMEESTER

Mrs. FRENCH V Mr. BEGLEY

Mr. NARASIMHAN S Mr. MURPHY

H.E. Dr. SOSA RODRIGUEZ CITY OF New YORK OFFICE or rue MAYOR New YORK 7. N.Y. ELEAMOR CLARK FRENCH COfeefcSJSS!ONK» TO THE UNITED NATIONS November 19, 1963

Dear Miss Boynton:

The following list confirms our telephone conversation, today:

Hon. Michael J. Murphy Police Commissioner 240 Centre Street New York 13, N.Y. (CA 6-2000) Home: 61-69 77th Street Middle Village 79, N.Y.

Hon. Henry A. Barnes Commissioner of Traffic 100 Gold Street New York 38, N.Y. (DI 9-0090) Home: 79-33 215th Street Bayside 64, N.Y.

Hon. Edward F. Cavanagh, Jr. Deputy Mayor City Hall, New York 7, N.Y. (566-5464) Home: 165 East 72nd Street New York 21, N.Y.

Hon. Edward R. Dudley President, Borough of Manhattan 2050 Municipal Bldg. New York 7, N.Y. (566-4301) Hone: 549 West 123rd Street New York 27, N.Y.

Sincerely,

Eleanor Clark French

By: Secretary to the Commissioner

Miss Boynton, Secretary to Mr. C.V. Narasimhan Chef de Cabinet United Nations, New York 17, N.Y. ro H ro Co

M o o S& dinner, Monday, 2 December 1963, 7 "" 38th floor,

Mr. Eugene Black/a & o (, -Stf Mr. John^MqCloy Miss Julia Henderson M1"- Bruce Turner

. C.V." Narasimhan RB&s*&s&s*j£aJ&jJ££, . A, Rossel Amb. Alex Quaison-Sackey Amb . Lewandowski Aab. 5eydou^3 Andt)' Chakravarty MtvJ The Secretary-General ro

t1n Ii-b Protocol and liaison

Luncheon in honour of H.E. the President of the General Assembly Monday, 2 December 1963 - 38th floor

THE SECRETARY-GENERAL

H.E. Hr. SOSA RODRIGUEZ* ; H.E. Mr. THAJEB

H.E. Mr. GREGG Mr. NOSEK

Mr. HOFFMAN < Mr. ROIZ-BEMETT

Dr. PROTITCH, H.E. Dr. RUDA

H.E. M. ACHKAR H.E. Mr. SCHURMANN

Mr. HARASIMHAN lunekeoa in feonoar of this fresMemt of the General Assembly 1*11 $*»«* 3Sth floor

t S.S» Sr 7. l.'g. JUr* 6- W* Jt. B.S-. fo'eriressor' Mibail

.^L^^^AjC/v^

3 S.S* ISr. S<aa F. < 6 S.S. &. "7- f& , C. ?» $as?&el!ahaa llr. Jo.s-e

(ftvi'tteft • ^

f- Hj

VJJ * Hr«« Solia Heir * * H,E.

Btr. Sai^h J* Bua^e *

* H.B* Mr

** €f. f*

* *• SG luncheon - EM of Israel - Monday, 18 November 1963, 1.15 p.m., 38th floor

H.E. Mrs. Golda Meir H.E. Mr. Michael S. Camay ffi-j'- flf'- ffilV'u H.E. Mr. Gideon Rafael

The Secretary-General Mr. C. V. Harasimhan Dr. Ralph J. Bunche Mr. Jose Rolz-Bennett

The Secretary-General

Mr. I.H. Abdel-Sahman Mr. S.J. Bunche

Mr. J. Hosek

Mr. V.P. Suslov/ ,,-

• Mr. H. Tavares de Sa

Mr. P. de Seynes Mr. Q.K.J. /iaachree

Mr. C.V. Sarasimhan l&ae&eos - l&MeBfj 15 Boirester 3.$S5# 1*15

« ?..

S» 'Sfevsres te

... Z» S*

K A

u-^-^ >?^ X o>

H O

H on SG luncheon - Thursday, 1^ November 1.15 p.m., J8th floor

The Secretary-General Mr. C. V. Warasimhan Dr. Ralph 3. Bunche Mr. Jose Rolz-Bennett Mr. David Owen Mr. George Ivan Smith i H-

03] 0) H I-1

sHr- CO .Joist i* * 8r* f* Buaefee

&« S. «J* Seddasrsy

* Hr* Baal 6. SG luncheon for Mr. John H. Davis, Friday 8 November 1965 1.15 p.m. , 38th floor

Dr. John H. Davis

.Mr. Sherwood G. Moe yes e.s.go/x Sir Alexander MacFarguhar ot<3 t,.s.3t/*( Mr. Laurence Michelmore c.s. .Jo/X Mr. C. V. Warasimhan f/iQ Dr. Ralph J. Bunche yes c-s. So/x1 Mr. David Vaughan aggolp <..§. s//jf Mr. Paul G. Hoffman yes v^Pn6 Secretary- General &CD O

I? •°?& H- CO

CO & J$r. Kaal SreMseh Bilthey

Sidney Sail

Mr. ^Facob t- * Mr. I. H

Mr* C. V* 7

~ t-

f *

X x

A i?

^ H y ' 105 %x

Suggested invitation list for Secretary-General's reception for Members of the Scientific Advisory Committee

''* SAC Members - Prof. L.C. Prado Dr. W»^B. Lewis « Dr» Bertrand Goldscbmidt Dr, Homi Bhabha &>jUas *f I Prof. Vasili Emelyanov Sir William Penney UK \ Dr. I.I. Rabi 0,5

President of the General Assembly H.E. Dr. Carlos Sosa-Eodriguez

Permanent Representatives of countries of SAG Members H.E. M.Carlos Alfredo Bernardes c . s. H.E. Mr. Paul Tremblay *- H.E. M. Roger Seydoux/^ H.E. Mr. B.N. Chakravartyv^- H.E. Dr. Nikolai Trofimovich Fedorenko > H.E, Sir Patrick Dean, G.C.M.Gi^ H.E. Mr. Adlai E. Stevensonjtrvt^Xo $ .£^~ - u..

United Nations Secretariat /?;/?. Ctt/. Mr. Philippe de SeynesK^*- Mr. Ralph J. Bunche Mr. Paul G. Ho

Dr. David Mr. I.H. Abdel-Rahmanl^M, Mr. Georges Palthey H£/> - 2

Mr. Brian Urquhart^' Mr. Francesco Mr. John H.G. Mr. Declan J.

International Atomic Energy Agency Dr. Sigvard EklunS^* Mr. John C« Webb Miss Mary Jeffreys'-uto -^ ^^^& J*/*' ,- • '• - 31 Oct. SG. You might wish to add from the Secretariat. Seen by Mr. CVN.

V a SG luncheon - Monday, 4 November 196?, 1.1$ p.m., ?8th floor

v&.E. Mr. Josef Winiewica

,/g. E. u,,. Bohdan Lewandowski K-fi.E. Dr. Manfred Lachs

H.E. Mr. James Barrington Yfi.E. Mrs. Agda Ro'ssel i* PRo-Tf'Tc H P. P. . C. ft-

ROBERTO M. HEURTEMATTE UNITED NATIONS N EWYORK

November 1963

Ify dear U Thant, The celebration of "Tazouongdoing" at your place last Friday was a most delightful occasion and the Burmese songs and dances proved utterly charming. My wife and I are most grateful to you and Mrs. Thant for including us among your guests.

U Thant Secretary-General United Nations New York, N.Y. Tazaungdaing Festival - 196? Total number of guests invited :9& (plus Burmese Family) Total acceptances :90 (plus 'Burmese Family)

Equipment rental 40 by 60' Green and White Striped Tent - $ 506.00 k heaters including maintenance personnel 150.00 Mr. Reickert's bill 26U.52 for: Rental of Equipment 55-00 Linen ^5.00 Sodas 8.55 Ice 5.25 Cigars and Cigarettes .... 12.^0 Food 50.54 Flowers 90.00 Help from 5 waitresses, Jojiny and Coleman 120.00 and 2 bus boys Total : $ 840.52

5 October 196U/pt SG- buffet on the occasion of Tazaungdaing (Festival of Lights) Friday, 1 November 1963, 8:00 p.m., Riverdale

No. Invited Ho. Accepted all cards sent to H.E. Mr. and Mrs. James Barrington 2 21 October 1963 H.E. U On Sein (by hand) 1 H.E. U Aung Shwe 1 all accepted H.E. U Maung Maung 1 U Hla Maung 1 H.E. U Myat Tun 1 U and Mrs. Ba Thaung 2 U Ba Chit 1 Daw Than Han 1 U Aye Lwin (and Mrs.) 2 U and Mrs. Aung Tin 2 15 15 - 2 - all cards sent 23/X/65/p ' N°' Invlted Wo> yesy1 v^rr. and Mrs. Balph J. Bunche 2 2 yesV j/Mr.'C. V. Narasimhan 1 1 yes KMr. and Mrs. Jose Rolz-Bennett 2 2 yes*?*"' vSir Alexander and Lady MacFarqutiar 2 2 yes i^Mr. and Mrs. Godfrey K.J. Machree 2 2

yes*/" jfc^ and Mrs< Paul Qm Hoffman 2 2 yes/ ^jp. ancL Mrs. David Owen 2 2 yes vMr. and Mrs. V. P. Suslov 2 2 yesV' ^Mr. and Mrs. Jiri Nosek 2 2 ye si/ vMr. and Mrs. Maurice Pate 2 2 19 19

regret Mr. and Mrs. Ibrahim Abdel-Rahman yes Mr. Philippe de Seynes 1 yes Mr. and Mrs. R. Heurtamatte 2 yes Mr. Victor Hoo 1 regrets Mr. C. Stavropoulos yes Dr. Hernane Tavares de Sa 1 yes Mr. and Mrs. B. Turner 2

^ 26 - 3 - all cards sent 23/X/63/P No. Invited No. Accepted

>iMr. and Mrs. Robert Delson 2 2 r , yMr. and Mrs. Jonathan B. Bingham 2 2 regret^1 yDr. and Mrs. William von Stein 2 yo. xDr. and Mrs. Jackson A. Seward 2 2 yes*/ xDr. and Mrs. Donald Brandon 2 2 yes\/ xMr. and Mrs. Max Delson 2 2 »J»? XDr. and Mrs. Htin Aung 2 2 ta^a xDr. and Mrs. Hla Pe 22 yes/ 3/U and Mrs. Kyaw U 22 r \/0 Tin Aung 1 1 yes vMiss Aye Aye Than 1 1 yes/ )/Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Ho 22 yes^ xMr. and Mrs. Lionel j*. Landry 2 2 regret sV xMiss Betty Johns (will be in Washington) 1 yes*/ xMr. and Mrs. Ozzie Wagler a e^ 2 2 vLt, xMr. and Mrs. Peter Chin . 2 2

29 26 Cards sent 24/X/63 No. Invited No. Accepted regrets H.E. Mr. Adlai E. Stevenson* 1 yes VH.E. Dr. W. T. Fedorenko and Mrs. F. 2 2 yes (/H.E. Sir Patrick Dean and Lady Dean 2 2 ves \jA.E. M. Roger Seydoux and Madame Seydoux 2 2 regrets *H.E. Mr. B. M. Chakravarty and Mrs. C. 2 yes . and Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, III. 2 11 8

*Mr. and Mrs. Francis Plimpton 10 - 5 - No. Invited Ho. Accepted

card sent 25/X yeSy/Dr. and Mrs. D. Protiteh 2 2 card sent 28/S yesy'Mr. and Mrs. David^B. Vaughan 2 2 " " " yes./ Mr. and Mrs. Frank Begley 2 2 " " " yesv/H.E. Mrs. Agda Rossel 1 1 " " " yes/ Major-General and Mrs. I. Rikhye * 2 (2) 1 yesv Mr. and Mrs. James Hazelbauer 2 2 Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Reickert 2 2

(13) 12

•^General Eikhye not coming (*t J '

i-. Fc

3 ^-*~~~V, 0^ft-«to^ (|Car^A_aJ2jQ C_

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, N.^,

U o_oJl 'Vwn-a, ljx^o U CU-Nj) l^ 10. VJ w^ Ar^v-5 < 6P/ w ftya. A^ "K^- Cb.1*), T^fi 9 OP/

. 4- Ow^o U*WJ»- , Leu-d^H 'K*. 0<^L^

IS" ^Wx. *- V**. c*^*t I T

1.. C.v. s. ruj^o 'A *ST. c SG: The Embassy staff are all "back in Washington now, except the Amb. who stays in New York for the week days and returns to Washington for the week ends. Would you like to invite the regular staff from Washington any way? SG "buffet - Riverdale - on the occasion of Tazaungdaing (Festival of the Lights) - Friday, 1 November 1965,, 8:00 p.m.

H. E. Mr. James Harrington (and Mrs.) H.E. U On Sein - Ambassador to the US H.E. U Aung Shwe - Ambassador to the UAR H.E. U Maung Maung - Ambassador to Israel

U Hla Maung - Government Advocate H.E. U Myat Tun - Ambassador U Ba Thaung (and Mrs) U Ba Chit

Daw Than Han

U Ooa U Aye Lwin (and Mrs.) U Aung Tin -(and Mrs.)

i &r (T>

j LUNCHEON

given in honour of

His EXCELLENCY DR. VfcTOR PAZ ESTENSSORO PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BOLIVIA

THE SECRETARY-GENERAL

on Friday, 25 October 1963

at the

UNITED NATIONS HEADQUARTERS MENU

Les Filets de Soles Amandine

Le Supreme de Poularde Poelee Nigoise Les Pommes Noisettes au Beurre Les Fonds d'Artichauts Cote d'Azur

La Salade d'Endives

Le Turban Glace aux Fruits Les Mignardises Protocol and Li 23 October 1963

ii FO•iMiaia.MiR i Htiiir^riritv*vit

1:00 peitu H.E. D?e Victo:? Pas ESTSSSSOR09 President of the 8spc!bl5,e of 1 Bolivia , accG3apaaiiQ(3 by K0E, 5s « Jcs£ Fellsaan Velarde, Minister for Forsiga A£ fairs,, and H.B, Sr. Jaime Caballero Ta&ayo, Por-sja3tt.©iafe Reprssontativs to ths Unitad Nations, ^?ill prriv© at fcha eritrancSj v^iore h© ^.dll bs sasfc cut side tho Snll• de Meulsmeesterj Chief of Protocol., and received inside the by the Ssc?&tary»G©K®i?al. The othe^ ma'absys of thQ Prssidssrbial ''party arriving in the same motorcade will proceed to tfee Delegates" entrance. Precsded by tho Chief of Protocol, th<3 Secret ary-Geaoral escort H.E« tlie Prasidonb nnd laia jarty by special elevatos1 to his offices on the 36th floor fos? a private conversation.

Isl5 p.sa0 Arrang

i > 1:20 p0jsio The S©c2 Qtar^-43sn32 al td,ll escort H«EB -fee President fcgr spaeial elevator dOKis to the Snd floo2» arid into ths South Lovjiga, t^jsre thQ guests invited to the 3,«nsheon will ^s iatrodueed to H.E. the •President by tfes Chief of Protocol. 1?30 p»sa« Liaacheon will be

2;45 p0m» H,S, the Ppsaident will ialss loava in ths Soi?fch Loung® of tha guests invited to the lunclaeoa. > The Secrst?s y"-Gens4'al will escorj't H3S, the President to elevators on the 2nd f loo? and go dcm to th© main fleer, through ths d to ths concouL'ss along tJ^e Japanese bsHs ths neck and into Public Lobby .> If tissj allo-»3s & stop id.ll bs laads so that H*SV tba Prosidsnt raay view th® Msditaticn

3:05 POHU T'hs paj^ty vaU grocsed' -up ths csr.?:Ecr.5-L'.l r::r: fco the on the 2nd floor beMiid the Geaeral Assembly Eail.

3:10 puniD fhS' Pjp'saidsat of tho General Asssrr^ly viill saeet K.E. the President of Bolivia, on the balcorgr. Tias ^dll bo allowed for photographers to opsrat© at thst point.

3:15 p*cio Th© Presideat of the Assembly and the Secretary -Gcrio;.-'al -will Gscoi' H«S, the Pressldsst of Bolivia into the Gensraf Asssaibly Hall. • In ths msantinuSj the sismbSE's ore the rrosidcntiul party •.•;!•• c acccsspaaied H.1S. the President up the ramp tail b3 cc-icluct^ci by

• • ^\V \\\ - 2 •=•

Myi Sinan At. Korle. Deputy Chief of Prci»ocbl. by the sids entrance to thoir soats reserved in Block BP while the msn&s-ra of the Delegation take their places -it the effici--i Bolivian bench« Hoiic, the President will deliver his address to the "': .31*3! Assembly*

4:05 p<.Rio HcSfl the President will conclude his address. The President of the General Assembly srid the Secrfsfc'ry-Gs escort. H0E0 the President to tha offices behind the podium. 4:10 PC-^U iuE. the President vAU. take leave of ths Prosiclent of the General Assembly and the Secretary ~Gen0Asiil o-atsido tha olevators behind ths podium* Arrangements \dll be niade for photographers to operate at that pointe

The Chief of Protocol vdll escort I!cEc the President by special ele-oator 'down to 1-B0 Outside Conference P.coa 7 Mr. T.--v?rss d© Sa. Under-Secret ary for the Office of Public Information, and Mr. Wolff > President of the United Nations Corrsspondcnts3 Association, '»•<•! 11 loe intyoducad to ILEo the President by the Chief of Protocol,

P«MC. Hu£a the President •will hold a Press Conference in Conference

-35 P«m« 1'he Press Conference will end,

The Chief of Protocol mil escort HCE, the President by special to the Delegates11 entrance* P--.ffio H»S» the President vd.ll leave Headquarters by the Delegates8 sntrance,

UNITED NATIONS Mi NATIONS UNIES ^•j* \*F INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM

TO: The Secretary-General o.tr._. 23 October 19b3

FILE NO : . THROUGH; Mr. C.V. Narasimhan Chef de Cabinet FROM: Pierre de Meulezneaster J/A*» Chief of Protocol SUBJECT: Reception after United Nations Day Concert

• oc..» Please find attached the list of guests who hare been invited to the reception you are giving following the United Nations Day Concert on Thursday, 2k October 1963 at 6:00 p.m. in your suite on the 38th floor. This is the suggested list given by the Office of Public Information, amended and approved by Mr. Narasirahan. The invitations have gone out accordingly. This will make a total of 72 guests.

•>/o EPTION GIVES BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL. 24 October 1963

Mr. and Mrs. Pablo Casals Mr. Robert Shaw Mllsa Olga Iglesias <$ Miss Lili Chookaalan Mr„ Paulino Saharrea 1 Soloists Mr. William Warfield Mr. Pablo Elvira Mr. Alexander Schneider (Festival Casals Inc., New York) Mias Dinorah Press (Festival Casals Inc., New York) / Mr. Carlos M. Passalacqua, President, Festival Casals, Puerto Rico Mr. Ademar Toro, Executive Vice-President, Festival Casals, Puerto Rico Dr. and Mrs. Carlos Sosa Rodriguez Mr. Adlai Stevenson Under-Secretaries and their wives Mr. and Mrs. J. Rola-Bermett Mr. and Mrs. V. Lessiovski Ma,}.Gen. and Mrs. I.J. Sikhye Mr. Jean d'Arcy and Mrs. d'Arcy Mr. D. Ritchie and Mrs. Ritchie Mr. and Mrs. M. Hayward Mr. 6. Grunzweig Mr. and Mrs. J. Nichols Mr. and Mrs. Obhrai Mr. and Mrs. Janecek Mr. and Mrs. Snirnov Mr. and Mrs. Briksen Mr. and Mrs. Osgood Caruthers Mr. Joan Alvareda, Author of the text of the Oratorio

LUNCHEON

given in honour of

His EXCELLENCY THE PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA AND MRS. BROZ

THE SECRETARY-GENERAL

on Tuesday, 22 October 1963

at the

UNITED NATIONS HEADQUARTERS MENU

Le Consomme Double au Madere O Les Brindilles au Parmesan

La Selle d'Agneau Rotie Banquiere Les Pommes Noisettes au Beurre

La Salade de Cceurs de Laitue

L'Omelette Norvegienne Les Friandises HNATION

t PHES AR CK ROTTERDAM VIA HACKAY NYRADIO WSF NY 85 1630 GMT

EXmtENCY 0 TANT SECRETARY GENERAL UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION

WHiLE LEAVING THE CITY OF NEWYQRK I ¥ISH TO THANK,YOU , ON OWN BEHALF AND ON BEHALF OF MRS BR02 AND MY ASSOCIATES , FOR YOUR KINB WELCOME AND FOR THE ATTENTION m MET WITH DURING OUR VISIT TO THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION AND ALSO TO'EXPRESS MY GREAT PLEASURE AT HAVING MET YOU AGAIN , I TAKE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO $ISH YOU FURTHER SUCCESSES IN YOUR RESPONSIBLE WORK ALONG WITH THE MISSION OF THE UNITED NATIONS TO PRESERVE PEACE AND PROMOTE INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION* I WISH TO ASSURE YOU THAT , JUST AS SHE HAS DONE UNTIL NOW, YUGOSLAVIA ¥ILL ALSO IN THE FUTURE GIVE FULL SUPPORT TO ALL CONSTRUCTIVE ACTIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS, • 40SIP BHOZ TITO

^ •'••'- . • I***** f^t*t . • . .'• . ' . . fi i? g N ' • . - • . T~~ ruoi «*•* . > • • . • • r--; r™ •»•»{ '• * * ~ r*rb>t% f"\ C i^ j i"'|-" '' ' -mJ ' imn-> 'wW^ •'.,'' • • ' 7-3 jx,, "**•* ' ' • ••''.. - ' : ' ' -n> &'* "^

X . - d SV5 H Protocol and Liaison 21 October 1963

REVISED IfcCGSAMME FOR THE VISIT OF H.E. THE PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA AND MRS. B2DZ AT HBADQJJART3RS OH TUESDAY, 22 OCTOBER 1963

45 a»ia« J-5?s. Bros, mfo of the President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, will arrive at the Delegates' entrance and \d3JL bs mot by Ms». Sinan A. Ko?le9 Deputy Chief of Protocol., and escorted to reserved seats in Block B in the General Assembly Hall.

S5 aam0 H.Ee Marshal Jcsip Bros (Tito), Presides* of the Soeinlist Federal Republic of Yiagoslavia, accompanied by H.S0 Mr. Koca Pcpovie, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of Itjgoslaviaj H.E0 Mr« Vladimir Popovics Chairman of the Dslegation of Ytigoslavia to tho General Assemblj^, ajsi HoE<, Mr, Mso Pavieevlc, Perjnansnt Represontativo of Yxigoslavia to the United Katicns, vAll apri'/e at the Delegates* eRtrance. H0E« the President and his party will be mat oiitside the Dslogstes8 entrance by Mr, Pierre de Metslejasestsi",, Cbief of Protocol^ agd_rsc8ived Inside the Delegaes6 ®^y ' Secret asy-=G®nestal. pyecsdsd by tho Chief of Protocol,, the Secretary-General sseoH H.Sa the President and the maiabars of his party by special elector to the Exocutivs Offices behind th© The Seeratary^Gansral id.ll j*et««3 to his place OH the podiisn. As soon as the Prasident of the Assembly vdll have anaotineed that the Assembly will hear an address of H.E0 'th© President of Yugoslavia, the Chief of Protocol will escort H0E0 the President to the podiu&e 12.00 noon H.E. the President will delive? his address to the Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly.

12025 Po»t» H.E. the President Td.ll eoncliade his address to thts General Assembly „ The Presidaifc of the General Assssibly and the Secretary"

President otfcside the elevators beMnd the Bxaoative Offices aftep the photographers ^dll have taken the official photographs at this point*

12o35 patac The Chief of Protocol will introduce Mr. Kernane Tavaras de Sl3 Und©r-Secretas?y for th© Office of Public I.nfoi®atioa? and Mr. Georges H» VJolff ,, President of the United Nations Correspondents' Association^ to H0Ea the President outside Conference Eocca 4> H.E, the President will hold a Press Conference in Conference Roan 4« - 2

12o55 Poffi» The President of the United Nations Corrsspoadsnts11 Association \dll call tho end of the Press Conference o 1»00 p.js« Preceded by the Chief of Protocol, H,E. the President, • accompanied by th@ Secretary of Stats for Forsign Affairs of Yugoslavia, the Chsirsan of the Yugoslatdrn Delegation to the General Assembly, the Permanent Representative of Yugoslavia and the Assistant Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of Yugoslavia, wiH go from Conference Rcoia 4? through ths neck and along th© L°B corridors to the Secretariat Building elevators on 1-B, up to the 38fch floor.

on_ ths 38th floog and escort him to his off loos coerence.

1:15 p«m

1:20 p.mc Prsceded by th® Chief of Protocol, the Saeratnry-Geaoral escort H«fi, the Prssidont aad !!rs. Bros by special elevator down to the 2nd floor and into the South Lounge, -where the guests iavited to tho luncheon id.ll be iKbrcdccsd to them, 1:30 p.m« Luncheon will ba

2:40 H,Se the President and Mps, Bros together with tho general will fcaks leairs of tfee guests invited to th© luncheon.

The party, procesding by spscial elevator from the 2nd floor3 will go dow to the Sacretariat entrance.

2:4-5 P»ra» H0E. the President and Mra. Broa, together vrith the ssssibsrs of — — — — their party, will take lea-wg of the Sscrstary-GQmral and the United Nations Headquarters outside the Secret a ri-"t entrance.

Special arrangeaaeafcs for Mi's. Broz

Upon her arrival at tha Delegatss" entrance f Mrs. Bros^ accompanied by Mrs. Popovic, «ill be escorted by Mr. Korlo, Deputy Chisf of Protocols to reserved seats in Block B» 18 other seats for the asembsrs of the official Yugoslavian party will be reserved in Block B. Only those parsons holding a yellow ticket, isarked Block 3, vdll be oatitled to entor the floor of the Gonsral Assembly Hell. After H«E. th® President's address to the General Assembly, Mr. Korl© accompany Mrs. Broz on a short tour of the building and after haviag viewed th© Council Chambers will escort her by special elevator from the 2isi floor to the 38th floor. 3 «

Photographers id, 11 be allowed to opsrat© at the following placee; 1» Outside and isssl. de th<» Delegates9 entrance apon the arrival of HeE» the President a ad, his party,, At the ele^jatopa bsh'lnd th® Ssscut-ive Oi'ficss of the General Assembly a® the Presl'tot

During the K?ess5 Conf the Upon the dsparturs of the Presidential ^srt;/- out side tt« Secret ariat entsM-.ne8.> UNITED NATIONS Press Release Office of Public Information United Nations, N.Y. (FOE USE OF INFOHIA-TION MEDIA ~ NOT AW OFFICIAL RECOSD)

Note No, 2838 21 October 1963

NOTE TO COEBESPOHDENTS The President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Marshal Josip Broa Tito, will pay an official visit to United nations Headquarters tomorrow, 22 October, when he will address the plenary of the eighteenth session of the General Assembly and later hold a press conference. President Tito will be accompanied by Eoca Popovic, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; Vladimir Popovic, head of the Yugoslav delegation to the General Assembly; Miro Pavicevic, Permanent Representative to the United Nations; and Daailo Lekic, Assistant Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, The President and his party will arrive at Hr-55 a.m. by the delegates1 entrance to the United Nations buildings. He will be met outside the building by Pierre de Meulemeester, Chief of Protocol, and inside by the Secretary-General, U Thant. President Tito will address the General Assembly at 12 noon, and will hold a press conference in Conference Room k at 12;30 p.m. At approximately 1:00 p.m. President Tito will confer privately with the Secretary-General in his J58th floor office, and at 1:20 President Tito will attend a luncheon given in his honour by the Secretary-General. Mrs, Broz, the wife of the Yugoslav President, will arrive at Headguarters separately, and will be present while President 2ito addresses the Assembly, will tour the United Nations and will later join him at the Secretary-General^ luncheon. The Yugoslav President and his party will leave the building by the Secretariat entrance at about 2:40 p.m.

* •»#* * ro

cr\ o VJJ

CO Protocol and Liaison

PHESIDBHT OP.C/ftffilBOOH TO UH HEADQUAKEEBS

I, 10:55 s-offlo HaEo M* Ahmadou Ahidjo, President of Cameroon, will arrive .v^******** in his motorcade at the Delegates entrance, The Party will l)e greeted outside the building by Mr. Pierre de Meuleraeesterj Chief of Protocol and officially received inside the Delegates entrance lobby by the Secretary-General. The Party will proceed immediately by special elevator to the Executive Offices behind the podium . 11? 00 a»nu H.Eo the President will address the Plenary sieeting of the General Assembly. ll:2p a»nio H«E« the President will conclude his address. The President of the General Assembly and the Secretary»General Tri.ll escort the President to the Executive Offices behind the Podium. lls 30 a.mo The President of the General Assembly and the Secretary-Gsaeral leave of H<,E» the President outside -the elevators behind the Podium . The Chief of Protocol will escort HoEo the President by special elevator down to IB where he will meet the Mesabers of the Afro»Asian Group in Conference Room 7°

11:^5 a0m» H<.E» the President will meet the Members of the African Group ia Conference Room ?„ 12; 00 p^m. H»Bo the President will take leave of the Members of the African Group and escorted by the Chief of Protocol, he will go by special elevator to the Delegates entrance fyonj where he will leave Headquarters a

Bjnango. 5?50 Poffl« HeEo the President will arrive at the Delegates entrance and will be escorted by the Chief of Protocol to the Ssecutive Offices behind the podium «aere he will confer for -ben (10) Kiautes with, the President of the General

6s 10 p0m0 HoEo the Piresldeat will leave the Executive Offices and throu^i the aeck aad the halls en the second floor,, he will go by special elevator to the 38th flora* Ho ETOJIM& (Cont*a) 6:15 p.m. H.3S. the President trill confer with the Secretary- General in his private office.

6: 25 P,HU 3!LEU the 'President will talcs leave of the Secretary-G-anc>:.x.:i on the 38th floor aad escorted "by the Chief of Protocol will go by special elevator to the 3rd floor* Going along the Jrd floor hall, he will t-alte a special elevator to the Delegates dining-rooia where he is holding a reception.

III. Monday, 21 October 1963. .iminft.. 11.1^1.1 nii«iHMiiiii..««M.,. nmn II*M-I iKiiBi'.M.nuiT" Is20 p,m* H»g. the Presidesnt wiLl. aj^rive at the Secretai'iat eatranee fjhejre he will be greeted by Mr» Pierre de MeulemeesS;er3 Chief of Protocol, and ias5.de the Secretariat lobby by the Secretary ^General0 The Secretary ^General will escort ILBc the Presideat by special to the 2nd floor and into the South Lounge, The guests invited "to the luncheon will "be irrteeS-aeed to HoEo the Is JO poBio Luncheoa will Tse served* 2s 50 P"^> HoSo the President, will take ieax'e of the guests

"London Economist" Mr. Liehensteir/called to leave his address - he is expecting an invitation from SG

Mt- Biverside Drive New York 23, H.Y. home - SU7-&798 office - 1 October 1963

3-0

Suggested guest list for Thursday 1? October 1963:

V«*tr. I. H. Abde 1-Rahman ••» . Ralph J. Bunehe

|$/ tJYtr. Philippe de Seynes OB /

. Paul G. Hoffman Victor Hoo « Sir Alexander MacFarquhar . C. V. Harasirahan r\ ^ j>l3r. Hernane Tavares de Sa '^'J ^ Mr. Josd Rolz-Bennett . Gohl Obhrai • (J\^ . William C. Powell ®

/) | A \J . {/Mr. Campbell (Representative, The Economist, Washington) ,M-&

Mr. D. Tyerman Mr. Liehenstein, E. Mr. A. Campbell The Secretary-General Mr. I.H. Abdel-Rahman Dr. B,J. Bunche Mr. P. de Seyaes Mr. R. Heurtenatte Mr. P.G. Hoffman Dr. V. Hoo Sir Alexander MacFarquhar Mr. C.V. Narasimhan Mr. D. Owen Dr. H. Tavares de Sa Mr. J. Rola-Bennett Mr. G. Obhrai Mr. W.C. Powell Mr. B. Urquhart

18 jj^ej^j^R^ih!|^^J*^^ *. b'X^» ' ^-~;ki;,ii;jt:&^^^

^:/^!fe^^ .- : ' "'''

WITH THI COM^UMfNTf

W ^^T P^^^P^WT

WFOtMAlXSN dNTMl WASHINGTON, DXX

V '« Vx*">»»-,• -. * *{<~ j- - ^' n.-'.ft. r. j$4 ^ p, •_,*<& 4vfi ^^;r^ f"' -^vl" 4' f SjY » r 1 *$V^'/£ v» ^ '^ , > 7*3^fCr'^ 5' V ^ ^ J ffl •a'^SC »4rL-( *i- t*^'r 1'>N S^S^v^9WrK% O 1/^1^- ;* /* !f^ e* , i*v!4 ' ,î *M ; f> 5.K*r5T H^l^v 1 1- ^ *f.* îÛ* ri' _> p**^F ^s*V ^ „ /r_, X. s I'JuK* •

, v r

' Doaald Tyftrtcan's Visit - Hew York »eh»dult * B«t coop let 9, of course.

"" ' Oetobsr H Monday Arrivo* fro« Ttrmpat by plajifr §t about 11.50 *t th« Itw lork H«raau Tribune '<;•- October 13 Tu*a4ty 10.30»« Omri* Beck*f*U*r at the Chase Manhattaa -. , - * • - j,,^^ ^tt^Hf 41^ 4| |||t ycri Fou»datio» »inntr with Mf *Bd Hra Kildr*4 Adiu»« Kenyon e'^i'k1"' Oocktftils/iian*r With Briti«h Information Servic*

etob«r 1? Thura R0y Reieiraotft Baak*ra Trust Company • Lunch Kd S1«»OB» at Firat Kational Bank October 18 Friday £iA«b Uf» Magaain* —t -. _ki^ldA. J^L » !* J,* *

Idltor will to Washiagton BOM*time oa Saturday"^ !l$;

•- *''' Et»t«»b»r 3J&« 1963.

U'-( 1 « ,

^ * ^ i- <• ,* ,',t~^i r **!\ * .

t, if m ii

CT sO ROINN AN TAOISIGH DEPARTMENT OF THE TAOISEACH W BAILE ATHA CLIATH 2 DUBLIN 2 22nd November, 1963.

My dear Secretary-General, I am writing to thank you for the very friendly reception which you extended to me on my recent visit to United Nations Headquarters. In particular, I wish to tell you how much I enjoyed your very kind hospitality and how interesting I found the discussion at your luncheon, I greatly appreciated the privilege and the opportunity of addressing the General Assembly• I should like to assure you, Mr. Secretary- General, that I am most appreciative of all you did to make my visit so pleasant and interesting, and I ivant to say boo how delighted I was to meet you again. Yours sincerely,

His Excellency U Thant, Secretary-General, 3 United Nations, Hew York, N.I., U.S.A. UNITED NATIONS Pro.-s Services Office of Public Information United Nations, W.Y,

(FOR USE OF INFORMATION i'EDIA — NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD) Note Nu 0.2B36 16 October 1963

NOTE JTO CORRboPONDENTS

The Prime Canister of Ireland., Sean Lemass, will ppy an official visit to United Nations Headquarters tomorrow, 17 October, when he v.-ill address the General Assembly and hold a press conference » Tn 3 Prime Minister will be accompanied by Frank Aiken, Minister for Exter- nal Affairs: Frederick Bolandj Permanent Representative to the United Nations; T*J» Kiernan, Irish Ambassador to the United States j and Hugh McCann, Secretary of the Department for External Affairs, The President and his party vdll arrive at Headquarters at 12«55 p«m., and will be met at the Secretariat entrance by Pierre de Meulemeester, Chief of Protocolo After conferring with the Secretary- General, U Thant, in his 38th floor 'office, Prime Minister Lenass will be his guest of honour at a luncheon. At approximately 2.50 p.nu, the Irish Prime Minister will meet the President of the General Assembly, Carlos Sosa Rodriguez, in his office behind the Assembly Hall* prime Minister Lemass will address the Assembly at about 3 p.m., will meet the Irish staff members of the Secretariat at 3:45 p»m., and will hold a press conference at 4:15 p°m<» in Conference Room 7«

##-:;- J Protocol aad Liaison

PSOGBAMME FOR THE VISIT OF H.B. MR. SEAN IEMAS3

12:55 P°ia° HoB« the Prime Minister aad Ms Party mil arrive at the Secretariat entrance where he will "be greeted by Mr0 Pierre 3e Keulemeesterj Chief of Protocol* Mrso Leraass accaanaaziied by Mrs* Bolssd will "be escorted from the JSgSsgSBSBp entrance to the South Lounge «

the Prime Hinistier accompanied bj^ HoEo Mr0 Fraalc AikenP for foreign Affairs and HoSo 5-5r0 Frederick Ha Balsnd^ t Representative ^ ^rill be escorted by the Chief of Protocol to the 38th floor,, !Ehe Prime Minister irf.ll confer in private vith the SeeretarjMI-eaeraio

1:20 pon>a Ihe Secretary«=Geaera3L %ill escort the Prisae Sinister into his Conference Boom where the guests invited to the luncheon will "be introduced to hiai0 1:50 p<>m« JJUBCheoii ^rill he servedo

2:45 pom0 The Prime Minister Trf.ll take leave of the guests in the Secretary^General's private dining-room and of the Secretary ^General outside the elevators on the 38th floor,, 2:55 S«BU 32se Prims S£Laiater will pay a eall on the President of the General AsssmbSy in 'ttie Executive Offices "behirld the podium0 5:10 pom* The Prime Minister x-Till address the Plenary meeting of the General Assembly o 2fee Prime Maister will ccoaclude his address, Upoa the adjournaient of the meeting the Prime Minister escorted "by the Chief of Protocol,, will leave the General Assembly hall through the West doors and proceed through the aee& and along the 2nd floor hall to the South £*ounge<> She Prime Minister will meet the Irish staff members of the Secretariat in the South Lounge « '

POBI, The Fri&e Minister will leave the South Icuuge and proceed •Khrough the Security Council chasfcer and the 2nd floor hallg lie will go dCT;n to IB and hold a Press Conference in Conference

i>ora» Kie Press Conference will be concluded and the Prime Minister will go by special elevator to the Delegates entrance from vhers he irf.ll leave tlie

l^iem ccnelusioa of the Prime Minister's address^, Mrs0 Lemass and Mrs* Eoland td.ll regxiire tiseir ear to "ca waiting for them outside the Delegates eutraaceo